Seroepidemiology of Emerging Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses: Technical Optimization and Seroprevalence Studies in the Mediterranean Basin

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Seroepidemiology of Emerging Sandfly-Borne Phleboviruses: Technical Optimization and Seroprevalence Studies in the Mediterranean Basin AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ FACULTE DE MÉDECINE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Présentée par Sulaf ALWASSOUF En vue de l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITÉ d’AIX MARSEILLE Mention : Pathologie humaine Spécialité: Maladies infectieuses Seroepidemiology of emerging sandfly-borne phleboviruses: Technical optimization and seroprevalence studies in the Mediterranean basin Soutenue publiquement le 1 Juillet 2015 Composition du jury Monsieur le Professeur Jérôme DEPAQUIT Rapporteur Monsieur le Professeur Pierre MARTY Rapporteur Monsieur le Professeur Rémi CHARREL Examinateur Monsieur le Professeur Xavier DE LAMBALLERIE Directeur de thèse UMR 190 – Emergences des Pathologies Virales – Unité des Virus Emergents Aix-Marseille Université - IRD - EHESP – IHU Méditerranée Infection Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à exprimer mes plus vifs remerciements et ma profonde gratitude au Professeur Xavier de LAMBALLERIE pour m’avoir accepté et accueillie au sein de son laboratoire et encadrée durant ma thèse. Grâce à vos précieux conseils, votre sens critique, vous m’avez offert la possibilité d’approfondir mes connaissances scientifiques. Mon passage au sein de votre unité restera pour moi une très grande expérience, tant sur le plan professionnel que personnel. J’adresse mes vifs remerciements et ma profonde reconnaissance à mon co-directeur de thèse, Professeur Rémi CHARREL . Votre soutien, vos inestimables conseils , vos encouragements, vos compétences m’ont été d’une grande aide pour l’aboutissement de ce travail. J’espère avoir été à la hauteur de votre attente. Je tiens à exprimer mes vifs remerciements à : Monsieur le Professeur Jérôme DEPAQUIT et monsieur le Professeur Pierre MARTY, d’avoir accepté de juger mon travail, veuillez trouver ici l’expression de ma profonde reconnaissance. Je tiens à remercie à Monsieur le Professeur Hervé RICHET pour ses conseils et son aide dans le domaine de l'analyse statistique. Je remercie le Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique de Syrie qui a financé ma thèse. Mes remerciements vont également à toutes les personnes de l’unité ‟emergence des pathologies virales ″ qui m’ont aidée et m’ont fait progresser dans mon travail de recherche. Toute mon amitié à mes meilleures amies et sœurs : Thérèse, Diala, Soaude, Amal, Gigdem, Nazli, Amina, Aida, Dima et Mai pour m’avoir toujours soutenue. Je vous souhaite à toutes beaucoup de réussite dans la vie professionnelle ainsi que personnelle. Je vous adore et je ne vous oublierai jamais. Je ne dirais jamais assez MERCI à ma parents, mes frères et ma sœur et ma belle sœur. Votre amour, votre soutien, votre présence morale et vous encouragements m’ont donné l’énergie pour traverser les moments difficiles. Un grand merci à ma belle famille pour le grand soutien qu’elle m’apporte durant ma thèse. Vous étiez ma deuxième famille et je vous en serai toujours très reconnaissante. Mes remerciements spéciaux s’adressent à mon mari Majd et mon ange Lana . Grâce à votre amour et votre patience et votre présence à coté de moi, j’ai pu relever la tête, tenir bon pour arriver à la fin de ce travail. Merci mes chéris, vous tombent ma vie. Finalement, Merci encore à tous ceux dont j’ai oublié de citer mais pour qui j’ai une pensée. Table of Contents Preamble ………………………………………………………………………….………………1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….3 I. Phlebotomine Sandfly ………………………………………………………………………...3 II. Genus Phlebovirus …………………………………………………………………………..6 A. Sicilian and Naples viruses …………………………………………………………….....8 B. Toscana virus ……………………………………………………………………………..9 C. Other sandfly-borne phleboviruses ……………………………………………………...10 III. Serological tools…………………………………………………………………………...13 A. Virus neutralisation test ……………………………………….…………………………13 B. Indirect ELISA……………………………………………………………………………15 Objectives of the work…………………………………………...................................................17 Part I: Set-up and optimisation of neutralisation tests…………………………...........................19 Part II : Epidemiology of phleboviruses in the Mediterranean …………….................................28 A. Introduction ………………………………………………………...................................29 B.1. Article 1: Presence of sandfly-borne phleboviruses of two antigenic complexes (Sandfly fever Naples virus and Sandfly fever Sicilian virus) in two different bio geographical regions of Tunisia demonstrated by a microneutralisation-based seroprevalence study in dogs ………………………………………………………………………………….…..31 B.2. Article 2: Seroprevalence study of phlebovirus serocomplexes (Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian and Salehabad) in dogs and cats by neutralisation test in Portugal…………………………………………………………………........................36 B.3. Article 3: Seroprevalence of sandfly borne phleboviruses belonging to three serocomplexes (Sandfly fever Naples, Sandfly fever Sicilian and Salehabad) in dogs from Greece and Cyprus using neutralization‐ test…………………………….........................52 C. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………..71 Part III: Capacity of newly isolated phleboviruses belonging to Salehabad complex to infect Human and/or animal…………………………………………………………………73 A. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………...74 B.1. Article 4: Isolation, Genetic Characterization, and Seroprevalence of Adana Virus, a Novel Phlebovirus Belonging to the Salehabad Virus Complex, in Turkey…………….76 B.2. Article 5: Isolation, full genomic characterisation and neutralisation-based human seroprevalence of Medjerda Valley virus, a novel sandfly-borne phleboviruses belonging to the Salehabad serocomplex in northern Tunisia………………………………….….89 C- Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………...116 Part IV: Seroprevalence studies of Toscana virus in Algeria and France………………………117 I. In Algeria…………………………………………………………………………………...118 A. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 118 B. Article 6: Virus isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of Toscana virus in Algeria………………………………………………………………………………...119 C. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………................145 II. In France ………………………………………………………………………..................146 A. Introduction …………………………………………………....................................... 146 B. Article 7: A Sero-epidemiological Study of Toscana virus in Volunteer Blood Donors and Patients in Southeastern France…………………………………………………………148 Conclusions and Perspectives ………………………………………………………………….160 I. Main conclusions of this thesis work ……………………………………….......................161 II. Perspectives for future works ……………………………………………………………..164 References....................................................................................................................................166 Preamble During the 20th century, there has been significant resurgence of several vector-borne diseases which cause a significant fraction of the global infectious disease burden and have profound effects not only on health but also on the socioeconomic development of affected nations. It is estimated that nearly 50% of the world's population is vector-borne diseases, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The distribution of the incidence of vector-borne diseases is roughly disproportionate, with the overwhelming impact in developing countries located in tropical and subtropical areas (CIESIN, 2007). More important, is the dramatic resurgence and geographic spread of a number of long-known vector-borne diseases that can be caused by several different factors including: (i) Microbial adaptation and change; (ii) ecological changes including those due to agricultural or economic development or to anomalies in climate, the ecological factors usually lead to more frequent contact between wildlife and domestic animals or human populations; (iii) human demographic changes and behavior; (iv) International travel, commerce, technology and industry; (v) and breakdown of public health measures (Morse, 1995). Viral diseases transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods (arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses) are among the most important of the emerging infectious diseases (Gubler, 2001). The most common vectors of human and animal viral disease are mosquitoes, sandflies, ticks and midges. 1 In Mediterranean area, a number of arboviruses have been discovered during the last decades; a significant number of these newly discovered viruses are, transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and belong to the genus Phlebovirus within the Bunyaviridae family. Although the medical impact of some of these novel sandfly-borne phleboviruses is known in certain cases, the medical and veterinary importance of the majority remained unknown at the outset of this work. Accordingly, we have conducted studies aiming at a better understanding of the distribution, and possible impact in human and animal populations of several Mediterranean countries. 2 Introduction I. Phlebotomine Sandflies Phlebotomine sandflies are tiny insects including many genera of blood-feeding (hematophagous) flies belonging to the order Diptera, family Psychodidae, and subfamily Phlebotominae. In the Old World, two genera are mostly represented, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, while the genus Lutzomyia is the most present in the New World. They are principally present in the warm zones of Asia, Africa, Australia, southern and Central Europe and the Americas (Killick-Kendrick, 1999). Phlebotomine sandflies are vectors of leishmaniases, bacteria and viruses which have significant impact for public health (team, 2010). These insects are small and seldom exceeding
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