Research Into the State of Youth Development in Gauteng The

Research into the State of Youth Development in Gauteng

Draft high-level summary report submitted to:

The Gauteng Provincial Government

Community Agency for Social Enquiry

MARCH 2014

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Contact: Mohamed Motala Community Agency for Social Enquiry 31 Oxford Road Forest Town, Johannesburg Tel: (011) 646 5922 E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Contents List of tables ...... vi List of figures ...... vii Acknowledgments ...... viii List of Abbreviations ...... 9 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 11 1.1 Terms of reference ...... 11 1.1.1 Aim of the study ...... 12 1.1.2 Objectives ...... 12 1.1.3 Outputs ...... 12 1.2 Defining youth ...... 13 1.3 Structure of the report ...... 13 1.4 Methodology ...... 13 1.5 Limitations ...... 13 2 OVERALL MANDATE, POLICY GOALS AND DELIVERY CONTEXT ...... 14 2.1 Introduction ...... 14 2.2 Provincial policy frameworks and commitments ...... 14 2.2.1 ANC Election Manifestos ...... 14 2.2.2 Legislative and policy framework for youth development ...... 15 3 OVERVIEW OF GAUTENG‘S DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1994 ...... 19 3.1.1 Demography ...... 19 3.1.2 Population structure ...... 19 3.2 Decent work and inclusive economy ...... 20 3.2.1 Gauteng Economy ...... 20 3.2.2 Employment and unemployment ...... 20 3.3 Quality education and skills development ...... 21 3.3.1 Enrolment and throughput ...... 21 3.3.2 Changes in education levels 1996-2011 ...... 24 3.4 Primary health care services and HIV/AIDS ...... 25 3.4.1 Introduction ...... 25 3.4.2 Self-reported health status ...... 26 3.4.3 Key official health indicators...... 26 3.4.4 Mortality and HIV & AIDS ...... 28 3.4.5 Medical aid coverage, public and private facility use, and satisfaction ...... 29 3.5 Food security and rural development ...... 30 3.5.1 Access to food and food poverty ...... 30 3.6 Safety and security ...... 34 3.6.1 Introduction ...... 34 3.6.2 Sense of safety ...... 35 3.6.3 Perceived major problems ...... 35 3.6.4 Shifts in rates of crime ...... 36 3.7 Social cohesion and sustainable communities ...... 37 3.7.1 Diversity in Gauteng and social cohesion ...... 37

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

3.7.2 Xenophobia ...... 38 4 OVERVIEW OF GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE ...... 40 4.1 Decent employment through inclusive economic growth ...... 40 4.1.1 Introduction ...... 40 4.1.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 40 4.1.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 40 4.1.4 Key institutional and governance issues ...... 45 4.1.5 Key legislation and policies ...... 47 4.1.6 Overview of performance ...... 48 4.1.7 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 50 4.1.8 Key findings and recommendations ...... 51 4.2 Quality basic education and skills development ...... 52 4.2.1 Introduction ...... 52 4.2.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 53 4.2.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 53 4.2.4 Key legislation and policies ...... 56 4.2.5 Overview of performance ...... 56 Basic Education ...... 56 4.2.6 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 57 4.2.7 Key findings and recommendations ...... 59 4.3 A long and healthy life for all South Africans pp. 131-153...... 60 4.3.1 Introduction ...... 60 4.3.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 61 4.3.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 61 4.3.4 Key institutional and governance issues ...... 62 4.3.5 Key legislation and policies ...... 63 4.3.6 Overview of performance ...... 63 4.3.7 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 68 4.3.8 Key findings and recommendations ...... 70 4.4 Vibrant, equitable, sustainable rural communities contributing towards food security...... 71 4.4.1 Introduction ...... 71 4.4.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 72 4.4.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 72 4.4.4 Key institutional and governance issues ...... 73 4.4.5 Key legislation and policies ...... 74 4.4.6 Overview of performance ...... 75 4.4.7 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 76 4.4.8 Key findings and recommendations ...... 77

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

4.5 All people in South Africa are and feel safe ...... 79 4.5.1 Introduction ...... 79 4.5.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 80 4.5.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 80 4.5.4 Key institutional and governance issues ...... 83 4.5.5 Key legislation and policies ...... 84 4.5.6 Overview of performance ...... 84 4.5.7 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 85 4.5.8 Key findings and recommendations ...... 85 4.6 Cohesive and sustainable communities ...... 86 4.6.1 Introduction ...... 86 4.6.2 Socio-economic trends ...... 87 4.6.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) ...... 88 4.6.4 Key institutional and governance issues ...... 89 4.6.5 Key legislation and policies ...... 89 4.6.6 Overview of performance ...... 90 4.6.7 Flagship projects/key case studies ...... 91 4.6.8 Key findings and recommendations ...... 92 5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 93 5.1 Conclusions ...... 93 5.2 Recommendations...... 94 6 REFERENCES ...... 95

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

List of tables

Table 1: Percentage distribution of youth (15-34) by population group and province, 2012 ..19 Table 2: Number of youth with particular qualification, 1996-2011 (Source Census Data) ....25 Table 3: Proportion of people living in poverty in Gauteng, 1995 - 2009 ...... 31 Table 4: Percentage of households headed by youth aged 15–24 and 25–34, by province, 2002–2012 ...... 33 Table 5: Changes in the level of crime (selected category) ...... 37 Table 6: Preferential Procurement Spend by GPG Department: Quarter 4, 2012/13 ...... 50 Table 7: Reducing maternal, child and infant mortality rate ...... 66 Table 8: Combating HIV and AIDS and support to vulnerable households, women and children ...... 67 Table 9: Delivery of youth-friendly services, school health and school health teams ...... 68 Table 10: Crime stats 1994-2012 ...... 80

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

List of figures

Figure 1: Percent increase in number of learners in public ordinary schools over the period 1995 to 2013 ...... 22 Figure 2: University enrolments by university ...... 23 Figure 3: Percent increase in graduate output compared to 2000 ...... 23 Figure 4: Graduate output 2000-2010 for Gauteng by field of study ...... 24 Figure 5: Average life expectancy at birth in Gauteng ...... 27 Figure 6: HIV prevalence in Gauteng ...... 28 Figure 7: Covered by medical aid/hospital plan by race ...... 29 Figure 8: Covered by medical aid/hospital plan by race ...... 30 Figure 9: Percentage of youth (aged 15-24 and 25-34) that lived in households that had experienced inadequate or severe inadequate access to food by province ...... 32 Figure 10: Percentage of youth-headed households living in low income households, by age group and province, 2012 ...... 34 Figure 11: "Sense of safety" 2009/2011...... 35 Figure 12: Top three problems in your community ...... 36

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) for commissioning C A S E to conduct this study and for providing the source documents on the basis of which this draft summary report has been written.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

List of Abbreviations

AIDC Alternative Information and Development Centre AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC African National Congress ART Anti-Retroviral Therapy C A S E Community Agency for Social Enquiry CCMTP Comprehensive Care, Management and Treatment Programme CHCs Community Health Centres CPFs Community Police Forums CRDP Comprehensive Rural Development Programme CSVR Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation DCS Department of Correctional Services

DED Department of Economic Development DOH Department of Housing DPTRW Department of Public Transport, Roads and Works DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform DSD Department of Social Development DTI Department of Trade and Industry ESSP Extra School Support Programme FET Further Education and Training FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association GCRA Gauteng City Region Academy GCRDS Gauteng Comprehensive Rural Development Strategy GCRO Gauteng City-Region Observatory GDARD Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development GDE Gauteng Department of Education GDED Gauteng Department of Economic Development GDP Gross Domestic Product GEDA Gauteng Development Agency GEGDS Gauteng Employment and Growth Development Strategy GEP Gauteng Enterprise Propeller GEYODI Gender, Youth and People with Disabilities GHS General Household Survey GIYDS Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy GPG Gauteng Provincial Government GYES Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy HAART Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy HAST HIV/AIDS, STIs and TB HDI Human Development Index

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HSRC Human Science and Research Council IGR Inter-government Relations IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan LFS Labour Force Survey MMC Medical Male Circumcision MSD Medical Supply Depot MTSF Medium Term Strategic Framework NAYSEC National Rural Youth Service Corps NGP New Growth Path

NHBRC National Home Builders Registration Council NIPF National Industrial Policy Framework NPO Non-profit Organisation NSD SA National Skills Development NSDS National Skills Development Strategy III NYDA National Youth Development Agency NYP National Youth Policy NYS National Youth Service OOP Office of the Premier PHC Primary Health Care PHCTC Provincial Health Council Technical Committee POA Programme of Action PWD People with disabilities QoL Quality of Life Survey RLM Randfontein Local Municipality RWOPS Remunerated Work Outside the Public Service SACR Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation SAPS South African Police Services SMME Small, medium and micro enterprise StatsSA Statistics South Africa STI Sexually Transmitted Infections TB Tuberculosis UAE United Arab Emirates WHO World Health Organisation

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

The Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) regards youth development as an important part of the province‘s vision to transform Gauteng into a globally competitive city region which is both prosperous and addresses the people‘s needs. Youth empowerment and development is critical to sustainable economic growth and social development and in further instil a sense of pride of the youth in their province.

Youth development is also a recognised international commitment. The African Continent adopted the African Youth Charter in 2008 and called upon African countries to sign and ratify the Charter. South Africa signed the charter in 2008 and ratified it in 2009. The ratification of the Charter signalled the country‘s commitment to improving the plight of youth in the country. The African Union declared the year 2009–2018 a ‗Decade of Youth Development‘ on the continent. The World Youth Forum declared 2010 an ‗International Year of the Youth‘.

Since 1994, the country has instituted an enabling legal and policy framework and various institutional mechanisms and programmes introduced to promote youth development in the country and in the province.

The broader national and provincial youth policies and interventions acknowledge the reality that, for youth development to be effectively realized, all structures of government must assume the responsibility of its implementation, including all spheres of government. To this end, the Gauteng Provincial Government has mandated, within its policies and programmes, the implementation of youth development mainstreaming as a core strategic objective.

In preparation for the Development of the 2014-2019 Gauteng Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) and the Youth Development Programme of Action, the GPG has commissioned C A S E to undertake research on the progress made in the achievement of youth development in the province in the period since 1994 and since the beginning of the current term of office from 2009. This performance evaluation is strongly linked to the review of performance and societal transformation and progress against priorities for the 10-year, 15-year, and 20-year (1994-2014) review periods. It is therefore important to bear this in mind when reading this report as the large part of the evaluation borrows from these performance reviews. Source material for the review also includes statistical data and research providing some insight into development indicators and trends, overall impacts and outcomes of youth development policies and programmes sourced from Gauteng City Region Observatory (GCRO) Quality of Life (QoL) surveys, and data from Statistics South Africa (StatsSA).

1.1 Terms of reference

This study responded to the Gauteng Provincial Government‘s (GPG) request for a specialist service provider with the necessary expertise in Youth Development to conduct a study on ―The State of the Youth Development in Gauteng‖ with respect to:

 Providing an overview of the political and socio-economic status of the youth with focus on the broad socio-economic trends and trends in relation to democratic rights in key outcome areas, in relation to youth development, using Census data, the Quality of Life Surveys and other relevant sources ; and

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

 An evaluation of government performance and government programme implementation to improve the lives of the youth and contribute to youth development. This section was set to do the following:

o provide an overview of the key government programmes which have improved the status of the youth, including their outputs and outcomes; o provide an overall account and assessment of how the Gauteng government‘s policies and programmes have affected the social, political and economic status of Gauteng‘s youth over the period from 2009 to the present and since 1994. o measure the advances made in respect of the youth in relation to government commitments made over successive five-year terms from 1994 - 2014; o provide an analysis of performance in relation to national and international commitments and benchmarks (At the scoping meeting for this project with GPG representatives, it was agreed that a comparative analysis of GPG performance in relation to national and international commitments will be set aside given the time constraints. Therefore, the report does not cover this aspect); o document the key national and provincial policies and programmes aimed at addressing youth development (This aspect is also not covered by this report based on the agreement with GPG representatives at the scoping meeting); o identify policy and implementation gaps and limitations; o identify examples of good practice and areas of significant change over the period since 2009 and since 1994; o report progress in relation to key thematic areas in each of the main GPG outcomes; and o develop recommendations for policy and programme improvement for the period 2014 to 2019 and beyond.

1.1.1 Aim of the study

The aim of the research was to inform the 2014-2019 Gauteng Medium Term Strategic Framework and the Youth Development Programme of Action.

1.1.2 Objectives

 Provide an overview of broader socio-economic trends and trends in relation to democratic rights in key outcome areas, in relation to youth development, using Census data, the Quality of Life Survey and other relevant sources, etc. Reference in this regard should be made to international and national policy frameworks in relation to youth development.

 Review of government performance and government programme implementation to improve the lives of people with disabilities and contribute to disability rights

1.1.3 Outputs The following outputs were envisaged:

 An estimated 100-page report based on research on the ‗The State of Youth Development in Gauteng‘ including changes and achievements over the period since 1994 and since 2009, drawing on surveys and government sources. This report was to be annotated with case studies/project reviews to illustrate good practice or high impact of key projects  25-page high-level summary report on ‗The State of the Youth Development in Gauteng‘  Power-point Presentations

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

1.2 Defining youth

The term ―youth‖ has been defined variably by different institutions nationally and internationally. The National Youth Policy 2009-2014 broadly defines youth as those aged between 14-35 years but acknowledges that the 14-35 age range is by no means a blanket general standard. Within the parameters of this age range youth are further segmented into age cohorts and target groups, by race, age, gender, social class, geographic location, etc, in recognition of significant differences that exist in these youth groupings in terms of their unique situations and needs (National Youth Policy, 2009:14).

For the purposes of this study, the Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) definition of youth as all those falling within the age group 15 to 34 years has been used in respect of the fact that this age-based definition corresponds to the 5-year age groups used to benchmark the General Households Survey (GHS) samples for which data are easily available (StatsSA: 35). The National Youth Policy 2009–2014 prioritizes four policy imperatives, namely: education; health and wellbeing; economic participation; and social cohesion. The methodology followed by the General Household Study makes it a rich source of data on all these areas, with perhaps the exception of the last category, social cohesion, where more specialized instruments are needed (Department of Social Development Annual Performance Plan 2013-2014: 24).

1.3 Structure of the report

The report is made up of five chapters, including the current chapter i.e. the Introduction. Chapter 2 details the overall mandate, policy goals and delivery context for the province. The chapter also outlines the provincial policy frameworks and commitments. Chapter 3 provides an overview of Gauteng‗s development since 1994 while Chapter 4 details government performance in key thematic areas. For each outcome area, this includes considering key institutional and governance issues, an overview of performance and key findings and recommendations in each key area. The six thematic areas covered in chapters 3 and 4 were primarily adopted from the Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy which outlines the seven thematic areas the last of which was left out as it principally deals with the kind of institutional reconfigurations that need to be effected in order for the government to realise the outcomes spelt out in the six thematic areas. Chapter 5 provides a discussion of the overall conclusions and recommendations from the report.

1.4 Methodology

The research methodology used was a diagnostic investigation of institutional and programmatic literature on youth development in the province. Information used was drawn primarily from the five year, ten year and 20 year review documents sourced from the GPG.

1.5 Limitations

The GPG provided several source documents from which C A S E was expected to extract youth- related data. C A S E struggled to get access to relevant disaggregated data from the source documents. The documents contained aggregated information in relation to overall developments,

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG across the thematic areas, on youth development. To obtain youth-specific statistics C A S E had requested GPG‘s help to access the original datasets that had been referenced in the source documents. C A S E did not get much help in this respect.

2 OVERALL MANDATE, POLICY GOALS AND DELIVERY CONTEXT

2.1 Introduction

Gauteng has been governed by the African National Congress (ANC) since 1994. Gauteng‗s provincial priorities and strategic plan of action for each five year period have therefore been based on those of the ANC, as reflected in the manifesto for each election. In addition to the national and provincial priorities derived from the ANC‗s manifestos, national and provincial governments need to align their priorities and programmes to the Millennium Development Goals to which South Africa is a signatory. This chapter highlights the broad mandate and consequent provincial youth development priorities and commitments which derive from these. 2.2 Provincial policy frameworks and commitments

2.2.1 ANC Election Manifestos The ANC‗s most recent manifesto (2009 – 2014) identified five priority areas (decent work and sustainable livelihoods, education, health, rural development, food security and land reform, and the fight against crime and corruption). These served as the basis for the development of the provincial outcomes, with the addition of the crosscutting issues of efficient and accountable government, and an empowered citizenship. Gauteng Province has therefore adopted eight provincial outcomes as outlined below:

1. Quality education 2. A long and healthy life for all South Africans 3. Ensuring all people in South Africa are and feel safe 4. Decent employment through inclusive growth 5. Vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities contributing towards food security for all. 6. Sustainable human settlements and improved quality of household life 7. A responsive, accountable, efficient and effective local government system 8. An efficient, effective and development-oriented public service, and an empowered, fair and inclusive citizenship.

One provincial department has been identified as the lead department for each outcome, with several other provincial departments contributing to each outcome. At national level, the President has entered into delivery agreements with Ministers in order to promote performance against the national outcomes. These national performance agreements have been cascaded into performance agreements between the provincial MEC and their national counterpart. The agreements focus on the attainment of the outcomes, and provide associated outputs and performance indicators. Provincial priorities for each outcome are outlined in more detail in the respective sections. The ANC‗s election manifestos since 1994 have prioritised the need to:

 Grow the economy in a manner that creates jobs, reduces levels of unemployment and poverty, and bridges the gap between the first and second economy and between the rich and the poor.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

 Meet people‗s basic needs and ensure that they are able to fully exercise their Constitutional rights and enjoy the full dignity of freedom in an integrated and sustainable manner.  Build safe, secure, inclusive and sustainable communities.  Build the human resource capacity and increase the skills base to ensure shared socio-economic growth and development.  Practise people-driven, people-centred, participatory, transparent and accountable good governance.

In particular, the ANC‗s 2009 manifesto emphasised a nation united in diversity, non-racial, non- sexist and democratic, the need to grow the economy through the creation of decent work opportunities and sustainable livelihoods, placing an emphasis on education, improving the quality of services the government provides and accelerating the delivery of houses, fighting crime, developing rural infrastructure and implementing agricultural reforms, and promoting equitable and sustainable growth. A key target of the Manifesto was halving the levels of poverty and unemployment by 2014. The Manifesto identified five priority areas. These are creating decent work and sustainable livelihoods, education, health, rural development, food security and land reform, and fighting crime and corruption. Across all five priority areas is the need to target the youth, women, workers, the rural poor, the elderly, and people with disabilities.

2.2.2 Legislative and policy framework for youth development

Youth development in South Africa is largely guided by the National Youth Policy 2009–2014 which is based on a series of legislative and policy frameworks which have been implemented since 1994. The policy relies upon information on the particular needs and circumstances of the country‘s youth to address identified gaps and challenges (National Youth Policy, 2009:5–6) (Department of Social Development, Annual Performance Plan, 2013-2014: 24). The policies include the following:

2.2.2.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is the supreme law of the country entrenching specific rights, responsibilities and an ethos that all South Africans are to uphold. In the Bill of rights, specific human rights are guaranteed and these rights and responsibilities guide the inherent rights and responsibilities of all young South Africans.

2.2.2.2 National Youth Policy 2008-2013 The National Youth Policy 2008-2013, as adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of South Africa in December 2008, remains an important youth development guideline for our country at large, as it seeks to give direction on necessary action steps to be undertaken by the state and society at large in meeting the challenges of youth development. It is intended to largely inform the work and programmes of all the youth development implementing agencies in our country towards addressing the pertinent needs of the young people of South Africa.

The National Youth Policy 2008-2013 is built on the foundation of both policy and programmatic interventions implemented for young people between 1994 and 2007. In many instances, these initiatives have resulted in far-reaching transformation. Although there is ample evidence suggesting that considerable progress has been made towards meeting the objectives of these interventions and in addressing the challenges faced by young people as the target audience, the unfolding process of transformation had also revealed policy gaps and challenges that remain.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

The National Youth Policy 2008-2013 is specifically aimed at closing the identified gaps, addressing the challenges and recommending new measures to improve and accelerate implementation thereby making major strides in the development of young people by ensuring that they assume their rightful place in building a non-racial, non-sexist, prosperous and democratic South Africa. The following are key objectives of the National Youth Policy 2008-2013:

 integrate youth development into the mainstream of government policies, programmes and the national budget;  ensure that mainstream policies function effectively and curb the marginalisation of young people;  strengthen the capacity of key youth development institutions and ensure integration and coordination in the delivery of youth services;  strengthen the capacities of young people to enable them to take charge of their own wellbeing through building their assets and ultimately realising their potential to the fullest;  strengthen a culture of patriotic citizenship among young people and help them to become responsible adults who care for their families and others;  support prioritised youth groups and ensure that they have every opportunity to play their  part in the development of our country;  foster a sense of national cohesion, while acknowledging existence of diverse circumstances and needs by providing opportunities to address these;  inculcate the spirit of patriotism by encouraging visible and active participation in different youth initiatives/projects and nation building activities;  promote the culture of treating all races in South Africa with dignity as well as embracing the African values, such as ―ubuntu‖ at all times;  create a wider range of learning pathways to provide young people with multiple routes and exit opportunities for making the transition from youth to adulthood smoother;  design and implement interventions that seek to provide a wide variety of opportunities for needy young people;  create a safe environment free from discrimination, abuse, and violence, in which young people feel protected.

2.2.2.3 National Youth Development Agency Act 54 of 2008 The National Youth Development Agency (NYDA) was formally established by the President of the Republic of South Africa in 2009, under the NYDA Act 54 of 2008. The following are the functions of the NYDA, as prescribed by the above-mentioned legislation:

 develop an Integrated Youth Development Plan and Strategy for South Africa;  develop guidelines for the implementation of an integrated national youth  development policy and make recommendations to the President;  initiate, design, co-ordinate, evaluate and monitor all programmes aimed at integrating the youth into the economy and society in general;  guide efforts and facilitate economic participation and empowerment, and achievement of education and training;  partner and assist organs of state, the private sector and non-governmental organisations and community based organisations on initiatives directed at attainment of employment and skills development;  initiate programmes directed at poverty alleviation, urban and rural development and the combating of crime, substance abuse and social decay amongst youth;  establish annual national priority programmes in respect of youth development;

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

 promote a uniform approach by all organs of state, the private sector and nongovernmental organisations, to matters relating to or involving youth development; and endeavour to promote the interest generally of the youth, particularly young people with disabilities.

2.2.2.4 The White Paper on Reconstruction and Development (1994) The national vision for youth development in South Africa is encapsulated in the Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994, section 3.6.2): ―Youth development…must enable young people to realise their full potential and participate fully in the society and their future. It must restore the hope of our youth in the future, and in their capacity to channel their resourcefulness and energy into reconstruction and development.‖

2.2.2.5 Gauteng Provincial Government Programme of Action 2014 In April 2009, the people of South Africa went to the polls to vote in South Africa‘s fourth democratic election. In both the national election and in eight out of nine provinces – including Gauteng – the ANC received an overwhelming mandate to govern for the electoral mandate period 2009 to 2014.

Based on a good track record of public service delivery over the past fifteen years of democracy and a commitment to work together with the people to do more, the ANC government obtained a fresh popular mandate in the 2009 elections. Based on this popular mandate, the Gauteng Executive Council officially adopted the ANC‘s 2009 Election Manifesto.

Together with municipalities in Gauteng, medium term strategic priorities and programmes for the Gauteng for the period 2009-2014 were agreed upon. This new mandate requires that we do things differently. At the centre of the new strategic posture of government in Gauteng in the five- year term of office leading to the end of the second decade of freedom and democracy, is the commitment to thorough going renewal of the way in which government works, including its systems, operations, organizational structures, expenditure patterns, policies and responsiveness to the needs of the people of Gauteng.

This moment of renewal entails heightened, accelerated and responsive public service delivery to make a significant impact on the socio-economic conditions of the people of the province, especially poor communities. The 2009-2014 Gauteng MTSF focuses on improving the conditions of life of the people of Gauteng and contributing to building a better South Africa. In line with electoral mandate, Gauteng has made a commitment to place the creation of decent work and sustainable livelihoods at the centre of its policies and programmes. It has done this in the context of significant challenges arising from changes in the global economic environment. Through the 2014 Gauteng MTSF, Gauteng intends to harness its resources to minimize the impact of the global economic recession and stimulate inclusive and equitable economic growth including the identification of new opportunities for growth.

A further strategic emphasis underpinning the Gauteng 2014 MTSF is the need to build social partnership and work towards the development and implementation of a social compact to improve performance and outcomes in both the economy and the social sector. This includes the need to consult with civil society stakeholders and the people of Gauteng in general in developing a common long-term vision for Gauteng in 2055, which will mark the centenary of the Freedom Charter, which laid the foundation for South Africa‘s democracy.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

2.2.2.6 The Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy 2004-2009

In May 2005, the Cabinet of the Gauteng Provincial Government adopted the Gauteng Youth Development Strategy, as a strategic policy document which ―outlines the Province‘s vision for youth development and what it intends to do to ensure that an environment is created for all young people in Gauteng to reach their full potential‖ (GIYDS 2004-2009).

This strategy sought to build on the work that has already been done by the Gauteng provincial government in the process of meeting its obligations to all citizens of the province. The strategy was situated within the context of the vision of the province for 2014, the GPG Five year strategic programme 2004-2009 and the Gauteng Growth and Development Strategy. In a nutshell, the Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy provides a strategic, programmatic and institutional framework and mechanisms for mainstreaming youth development in all policies, programmes and departments of provincial government.

The Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) has recently, adopted the Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy (GIYDS) (2010-2014) in May 2010, which sets new targets and priorities for youth development in Gauteng. The provincial strategy is aligned to the national strategy, which in turn draws from key national policy frameworks including the National Youth Policy (NYP), the National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF), the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP), the New Growth Path (NGP), the National Skills Development-South Africa (NSD-SA), the National Skills Development Strategy III (NSDS) and others. The GIYDS is underpinned by the following 4 strategic pillars which contribute towards creating an enabling environment for young people to reach their full potential in Gauteng namely:

i. Youth development advocacy ii. Youth labour market and employment strategy iii. Youth friendly government services iv. Youth citizenship rights and responsibilities

Furthermore, the policy is designed to guide the private, civic and NGO sectors to initiate programmes which are aligned to national and provincial priorities, and respond to the identified needs pertaining to youth development.

The Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy 2010-2014 provides an outline, indicators and activities of the youth development imperatives in the Gauteng province as follows:

 Creating decent work and building a growing, inclusive economy  Promoting quality education and skills development  Promoting primary health care services and elevating the fight against HIV/AIDS amongst the young people  Stimulating rural development and food security  Intensifying the fight against crime and corruption  Building cohesive and sustainable communities  Strengthening the developmental state and good governance

This section has considered the provincial government‗s mandate and consequent priorities, youth development. The following chapter provides an overview of Gauteng‗s development since the first democratic elections in respect of the above identified key youth development imperatives.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

3 OVERVIEW OF GAUTENG‘S DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1994

3.1.1 Demography

To assess performance it is useful to consider the demography of Gauteng in comparison to the rest of the country. In 1996 and 2001 KwaZulu-Natal had the biggest share of the country‘s population with about 8.6 and 9.6 million people, respectively. In the 2011 count Gauteng presented to be the most populous province with 12.2 million1 people. In 1996, Gauteng constituted 18.8% of the South African population, in 2001 20.9%, and by 2011, 23.7%. This means that the province experienced an increase of almost 2.9 million people over the period 2001‐2011.2

3.1.2 Population structure

In 2012, individuals in the age group 15-34 comprised 37% of the total population and was estimated to 19,1 million (Statistics South Africa, 2013) in the whole of South Africa. Table 1 below indicates the percentage distribution of youth by population group and province. Black African youth constituted 82,9% of South Africa‘s youth population and comprised the majority of youth in all provinces except for Western Cape, where about half (52,0%) of the youth were coloured.

Population group (percentage) Black Total Province African Coloured Indian/Asian White Percent (thousands) Western Cape 35.1 52 0.9 12 100 2 012 Eastern Cape 89.4 6.9 0.5 3.2 100 2 455 Northern Cape 55.9 39.4 0.2 4.5 100 400 Free State 91.6 1.6 0.3 6.6 100 1 023 KwaZulu-Natal 88.5 1.5 8 2 100 3 835 North West 95.4 1.2 0.2 3.1 100 1 270 Gauteng 81.8 2.8 2.1 13.3 100 4 451 Mpumalanga 94.5 0.6 0.7 4.2 100 1 551 Limpopo 97.7 0.3 0.2 1.7 100 2 139 South Africa 82.9 8.4 2.4 6.4 100 19 140 Table 1: Percentage distribution of youth (15-34) by population group and province, 2012

(70.2%) of Gauteng‘s population is comprised of people under the age of 35 years. The age cohort 15-34 (youth) comprises 40.7% of the total population.3 This age cohort has been growing faster than the population as a whole due to declining levels of fertility (based on the growth between Census 2001 and Census 2011). While the age structure of Gauteng mirrors that of the country in the sense that the province has a youthful population, there is a distinctive feature showing a lower proportion for the 10 to 14 age cohort for the province, and higher for the age groups 15-19, 20-24

1 Annual Performance Plan, 2013-2014, Gauteng Department of Social Development, www.socdev.gpg.gov.za, p. 18. 2 Census, 2011. 3 Statistics South Africa, 2011 cited in Annual Performance Plan, 2013-2014, Gauteng Department of Social Development, www.socdev.gpg.gov.za, p. 23. 19

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG and 25-29. This is reflective of the high numbers of people migrating to Gauteng in their late teens and twenties in search of employment and perceived better living standards.4

3.2 Decent work and inclusive economy

3.2.1 Gauteng Economy

The Gauteng province being the most industrialised and integrated into the modern economy, of all South African provinces, is different from other provinces in the sense that it is relatively better of than the rest of the country. It has a sizeable formal economy that is dominated by mining and industry.

The extent of its industrialisation is felt not only in South Africa but beyond its borders. This results in the province attracting job seekers from not only within the borders of South Africa but well beyond. Many of these job seekers are young adults and fall into the category of youth. Historically this used to be mostly from the Southern African region. However the end of apartheid and the greater integration of South Africa into the continent has meant that increasing numbers of economic migrants come from further north in the continent especially from countries that are facing economic meltdowns and political instability. The migration of solo job seekers into the province has characterised a high percentage of the migrants and most of these are young first time job seekers that are youth who are the most mobile section of the labour market that are able to travel without their families.

Modelled estimates by Quantec of unemployment in the province (not based on official LFS data) suggest that it increased from a low of 11.6% in 1995 to 27.9% in 2003 . It then tapered off during the boom years of the mid-2000s before climbing again after 2008. Since 2001 the rate has not fallen to below 20%. This is explained by the increasing number of people seeking employment in the new democratic era, and the phenomenon of jobless growth. Given the economic significance of Gauteng both locally and internationally, the province has attracted an enormous number of people from elsewhere that enter the province for economic reasons. The province has thus earned the title ―a province of migrants. GCRO research has shown that one tenth (or 10%) of people residing in Gauteng live solo, suggesting that they have moved in from elsewhere leaving their families behind. The proportion of people living solo has also doubled between 2001 and 2011. Most of the migrants would be young adults in search of work and whilst these figures are not necessarily those that disaggregate the youth segment, it can be safe to assume that youth make up a huge component of this as they make up most of the employment seekers.

3.2.2 Employment and unemployment

Overall during the period since 1994, the low growth rate of jobs in relation to the growth in population has resulted in growing unemployment amongst poor and black sections of the population. Youth unemployment has been particularly high with school leavers not being able to find formal employment. Prior to the global crisis which began towards the end of 2008, unemployment fell by 8,1% between 2002 and 2007. During this period, economic growth was around 5% for the country as a whole. Whilst in the rest of the country, economic growth was at 3,63% the growth of the Gauteng economy grew faster at 4.12%. This meant that the

4 GCRO Data Brief No. 2, 2012. 20

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG unemployment rate was down to 24,3% in 2013 down from 25% in 2003 with the expanded unemployment rate being 29%, 4,3% less than it was in 2003. Gauteng‘s labour force participation rate in the country was the highest in 2013 at 69,6% compared to the overall rate in south Africa of 55,7%. Gauteng together with the Western Cape had the highest percentage of people employed in skilled occupations.

Various studies have indicated that total unemployment in the province increased, with the majority of those unemployed below the age of 35 years. The majority of young people who are unemployed in the province are either employed in the informal sector or as part-time workers (Oranje, 2003). Gauteng has a greater proportion of its labour force in professional, technical, managerial and executive positions than any other province. The province also has the largest number of educated citizens.

In terms of sectors, most of the employed were in the formal non-agricultural sector. Since the first quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2013, employment numbers in the formal non-agricultural sector have always been over 3 million. However labour force participation rates have shown a very gloomy picture since 2008. While fluctuating from quarter to quarter, overall the rate has been falling. The size of the informal sector has remained about the same although the global crisis was felt in the in the third quarter of 2009 when real employment in this sector fell.

There are signs of improving employment levels. Between 2009 and 2012 a total of 12,956 direct permanent jobs were created. The Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) created 777,575 work opportunities from 2004 to 2013, although recommended EPWP improvements had not yet been fully implemented.

3.3 Quality education and skills development

3.3.1 Enrolment and throughput Learner enrolment in public secondary schools increased by 44% over the period 1995 to 2013 while enrolment in FET Colleges increased by 140% between 1999 and 2012. The number of learners in public secondary schools also increased significantly over the period 1995 to 2013 as shown in Figure 1 below. All the 8 FET Colleges in Gauteng have shown significant increases since 2008.5

5 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013.

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100% 94%

80%

60% 48% 42% 40% 29%

20%

0% G9 G10 G11 G12

Figure 1: Percent increase in number of learners in public ordinary schools over the period 1995 to 20136

Enrolment has also increased in ABET institutions especially of learners wanting to complete a matric qualification. Repetition rates in public secondary schools declined from 15.9 in 1995 to 9.7 in 2004. However, it started to rise thereafter reaching 15.8 by 2012. This is mainly attributed to learners opting to repeat than to drop out. Flow through has been staggered in an incremental manner from 2006 to 2011. However, this drops from 2012 to 2013.7 Overall, throughput rate increased from 43% in 2006 to 58% in 2008 and 75% in 2012.

Overwhelming majority of students at higher education institutions are youths. Enrolments to universities nationally have improved considerably since 1994. According to the Higher Education Management System (HEMIS), university enrolment has increased by 82% between 1995 and 2010. Even though lower than the national average, Gauteng has had substantial increases in enrolment, at 35% between 2000 and 2010. Thirty percent of South Africa‘s university students are in Gauteng (excluding UNISA) which represents a huge potential for making significant contribution to the economic and social development of the province.

Considering the universities in Gauteng, a comparison between 1995 and 2010 shows that enrolments at Tshwane University of Technology have declined while increases in enrolment were registered the other universities of Johannesburg, Pretoria, WITS and UNISA. UNISA enrolments more than doubled over the period as shown in Figure 2 below.

6 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 7 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 22

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Figure 2: University enrolments by university8

An analysis of graduate outputs between 2000 and 2010 shown in Figure 3 shows that there has been an increase over the years and by 2010, graduate output had increased by 61%.

70% 60% 61% 50% 40% 37% 37% 30% 22% 20% 19% 20% 21% 10% 12% 7% 7% 0% 0% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Figure 3: Percent increase in graduate output compared to 20009

An analysis of graduate output by field shown in Figure 4 also shows that output in all fields of study have improved over the period. Output in the BCM field doubled while that in the Education field rose by 82%. Considering the pressing need for expertise in Science and Technology it is important to note that output in this sector increased to a maximum of 62% by 2010.

The number of Masters‘ graduates remained high over the period 2005-201, increasing significantly between 2010 and 2011. However there were some fluctuations over the period with slight declines in 2007 and 2008. Doctoral graduates remained low over the period (slightly below 500) between 2005 and 2010 but increased by 35% in 2011.

8 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 9 Ibid. 23

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120% BCM

Education 100% 101% HSS

Science and Technology 82% 80%

60% 62%

52% 52%

46% 46% 44%

40% 38% 39% 39% 35% 34% 35% 35% 32% 33% 29% 25% 22%23% 23% 20% 20% 21% 18% 17% 14% 14% 10% 9% 8% 9% 4% 3% 0% 0% -1%

2000 2001 2002-7% 2003 2004-7% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -11% -14% -20%

Figure 4: Graduate output 2000-2010 for Gauteng by field of study10

3.3.2 Changes in education levels 1996-2011

Gauteng has had a tremendous improvement in terms of levels of education among youth over the last 20 years. Even though the number of youth with no schooling increased slightly, by 2%, between 1996 and 2001, this proportion fell by 50% in 2011. The proportion with a matric qualification only doubled between 1996 and 2001 and doubled again between 2001 and 2011. Significant increases can also be observed of those with a post matric qualification. However, the proportion of those with a diploma after matric increased significantly between 1996 and 2001 (by 86%) but fell by 6% between 2001 and 2011 as shown in Table 2 below.

10 20-Year Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 24

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% increase % 1996- increase Qualification 1996 2001 2001 2011 2001-2011 No Schooling 137 355 140 572 2% 70 272 -50% Matric only 770 455 1 180 690 53% 1 834 908 55% Matric and certificate 27 032 96 383 257% 130 557 35% Matric and diploma 85 097 158 033 86% 147 777 -6% Bachelors Degree 59 950 63 381 6% 122 469 93% Bachelors Degree & Diploma 4 039 22 006 445% 40 344 83% Honours Degree 9 767 27 932 186% 58 725 110% Higher Degree (Masters, Doctorate) 9 386 15 960 70% 25 464 60% Table 2: Number of youth with particular qualification, 1996-2011 (Source Census Data)

3.4 Primary health care services and HIV/AIDS

3.4.1 Introduction

According to Statistics South Africa, 2013, young people generally comprise the healthiest section of society. However, StatsSA also asserts that the health of individuals is impacted by social determinants such as poverty, access to housing, clean water, sanitation, clean energy and food security. Therefore, these determinants should be considered when reviewing the health status of youth in Gauteng. It is therefore critical that efforts to improve the health of the youth is attended to in the context of multi-sectoral approach at all levels of governance.

As stated in the National Youth Policy 2009-2014, there are several challenges regarding the health and well-being of youth that need to be addressed. These include:

 teenage pregnancies  maternal mortality  reproductive and sexual health  HIV and AIDS  non-communicable diseases eg. cancer, diabetes, and hypertension  substance abuse  mental disorders

Although a bit outdated at this stage, the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System records that in 2001 nearly 47% of all recorded suicides involved young people aged 20-34 years (Morrow et al, 2005: 24).

Considering the myriad health challenges facing Gauteng‘s youth the NYP views health from a socio-economic and life cycle perspective. If the aim is to change the sexual behaviour of youth, for

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG example, there needs to be an enabling environment. Government needs to ensure that young people have the necessary capacity and knowledge to make responsible choices and function in an environment in which they can exercise those choices.

Recommended policy Interventions in this regard include:

 Improve access to youth-friendly health related programmes and services  Capacitate staff and improve access to youth-friendly information and services on mental health and well-being.  Ensure that young people are brought up and live in environments conducive to making healthy choices.

3.4.2 Self-reported health status

StatsSA‗s annual GHS (General Household Survey) provides a 10-year record of how residents perceive their own health circumstances. Figures show that health circumstances, across all categories of illnesses, consistently deteriorated between 2002 and 2008/2009, while there appeared to be considerable improvement for 2012. Unfortunately, these figures pertain to the general survey population, with no distinction between age cohorts e.g. youth.

3.4.3 Key official health indicators

Life expectancy for both males and females has increased over the last decade, with life expectancy of males in particular having improved dramatically from 53.7 years in 2001 to 61.7 years in 2012. Nationally, life expectancy for both males and females increased over the last decade, with life expectancy of males in particular having improved dramatically (53.7 years in 2001 to 61.7 years in 2012). This trend is also evident in Gauteng, as can be seen in Figure 5 below.

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Figure 5: Average life expectancy at birth in Gauteng

This increased life expectancy is due to a combination of factors, including the rollout of ART since 2004, improved health care and improved quality of life. Again, figures are not age cohort-specific. A drop in fertility rates is often associated with development. Fertility rates in Gauteng dropped between 2001 and 2006, from over 2.05 to over 1.85, the lowest fertility rate of all provinces.

Also positive is that the percentage immunization coverage (the proportion of the ‗targeted population‘ under one who have received all their primary vaccines for tuberculosis (TB), diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, measles, hepatitis B and haemophilic influenza) is well over 100%. Cure rates for TB have risen from 61.3% in 2003 to 78.2% in 2011.

On the negative side is that the incidence of diarrhoea seems to have increased, as has the percentage of children under 5 who are stunted and underweight, the early neonatal mortality rate, and the number of new TB cases (although this dropped between 2010 and 2011). Despite evidence of progress in improved health care provision and societal health outcomes, significant challenges clearly remain.

Overall, the past twenty years have witnessed major improvements in equitable access to health care and health status. Examples include:

 a substantial reduction in AIDS-related deaths  a drop in the HIV infection rate  HIV-related maternal mortality was 15% below the national average in 2008-2010  an improvement in TB cure rates and  the rollout of primary health care and preparation for National Health Insurance (NHI) is progressing.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

3.4.4 Mortality and HIV & AIDS

According to StatsSA‘s April 2013 report ―Mortality and causes of death in South Africa: Findings from death notification‖, there was a national trend where death rates climbed significantly between 1997 and 2006. However, there was a noticeable decrease between 2007 and 2010. In 2010 there were 543,856 deaths nationally, 6.2% less than the 2009 death rate of 579,711.

It is suspected that the fall in the death rate might be indicative of the impact of the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which extends the life expectancy of those who are living with HIV. HIV prevalence rates vary across Gauteng, as can be seen in Figure 6 below.

HIV prevalence in Gauteng

31.7% 32.3% 24.4%

Tshwane Sedibeng West Rand

Figure 6: HIV prevalence in Gauteng

A March 2013 Eye Witness News report stated that the Gauteng AIDS Council reported that 84% of Gauteng youth were HIV-free and that new infections among teenagers had halved in the period between 2002 and 2008.

Gauteng Premier Nomvula Mokonyane attributed these successes to several campaigns at schools and in townships, largely as a result of the efforts of civil society on issues of awareness. The Premier also noted that ―more male teenagers were having responsible sexual encounters but that this was not the same for young girls‖. This was largely due to the prevalence of the ―sugar daddy‖ culture. According to LoveLife (http://www.lovelife.org.zalove/love-facts/know-the-facts/sex- for-money), in South Africa, 40% of teenage girls get HIV before they turn 20, and most of these girls get it from having sexual intercourse with sugar daddies. The council undertook to shift its focus to educating older men that attract young girls with wealth and infect them with HIV.

The GPG‘s comprehensive response to HIV and AIDS has seen rapid expansion, with a focus on prevention, treatment, care and ongoing mobilisation, and the building of social partnerships. The reduction in new HIV infections among the youth marks the first stage of ―turning the tide‖ of the

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

HIV epidemic. In 2005 the HSRC household survey showed that adults over 25 years now have higher HIV infection rates than youth under 25 years.

3.4.5 Medical aid coverage, public and private facility use, and satisfaction

According to the General Household Survey, the percentage of people covered by medical aid has decreased slightly from 24.8% in 2002, to 23.4% in 2011. The GCRO‘s (Gauteng City-Region Observatory) 2009 Quality of Life Survey gives a slightly better picture with 29.0% of respondents saying they were covered by either a medical aid or a hospital plan in 2011. The GCRO survey, however, reveals a bleak picture of ongoing differences in medical aid coverage, as well as other aspects of health access, by race. Figure 7 below shows that 75.8% of white respondents were covered by either a medical aid or hospital plan, compared to only 18.2% of African respondents.

Covered by a medical aid/hospital plan

White African

19%

81%

Figure 7: Covered by medical aid/hospital plan by race

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Public facilities

White African

19.1%

75.5%

Figure 8: Covered by medical aid/hospital plan by race

As seen above, in contrast only 19.1% of white respondents used public facilities compared to 75.5% Africans.

Satisfaction with government provided health services was fairly low on average, with only 39.6% being satisfied or very satisfied. This dropped to 32.8% for whites. Asked why they did not use public health facilities, the majority (74.6%) of those people who only accessed private care cited perceptions of poor quality of care. The results did not vary by race group.

3.5 Food security and rural development

3.5.1 Access to food and food poverty in Gauteng

3.5.1.1 Poverty in Gauteng

Alongside inequality, South Africa also faces the challenge of extreme poverty rooted in the structural imbalances created during apartheid era. The 2011 national Census indicated that 16.5% of Gauteng households reported ―no income‖ while 3.4% reported an annual income of between R1 and R4,800. With a population of 12,202,306 in 2011, this means that almost a fifth (or 2.4 million) of Gauteng‗s population live below the food poverty line of R305 per month. As shown in Table 3 below, the proportion of people living below the food poverty line has increased since 1995 from 7% to 18.1% in 2009.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Table 3: Proportion of people living in poverty in Gauteng, 1995 - 2009 People living in poverty Poverty line Data used Number Percent Census (1996), IES 1995 533 743 7% R 283.00 (1995) Community Survey 2005 693 994 7% R 283.00 (2007), IES (2005) 2009, Living Conditions 2009 1 066 930 10.10% R 305.00 Survey (Source: The Presidency of South Africa, 2009, 2010, 2012 Development Indicators Report11)

Given its largely urban character, Gauteng finds itself having to deal with the problem of urban poverty. According to a 2005 HSRC report,12 much of the poverty in the province has been driven by migration. Although migration is generally a province-wide phenomenon, poverty shows up concentrated in defined pockets13, most of which are located on the outer edges of the Johannesburg conurbation as well as areas where the City of Johannesburg borders with Randfontein and Westonaria. Other pockets are found in the northern parts of Vereeniging, Vanderbijlpark and the City of Tshwane.14 The population segments mostly vulnerable are youth and especially those in child/youth-headed households.

3.5.1.2 Access to food

Access to food is essential to human well-being and development. Vulnerability to hunger mainly affects vulnerable groups under a common bond of poverty and is severe under conditions of high inequality and unemployment.15 Households are very sensitive to livelihood shocks and low income households with a large percentage of dependents remaining particularly vulnerable. The GHS asks respondents a battery of questions to establish whether any household members experienced hunger during the preceding year and to establish the severity of hunger. These questions were however not asked during 2009. Self-assessed hunger is used as a proxy for inadequate food intake and is associated with not consuming enough food. Although this is definitely more imprecise than variables designed to measure under nutrition, it does provide analysts with the opportunity to explore the relationship between vulnerability to hunger and poverty, and particularly the impact of social grants in alleviating hunger. The percentage of South Africans of all ages that lived in households that reported hunger decreased from 29,3% in 2002 to 13,1% in 2012.

Households headed by youth aged 15–24 were more likely to experience inadequate or severely inadequate access to food than households in the age group 25-34 across all provinces. This is presented in Figure 9 below. Youth from both age groups were most likely to live in households that experienced inadequate or severely inadequate access to food in North West, Northern Cape

11 http://www.google.co.za/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDMQFj AB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fview%2FDownloadFileAction%3Fid%3D196861&ei =vNxTUtPtKcmmhAee0oGQCw&usg=AFQjCNEpIiwroUNux8-PXHsGIjsB2M4w& sig2=EJ1AfIxHZogN_ Cuo7302WA. 12 HSRC (2005) Poverty pockets in Gauteng: How migration impacts. http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/research-outputs/view/2037. 13 HSRC, 2005. 14 HSRC, 2005. 15 Gauteng Dept of Social Development, Annual Performance Plan, 2013-2014, p. 22. 31

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG and Eastern Cape. Although considered a poor province, Limpopo presented the lowest percentage of households with inadequate or severely inadequate access to food (Ibid., pp. 49-50).

Figure 9: Percentage of youth (aged 15-24 and 25-34) that lived in households that had experienced inadequate or severe inadequate access to food by province

3.5.1.3 Youth in child-headed households

The broad definition of youth (14-35 years) includes both vulnerable individuals in their late teens and early twenties, as well as persons in their prime adult years. The National Youth Policy 2009- 2014 (2009: 18) indicates that youth in youth-headed households form part of youth that are regarded as youth at risk because they are living alone since their biological mother, father or both parents have died or unable to take care of them due to ill health or have abandoned them. These circumstances could be the result of inability of parents to fulfil their role and responsibility of caring and protecting their children due to illness and subsequent death. As a result, youth in such circumstances may be forced to assume responsibility not only for themselves, but also for their younger siblings and or for their sick parents, thus consequently running households. These youth are at greater risk of abuse, exploitation, and dropping out of school, thus being excluded from services, such as school feeding and school health programmes.16 When sub-divided into the 15- 24 and 25-34 age categories, the following picture emerges about households headed by youth in the Gauteng province.

16 National Youth Policy, 2009-2014, p. 18. 32

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Table 4: Percentage of households headed by youth aged 15–24 and 25–34, by province, 2002–2012 Year (percentage) Province 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 15-24 years Western Cape 6,0 5,0 4,2 3,5 4,1 5,2 5,2 4,3 4,3 3,9 3,5 Eastern Cape 8,0 8,2 6,9 7,6 8,6 7,7 7,1 5,5 6,8 7,1 6,3 Northern Cape 4,0 4,9 4,6 5,7 4,8 4,6 4,2 5,3 5,5 4,2 4,4 Free State 7,6 6,9 7,6 8,8 8,6 8,1 7,2 6,7 7,4 7,0 7,3 KwaZulu-Natal 6,3 6,9 6,4 7,4 7,4 6,9 5,8 5,1 6,3 6,0 5,1 North West 7,0 5,6 7,4 7,5 6,1 7,5 6,1 5,4 6,2 6,4 6,4 Gauteng 4,9 5,6 4,7 5,5 5,8 6,2 5,9 5,1 5,7 4,9 4,1 Mpumalanga 6,2 8,3 7,8 8,4 8,6 8,7 7,4 7,7 8,8 7,6 7,2 Limpopo 9,9 12,0 11,5 11,1 10,4 11,0 11,1 10,2 11,1 10,9 9,6 South Africa 6,6 7,0 6,5 7,0 7,1 7,2 6,6 5,9 6,6 6,2 5,6 25-34 years Western Cape 23,2 23,8 24,1 24,2 22,9 21,3 20,6 21,0 20,6 20,6 20,6 Eastern Cape 16,5 16,3 17,7 17,0 15,9 16,6 17,4 19,3 17,9 17,6 18,4 Northern Cape 22,1 21,0 20,9 19,7 20,1 19,9 20,2 18,7 18,3 19,4 19,1 Free State 22,5 23,0 22,1 20,4 20,3 20,3 21,0 21,0 20,1 20,2 19,5 KwaZulu-Natal 20,9 20,3 20,8 19,8 19,7 20,0 20,9 21,4 19,9 20,1 20,9 North West 20,8 22,2 20,2 20,3 21,7 20,2 21,5 22,2 21,5 21,3 21,3 Gauteng 29,4 28,2 28,3 26,8 25,8 24,4 24,0 24,0 22,8 23,0 23,2 Mpumalanga 25,7 23,6 24,0 23,1 22,6 22,2 23,1 22,4 20,8 21,8 21,9 Limpopo 20,1 18,5 18,7 19,2 19,7 18,8 18,5 19,2 18,2 17,8 18,9 South Africa 23,1 22,6 22,8 22,0 21,6 21,0 21,3 21,7 20,5 20,7 21,1 (Source: StatsSA (2013: 38))

As shown in Table 4 above, the percentage of households headed by youth aged 15-24 years of age has remained between four and ten per cent between 2002 and 2012 across all the provinces. However, the percentage of households headed by youth in the older age category (25-34) in the Gauteng province has declined consistently since 2004, down from 29.0% in 2004 to 23.6% (StatsSA, 2013, pp. 37-38).

3.5.1.4 Income-distribution

One of the biggest challenges confronting South Africa is the highly and racially skewed distribution of income and wealth. Vital statistics about income distribution and other socio- economic attributes of South Africa‘s population are mostly obtained from StatsSA‘s general household surveys (GHS) data. The GHS provides estimates of income earned from employment, government transfers, remittances and private pensions. To calculate the percentage of youth living in low per capita income households, households were divided into five equal parts, or quintiles, based on the average monthly per capita income of household members. Poor or low- income households were defined as those that fell into the bottom two quintiles. The poorest 40% of households on average received an income of less than R765 per person per month while the poorest 20% of households earned less than R390 per person per month. These measures are

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG important indicators of the extent to which individuals are lagging behind in welfare terms and how their access to education, health care and nutrition might be negatively affected (StatsSA, 2013, p. 42).

Error! Reference source not found. below shows that households headed by youth aged 15-24 years were more likely to have a per capita income of less than R765 per month than household headed by older youth nationally, and across all provinces. Youth-headed households were least likely to have low incomes in Western Cape and Gauteng, and most likely to fall into the bottom two income quintiles in Eastern Cape and Limpopo. The largest percentage difference between households headed by younger and older youth was observed in Eastern Cape where 73% of households headed by youth 15–24 years lived in low income households compared to 51,2% of households headed by youth aged 25–34 years (StatsSA, 2013, p. 44).

Figure 10: Percentage of youth-headed households living in low income households, by age group and province, 2012

3.6 Safety and security

3.6.1 Introduction

For many years, Gauteng, and Johannesburg in particular, were deeply associated with crime in the minds of local residents and international visitors and commentators. However, the tide seems to be turning – even though the success in fighting crime has received a lot less media coverage than its earlier upsurge. It is important to note that official statistics demonstrate significant achievements in the fight against crime, but – given global suspicion of most official statistics‗ – surveys of Gauteng residents reveal a similar perceptual shift, with crime dropping from the major perceived problem to something much more manageable. Crime is still a problem: but it is not the challenge it was a decade ago.17

17 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 57. 34

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3.6.2 Sense of safety

The GCRO‗s bi-annual Quality of Life‗ survey (QoL) canvasses the perceptions of residents about a wide range of issues, including safety and security. As we can see from the figure below there was little change in the proportion of respondents who reported being victims of crime in 2009 (21%) and 2011 (23%). These remain high scores, underlining the fact that crime – although no specific categories were probed, so the responses potentially include a very wide range of criminal acts – remains a major social challenge.

Figure 11: "Sense of safety" 2009/2011 90 78 78 76 80 73 70 60 50 40 30 30 21 23 23 20 10 0 Victim of crime? Feel safe-day? Feel safe-walking Feel safe at home? at night?

2009 2011

(Source: GCR, QoL Surveys, 2009 & 2011)

That said, eight in ten respondents felt safe walking around their neighbourhood in the day, dropping to a quarter doing the same at night in 2009, but rising to a third (30%) by 2011. Clearly something significant seems to have been happening – sadly, however, it is happening where police can manage spaces, i.e. outside the home. The proportion feeling safe inside their homes declined between the two years, reflecting the fact that most violent crime in particular occurs between people known to each other, and often in the home.

3.6.3 Perceived major problems

As the police seemed to bring crime under control, with significant decreases in the rate of murder, sexual offences, assault with intent, common assault, robbery both common and with aggravating circumstances and so on, so perceptions have changed, over time.

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Figure 12: Top three problems in your community 50 46 45 40 35 35 30 25 23 20 14 15 2009 7 7 7 7 10 5 5 6 2011 3 4 3 4 3 5 1 1 2 2 0

(Source: GCRO QoL surveys, 2009 & 2011)

The figure above shows that in 2009 almost half (46%) of respondents cited crime as the main problem facing their community. By 2011, this dropped by 11 percentage points to include 35% of respondents, with unemployment, service delivery and, worryingly, drugs and alcohol all on the increase. While crime remains a major challenge, it seems that police statistics, suggesting that crime is being brought under control, is reflected in perceptions of crime by residents of Gauteng.

3.6.4 Shifts in rates of crime

Looking at the data in Table 5 below, it is apparent that major gains in the fight against crime were made in the 2003/4 to 2012/13 decade – murder dropped by 32%, sexual offences by 25%, and attempted murder by 58%. These are major gains, by any standards. However, the data below suggest that the impact of the global recession was felt not merely in employment data but in the criminal arena as well. Sexual and drug-related crimes increased, and the rate of crime slowed by a considerably lower margin than in the subsequent period. In the last 5 years alone, incidences of drug related crime increased by 181.1% and in the last 10 years, increased more than 3 times (307.7%!).

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Table 5: Changes in the level of crime (selected category) Last 10 Previous Last 5

years 6 years years Murder -32.40% -10.60% -24.40% Total sexual crimes -25.10% 10.80% -24.40% Burglary at -19.00% -18.10% -1.10% residential homes Drug related 307.70% 44.00% 181.10% Car hijacking -44.40% -14.00% -35.40% Crime detected as a 207.90% 48.80% 106.90% result of police Source: South African Police Service (SAPS) Crime statistics, 2013.18

Given the requirements of governance, and the urgency of managing crime required by FIFA for South Africa to stage the World Cup – a month where virtually no crime occurred in South Africa – it seems that in Gauteng, slowly but steadily, the war on crime is being won, and crime – while still unacceptably high – is retreating. And it seems that we are getting better at doing so, because in the last 5 years, apart from specific categories of crime, the drop in the rate of crime has been at its highest.

3.7 Social cohesion and sustainable communities

3.7.1 Diversity in Gauteng and social cohesion

Gauteng is indisputably the most diverse province in the country. The province‘s diversity arose from population growth where in the population grew by over a third from 7.6 million in 1996 to over 12 million in 2011. Much of this growth is due to internal migration and to a lesser extent cross border migration, with over half (52%) of this growth resulting from inmigration. By 2011 only 54% of the population had been born in Gauteng, with 35% of residents born in other provinces and less than 10% in other parts of the continent and world. These migratory movements add to the linguistic, ethnic, and cultural diversity of the province. As a comparison, the next closest province in terms of a migrant population is the Western Cape where 72% of the population were born in that province.19

The GPG has made great strides in promoting social cohesion and integration in Gauteng over the past twenty years. The past two decades have seen major changes in integration and social cohesion in Gauteng, and the opportunities for further advancement in these areas.20 The introduction of the Bill of Rights provides protection from discrimination. There have been changes at personal and local levels over the past twenty years in the way people interact across racial, gendered, ethnic, cultural and religious lines. There are many instances in Gauteng where people come together to socialise, to work together and be together. That many do not socialise and partake in other activities may relate not to intolerance but to issues such as on-going racialised income inequalities, where people live, and so on. Yet research shows that there is a long way to

18 http://www.saps.gov.za/statistics/reports/crimestats/2013/crime_stats.htm accessed, 27/09/2013. 19 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 104. 20 The concepts of social cohesion and integration suggest that people should come together, work, live and socialise across racial, ethnic, cultural and religious differences. 37

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG go and that long-standing divisions and economic inequalities, many rooted in the country‘s apartheid past, continue to have a hold on many residents.

For example, the GCRO Quality of Life Survey 2011 suggests that Gauteng was confronted with challenges to bridge social divisions based on race. Respondents were asked a range of opinion- related questions. When asked whether they agreed, disagreed or were neutral about the statement ‗Blacks and whites will never really trust each other‘, 63% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement (69% of black African, 55% of coloured, 56% of Indian and 41% of white respondents). When asked to respond to the statement ‗Indians do not deserve to benefit from affirmative action‘ 22% of respondents agreed, with black African and white respondents most likely to agree or be neutral (51% of black African and 49% of white respondents). When asked whether ‗Coloureds are helping to build the new South Africa‘ 39% of respondents agreed, with black Africans and Indians being least likely to agree while over half of coloured and white respondents agreed.21

This prejudice has not only been inter-racial but has spilled over to influence the attitudes of the province‘s residents towards foreign immigrants.

3.7.2 Xenophobia

Research has shown despite the long history of cross border migration to the Gauteng City Region (GCR), the region is not always welcoming to foreigners. Gauteng was the starting point of a serious spate of xenophobic attacks in May 2008 which rapidly affected other parts of the country, and where the violence was worst. May 2008 was not the start or end of the violence. In April 2013 alone, more than five recorded violent xenophobic incidents (all with more than one person as attacker and victim) were recorded in Gauteng. Subsequently there have been waves of looting and attacks of foreign owned shops and shopkeepers in various townships in the province. As in May 2008, the targets of these attacks were mainly Africans from the rest of the continent. Although the first recorded attacks on foreigners in post-apartheid South Africa took place at the end of 1994 in Alexandra, there has been a steady escalation leading to the outbreak in May 2008.

The GCRO Quality of Life (QoL) 2011 survey found only 2.3% of respondents identified ‗foreigners‘ as one of the two biggest problems in their community. This seemingly heartening situation is challenged by responses to a question examining respondents‘ attitudes to the presence of foreigners in Gauteng. Disturbingly, almost a third of respondents (32%) said that Gauteng is for South Africans only and foreigners should be sent back to their own countries. Almost half (47%) said that those who are in the country legally should be able to stay (although it is unclear how many they thought this would be since no figures were provided), while 21% said that foreigners should be allowed to stay.22

As in other studies differences in attitudes did not reflect starkly differentiated groups with significantly different opinions. Gauteng-born respondents held the most strongly hostile attitudes. People living in informal housing, where cross border migrants are often found living, were more likely to hold inclusive attitudes.

21 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 107. 22 Ibid., pp. 107-108. 38

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There were differences in attitudes by employment sector, with those working in the manufacturing (36%), construction (34%), the public (34%) and community, social and personal services (32%) sectors being most likely to say that Gauteng is for South Africans only and that foreigners should be sent home. Those working in sectors where migrants have historically worked and are most likely to work were least likely to say that foreigners should be sent home and most likely to say foreigners should be allowed to stay (25% of people working in private households, 26% of those working in transport and storage and 37% in mining and quarrying).23

Although it might be thought that people who are most economically and socially vulnerable would hold the most hostile attitudes to foreigners this does not appear to be true in Gauteng. In QoL 2011 white people, people living in formal housing, living in government subsidised housing, working in the public sector or other formal sector jobs, were generally as likely or more likely to say that Gauteng is for South Africans only and all foreigners should be sent back to their countries. Conversely, people living in informal settlements, working in the informal sector or employment sectors where migrants are most often found (private households, mining and quarrying and transport and storage) were more likely to hold inclusive attitudes. Thus, with the exception of the construction sector, this data suggests that in some cases, sharing work, conditions of service, living conditions and other life experiences may lead to more inclusive attitudes towards cross border migrants and migration.24

Data on how the youth identify themselves and their attitudes towards foreigners in Gauteng is difficult to find. Perhaps future studies such as the GCRO quality of life surveys should consider investigating attitudes to foreigners amongst the 14 to 35 years olds in addition to investigating attitudinal factors towards immigrants amongst South Africa‘s standard racial groups (black, coloured, Indian and white). Suffice it to say at this point that research shows that prejudice towards foreign immigrants remain alarmingly prevalent across the wide spectrum of the South African society, despite the recent efforts by government and civil society to counter xenophobic violence and the conditions fostering it. If inter-racial and prejudices towards foreign immigrants could be addressed the possibilities of increased social cohesion and integration will open.

23 Ibid., p. 108. 24 Ibid. 39

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4 OVERVIEW OF GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE

This chapter addresses performance for each key youth development outcome, looking at what the situation was in 1994 and the extent to which the GPG has addressed key issues as per its mandate since then, particularly highlighting performance over the last five years. 4.1 Decent employment through inclusive economic growth

4.1.1 Introduction

Since 1994, the South African government has pursued a number of strategies aimed at better equipping young people to become economically independent. The fundamental principles of this approach are contained in the National Youth Policy 2009–2014, which notes that ―South Africa‘s democracy and its social development approach to public policy created an enabling environment in which the lives, work and prosperity of young people are placed at the centre of the country‘s growth and development.‖

4.1.2 Socio-economic trends

Over the 10 year period, 2003 – 2013, employment increased in all provinces except Free State, with Gauteng experiencing the largest increase (up 783,000), followed by KZN (up 428,000), according to the most recent Labour Market trends released by StatsSA. Although employment levels have not yet recovered to the high of 4.3 million experienced in 2008, they have increased steadily to reach 4.2 million in 2013. Absorption rates were highest in Gauteng and the Western Cape. Job gains were experienced in the finance industry nationally (727,000), largely due to Gauteng, KZN and Western Cape. In every province the community and social services industry gained the most jobs, although this was highest in Gauteng, KZN and Eastern Cape.2579. In Gauteng the formal sector accounts for 79.2% total employment in 2013, up from 76.4% in 2003. In South Africa as a whole 71.3% of people are employed in the formal sector.26

4.1.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014)

The Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy (GYES) to be led by the Gauteng Provincial Department of Economic Development (GDED) is founded on four strategic pillars that will consolidate various scalable interventions and programmes in Gauteng Province that will require partnership between government, business and labour for its resourcing and implementation. The following government interventions are currently utilised to facilitate young people‘s access to the labour market and have been streamlined by provincial legislatures in their youth development programmes.

 Formal education;  Vocational training;  Public employment and deployment programmes;

25 StatsSA, South Africa Labour Market Trends 2003-2013. 26 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 178.

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 Entrepreneurship interventions; and  Job placement programmes.

The various projects that have been implemented as part of the above mentioned broad interventions include the following:

4.1.3.1 GEDA

Whilst figures for the employment of youth specifically in all these initiates cannot be directly ascertained, the demography of job seekers and migrants to the province could mean that many of these are within the youth cohort of between 14 to 35 years.

Several provincial initiatives had created employment. For example, the Gautrain project created or sustained more than 10,000 local direct jobs and an estimated 44,000 direct, indirect and induced jobs. The total number of jobs created by GEDA facilitated projects since its establishment to 2012 was estimated at 15,000 and the total investment value totalled to an estimated R20 billion for the same period.

4.1.3.2 Gauteng Enterprise Propeller (GEP)

Apart from direct job creation an emphasis has also been on the provision of skills development and training as a way of identifying and supporting small businesses and enterprise development. . Since the inception of the Gauteng Enterprise Propeller (GEP) between 2005 and 2013, GPE provided business development support services (training) to 7,696 businesses at the regional level. Of this total, 6,989 projects were awarded a total of approximately R111 million and 18,458 jobs were created. With regard to support to SMMEs and cooperatives, 29,144 SMMEs and 1,927 Co-operatives had been supported by GEP. Between 2009 and 2014, a total of 232 businesses were assisted by GEP, to the tune of R156 million. Through these loans, a total of 3,576 jobs were created in this period.

With regard to tourism, in 2012, 6,008 jobs were created in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site area; this was expected to grow to 6,447 by 2015. In 2012, 2,810 jobs were created in the Dinokeng area and this was expected to grow to 3,261 by 2015.

A total of 6,463 employment opportunities had been created in the 244 different facilities established through the issue of casino licences. Of these, 812 were direct jobs, 2,429 indirect jobs, 2,069 full time employment and 1,153 were casual jobs.

Agricultural employment in Gauteng had been increasing even though the province is not predominantly agricultural in nature. In 2010 employment reached 31,354 between April 2011 and June 2012 when agricultural employment almost doubled. Agriculture‗s contribution to employment was even more significant when consideration of agro-processing was taken into account , which is growing. In 2001, there were about 62,102 employment opportunities in agriculture. This reached 81,296 employment opportunities in 2010, an increase of around 30.9%. In rural areas, six Equity Schemes and initiatives were supported where farm workers acquired 50% ownership to the value of R16 million. This period had also seen improved benefits from agro-processing and vegetable agri-parks, including job creation, many for women.

Job opportunities have also been created in the cultural and sports sectors. For example, the Gauteng Carnival, Pale Ya Rona created 2,549 jobs in 2012/13 alone. With the increasing

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG recognition that many new housing developments did not increase access to employment opportunities, several township developments have now been built nearer to employment or income-generating opportunities.

In 2011, GPG provided employment opportunities to 4,500 youth and community members through the scholar patrol programme. Also, in 2011, the Department incorporated 9,404 unemployed youth, that had completed matric, into the Extra School Support Programme (ESSP). In 2012 and 2013, 11,675 community members and unemployed youth were employed as patrollers in schools and 18,326 unemployed youth, that had completed matric, were provided with employment opportunities to assist learners with homework and sports, arts and culture afterschool activities.

Training was provided between 2011 and 2013 to 9,743 workers in order to equip the unemployed youth in the EPWP with skills that will assist them in accessing available employment opportunities in the future should these become available. The Career Guidance Implementation Plan was adopted to provide career counselling to improve the transition from school to further education or place of work. A total of 92 lay counsellors were trained and deployed to schools to provide intensive career guidance in Grades 8 to 12 of whom 87 are currently deployed at schools. An additional 520 counsellors are being appointed. A total of 7,760 learners from 88 schools across the province have thus far received career education and career education material was delivered to the schools. Plans are underway to facilitate and support a Career Guidance Implementation Plan for Grade 8 and 9 learners. A total of 133,571 Grade 8 and 9 learners had access to counsellors and 120,000 Grade 9 learners benefited from 126 career exhibitions. The Career Expo titled My career my future was attended by 21,332 learners. A call centre had been established to provide telephonic advisory services and referrals concerning career education, bursaries, youth programmes and any other information to learners and out-ofschool youth. A booklet has been developed highlighting career and bursary opportunities of all GPG departments.

4.1.3.3 Soweto Youth Summit

The Soweto Youth Summit, a learner summit on the Importance of Education, was held in Soweto in July 2012 and contributed to minimal disruptions to education by educators and learners being experienced compared to the previous years. To date 1,027 bursaries had been awarded to youth to increase access to scarce and critical skills. To increase the number of bursaries awarded per year, partnerships with the National Students Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) and private sector have been explored. The 8 FET Colleges entered an agreement with the Rural Development and Land Reform Department to offer Construction Learnerships for unemployed rural youth in the National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC), commencing in September 2011. Four hundred students were earmarked for this Learnership. GPG, through the GCRA, is managing a youth unemployment database that is facilitating the placement of unemployed youth in jobs. To date, a total of 22,567 unemployed youth applications have been scanned and captured on the database.

The Community Works Programme job creation programme realised the following achievements: a number of youth were successfully trained and placed with contractors and the Gender, Youth and People with Disabilities (GEYODI) Incubator Program was revised and signed off for implementation during the 2013/2014 financial year.

Youth were successfully trained and placed with contractors (National Youth Service programme). 150 learners were recruited in the Winterveldt and 117 learners were placed. Phase two of the programme will recruit and place 150 learners at Ga-Rankua. Recruitment and placement finalised with NHBRC, NYDA, and National Department of Human Settlements.

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The GEYODI Incubator Program was revised and signed off for implementation during the 2013/2014 financial year. The programme concept was thoroughly workshopped and consulted with the regions; professional resource teams; and contractors. A budget of R500 million was approved for implementation during the new financial year.

However, despite efforts to employ local youth in infrastructure development projects, the impact thereof has not been properly monitored and evaluated. The Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) implemented at local level, aims to create short-term job opportunities, also targeting youth recruitment. Nevertheless, the EPWP and other micro interventions such as small income generating projects are insufficient to reduce the high unemployment rate of about 70% amongst the youth. Macro-economic interventions such as encouraging investment and providing economic incentives to the development of small businesses have the potential to benefit young people.

Apart from direct intervention in the form of the creation employment opportunities, between 2005 and 2008, GPG committed R500 million for the recapitalisation of the 8 FET colleges with 33 campuses. The curriculum offerings in the FET colleges were aligned to market demands and implementation started in 2007. An intensive programme was undertaken to improve the quality of learning. With the introduction of the new FET Act, all 8 FET Colleges in the province were delivering the new curriculum of Vocational programmes (10 programmes per College) at Level 2 (6,000 learners). The Road Shows to FET Colleges conducted in 2007 provided guidance and direction regarding the implementation of priority pipeline skills and how colleges should position themselves as autonomous bodies. GPG also strived to recapitalise FET colleges in line with the provincial growth and HR strategies. Bursaries were awarded to 2,501 learners. GCRA training to senior managers and employees continued with a total of 3,722 employees who were trained in 2013. By 2013, to support the flow through of learners to higher education and gainful employment, 2,513 bursaries were awarded to learners at no fee paying schools, compared to 1,051 in 2010/11 and 975 in 2011/12. In addition, 1,500 FET learners have been awarded bursaries and 457 bursaries were awarded for tool and die moulding in 2013, up from 269 in 2011/12.

4.1.3.4 Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy (GYES)

GPG developed a Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy (GYES) with four strategic pillars namely :- Placement of Matric and NCV 4 Graduates, Skills Development, Township Enterprise Hubs and SMME development. The Strategy was approved by EXCO in 2011.

With regards to the Placement of Matric and NCV 4 graduates, GPG in partnership with the Human Science and Research Council (HSRC), developed a Business Plan to address youth unemployment that was at highest in Gauteng between the ages 18 – 24 years cohort. In 2010 the Business Plan was approved and the project was to be implemented as a pilot project for a period of 3 years. The DTI Employment Creation Fund approved funding for the programme implementation in 2012 at which point GPG entered into a Memorandum of Understanding for a three-year period. Within the three year period the Programme aimed to provide a minimum of 21,500 young people within Gauteng between ages 18 – 24 years with job opportunities.

Over 1,538 young people have participated in the Programme‗s Work-readiness training and have been placed in job opportunities since 2012, receiving experiential learning within GDED and its agencies, the Gauteng Department of Health, furniture incubation programme and Nedbank. GPG

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG has signed agreements with the private sector to grow the number of youth placed in job opportunities.

4.1.3.5 Township Economy Regeneration under the Township Enterprise Hubs Programme

Part of the strategy included the Township Economy Regeneration under the Township Enterprise Hubs Programme that sought to incubate young entrepreneurs within Gauteng in partnership with the local municipalities, GEP and private sector. Building up to the development of the Gauteng Youth Employment Strategy, various studies were conducted particularly on the township economy in so far as the informal business within townships and three Business Plans were developed and approved. The sectors included automotive, carpentry, furniture manufacturing, textile and clothing. GPG in partnership with Randfontein Local Municipality (RLM) having completed the Mohlakeng Township Hub in Randfontein. The Hub would incubate SMMEs and Cooperatives that operated in the following sectors: sewing, bakery, upholstery and carpentry. GPG is finalizing agreements with the 202 private sector to support the Hub with training, skills development and access to markets. The Hub will start its operation in the 2013/14 financial year. The Winterveld Automotive Hub in partnership with the City of Tshwane was at 95% construction and will be completed during 2013/14 About 45 beneficiaries are undergoing training from Winterveld and surrounding areas.

4.1.3.1 Masupatsela Youth Pioneering programme

As part of social development‗s contribution to halving poverty and reducing unemployment (aligned with the Millennium Development Goals), GPG targets youth for paid volunteer programmes, which include skill building and ongoing stipends. GPG has contributed towards short and long-term employment of youth through the implementation of internships, learnerships and bursary programmes. Recently, the MaSupatsela Youth Pioneering programme was sponsored, where young people received training on action research, communication skills, and project management. GPG has identified and prioritised co-operatives as a critical tool in the pursuit of local economic development and sustainable livelihoods for poor households. This includes support for small and micro-enterprises and community-based co-operatives. GPG has provided technical training to cooperatives in the different sectors, in school uniform (textile) production and the rendering of cleaning, security, laundry, catering and gardening services at service delivery points throughout the province.

Lastly the approach also included increasing opportunities for the informal sector. A GCRO study on informal traders during and after FIFA 2010 revealed that many in this sector lacked the necessary support. In addition, government initiatives to assist this sector were less known by the would-be beneficiaries.

4.1.3.2 Youth-Friendly Health Service

The number of Youth-Friendly Health Services has increased. GPG contributed to youth development in the following ways: providing funding to 13 NPOs to enable them to implement youth services, extending material assistance to 1,691 young people entering youth development programmes, providing finance to 32 NPOs involved in poverty alleviation projects, and assisting 4,684 individuals to access skills development programmes. Development centres not only focus on skills development, but also facilitate job placements and economic empowerment through income-generating projects. A total of 1,133 youth attended skills development between 2005 and

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2010. Of the youth trained through Learnerships and Internships between 2005 and 2010, 59% of them have been absorbed into the system.

Gauteng‘s Overseas Youth Development Programme: This programme is done in close collaboration with one of the world‗s largest automotive component manufacturer, Mothersons. This Indian-based company has approximately 90 manufacturing plants in 23 countries across the globe, including their recent investment in Gauteng. They have agreed to host Gauteng‗s young women to gain experiential knowledge at one of their largest manufacturing plants in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), based in Sharjah. Via a careful selection process administered by the AIDC, a pilot group of 30 black female youth were sent to the Sharjah Plant to gain experience in the automotive industry. The employment period is for a minimum period of 2 years and the AIDC will continue to select and screen for candidates to be despatched in 2013/14. Upon return and completion of their programme, the AIDC will ensure that it strives to facilitate employment opportunities for these highly skilled individuals.

To date 1,779 rural youth from Gauteng have been recruited into National Rural Youth Service Corps, a programme of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (NARYSEC) and are exposed to training in various areas such as non-military training, FET Colleges, Construction and building sector, disaster mitigation, administration, community and household profiling and agricultural projects. Participants are entitled for a stipend for their daily expenses. NARYSEC is coordinated through the Provincial Task team comprising of DRDLR, GDARD and Local Municipalities

4.1.4 Key institutional and governance issues

The ANC manifesto has been used to drive the interventions that the province has made in relation to youth over the years. The priorities have been creating decent work and sustainable livelihoods, education, health, rural development, food security and land reform, and fighting crime and corruption. Across all five priority areas the need to target the youth, women, workers, the rural poor, the elderly, and people with disabilities have been highlighted.

The targets that came from the ANC election manifesto had been translated into the various strategic plans of the Gauteng province and most notably the Medium Term Strategic plans which formed a central feature of the Gauteng Government. This plan specifically addressed youth unemployment when it spoke of undertaking massive public investment in social and economic infrastructure in and implementing phase 2 of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which would target women, youth and people with disabilities, and link social grants recipients to the programme. The strategy also considered mainstreaming the needs of youth, women and people with disabilities so as to bring about economic empowerment and access to quality services.

The creation of decent work had been linked to sustainable lively hoods and had been identified as necessary to be reflected in Government procurement. Together with direct procurement the development of policy also sought to transform the economy in such a manner that youth unemployment could be addressed so that public and private investment to support decent work outcomes could be achieved. Apart from targeting labour-intensive production sectors and encouraging activities that have high employment effects measures to put in place systematic support for co-operatives by way of a dedicated support institution and small business development and support for investment in productive sectors were identified. Of particular

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG relevance to provincial governments, the ANC election manifesto in relation to decent employment through inclusive growth identified more jobs, decent work and sustainable livelihoods as to:

 Prioritise the creation of decent work opportunities and sustainable livelihoods and reflect this in government procurement.  Ensure that state-led industrial policy led to the transformation of the economy.  Provide adequate resources to strengthen the state-led industrial policy programme, which directed public and private investment to support decent work outcomes, including employment creation and broad economic transformation.  Target labour-intensive production sectors and encourage activities that have high employment effects.  Include systematic support for co-operatives by way of a dedicated support institution and small business development and support investment in productive sectors.  Implement special sector programmes embracing industrial, trade and other measures backed by adequate resources. This included strengthening the manufacturing, mining and other vulnerable sectors, such as the clothing and textile sector, automobile and components sector, and food industry.  Develop programmes to promote the role of mining and agriculture in employment, meeting basic needs and community development, and  A commitment to continued transformation of these sectors to Support tourism and other services to expand work.  Develop and invest in a programme to create large numbers of green jobs‗, i.e. in industries and facilities designed to mitigate the effects of climate change.  Lead a massive public investment programme for growth and employment creation.  Accelerate and expand investment in public infrastructure and thereby create additional decent work opportunities whilst meeting the basic needs of society.  Step up a massive programme on expanded public works linked to infrastructure and meeting social needs with home-based care, crèches, school cleaning and renovation, community gardens, removal of alien vegetation, tree planting and school feeding.  Address the problem of labour broking and ensure the right to permanent employment for affected workers.  Procurement policies and public incentives that will include requirements to promote decent work.  Create an environment for more labour-intensive production methods, procurement policies that support local jobs and build public-private partnerships.  Vigorously implement broad-based economic empowerment and affirmative action policies and adjust them to ensure that they benefit more people, especially workers, youth, women and people with disabilities.  Policies that will actively promote skills development and equity at the workplace.  Launch a much larger national youth service programme and a new national youth development agency, focusing on access to funding and employment creation, linked to skills development opportunities and building decent work opportunities for young people.

Gauteng Provincial Government has through its strategic policy documents committed the province towards achieving increased economic growth and redistribution as an effective means of eradicating poverty. It is widely acknowledged that an increased economic growth shall inevitably lead to increased employment opportunities and therefore alleviate poverty in the province. The youth of Gauteng have therefore been identified as strategic participants in growing the economy of our province. This is simply based on the reality that the young people constitute a significant number of the population of Gauteng province; and further that young people are the future drivers of the economy of our province.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

The Gauteng Province's response to the economic crisis was a greater focus on job creation, skills development, enterprise development and youth employment initiatives, with a key aspect of this being the development of the Gauteng Employment and Growth Development Strategy (GEGDS). Whilst employment had been generated through the implementation of many projects, specific targeting of the youth had not been reported on, save where these have been youth specific targeted interventions.

The Youth Labour Market and Employment strategy by providing an integrated framework and coordination of existing programmes to improve the school-to-work transition and young people‘s skills development and employability, participation of youth in employment creation programmes (including special employment and growth sectors), entrepreneurship and making accessible labour market information to young people in the province.

Amongst some of the proposed interventions towards achieving this policy imperative included the following:

a) Provision of business support and training for youth-owned enterprises. b) Adoption and promotion youth preferential procurement. c) Establishment and support of youth entrepreneurial cooperatives. d) Youth participation in the EPWP projects en masse. e) Development of an online unemployed youth database, f) Increase access to youth economic opportunities, g) Improve access to and registration of on the GPG central supplier database by youth owned companies.

4.1.5 Key legislation and policies

In relation to youth specific data, the measurement and identification of youth related employment and unemployment together with programmatic interventions had increasingly been a feature of the plans of government and accelerated in later years as the issue of youth unemployment began to be fully understood. The reporting and identification of youth related indicators as well as programmes showed an increase over the period. Similarly the evaluations had also become more robust over time and reporting on youth matters had become more precise. Within the provincial government there was a reference to setting targets for youth under social development. Here reference was made to include that a dedicated focus is needed with regards to youth development programmes, since these seem to be at-risk for underperformance. (MaSupatsela Youth Pioneering Programme) or lack of reporting (learnership and bursary programmes).

The targets that came from the ANC election manifesto had been translated into the various strategic plans of the Gauteng province and most notably the Medium Term Strategic plans which formed a central feature of the Gauteng Government. This plan specifically addressed youth unemployment when it spoke of undertaking massive public investment in social and economic infrastructure in and implementing phase 2 of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) which would target women, youth and people with disabilities, and link social grants recipients to the programme. The strategy also considers mainstreaming the needs of youth, women and people with disabilities so as to bring about economic empowerment and access to quality services.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

4.1.6 Overview of performance

The reporting in the GIYODI targets in relation to youth employment cite the following:

SMME’s supported financially. 1 373 SMME‘s were expected to be supported during the financial year. The target was achieved. Performance on SMME‘s and cooperatives supported and incubated showed good results by the end of the financial year as was participation in the Gauteng Youth Placement Programme, mentorship through body repair shops and participation in the manufacturing and textile sector.

SMME’s supported non-financially. 25 122 SMME‘s were expected to be supported non- financially during 2012/13. By the end of the fourth quarter, the annual target was achieved.

SMME’s (Entrepreneurs) incubated via Gauteng Innovation Competition. SMMEs incubated. It is envisaged that 7 SMMEs would be incubated via the Gauteng Innovation Competition. By the end of the quarter, 6 (86%) were incubated.

Co-op’s supported. 50 co‘ps were expected to be supported financially and 247 non-financially during 2012/13. By the end of the fourth quarter, it is reported that both annual targets were achieved.

Youth co-op’s formed. 4 (100%) of 4 youth co-op‘s were formed during 2012/13.

Companies in incubation. 22 (85%) of an annual projection of 26 companies were admitted into the pre-incubation programme.

Gauteng Youth Placement Programme. Of the 4 000 youths expected to benefit from the programme in 2012/13, 6 575 (164%) benefitted.

Number of beneficiaries from Mentorship programme for body repair shops. By Quarter 4, 63 (90%) people were benefitting.

Manufacturing and textile sector. The contribution of the manufacturing and textile sector has been substantial by the fourth quarter, with targets on track or met by the end of the quarter, including export promotion and facilitation for young designers and design firms through international trade missions. SMME‘s supported financially. 1 373 SMME‘s were expected to be supported during the financial year. The target was achieved.

Support for youth entrepreneurs was however affected by the closure of the Y-Age Programme. Township enterprise hubs were also not established in line with targets in 2012/13.

Township Enterprise Hubs. 6 township enterprise hubs were expected to be established in 2012/13 as part of the youth employment programmes to be implemented. By the end of Annual, the target was not met. It is reported that the budgetary constraints led to the non-establishment of the 6 hubs.

Overall then Performance on SMME‘s and cooperatives supported and incubated showed good results by the end of the financial year as was participation in the Gauteng Youth Placement Programme, mentorship through body repair shops and participation in the manufacturing and

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG textile sector. Support for youth entrapreuneurs was however affected by the closure of the Y-Age Programme. Township enterprise hubs were also not established in line with targets in 2012/13.

Performance on areas benefitting the youth was in line with or exceeded annual targets, for example on the NARYSEC Programme and support through production inputs. Performance was however below target for support to enterprises for export-readiness.

NARYSEC Programme. 800 youth were expected to participate in the NARYSEC programme. By the end of Quarter 4, 1 000 (125%) youth were participating. Well above the annual target.

Youth supported with production inputs. 17 (283%) of 6 youth were supported with production inputs through the Letsema/llima programme.

Agriculture Cooperatives supported. 87 (158%) cooperatives have been supported to date thus exceeding the annual target of 55.

Community food gardens. 74 (175%) of 40 youth were participating in community foo gardens, thus exceeding the annual target.

Performance was below target for support to enterprises for export-readiness.

Export readiness. It was expected that 1 000 enterprises (including 50 from the furniture industry) would be supported to be export ready during 2012/13. By the end of the fourth quarter, it was reported that the target was not achieved due to the implementation of the project that delayed as a result of the late project sign off.

Youth. Performance on interventions targeting the youth was in line with or exceeded annual targets, for example on the NARYSEC Programme and support through production inputs. Performance was however below target for support to enterprises for export-readiness.

Success was achieved in 2012/13 on the placement of youth through the NYS programme. Targets were exceeded.

NYS Programme. 40 youth were expected to be successfully trained and placed as contractors for the NYS programme during 2012/13. By the end of the final quarter, 135 (338%) youth were placed, well above the expected target.

Youth are key beneficiaries of many programmes and interventions delivered by municipalities. The overall weak performance in key areas such as access to basic services, would therefore have a detrimental effect on youth as part of the communities expected to benefit from these interventions.

Preferential Procurement. Overall performance in relation to targets. 103, 53% was procured from HDI against the annual target of 75%. Some progress was also being made in relation to the procurement of women and youth. 22,37% was procured from women, against the annual target of 30%, and 9,84% of procurement benefitted youth, compared to the 10% annual target. Performance was still weakest on procurement of PWD: only 0, 10% was procured against an annual target of 5% PWDs.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Table 6: Preferential Procurement Spend by GPG Department: Quarter 4, 2012/13 % Department % HDI Female % Youth % PwD Targets for 2012/13 75% 30% 10% 5% GDARD 70.39% 35.03% 14.83% 0.03% DCS 78.56% 25.27% 10.31% 0.01% DED 65.38% 13.74% 6.83% 0.02% GDE 66.12% 27.48% 11.84% 0.06% GF 103.53% 9.01% 0.41% 0.00% GT 65.16% 18.15% 9.61% 2.91% DOH 55.49% 23.99% 11.33% 0.06% DID 70.21% 27.99% 13.53% 0.01% DLGH 69.18% 18.26% 7.36% 0.02% OOP 84.32% 36.61% 27.10% 4.10% DPTRW 58.93% 15.52% 5.51% 0.01% DSD 74.94% 34.69% 17.24% 0.48% SACR 58.14% 22.81% 21.86% 0.01% Grand Total 68.99% 22.37% 9.84% 0.10% Source: Preferential Procurement Spend Report, Q4: 2012/13.

Mentorship programme: 1 000 young women were expected to be mentored during the year. The target was not met, as engagements were taking place for the placement for young women in employment opportunities by the end of Quarter 4.

Performance on preferential procurement for youth was only slightly under target by the end of the year, and had shown steady improvement over the financial year. See table above.

4.1.7 Flagship projects/key case studies

4.1.7.1 Community Based Public Works

The Community Based Public Works Programme was set up in 1994 and then relaunched in 2004 as the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). The EPWP is aimed at alleviating unemployment, developing skills amongst marginalised sectors of society and generally contributing to the building of sustainable communities. The programme targets unskilled and unemployed people, seeking to draw them into short-term productive work that will enable them to earn an income and provide them with the training and skills that will ultimately help them to set up their own business, become self-employed or access permanent employment. The provincial government has developed a provincial EPWP framework and has implemented the EPWP in a number of sectors in the province, including in construction, social development and the environment.

Between 1994 and 2002, public works led to the creation of 187 community facilities including schools, clinics, multi-purpose centres, old age homes, hospices, and community halls in more than 120 communities. Job opportunities were created for 3, 525 people, of whom 49% were women, 32% youth and 10% people with disabilities. Through the programme, 2 199 people from

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG marginalised communities have received portable skills that they can use to access other income generating opportunities.27

Further tangible service delivery achievements include the creation of short-term job opportunities and skills development for vulnerable groups including women, youth and people with disabilities. In the 2007/8 financial year, implementation of the EPWP resulted in the creation of 1 501 jobs, of which 768 went to women, 725 to youth and eight to people with disabilities. In the same year a total of 73 community based projects were completed and a further 11 345 temporary jobs were created. A total of 845 people were trained as part of the skills development element of the programme.28

4.1.7.2 Zivuseni

In 2002, the provincial government launched an innovative new programme to both address poverty and improve public assets. The Zivuseni programme focuses on providing short-term job opportunities to unemployed people. Activities include repairing and renovating schools and clinics, clean up campaigns, waste recycling, horticulture projects at clinics and grass cutting along provincial roads. The programme is aimed at contributing to social upliftment and empowerment of disadvantaged communities by providing short-term jobs. Beneficiaries in the programme receive an allowance of R40 a day or R800 a month while learning skills that will enable them to escape the poverty trap and pursue long-term opportunities elsewhere. They work on the upgrading and maintenance of community facilities such as schools and clinics.

In its first 18 months of operation, approximately 14 000 beneficiaries were employed-over 60% of them women. The programme also focuses on training. In 2003 about 3 500 participants received life skills training, while 28 foremen received training in site.29

4.1.8 Key findings and recommendations

4.1.8.1 Key findings

In relation to youth specific data, the measurement and identification of youth related employment and unemployment together with programmatic interventions had increasingly been a feature of the plans of government. The reporting and identification of youth related indicators as well as programmes showed an increase over the period. Similarly the evaluations had also become more robust over time and reporting on youth matters had become more precise. Within the provincial government there is s reference to setting targets for youth under social development Here reference us made to include that a dedicated focus is needed with regards to youth development programmes, since these seem to be at-risk for underperformance. (MaSupatsela Youth Pioneering Programme) or lack of reporting (learnership and bursary programmes).

Performance on SMME‘s and cooperatives supported and incubated showed good results by the end of the financial year as was participation in the Gauteng Youth Placement Programme, mentorship through body repair shops and participation in the manufacturing and textile sector.

27 10-Year Review Document, p. 36. 28 15-Year Review Document, p. 46. 29 10-Year Review Document, pp. 36-37. 51

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Support for youth entrepeneurs was however affected by the closure of the Y-Age Programme. Township enterprise hubs were also not established in line with targets in 2012/13.30

4.1.8.2 Recommendations

 Given the significant challenges posed by youth unemployment in the province, it is critical that future work build on the successes of programmes that have demonstrated good results by the end of the year.

 It would further be critical that GEPs work with youth previously part of the Y-Age programme continue and be closely monitored.

 The funding of Township Enterprise hubs should also receive priority attention going forward as it has shown high impact.

 There is need for the development of ―socially useful jobs‖ (even stipend-based) beyond the constraints of the budget envelope as a way for the youth to attain workplace experience.

 There is need for incentives to keep young people in high school. Current interventions to improve the public education system may take many years to bear the desired dividends in the labour market.

 In order to increase youth employability in the Gauteng province there is need for a broader spectrum of programmes which include the expansion of targeted programmes and the need to tailor programmes for certain cohorts that need different interventions with different pricing. Discrimination is often not recognised as a constraint in the existing programmes.

4.2 Quality basic education and skills development

4.2.1 Introduction

Improving the quality of teaching and learning in public schools is among the highest of government‘s priorities. It is important to note that the majority of the core education programmes benefit youth and children. There has been more equitable access to basic education for all. This has involved the systematic dismantling of the previous racial education system, implementation of policy and legislative changes, addressing barriers to learning including the curriculum, the culture of teaching and learning, school infrastructure and resources and values.

A range of interventions have been made to improve the quality of basic education. The Senior Secondary Improvement Programme, the Maths and Science strategy, literacy and numeracy, teacher support and learner support, quality assurance and accountability, including ANA, making education a societal priority, homework assistants and parental support are some of the interventions that have been made to improve the quality of basic education. 31

30 GEYODI Annual Report 2012/13, Performance Report on the implementation of the 2012/2013 GEYODI Programme of Action (POA), Gauteng Planning Commission, May 2013, p. 26. 31 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 52

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Youth development specific programmes carried out include moral regeneration programmes; volunteering under the national youth programmes; job creation through the EPWP; skills development on income generation projects; learnerships, bursaries and internships.32

4.2.2 Socio-economic trends

Education levels for youth in Gauteng Province have improved since the 1996 census. The percentage of youth with no schooling was reduced by half between 1996 and 2011. The proportion of youth with post-matric qualifications increased significantly during the period while that with a matric qualification increase by 108% between 1996 and 2011.33

4.2.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014)

Education and training is a major priority in the development of young men and women, not simply because young people are often connected to the education system, but because it is through education and training that young women and men can be better prepared for life.

Education is one of the areas wherein government continues to make largest investments for the development of children and youth. Alongside these investments, government has also adopted progressive policies that seek to promote easy access to education. Education is one of the tools that would enable young people develop and grow their knowledge base and thereby enable them to be skilled citizens who‘d contribute to all facets of our development agenda. Interventions towards achieving this policy imperative and key milestones achieved over the 20 year period are highlighted in this section.

4.2.3.1 1994-200434

GPG launched an initiative focused on motivation and changing attitudes toward learning and teaching, similar to the Culture of Learning and Teaching Project. Both teachers and student unions committed themselves to forms of action which do not disrupt teaching and learning. One aspect of the Matric Improvement Plan which was introduced in 1998 was subject-focused intervention programme targeting Grade 12 learners. It was later expanded and renamed the Senior Secondary Improvement Plan extending to Grade 10 and 11 learners.35

After 1999 the GPG began to commit more toward realizing the needs of Black learners in disadvantaged communities. The transformation of Technical College Sector into the Further Education and Training Sector was fast tracked in order to realize government‘s role in educating the youth and adults to meet current and future economic and social needs. In October 1999, the Gauteng Education introduced a series school improvements plans including the Education Action Zone, Whole School Evaluation and Office of Standards in Education to improve matric pass rates.

32 GIYDS 2004-2009. 33 StatsSA Census 1996, 2001, 2011. 34 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 35 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 53

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

4.2.3.2 2004-2009

In 2005, the Cabinet of the Gauteng Provincial Government adopted the Gauteng Youth Development Strategy 2004-2009 which provided a strategic, programmatic and institutional framework and mechanisms for mainstreaming youth development in al policies, programmes and departments of provincial government. In the same year, the Gauteng Youth Comission was established to co-ordinate, facilitate, advise and monitor the mainstreaming of youth development in the Province. In 2006, the Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy was reviewed to assess the extent to which departments had gone in implementing the objectives. Recommendations from the review were implemented.36

Several poverty alleviation programmes were implemented during this period like the Scholar Transport Service which aimed at providing free scholar transport to learners residing 5km away from school especially in rural areas. The Secondary School Intervention Programme was also introduced to redress the imbalances of the past and maximize the opportunity for learners in formally disadvantaged communities to perform well in Grade 12.

Also, the Gauteng City Region Academy (GCRA) was established and launched in 2008 to facilitate skills development and manage knowledge and innovation in the Province. It offers services from Career Guidance, Bursaries, Learnerships, Internships, Skills development and Placement Programmes to create an enabling environment for more labour absorbing economic opportunities for youth. This ensured that the youth gain valuable and relevant, school-to-work interventions that improved their skills and employability in the Province. The Talent Pipeline framework was developed to fast-track the creation of pipelines in scarce skill areas and to facilitate in the school targeted interventions to improve teaching in gateway subjects, career guidance as well as graduate employability.37

4.2.3.3 2009 and beyond38

In this period, the GPG has been focusing on promoting quality education and skills development by ensuring youth access to quality education and skills development opportunities.

Improving the quality of education, ensure visible implementation of a literacy campaign, including targets to benefit the poor youth in the province.

The Secondary School Improvement Plan for Grade 12 Learners was intensified to include Saturday and school holiday programmes and the number of subjects increased to 10 subjects. Ic has been expanded to Grade 10 and 11. The National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement was introduced Foundation, Intermediate and FET phases to improve the capacity and practices of teachers and increasing access to high quality learning material. The Extra Support School Programme was implemented under the EPWP resulting in homework assistants, patrollers and sports supervisors who were trained in collaboration with the CATHSSETA.

36 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 37 GIYDS 2004-2009 38 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Adoption and promotion of intensive skills development programmes across all sectors in the province

In order to promote skills development among youth, an Artisan Training Programme for youth has been successfully implemented. Between 2011 and 2013, unemployed youth in the EPWP were provided with training to equip them with skills that could assist them in securing employment opportunities in future.

Bursary and financial assistance to address scarce skills and critical skills. Bursaries have been awarded to youth to increase access to scarce and critical skills. Partnerships have been developed with the NSFAS and more partnerships are being explored with the private sector in an effort to increase the number of bursaries awarded per year.

Promotion and implementation of learnership and internship programme across all sectors in the province. 8 FET colleges in the province have entered into an agreement with the Rural development and Land Reform Department to offer Construction Learnerships for unemployed youth in the NARYSEC, commencing in September 2011. The GPG has facilitated enrollment of youth in formal learnership and internship programmes. The GPG has also facilitated workplace experience exposure for learners.

Implement and promote programmes for out-of-school and unemployed youth, including unemployed graduates. Work opportunities for youth have been provided in education in positions such as homework supervisors for Grade 1-7, Security Personel and Sport Assistants. They assisted with homework, and sports, arts and culture afterschool activities. The GPG‘s Scholar Patrol Programme provided employment opportunities to youth. The Department incorporated unemployed youth that had completed Matric into the Extra School Support Programme. They patrollers received accredited training as Peace Officers which was offerered by FET centers. A Security Training learnership programme on NQF Level 3 was offered to patrollers. This is ongoing. The GPD, through the GCRA is managing a youth unemployment data base that is facilitating the placement of unemployed youth in jobs.

Implement career guidance for the youth The Career Guidance Implementation Plan was adopted to provide career counseling to improve the transition from school to further education or place of work. Counselors were trained and deployed in schools. Career exhibitions were done by the GPG. The My career my future Expo was organized for learners in the province. A call centre has been established to provide telephonic advisory services and referrals concerning career education, bursaries, youth programmes and any other information to learners ad out-of-school youth. A booklet has also been developed highlighting career and bursary opportunities of all GPG departments.

Promote learner recognition of the importance of education and intensify Back-to-School Campaign Programme The Soweto Youth Summit on the importance of education was held in Soweto in 2012. The department‘s back-to-school campaign is centered on ensuring that teaching and learning begin in earnest in all Gauteng schools on the first day of the academic year.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

4.2.4 Key legislation and policies

 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa  The White Paper on Reconstruction and Development (1994)  National Youth Commission  National Youth Policy 2000  National Youth Development Agency Act 54 of 2008  GPG Five year Strategic Programme 2004-2009  Gauteng Growth and Development Strategy  National Youth Policy 2008-2013.  Gauteng Youth Commission‘s Act No.2 of 2005  Gauteng Provincial Government Programme of Action 2014  National Development Strategy  White Paper on the National Youth Service Programme  National Youth Policy Development Framework: 2002 – 2008

4.2.5 Overview of performance

Basic Education

Gauteng has 8 FET centres and learner enrolment in these centres has increased significantly over the years and in 2012/13, far exceeded the set targets. According to the 20 Year Review Base Document, enrolment in ABET institutions increased by 57% between 1999 and 2012. There has been an increase in those who enrol to complete a matric qualification. Enrolments in Technical High Schools have been on the rise and in 2012/13, enrolments increased 429%, which was far above the target. Quality of education has also increased over time. Repetition rates in secondary schools have dropped from 15.9 in 1995 to 9.7 in 2004 but started to increase steadily thereafter to 15.8 in 2012. This is because more learners are opting to repeat than to drop out. Flow through rate has been on the increase since 2006-2011 but started declining thereafter. Grade 12 pass rates have been increasing since 1997 and Gauteng has made strides in the pass rates from 61% in 1994 to 83.9% in 2012. Gauteng‘s pass rates have always been above the National Pass rates. The percentage of learners passing Mathematics and Physical Sciences has been improving, from 50% and 58% respectively in 1996 to 71% and 70% in 2012.

The Information and Communication Technology Education Project for FET Learning Programmes promoted and developed the information and communication technology skills of learners in these institutions. The Secondary School Intervention Programme (SSIP) is continuing to provide additional support and materials to learners. 127 SSIP sites were established across the province and through these, 63 290 Grade 12 learners were assisted in 2012. This contributed to the 83.9% matric pass in 2012. The programme has also been expanded to include Grade 9 learners in order to establish a firm academic foundation for the FET phase. Bursaries have been provided to learners from no-fee schools. Furthermore, more bursaries were provided for learners progressing to FET colleges as per the provincial targets. In 2012/13, 100 learners participated in the entrepreneurship education programme. Recognition of prior learning assessments and certification is continuing as per the provincial plan.

As highlighted in the 20 Year Review Base Document, currently a total of 4,808 learners were enrolled in formal learnership programmes and 3,178 graduates and learners were placed in internships, exceeding targets by 297%. In total, 8,133 learners benefitted from workplace experience facilitated by GPG. In 2011, GPG provided employment opportunities to 4,500 youth

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG and community members through the scholar patrol programme. Also, in 2011, the Department incorporated 9,404 unemployed youth, that had completed matric, into the Extra School Support Programme (ESSP). In 2012 and 2013, 11,675 community members and unemployed youth were employed as patrollers in schools and 18,326 unemployed youth, that had completed matric, were provided with employment opportunities to assist learners with homework and sports, arts and culture afterschool activities.

The Career Guidance Implementation Plan was adopted to provide career counselling to improve the transition from school to further education or place of work. A total of 92 lay counsellors were trained and deployed to schools to provide intensive career guidance in Grades 8 to 12 of whom 87 are currently deployed at schools. An additional 520 counsellors are being appointed. A total of 7,760 learners from 88 schools across the province have thus far received career education and career education material was delivered to the schools. Plans are underway to facilitate and support a Career Guidance Implementation Plan for Grade 8 and 9 learners. A total of 133,571 Grade 8 and 9 learners had access to counsellors and 120,000 Grade 9 learners benefited from 126 career exhibitions. Targets were exceeded by up to 890% for Grade 8 and 9 learners. The Career Expo titled My career my future was attended by 21,332 learners. A call centre has been established to provide telephonic advisory services and referrals concerning career education, bursaries, youth programmes and any other information to learners and out-of school youth. A booklet has been developed highlighting career and bursary opportunities of all GPG departments.

The Soweto Youth Summit, a learner summit on the Importance of Education, was held in Soweto in July 2012 and contributed to minimal disruptions to education by educators and learners being experienced compared to the previous years. To date 1,027 bursaries have been awarded to youth to increase access to scarce and critical skills. To increase the number of bursaries awarded per year, partnerships with the National Students Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) and private sector have been explored. The 8 FET Colleges entered an agreement with the Rural Development and Land Reform Department to offer Construction Learnerships for unemployed rural youth in the National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC), commencing in September 2011. Four hundred students were earmarked for this Learnership. GPG, through the GCRA, is managing a youth unemployment database that is facilitating the placement of unemployed youth in jobs. To date, a total of 22,567 unemployed youth applications have been scanned and captured on the database.39

4.2.6 Flagship projects/key case studies

The following flagship projects have been identified in the 20 Year Base Review Document and they have also had a huge impact on the Gauteng youth.

39 GEYODI Annual Report, 27 05 2013. 57

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

ICTs and Gauteng Online40

The roll out of GautengOnline is directed towards enabling all learners and educators to cross the infamous digital and knowledge divide. Significant progress has been made with regard to the GautengOnline programme, although the rollout programme has taken longer than anticipated due to various challenges. These include the general pressure experienced by the building and construction industry whereby the supply of material required takes a longer period, and high levels of vandalism so that over 450 schools have been burglarized since the inception of the programme in 2002. The building of e-Learning communities and the showcasing of best practices has deepened communities‗ understanding of the potential of learning with ICTs in the delivery of curriculum mandates.

Sci-Bono41

The Sci-Bono Discovery Centre is the largest science centre in Southern Africa. Its aim is to support teaching and learning in mathematics, science and technology, and to promote post- school careers in science, engineering and technology. In 2006, Sci-Bono hosted over 40,000 school learners and worked with another 20,000 learners through its outreach programmes in schools, libraries and community centres. Sci-Bono has supported the improvement of qualifications for 100 maths and science teachers, and has provided supplementary training for another 150 teachers.

Bana Pele42

The Bana Pele, or Children First, Programme is the provincial flagship response for reducing child poverty. This programme comprises of an integrated package of services targeting orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) through a single window. This package includes child support grants, school fees exemptions, free health care, school uniforms, school feeding schemes and psychosocial support, which are all integral in providing the necessary support to children in building their educational path. Through the Bana Pele initiative, GPG successfully provided uniforms to an increasing number of vulnerable children in the province. Children benefitting under this programme were also provided with free health services, nutritional and transportation assistance through collaboration with other provincial departments. The Bana Pele programme continues to meet and exceed targets to provide services to alleviate child poverty, including the provision of free school uniforms to children in need.

40 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 41 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 42 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 58

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4.2.7 Key findings and recommendations

4.2.7.1 Key findings

It is evident that the Gauteng Provincial Government has exceeded almost all targets that have been set to address youth development issues in the education sector.

Learner performance has improved significantly over the period 1994 to 2014. Overall, matric results were above targets and above the national targets as well. Science and Mathematics Matric pass rates were also exceeded. Enrolments in FET centres and ABET institutions have increased significantly. Proportions of youth without schooling have fallen greatly and there is a general increase in those with matric and post matric qualifications. There has been significant increase in flow through rates in secondary schools and more and more youth are preferring to repeat than to drop out.

The province has performed well in providing education support to the youth. Performance is currently above targets set for the provision of most education support interventions including school feeding, scholar transport, extra-school support to under-performing schools, no-fee school enrolments, parents trained and supported and homework and sports assistants.

Initiatives such as learner access to career guidance, learners adopted by companies with a view to career pathing and employment, enrolments in NC (V) level 2 and enrolments in technical high schools exceeded set targets. Lay counsellors were deployed and technical high schools were provided with curriculum support.

More and more youths have been attending the technical skills, job preparedness, life skills, entrepreneurship and business management programmes. Matric re-write opportunities have been availed to youth and many have benefited from these. Targets to include youths in the Youth Build South Africa projects were exceeded. In responding to the skills needs of government in Gauteng, programmes geared toward improving the capacity of GPG officials generally showed good progress and on most targets exceeded projections. Whilst these strides are noted in respect of capacity-building for the GPG, the development of skills for the economy will however need to continue to be prioritized.

Targets were also exceeded for the number of internships and the number of learners from no-fee schools benefitting from bursaries as well as participation in short skills programmes, entrepreneurship education and RPL assessment.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

4.2.7.2 Challenges43

Despite all the progress that have been made, there are still some challenges that the GPG need to deal with in order achieve youth development:

 Failure, drop out and repetition rates remain a challenge despite high enrolment figures.  Scholar transport programme is under pressure as a result of the growth in learner numbers.  Obtaining Fee exemptions continues to be a cumbersome process.  Planning for youth that need learnerships and bursariees among other youth related support programmes is difficult due to the influx of people into Gauteng  Pressure for space in secondary schools is increasing as the progression rate of learners is improving and the dropout rate in the GET phases was reduced significantly especially in the senior phase.  The ABET sector suffers from a shortage of qualified and experienced adult education and training practitioners, and a high staff turnover. In response to this a pilot programme has been introduced in conjunction with the ETDP SETA to develop unemployed matriculants into qualified ABET practitioners on NQF Level 4 and 5. As an interim measure, available human resources are being used until the gap is closed.  A further challenge is the need to establish a reliable learner and educator database.

4.2.7.3 Recommendations44

The following recommendations have been made to improve performance:

 Drop-out and repetition rates: Mechanisms need to be devised to mitigate high drop-out and repetition rates.  Quality of education: Interventions to improve the quality of education should continue to be prioritised.  Matric performance: Efforts need to be continued to sustain and further improve matric performance.  Improved learner performance: Interventions on learner performance need to be strengthened and weaknesses identified through ANA (Grade 9) addressed.  Fee exemptions: An advocacy campaign to inform parents of their rights in this regard should be considered together with the normal Admissions campaign.  Skill development: Efforts must be strengthened to address skills gaps, school to work transition and youth unemployment including improved career guidance, placements, bursaries, technical and vocational skills etc.  Talent pipeline, career guidance: The talent pipeline, career guidance and school to work transition need to be addressed more effectively.

4.3 A long and healthy life for all South Africans pp. 131-153.

4.3.1 Introduction As has been reported in the 10-year review report, the 15-year review report and the 20-year review report, there has been a significant transformation of the health system in Gauteng Province since 1994.

43 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 44 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013. 60

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Within the first 15 years of democratic governance top priorities of provincial government have included interventions to improve the health of Gauteng residents and broaden access to quality health care. Key focus areas were:

 promoting adequate nutrition and healthy lifestyles  ensuring access to quality health care facilities  responding to HIV and AIDS and other communicable diseases  providing access to primary health care services and  providing community health care workers

There has been a significant improvement in access to health care and mortality rates in the province since 1994. Key areas of government performance in this outcome include maternal, infant and child mortality, HIV, AIDS and TB, expanded free primary health care, health system improvement, and social and related support. In the national audit of public health facilities in 2011, Gauteng achieved an overall grade of 69%. Four of the five top districts were from Gauteng, and academic hospitals fared particularly well.

4.3.2 Socio-economic trends

4.3.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014)

According to the 20-year Review there have been a number of key milestones pertaining to youth over the last 20 years. These include:

Free Health Care

Within months of coming into power the new democratic government implemented the free health care policy as a commitment to improved access to healthcare. Free medical care was provided to children below the age of six and pregnant women. This later included free primary health care to children under 14 years, pensioners, social grant beneficiaries, TB services, and people with disabilities. In Gauteng the free PHC service has great improved communities‘ access to health care, with more than 23 million visits recorded by the end of March 2013.

Expansion of services Residents of Gauteng are able to access PHC services within a 5km of where they stay. There are currently 24-hour services at 26 of the 35 CHCs and extended hours of operation including weekend services at 112 of its 317 fixed clinics.

HAST

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

In order to provide a cost-effective treatment programme, syndromic management for STIs was introduced in 1997. This intervention saw a decrease in Syphilis prevalence from 16.2% in 1998, 6% in 2002, 2.9% in 2009 to 2.0% in 2011. The Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management and Treatment was approved by Cabinet in August 2003 and launched in November that year. The HAART was initiated in response to the National Comprehensive Care, Management and Treatment Programme (CCMTP) in April 2004. There are currently over 400 facilities providing ART services, with a total of 69 3136 adults and 41 172 children on treatment at the end of the 2012/2013 financial year.

In 2006 the TB crisis plan was launched in 4 Metro districts. Provincialisation of TB from SANTA was completed in 2006 and TB patients are now managed in hospitals.

4.3.4 Key institutional and governance issues

In the health sector, specific Intergovernmental Relations Structures were proclaimed through the National Health Act 61 of 2003. The following structures are in place and operational:

The Provincial Health Council

The Provincial Health Council is chaired by the MEC for Health and consists of members of the mayoral committee from the three metropolitan and three district municipalities responsible for health and emergency medical services in Gauteng.

The Provincial Health Council Technical Committee

The Provincial Health Council Technical Committee (PHCTC) is an advisory body to the Provincial Health Council, chaired by the Head of Department of Health. It consists of senior managers from the Health Department and three metropolitan and three district municipalities.

District Health Council

District based statutory IGR structures called District Health Councils are chaired by the Members of Mayoral Committees of health from the three Metropolitan and three District Municipalities.

Provincial Consultative Forum

Over and above the institutional structures, the MEC engages other key stakeholders through the Provincial Consultative Forum. These IGR initiatives facilitate the enhancement of the delivery of health services.

Community participation

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Credible and legitimate structures/or mechanisms include Hospital Boards, Primary Health Care Facility Committees, the Mental Health Review Board, the Nursing Councils, the Gauteng Aids Council, Accreditation Committee and MEC Imbizo. In line with government policy following the 2009 elections, certain departments across the country were merged in order to ensure more effective and integrated programmes and service delivery. An example was the merging of the Departments of Health and Social Development in Gauteng. The merged Gauteng Department of Health and Social Development, under one HOD and MEC developed an integrated strategic plan and collaborated to ensure close cooperation between mutually supportive programmes, such as some of the poverty-relief strategies with primary health care prevention strategies. In spite of good progress made through integrated planning and implementation, it was recognised that the two departments each served very large and distinct needs, and that the complexity of the work required two distinct HODs and MECs. By the beginning of 2012, the Premier announced that the departments would separate into two distinct entities from the beginning of the 2012/13 financial year.

4.3.5 Key legislation and policies

Key pieces of legislation which were pertinent to the health of the youth sector in Gauteng were:

 New National Health Act (61 of 2003)  Mental Health Act (17 of 2002)  Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act (Act No. 92 of 1996)  Domestic Violence Act (Act No. 116 of 1998)

4.3.6 Overview of performance

The discussion below focuses on the key focus areas for this outcome, which are Maternal, infant and child mortality, Managing HIV, AIDS and TB, Overall quality of life and life expectancy, Health system effectiveness and Social development services.

Maternal, infant and child mortality The provision of maternal and child health interventions remains a key priority. A number of interventions and strategies have been implemented to address maternal and child mortality over the 20 year period. These recognise the fact that in order to prevent maternal mortality, interventions need to start long before a woman is pregnant.

Cervical cancer screening: As regards preventative interventions aimed at preserving maternal health amongst other benefits, significant progress has been made in relation to screening for cervical cancer among women aged 30 years and older. Such screening has benefited more than 266,843 women since 2000, an increase from 38.1% in 2006 to 45% in 2013.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Integrated Nutrition Programme: The Integrated Nutrition Programme has increased from 89% coverage of the targeted learners in 1994 to 94% and has now reached almost 4.58 million children. There has been a significant decrease in children experiencing severe malnutrition. A phased approached in implementing this policy was agreed. In 2003/4 children under the age of nine years qualified for this benefit. Since then there has been an annual increment in terms of the qualifying age. In 2009/10, children up to the age of 15 years became eligible for this grant.

Oral health: By 2013, the oral health programme provided several thousand children with fissure sealants to conserve their teeth and involved 151,000 children in its tooth-brushing projects. Other health promotion programmes for children included education in correct hand-washing technique – which benefited of 104,103 learners from 138 schools – and healthy living programmes which reached 706 schools. A total of 111 schools in Gauteng have now been WHO-accredited as health promoting schools.

School health: By end of March 2013, School health teams had visited 1,882 schools and 290,692 learners were screened to identify barriers to learning. A total of 55,605 learners were referred to PHC facilities for further assistance.

HAART/ART treatment: The Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management and Treatment was launched in 2003. GPG initiated HAART in response to the National Comprehensive Care, Management and Treatment Programme (CCMTP) in April 2004. Much needed ART treatment has been provided in the 364 accredited sites and a total of 693,136 adults and 41,172 children were on treatment by March 2013. This is a significant increase from 75,052 in 2006. There are now over 400 ART service points, up from 59 in 2008 and 265 in 2010.

Medical male circumcision: The number of facilities providing medical male circumcision (MMC) increased substantially to 60 sites.

Community based programmes: Other measures to reduce the incidence of HIV included the work done in the community and individual homes by non-profit organisations with support from the department. Community-based programmes benefited 933,059 individuals in high risk groups and ward-based education initiatives reached over six million residents.

Condom distribution: There has been an increase in the number of female condoms distributed every month, partly through the training of more than 100 peer educators. Use of male condoms almost doubled between 2009 and 2012, increasing from 24,034,162 in 2006 to 32,224,033 in 2009, and 41,179,942 in 2012. By 2012 the number of female condoms distributed was 947,353, up from 808,653 in 2009 and only 393,305 in 2006. Condom use is highest among male teenagers at 80%.

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG

Expanded Primary Health Care: By the end of the 2010/2011 financial year, ward-based PHC outreach teams were established which increased from 19 teams in 2010 to 50 teams by 2013. All districts have at least one team and the priority is to provide this service to the 50 poorest municipal wards. GPG has also created 61 school health teams, each consisting of a professional nurse, a staff nurse and a health promoter. These teams aim to promote optimal health and development of learners and to address barriers to learning. The creation of teams of specialists at district level is also in progress.

Food relief: The number of people receiving food parcels is well above target and has improved from 11,239 in 2010 to 29,720 in 2012/13. Daily meals at drop-in centres have increased from 19,052 in 2010 to 246,844 in 2012/13. The number of vulnerable households receiving support is now 106,436. Food relief from food banks has increased from 17,851 in 2009 to 99,145 by 2012/13.

Substance abuse prevention: Access to treatment centres is on target, with 98,967 in 2010 increasing to 230,923 beneficiaries in 2012/13.

Support to Children: Interventions around children in conflict with the law are on track, with an average of 4,000 – 6,000 referred to diversion programmes annually. The number of children placed in foster care increased from 35,000 in 2004/5 to 76,554 in 2008/9, with 55,401 children receiving foster care services during 2012/13.

According to the GEYODI annual report 2012/13 there have been considerable strides and achievements with regards to addressing the health and well-being of youth.

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Reducing Maternal, Child and Infant Mortality The percentage of mothers and babies who receive post-natal care within 3 days of Mothers and babies who receive post- delivery reached between 91% and 93% by natal care within 3 days of delivery the fourth quarter, thus exceeding the annual target of 80%. The percentage of pregnant women who Pregnant women who book for antenatal book for antenatal care before 20 weeks care before 20 weeks gestation gestation continued to achieve the 40% annual target by Quarter 4. It was envisaged that the delivery rate for women under 18 would be maintained at Teenage pregnancy less than 6.5%. By the end of the quarter, the target was achieved and a 4.5% rate was reported. Mammogram services 6 (100%) of 6 hospitals were offering mammogram services by the fourth quarter. It was expected that 100% of clinics would Family planning services offer family planning services. The annual target was achieved by the end of the fourth quarter. 52 (100%) of 52 facilities were providing Termination of pregnancy services termination of pregnancy services. Table 7: Reducing maternal, child and infant mortality rate

By the fourth quarter, targets aimed at reducing maternal and child mortality continued to be met or exceeded for interventions to reduce maternal and child mortality including mothers and babies who receive postnatal care within 3 days of delivery, pregnant women who book for antenatal care before 20 weeks gestation, awareness of safe sex behaviour and teenage pregnancy interventions, mammogram services, family planning services and termination of pregnancy services.

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Combating HIV and AIDS and support to vulnerable households, women and children It was expected that mother to child transmission of HIV would be maintained at Mother to child transmission less than 5% this year. By the end of Quarter 4, the target was met. A transmission rate of 1.9% was reported. 521 (112%) of an expected 464 cooperatives Cooperatives providing goods and were empowered to provide goods and services services by the end of the fourth quarter. 150 570 (100%) of a projected annual target Dignity packs distributed of 150 000 dignity packs were distributed by the end of the fourth quarter. 346 555 (12%) of 2 782 000 female condoms Female condoms distribution were distributed by the fourth quarter. It was expected that the cervical cancer screening coverage rate would be 56% in Cervical cancer screening 2012/13. By Annual, a 45% rate was reported. The annual target was not achieved. Table 8: Combating HIV and AIDS and support to vulnerable households, women and children

As part of combating HIV and AIDS, targets for mother to child transmission were achieved. Access to services, including dignity packs was generally good, with the reach continuing to exceed targeted levels and showing even further improvement by Quarter 4.

However, targets were not achieved for female condom distribution and cervical cancer.

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Delivery of youth-friendly services, school health and school health teams 121 (121%) of 100 youth friendly services Youth Friendly Services were provided It was expected that all Quintile 1 – 3 schools would ensure the early identification of School health learners with barriers and health promotion in schools. The annual target was achieved. 49 (126%) of 39 school health teams were School health teams implementing the Integrated School Health Programme. It was envisaged that 700 000 people in high risk groups would be reached during 2012/13. By the fourth quarter, 840 689 (120%) people were reached. It was further Awareness for safe sex behaviour expected that 6 million people would be reached through municipalities in 2012/13. By the end of the fourth quarter 5 674 853 (95%) people were reached. 24 831 (134%) of 18 600 children were Ke-Moja drug prevention campaign reached during Quarter 4. Table 9: Delivery of youth-friendly services, school health and school health teams

Most targets were met or exceeded targets. Programmes to promote awareness of safe sex behaviour have also registered good progress in reaching the targeted beneficiaries. Targets for access to substance abuse treatment and prevention programmes were generally on target or exceeded by Quarter 4.

4.3.7 Flagship projects/key case studies

Health System Turnaround strategy

GPG embarked on the Health Turnaround Strategy 2012-14 in order to address major challenges and areas of concern. It covers eight focal areas, namely: financial management, human resources, district health services, hospital management, medico-legal services, health information, communication and social mobilisation, and health infrastructure. This strategy guided numerous interventions during the course of 2012/13.

Gains from the implementation of the turnaround strategy are beginning to emerge. Budget reforms have been implemented and the department has been able to keep expenditure within budget. For the first time in many years, expenditure on the compensation of employees has been

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG within budget. Long-standing issues in relation to remunerated work outside the public service (RWOPS) and overtime are being addressed through a range of initiatives. The department had verified 77% of targeted employees by the end of January 2013.

Budget allocations have been linked to health priorities and main outcomes defined as a high priority. A cost analysis of service packages will be completed in time to inform the 2014/15 budget. GPG is thus moving away from historical budgeting which has resulted in budget allocations that were not informed by existing priorities.

The process of establishing a Health Processing Centre to ensure compliance with the injunction to pay suppliers within 30 days is being finalised. A new procure-to-pay process has been established to minimise incidents of fraudulent transactions and possible collusion by officials with suppliers. A supply chain management charter has also been developed. Contracts are being reviewed for cost effectiveness against market prices, which includes Medical Supply Depot (MSD) contracts.

Health services are provided through a combination of community-based outreach programmes and facility-based care involving hospitals, community health centres (CHCs), and fixed and mobile clinics. There is continuous effort to improve access to care by increasing the number of healthcare facilities, extending hours of service and attending to soft issues which may discourage people from using health services. Comprehensive PHC care services are provided in all CHCs. GPG offers 24-hour services at 26 of the 32 CHCs.

Ward-based community health outreach teams are active in 49 municipal wards. They ensure that households are visited and services are offered to frail people in their homes. PHC care has been further enhanced by ensuring that each CHC has a resident doctor and a specialist family physician. Every health district has a core specialist team, consisting of obstetricians and paediatricians to provide guidance to staff at CHCs and clinics within the district.

Extensive training is given to existing personnel and bursaries are offered to members of the public wishing to study for occupations in which there are critical staff shortages. While the Gauteng province can boast considerable improvements with regards to the health of its citizens there are a number of ongoing challenges which impede developments in areas such as access to healthcare and public facilities‘ abilities to meet an ever-increasing demand.

Service delivery in Gauteng is affected by various environmental factors, most notably by cross- border utilisation of services and high rates of migration into the province. The reality that a substantial proportion of the population is transient and unstable present healthcare challenges. This is particularly true in the case of following up patients on TB treatment and ART, as well as pregnant women only approaching facilities when they are about to deliver with no prior history of antenatal visits.

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Cultural and socioeconomic circumstances also impact on women from making their first antenatal care visits early (before 20 weeks) and mothers from bringing children to clinics for HIV testing and vitamin A supplementation. In addition, negative attitudes of administrative and professional staff also influence patients‗ decisions to avoid health services entirely or choose some over others.

4.3.8 Key findings and recommendations

4.3.8.1 Key findings

The Gauteng province can boast considerable improvements with regards to the health of its citizens over the last 20 years. With the focus on primary health care and the district health system has seen an improvement in the quality of life, and therefore an increased life expectancy - reaching 61 years by 2012. Although HIV and AIDS rates remain high, multiple intervention strategies have led to stabilisation, with a decrease in the infection rate.

There has also been a decrease in maternal mortality and increased investment in infrastructure and a focus on skills. Mother-to-child HIV transmission rates have decreased to 2.4%. NHI implementation is underway in Tshwane. Food banks and the provision of daily meals have contributed to poverty alleviation efforts.

While there are numerous examples of an improved health system for the Gauteng province, certain challenges persist. Across all sectors service delivery is impacted by various environmental factors, which include cross-border utilisation of services and a fluid population, mainly due to high rates of migration into the province. In addition to impacting on expenditure on the health care system in Gauteng, a substantial transient and unstable population also present healthcare challenges. These include:

 The difficulty in following up patients on TB treatment and ART.  Pregnant women who approach facilities when they are about to deliver with no prior history of antenatal visits.  Members of the public sometimes bypass PHC facilities due to perceptions that they receive better care in hospitals which offers specialist services.  The role that cultural and socioeconomic factors play in the utilisation of services – they appear to deter women from making their first antenatal care visits early (before 20 weeks) and mothers from bringing children to clinics for HIV testing and vitamin A supplementation. The negative attitudes of administrative and professional staff also play a role in influencing patients‗ decisions to avoid health services or choose some over others.  There are still numerous inefficiencies within the health care system.

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4.3.8.1 Key findings

In order to further improve healthcare services to the people of Gauteng the following recommendations have been made for this outcome:

 Primary health care: Further strengthen primary health care, monitor and evaluate progress.  Health Turnaround strategy: Continue vigorous implementation of the Health Turnaround strategy.  Medicines: Improve the effective distribution and availability of medicines  HIV AIDS prevention strategies: Strengthen HIV AIDS prevention strategies based on scientific evidence.  HCT: Increase interventions to arrest dropping HCT reach.  NHI implementation: Monitor and assess NHI implementation progress to prepare for expansion to other geographical areas.  EMS response times: Improve EMS response times.  Provincialisation of functions: Conclude the provincialisation of functions.  Health information management: Improve health information management.  HR issues: Address HR deployment and scarce skills, including within nursing Welfare to work approach needs to be adopted.

4.4 Vibrant, equitable, sustainable rural communities contributing towards food security

4.4.1 Introduction

Promotion of equal opportunity and equal treatment of youth and to develop a food secure Gauteng that is a sustainable region which promotes equitable rural development for its young people is one of the strategic focus of youth development in the Gauteng province. The National Youth Policy 2008-2013 makes a fundamental and necessary acknowledgement that young people of South Africa are not homogeneous, therefore their rights and interests must be catered for in various ways necessary. It is stated under Section 12 of the National Youth Policy that ―Problems experienced by individual categories of targeted youth groups are unique and multifaceted, and therefore require various service-providers across different sectors‖.

Young women and men in rural areas are particularly identified as one of the key target groups requiring specialized and tailored interventions of youth development. This category of youth are mostly referred to as ―the historically marginalized‖, given the fact that they remained at the marginal ends of most of the interventions designed to improve the lives of young people in our country.

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The National Youth Policy states that ―young women and men in rural areas face particular constraints with regard to both accessibility and availability of services and facilities, and this result in fewer opportunities and less information and employment than in urban areas‖. The interventions targeting youth in rural areas should therefore specifically address their situation in respect of access to services and the creation of much-needed opportunities, as well as employment.

Amongst some of the proposed interventions towards achieving this policy imperative include the following:

a) Conducting farmer career Excursions b) Expanding Yard programme to increase agricultural ownership c) Support active youth participation in the food security projects, such as the community food gardening programme. d) Youth farmer support and development programme e) Identify and encourage youth environment awareness. f) Facilitating the establishment and registration of youth-driven agricultural cooperatives g) Veterinary youth service officers.45

4.4.2 Socio-economic trends The contribution of primary agriculture to the economy of Gauteng has declined since 2002, although levelling and slightly increasing in 2010/11. The ten year average (2002–2011) of the contribution of agriculture towards GVA in the province is 0.6%. During 2002, the contribution of agriculture in Gauteng was 0.9%, while in 2011 it decreased to 0.4%. This shows the minimal direct contribution of agriculture. In terms of Gauteng‗s agriculture sub-sectors, the following GVA was recorded in 2011:

 Agriculture and hunting R3.1 billion  Forestry and logging R0.5 billion  Fishing and operation of fish farms R0.01 billion46

While in percentage terms the agriculture sub-sector employs an ever-smaller share of the province‗s workers compared to other sectors of the economy, that share still translates into tens of thousands of jobs, as is shown in the figure below (Ibid., p. 223).

Agricultural employment in Gauteng has been increasing. In 2010 employment reached 31,354. Between April 2011 and June 2012 agricultural employment almost doubled. Agriculture‗s contribution to employment is even more significant when one considers that employment in agro- processing is on the rise. The figure below shows the contribution of agroprocessing towards employment. The overall trend shows an improvement in employment in agroprocessing.

In 2001, there were about 62,102 employment opportunities. During 2010 there were about 81,296 employment opportunities, an increase of about 30.9% (Ibid.).

4.4.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014) Government has identified high levels of unemployment, deepening poverty and increasing inequalities as three persistent development challenges the country must overcome, if the vision

45 GIYDS 2010-2014. 46 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 222. 72

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG and promises of the Constitution of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996) are to be realised. Nowhere in South Africa is the impact of these three developmental challenges so obvious, that it has entrenched itself in every facet of the social life of the community as it has in the rural areas of the country. Rural communities daily face various challenges, which include the following:

 High levels of unemployment, particularly amongst the youth.  Lack of vocational skills, against the backdrop of very limited job opportunities, exacerbating this situation.  Lack of economic and social development, including very limited access to government services as well as basic services.

It was against this background that South Africa established, for the first time, a Ministry specifically tasked with a mandate of developing rural areas. The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform subsequently developed the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP) as a holistic strategy to develop rural areas into vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities. Through the implementation of the CRDP, the department aims to create social cohesion and development in rural communities. The CRDP is about changing the lives of rural people and enabling them to take control of their destiny. People are central to the CRDP and as such, it places particular emphasis on empowering rural communities. A critical component of rural communities is the youth. Currently, the CRDP is being implemented in more than 60 rural sites with intentions of rolling it out to160 rural wards across the country by 2014. Job creation central to the CRDP:

Job creation lies at the heart of the CRDP and the strategic thrust is on sustainable, quality jobs linked to skills training. It is important to note the following two points in relation to job creation:

That the department‘s strategies and programmes to create jobs in rural areas are anchored around The New Growth Path, which provides a strategic framework for job creation.

That the department has targeted to create 500 000 jobs in the rural sector over the next 10 years through various strategies and programmes. The department‘s main skills development and job creation flagship programmes includes the National Rural Youth Service Corps. The National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC) – The programme provides character building programmes, as well as, soft and hard skills training. It further dispatches youth to rural areas to undertake various rural infrastructure development projects.

4.4.4 Key institutional and governance issues

Strengthening accountability through Cooperative Governance

Coordination between national and provincial government on matters related to the functional responsibilities of GDARD takes place through the MIN/TECH, ITCA and MIN/MEC, structures of the National Directors General and Heads of Department, and the National Ministers and Provincial MECs respectively. These structures focus on policy, law reform and alignment of implementation plans, as well as on-going assessments of the impact of government programmes. Institutional arrangements have been established for Provincial - Local Government cooperation to complement National - Provincial Government cooperation. Technical working groups consisting of senior officials of these two spheres of government make recommendations to biennial MEC/MMC

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG meetings between the MEC and the responsible Members of Mayoral Committees. GPG also interacts with local authorities on matters such as land use planning, environmental management, waste management, air quality, public health, and environmental compliance and enforcement. GDARD participates in co-operative governance structures with the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and the Department of Agriculture and Land Affairs.

In order to strengthen interactions with local authorities in areas of concurrent functions, GDARD established a framework for Provincial Local intergovernmental structures to manage the different areas of functional responsibility. In addition various studies have been completed which serve as decision support tools to assist in alignment of decision making at local and provincial level. These include spatial data sets that analyse the availability and suitability of land for development purposes.

Stakeholder interaction Programmes to address poverty require a concerted effort by government as a whole — National,Provincial and Local-through its various departments, functions and programmes, and even across Provincial boundaries. GDARD established strong communication links with a number of governmental and nongovernmental structures to share information and devise complementary strategies and implementation plans to address common challenges. Stakeholders are informed of developments through media releases, interviews and stakeholder events. GDARD also participates in community outreach programmes where there are engagements with community members on all issues affecting their lives. Highlights of stakeholder engagement since 2000 include the following:

• Multifaceted stakeholder engagement on the commencement with the implementation of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site Project and the Dinokeng Project. • As the commencement to the build-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development a conference was held in 2001 involving all local authorities, stakeholders from the corporate sector, religious organisations and non-governmental organisations. This resulted in commitments to sustainable development best practice. This further laid the basis for the Greening Project, a multi-stakeholder project which endeavours to ensure that in the build up to and during the WSSD the ecological footprint is minimised and awareness of sustainable development best practice results in change of attitude and practice by individuals and groups. • As part of the province‗s initiatives around the WSSD, the Bontle ke Botho‖ Clean Town, Clean Ward and Clean Schools‗ competition was launched. • Major stakeholder meetings were held to solicit inputs on various departmental policies andhbi administrative guidelines.

4.4.5 Key legislation and policies A range of national and provincial legislative tools apply to this outcome. These include the following:

• Norms and Standards for Agricultural Training Institutes of South Africa • National Education and Training Strategy for Agriculture and Rural • Development in South Africa (2005) • Norms and Standards for Extension and Advisory Services in Agriculture • National Articulation Framework for Agricultural Training programmes • National Agricultural Research and Development Strategy

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• Land and Agrarian Reform Programme (LARP) • Integrated Food Security and Nutrition Strategy • National Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP)(2009) • Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) • Integrated Food Security Strategy • Gauteng Agricultural Potential Atlas (2006) • Gauteng Environmental Implementation Plan (2004) • National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan • National Waste Management Strategy • Land Care guidelines • Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) Guideline • Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development (2006) • Plans for Equitable Land Redistribution • Disaster Management Plan • Nature Conservation Ordinance, 1983 (Ordinance12 of 1983) • Noise Control Regulations, 1999 • Nature Conservation Regulations, 1983 • Endangered & Rare Species of Fauna and Flora, 1984 • Waste Information Regulations, 2004 • Gauteng Health Care Waste Management Regulations, 2004

4.4.6 Overview of performance

Overall, there has been good progress in broadening sustainable livelihoods in the agriculture sector. Significant progress has been made in relation to broadening the participation of black farmers in the sector through cooperatives and farmer support programmes. The number of black farmers in Gauteng increased from only 8 in 1994 to over 700, including 134 new beneficiaries of the Gauteng Farmer Settlement Programme. There has been improved access to food and nutrition to the poor through food security programmes. Job creation has occurred through the Environment Sector of the EPWP.

Areas of challenges include the implementation of the Gauteng Rural Development Strategy, improving funding and market access for emerging farmers, development pressures on high potential agricultural land, improving the sustainability, scale, reach, and coverage in relation to farmer support, food security and job creation and risks to natural resources (e.g. water, acid mine drainage).

47 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 235. 75

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The database for youth-owned businesses was updated to ensure that they benefit from socioeconomic opportunities Gauteng provides. Monitoring mechanisms for preferential procurement are in place.48

 NARYSEC Programme. 800 youth were expected to participate in the NARYSEC programme. By the end of Quarter 4, 1 000 (125%) youth were participating. Well above the annual target.  Youth supported with production inputs. 17 (283%) of 6 youth were supported with production inputs through the Letsema/llima programme.  Agriculture Cooperatives supported. 87 (158%) cooperatives have been supported to date thus exceeding the annual target of 55.  Community food gardens. 74 (175%) of 40 youth were participating in community food gardens, thus exceeding the annual target.

Performance was below target for support to enterprises for export-readiness.

 Export readiness. It was expected that 1 000 enterprises (including 50 from the furniture industry) would be supported to be export ready during 2012/13. By the end of the fourth quarter, it was reported that the target was not achieved due to the implementation of the project that delayed as a result of the late project sign off.49

4.4.7 Flagship projects/key case studies

Flagship projects which address this outcome include the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and Dinokeng, both of which are discussed in more detail in the section on Decent Work. However, the programme that was introduced to specifically address rural youth development concerns was the National Rural Youth Servicve Corps (NARYSEC) programme.

The National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC)

Established in September 2010, NARYSEC‘s main goal is to recruit and develop rural youth, to perform community service in their own communities. As such, NARYSEC‘s specific key objectives are:  To recruit unemployed youth in rural areas.  To train youth through Further Education and Training programmes linked to the identified developmental community projects in rural areas.  To develop youth with multi-disciplinary skills through civic education.  To increase the number of rural communities receiving support in their self development through the CRDP.

NARYSEC is rural wards-focused, as such, it recruits youth from rural wards, including youth with disabilities. In 2010/2011, its recruitment targeted four youth per rural ward. In 2012 the recruitment drive was increased to recruit six youth per rural ward, with emphasis in the CRDP sites where the

48 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 242. 49 GEYODI Annual Report, 27/05/2013, pp. 29-30. 76

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Being very strict on gender, NARYSEC‘s recruitment process insists on a 50/50 gender balance per rural ward. To be considered for enrolment into NARYSEC, a youth must meet the following criteria:

 Must be in the 18 to 35 age group.  Must have completed Grade 10, 11 or 12.  Must be living in a rural area.  Must be committed to staying in the programme for 48-months.

The department has committed itself to a long-term relationship with participants in the programme and thus expects youth enrolled in NARYSEC to commit themselves, similarly, to the programme for the same period. The character development training each NARYSEC youth undergoes also assists in underpinning this message. In summary, the programme consists of:

 Character development (e.g. discipline, patriotism, rights awareness)  Life skills training (e.g. rights awareness)  Skills development (construction, agriculture, disaster management, welding, electrical, records management, etc.)  Practical training at a workplace.  Soft skills (e.g. mentorship, basic budgeting, project management, enterprise development, etc.) Deployment to rural wards to participate in the social and economic development of rural areas.50

4.4.8 Key findings and recommendations

4.4.8.1 Key findings Programmes to address the needs of the province have included developing an integrated rural development strategy, maximising agricultural sector growth and jobs, ensuring food security, protecting and encouraging the sustainable use and management of natural resources and the environment, and developing an integrated provincial land management and land use strategy.

Considerable achievements have been made with regard to rural development, promotion and support of the agricultural economy and environmental conservation. These include the development of the Gauteng Comprehensive Rural Development Strategy to focus and integrate rural development efforts, increased support to farmers, a corresponding dramatic increase in the number of black farmers in the province, successful efforts to promote food security through food gardens, successful efforts by veterinary services in controlling disease, increased environmental awareness and environmental strategies and programmes. Communities are contributing to reducing the negative impacts of climate change through creative efforts while alleviating poverty.

Challenges Despite the considerable successes in this outcome, several challenges have been identified. These include the following:

50 Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, ―National Rural Youth Service Corps‖. Available at: http://www.dla.gov.za/about-us/narysec#.UyhKqoVk2_I. 77

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Although there is progress in relation to food security as households produce part of their own food the high numbers of poor people from rural areas and neighbouring countries migrating to Gauteng is a challenge. The number of vegetable gardens developed every year in communities has always been insufficient and for the province to alleviate poverty at household level, with increasing in-migration, more resources will be needed, in particular from the private sector.

The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform currently implements projects directly in provinces and municipalities. This delivery model leaves the provincial and local government as spectators and challenges the sustainability of implemented projects.

Continued unsustainable environmental management practices remain a challenge. Many water systems continue to face transformation and are degrading because of human activities, thereby limiting their ecological functionality. Poor indoor air quality at household level is one contributor to general poor air quality status in the province.

Poor waste management continues to challenge the province. Gauteng‗s waste management is beset by numerous problems ranging from economic constraints to uncontrolled scavenging. The legacy of mining activities continues to pose environmental risks, including acid mine drainage problems, ground water pollution, air pollution, land sterilisation, etc.

Other challenges in the province include illegal land developments, and insufficient capacity to meet delivery expectations. Insufficient technical capacity to maintain ambient air quality monitoring stations and equipment at municipalities means that stations malfunction soon after repairs are completed. The loss of personnel with scarce technical skills to the private sector and difficulty recruiting people with similar scarce skills, especially in the environment sector, remain problems.

There are also evident challenges on issues relating to relating to air quality management, acid mine drainage, coordination of the Clean and Green Campaign and low awareness on EIAs.

There are competing land uses and too little land under protection for conservation. There is a need to move from the current figure of 4.9% to 6%.

Performance on interventions targeting the youth was in line with or exceeded annual targets, for example on the NARYSEC Programme and support through production inputs. Performance was however below target for support to enterprises for export-readiness.51

4.4.8.2 Recommendations

It is recommended that the overall positive results achieved in this outcome also extend to improved delivery of services and products for people with disabilities, including support with production inputs.52

A number of recommendations have been made to improve performance in this area. These include the following:

51 GEYODI Annual Report, 27/05/2013, p.30. 52 Ibid. 78

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 Support to farmers: This needs to continue to ensure that more farmers benefit. There is a need to improve the sustainability, scale, reach and coverage in relation to farmer support programmes.

 Agro-processing: In relation to job creation, agro-processing is gaining momentum as a key focus area for the province. The agro-processing programme should be elevated to―flagship status‖ and more resources allocated to have a greater impact on job creation.

 High potential agricultural land: High potential agricultural land including Agricultural Hubs is at risk and a policy is needed to ensure that the land is protected. There is a need to proactively manage development pressures on high-potential agricultural land to promote agriculture and food security.

 Funding and market access: Interventions to improve funding and market access for emerging farmers should be explored.

 Food security: Sustainability of household food gardens should be improved and linkages with income generation/ small-scale farmers programme strengthened.

 Gauteng Rural Development Strategy: The implementation of the Gauteng Rural Development Strategy should be accelerated.

4.5 All people in South Africa are and feel safe

4.5.1 Introduction One of the most significant challenges facing Gauteng is the high levels of crime, violence and corruption committed by and towards young men and women. Young people continue to be involved and affected by crime and corruption both as perpetrators and as victims. Forms of violence that have been found to increase are domestic violence, sexual abuse and rape1. There is a considerable number of young people in conflict with the law who are incarcerated for variety of crimes committed, which means potential talent is kept behind the bars, which could be contributing towards our economic growth and societal development. Corruption has become one of the factors that most South Africans are concerned with in as far as the functioning of government institutions is concerned. The 2005 Household Survey conducted by the STATSSA indicates corruption as one of the key concerns amongst South African citizens.

In order to effectively combat crime the GPG has identified the need to involve young people in building a safe, secure and corruption-free Gauteng, with high moral standards and integrity, the following policy interventions have been proposed:

a) Ensure safety of facilities for children in and outside school. b) Provide home-based supervision, after-care and diversion programmes, for youth in conflict with the law. c) Ensure that youth in conflict with the law are accommodated in safe and secure facilities. d) Provide sport, arts and cultural facilities for youth and children.

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e) Establish and strengthen the capacity of Youth Crime Preventions Desks to improve the young people‘s contribution towards fighting crime.53

4.5.2 Socio-economic trends

While statistics across all categories (as shown in Table 10 below) of crimes have decreased, there is a growing concern with the escalation of youth related crime and violence in Gauteng. The term youth in conflict with the law defines broadly youth that are known to the justice system but not prosecuted, those reported to the police, and those charged with offences and found guilty.54 To address the plight of youth in conflict with the law has been identified as a priority function by the GPG especially Gauteng‘s Department of Social Development.55 The concern of the provincial government has been to assist youth in conflict with the law and to prevent deterioration of behaviour and future offending and social problems.

Crime types 1994/5 2008/9 2012/13 Murder 6,178 3,818 2,997 Total Sexual Crimes - 15,645 12,288 Robeery with aggravating 40, 57, 628 35, 869 circumstances 432 Burglary at residential 78, 77, 383 68, 544 premises 816 Theft of motor vehicle and 58, 39, 738 27, 574 motorcycle 092 Carhijacking - 7, 444 4, 952 Truckhijacking - 860 524 Table 10: Crime stats 1994-2012

4.5.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014)

Addressing youth crime prevention and youth in conflict with the law is a complex exercise which has required a multi-stakeholder approach bringing together local actors (such as schools, social services, police and business). The Gauteng province has implemented specific programmes aimed to ensure that young people are protected as both perpetrators and victims of crime. These programmes promote youth participation and their involvement in strategic planning processes. One of such programmes is the Functional Youth Desks.

Functional Youth Desks: GPG supported youth desks at station level and sub structures. Outreach programmes and safety month activities were also supported. Provincial and regional programmes of action for the established youth desks were finalised. Youth desk volunteers were trained on social crime prevention and skills development training. The youth programmes included setting up youth desks at all police stations across the province. GPG assisted by developing quality programmes, including numbering of houses and informal settlements. This assisted the police in improving their

53 GIYDS 2010-2014, p. 15. 54 Margaret Shaw and Lullu Tschiwula ―Developing citizenship among urban youth in conflict with the law‖, Environment & Urbanisation Volume 14 2 October 2002, pp. 59-70. 55 Willem J.H. Rostenburg and Emmerentia Oliphant ―Programme needs of children in conflict with the law‖, A research conducted for the Gauteng Department of Social Development, 2008. 80

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Youth desks provide a structure in which young people can work with SAPS, government and civil society to develop and implement projects effectively addressing crime and its causes in their communities. With high levels of unemployment, poverty and a lack of access to recreational facilities underpinning much of the crime in the province, youth desks were requested to provide developmental and pro-social programs to attract youth and retain youth as active members. Youth desks are created across the province and supported as centres of youth contribution towards crime prevention in their communities.

Over 400 young people were trained on social crime prevention and skills development training programmes. Youth desks members were engaged to assist with programmes to prevent the abuse of alcohol and drugs amongst youth in and out of school, through awareness raising sessions and facilitating referral rehabilitation for the 400 schools identified as problematic schools. The following challenges are faced by youth desks:

 High presence of crime facilitators (Guns, substance abuse, gangs).  High levels of social dysfunction and lack of positive role models.  Budget constraints to reach as many young people as possible.  Social profile of volunteers in South Africa (unemployment, youth etc); as a result there is an expectation to be paid and straining the resources available.  Lack of programmatic focus on men, boys and victims of other crimes due to a focus on women and children.  Lack of perpetrator programmes with the result that there is a vicious cycle of young men remaining in this cycle.  Allocation of space at the police stations for youth desks members to function  All police stations‗ youth desks across the province are functional. There was also an increased usage of social networking technology to mobilize youth and manage partnerships.

In total, 135 Youth desks for social crime prevention and skills development (over 400 young people trained) were set up in this period, as well as two new secure facilities for children in conflict with the law and an increased number of and uptake of services at CYCCs (children‗s homes). There was a reduction in the number of children reoffending over the period as well as increased access to probation services for adults in conflict with the law. Psycho-legal and medico-legal support services have been provided. Family justice support has been expanded in reach.56

The earlier years The philosophy of community policing and civilian oversight was developed once the new institutional structures had been established. The focus was on putting mechanisms in place to rebuild trust in the police through the establishment of Community Police Forums (CPFs) and embedding the philosophy of community policing. Launched in 1998, Operation Mpimpa sought to encourage the public to report cases of crime anonymously. The CPF legislated mandate includes, amongst others, joint identification of policing challenges and solutions to the challenge. CPFs are also mandated to be communication bridges between communities and police and to help enhance transparency within the SAPS. To improve functionality of CPFs, minimum standards against which CPFs were measured for effectiveness were introduced.

56 20 Year Review Base Document, pp. 165-166. 81

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Concerned about the serious scourge of gross abuse of women and children, people were encouraged, and took part in, the 16 Days of Activism against abuse of women and children campaign. Ikhaya Lethemba was conceptualised and established. Ikhaya Lethemba is the Gauteng home of hope, healing and restoration for abused women and children. Today Ikhaya Lethemba is rated amongst the best of such sanctuaries not only in Africa, but also in countries abroad. See more detailed discussion later in this section. To redress the persecution of women and children,victim support services were extended by establishing three regional offices in Sharpeville, Duduza and Orange Farms. Every police station in the province had a Victim Friendly Facility, otherwise known as Victim Empowerment Centres (VECs).

Social crime prevention initiatives were initiated. In addition to public awareness campaigns denouncing abuse of women and children in hotspots such as Hilbrow, Diepsloot and Braamfischerville, Victim Empowerment Centres (also known Victim Friendly Centres) were established in 98 police stations during the early years. The youth of Gauteng received attention especially in relation to gangsterism, substance abuse and illegal possession of fire-arms. The target group was youth in and out of school. Seeking to permanently extricate the youth out of these traps, 43 Youth Desks were established. By 2013 this had increased to 135 youth desks.

Youth in school also received attention. In partnership with the Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR), youth in Katlehong Schools, as an example, were taken through Trauma Management, Non-violent Conflict Resolution, HIV/AIDS and Teenage Sexuality courses. Ke Moja (without drugs), a project focusing on rejection of drugs dependency, was launched in problematic schools including those in Diepsloot. Youth across Gauteng schools were also taken through prison visits to meet with rehabilitating offenders. These projects have contributed to the drastic reduction of gangsterism in Gauteng, comparative to, for instance, Western Cape.

The Metropolitan Police Departments (MPDs) were established during the second term of office. Approval for establishment of these law enforcement agencies relied heavily on the DCS. The establishment of Metropolitan Police Departments was considered critical especially for traffic law enforcement, by-law enforcement and as important force multipliers in crime prevention.

The municipalities of Johannesburg, Sedibeng and the West Rand were engaged to develop a community mobilisation strategy. Furthermore, the youth of Westbury were also engaged on a programme called Youth at Risk. The project focused on raising awareness on the dangers of gangsterism and drug abuse. The Take Charge campaign was launched between 2004 and 2009. In the main this campaign anchored the Gauteng Safety and Road Safety Strategies.

To combat business, house robberies and car hijackings, the Gauteng Aggravated Robbery Strategy was developed. This resulted in a decrease in business robberies, cash-in-transit heists and ATM bombing.

The Traffic Management Directorate was expanded in mandate and size to encompass the reduction of road accidents and fatalities through law enforcement. During this time a 30% reduction in road fatalities was set as a target and a strategy was developed to achieve this. Central to the implementation of the Road Safety Strategy was the establishment of the Central Accident Capturing Unit which was instrumental in the establishment of the baseline on road fatalities to track and report on road accidents and fatalities. Road fatalities were reduced by 35% between 2004 and 2009, above the target of 30%. Another key objective of the Road Safety Strategy was the reduction of fraud and corruption in the Drivers‗ License Testing Centres (DLTCs) and Vehicle Testing Stations (VTSs). To this end, compliance audits and inspections of facilities took place. This resulted in the closure of some stations and centres and arrests of some officials.

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2009 - 2014 The successful Confederation (CONFED) Games were hosted in 2009, followed by the FIFA World Cup in 2010. Between 2009 and 2014 the Indian Premier League (IPL) of cricket was also held in Gauteng. Gauteng was not only the gateway to all these game venues but also hosted some of the most significant of matches, including the opening and the closing matches. The province delivered an incident free traffic management plan. Working with Gauteng Community Patrollers, local enforcement agencies (LEAs) ensured that local public viewing areas, practice match venues, stadiums and other places of interest for the various matches were well patrolled safe and relatively crime free. This required leadership, intense and extensive planning, through Provincial Joint Operations Centre (PROVJOC), and coordination. The quality policing for people‗s enjoyment and safety saw high-class coordination of the country‗s Criminal Justice System with on-the-spot and road-side courts to dispense proper justice. During this period, Ikhaya Lethemba also opened its doors for victims of trauma of any nature or source. Services offered at Ikhaya Lethemba continued to be improved through the introduction of additional forensic-medical and medico-legal services for victims.

Continued monitoring of DCS/SAPS Co-Created strategies against crime took place, including the Aggravated Robbery Strategy. Concerned about the rate of court conviction rates, GPG, working with SAPS, started auditing reported criminal case documents to identify weaknesses on management of reported criminal cases.

4.5.4 Key institutional and governance issues

The following structures have been put in place to ensure good governance and coordination across this outcome:

 Provincial Crime Combating Forum (PCCF), convened by the SAPS Provincial Commissioner to timeously identify police stations that are struggling and recording an increase on prioritized crimes. In the long term the system should assist in improving the performance of all police stations in the province.  Joints operations and intelligence structures (JOINTS), also convened by the SAPS Provincial Commissioner, to identify security threats in order to allow the provincial government to respond accordingly. Furthermore, the structure serves as a platform that should assist SAPS and other LEAs in addressing social factors that give rise to crime, which are way beyond the purview of the police.  Quarterly Review Session (QRS) for metropolitan police departments, convened by the MEC to ensure that the three MPDs in the province comply with the Regulations for Municipal Police Service and adhere to policing training standards.  Quarterly Review Session (QRS) for SAPS convened by the MEC, to improve policing in the province through identifying strategic issues that need to be addressed e.g. ways to improve the performance of detectives.  Gauteng Inter-governmental Safety Coordinating Committee (GISCC) convened by the MEC, to improve coordination between the province and local Government on issues pertinent to policing and safety matters.  Traffic Management Gauteng (TMG), convened by the DCS to focus on interventions aimed at reducing road traffic fatalities. Through this structure, Local Traffic Authorities are assisted in the effective deployment of resources.  Strategic Safety Forums, convened by DCS to deal with issues relating to taxi violence in the Province so as to facilitate the design of a provincial approach to address taxi conflict.

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4.5.5 Key legislation and policies The various pieces of legislation and policies regarding this outcome include the following:

 South African Police Service (SAPS) Act, Act 68 of 1995 as amended  National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) of 1996  White Paper on National Transport Policy of 1996  National Road Traffic Act, Act 93 of 1996  The Gauteng White Paper on Transport Policy of 1997  White Paper on Safety and Security of 1998  Administrative Adjudication of Road Traffic Offences Act, Act 46 of 1998 (AARTO)  Road Traffic Management Corporation Act, Act 20 of 1999  National Land Transport Transition Act, Act 22 of 2000  Gauteng Public Passenger Road Transport Act, Act 7 of 2001  Gauteng Transport Framework Revision Act, Act 8 of 2002  Domestic Violence Act (DVA), Act 116 of 1998  Gauteng Liquor Act, Act 59 of 2003  Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Other Related Matters) Amendment, Act 32 of 2007  Child Justice Act, Act 75 of 2008  The National Land Transport Act, Act 5 of 2009  Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act, Act 1 of 2011  Civilian Secretariat for Police Service Act, Act 2 of 2011

4.5.6 Overview of performance Many of the programmes which benefit women and children also benefit youth. Youth desks have been established at many police stations (see earlier discussion) and youth have been employed in various capacities in this sector, e.g. as school patrollers.

Programmes to address gangsterism, substance abuse and illegal possession of fire-arms focus on youth have been implemented.

Youth have also received training in trauma management, conflict resolution etc. The Ke Moja programme focuses on the rejection of drugs dependency, and has been implemented in problematic schools including those in Diepsloot. Youth across Gauteng schools were taken through prison visits to meet with rehabilitating offenders.57

Targets were met and exceeded for interventions to establish and strengthen youth desks, including the development of Programmes of Action, volunteer training and youth-in-conflict with the law focused interventions.

 Functional youth desks. 137 of 137 (100%) youth desks were functional by Quarter 4.  Youth desk Programmes of Action developed. 22 youth desk Programmes of Action were developed by Quarter 4.  Youth desk volunteers trained. 1 173 (180%) of 650 youth desk volunteers were trained.  Youth-in-conflict-with-the-law focussed interventions. 8 (100%) of 8 youth-in-conflict-with-the- law-focussed interventions targeted, were implemented by the fourth quarter.58

57 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 171. 58 GEYODI Annual Report 2012/13 Performance report on the implementation of the 2012/2013 GEYODI Programme of Action (POA), p. 22. 84

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4.5.7 Flagship projects/key case studies

Community Patroller programme The first era of reconstructing and developing South Africa focused on implementation of transformative policy. These policies, including the South African Police Service Act, Act 68 of 1995, emphasise mass mobilisation as a potent weapon in the battle against crime. This Act provides for the South African Police Services to establish, by directive of the relevant Member of the Executive Council, Community Police Forums (CPFs). This Act also provides for the CPFs to be broadly representative of the community they represent. It is worth noting that, informed by this principle, most CPFs in Gauteng host regular community meetings. Through the platform of Sector Crime Forums, these meetings always strive to kindle close inter-action and cooperation between Law Enforcement Agents and citizens.

To multiply forces active on the frontline where crime occurs, i.e. in our streets, neighbourhoods and city centres, the Gauteng Patroller formation was established by Gauteng CPFs. Conceptualisation of the patroller programme started in earnest during 2004/2005. The first community patroller formation in Kliptown was initiated in 2006/2007.

Leadership of Gauteng Community Patrollers is vested with CPFs whilst SAPS, Sector Managers and Heads of Visible Policing exercise operational command over Community Patrollers. During 2007, Gauteng Community Patroller strength stood at 12,000. Due to the distinctive uniform worn by Patrollers, they act as crime deterrents. Working as force multipliers, Community Patrollers also get deployed into hotspots, under the command of SAPS. Executing these duties, Patrollers operate as directed by the SAPS Commander in charge. Patrollers have been deployed to conduct marshalling duties at local, provincial, national and international events e.g. at both the Confederation Cups games and during the FIFA World Soccer games.

Often called to multiply policing during national calendar events like Freedom Day, Patrollers are regular brands seen at the Union building. They have also been regular faces at local events like events in Sedibeng during official events such as Human Rights Day. GPG provide uniforms and equipment such as 2 way communication radios and torches, and seeks to provide patrollers with stipends.

Reports by the Gauteng Department of Education show that destruction and or theft of school property has declined where Patrollers are deployed. So have incidences of fighting amongst learners. Community Patrollers were also successfully deployed at the Cradle of Mankind and at the Dinokeng Game Reserve, serving as safety ambassadors. Deployment of Patrollers as safety ambassadors in facilities such as those mentioned has also contributed to government‗s struggles to fight poverty through temporary jobs. In this regard, it will be recalled that these Patrollers are volunteers, most of whom are unemployed.

4.5.8 Key findings and recommendations

4.5.8.1 Key findings

Significant results have been registered by the various initiatives that have been implemented to deal with youth in conflict with the law. These include increased youth leadership, improved relations between young people and law enforcement agencies, youth diversion and rehabilitation and increased awareness of the dangers of risk-taking behaviour such as substance abuse.

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The patroller programme has been developed and rolled out with more than 12,000 patrollers deployed across the province. This complements the work of the police and has had a positive contribution in reducing crime. This can be attested to by improved safety levels in schools and other areas.59

4.5.8.2 Recommendations

 It is recommended that key interventions targeting youth, including those that seek to reduce violence against them, provide support to youth through functional support desks, etc. continue to be prioritized.

 Youth crime and violence occurs in different contexts and has multiple responses. The Gauteng‘s coordinated approach to youth related crime correctly uses a multi-pronged approach to a challenge that is largely multi-faceted. However, the causes of youth crime should be analysed locally and responses developed locally through the joint efforts of key stakeholders such as the community policing forums (CPFs).

 Primacy should be placed on prevention when dealing with youth who are in conflict with the law rather than exclusion, punishment or incarceration of young people. Promoting youth reintegration into society is an imperative.

 Youth in conflict with the law should be involved in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies designed to integrate them into society. Transforming young offenders into good Gautengers means making them actors in their own future and that of their community.

 Local government authorities should play a pivotal role in promoting citizenship among youth, developing a genuine dialogue and partnership with young people and involving them in decisions that directly concern them. Young people are part of the solution to the problems and should be treated as equal partners. Such fora as the youth parliament for example should be supported and promoted because they give expression to youth as active members of their communities.

4.6 Cohesive and sustainable communities

4.6.1 Introduction

In the context of National Youth Policy 2008-2013, social cohesion is referred to as the process through which individuals or groups are included to participate fully in the society in which they live. In essence, social cohesion helps young people to become aware of themselves, their rights and responsibilities. Secondly, social cohesion has to do with nurturing a shared value system based on the tenets of our Constitution that speaks to respect and dignity for self and others.

59 20-Year Review Base Document, 30012013, p. 173. 86

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As a consequence of carefully orchestrated segregationist policies of the past, space for creative expression among disadvantaged youth was deliberately kept to a bare minimum. The legacy of apartheid led to lack of adequate facilities, infrastructure and opportunities for arts, culture and heritage training of youth. There was systematic obliteration of places for creative arts, culture and heritage training, with preference for producing subservient factory workers. Creative arts were seen as a threat to the apartheid regime, in that they could mobilise the masses into action.

Social cohesion efforts do not only target the poor and the unemployed. All the youth of Gauteng – black and white, rural and urban, educated and uneducated – should participate in activities that keep society together and advance the wellbeing of the fellow citizens. Access to the programmes that seek to make realization of social cohesion a reality should be broadened through full and enthusiastic integration into the wide range programmes and activities of government departments.

a) To build a cohesive, caring and sustainable communities with decent facilities, public services and access to youth economic empowerment opportunities, the GPG has proposed interventions which include the following: b) Advocate for youth bias in an integrated approach of development that will promote social cohesion. c) Increase the number of young people participating in government initiatives and interventions on poverty alleviation. d) Ensure cultural heritage sustainability, through providing support to the cultural youth organizations. e) Providing support to local football clubs, as part of the broader 2010 sports development support programme. f) Connecting Gauteng schools through on-line ICT development. a) Building of schools sports high performance programme. b) Promote young women mentorship programme.60

4.6.2 Socio-economic trends

As indicated in the discussion in Chapter 3, there are still high levels of intolerance in Gauteng which needs to be ameliorated. In the past few years, the province has been witness to xenophobic violence towards mainly people of foreign origin. Whereas there is no clear evidence about the number of youth implicated in xenophobic violence, the province has seen it imperative to put young people at the centre of programmes that seek to reverse impulses towards fragmentation and disunity in the province. These impulses are not only limited to xenophobia but also include homophobia and gender discrimination and/or gender-based violence.61

The goal of the Gauteng province has been to ensure patriotic participation and meaningful inclusion of all youth in the affairs of the province in a way that empowers young people to build social capital networks, and safer and more cohesive communities. So, while fostering social development and social cohesion is a political imperative in the whole of South Africa given the country‘s troubled history, it is more imperative in a province as such as Gauteng which has been the epicentre of xenophobic violence in the recent past. This is extremely important post-1994 as it addresses the ―softer issues of building a sense of national identity as South Africans and includes cultural issues (including art, music, libraries), issues of language and heritage, and sport. Key outputs for this outcome include nation building and national identity, citizen participation and social cohesion. To do this, the following six strategic goals have been identified:

60 GIYDS 2004-2009. 61 ―Social cohesion in the GCR‖. The Gauteng City-Region Review 2011. 87

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1. To enhance the implementation of integrated and sustainable sport, arts, culture and recreation programmes 2. To identify, develop and nurture sport, artistic talent for competitive and major events 3. To identify and preserve heritage including the promotion of national days and symbols 4. To inculcate a culture of reading and lifelong learning 5. To preserve and make accessible the archival records of the province 6. To contribute to the developmental state and good governance

Three key programmes were developed to achieve these goals: Cultural Affairs, Library, Information and Archival Services, and Sport and Recreation.

Overall, struggle heritage projects are seen as key to recording our legacy. Sports, culture and events contribute to social cohesion and nation building. The period since 1994 has seen considerable achievements in relation to this outcome. This includes the successful hosting of 2010 FIFA World Cup and other big events, support to sporting, cultural and creative sectors, intensified positioning of Gauteng as a destination for major events and home of competitive sport, and the promotion of nation building and social cohesion through National Commemorative Days and months. However, nation building and social cohesion continue to be a challenge as impacted by factors such as poverty, inequality and unemployment.

4.6.3 Key milestones (programmes) (1994-2014)

A number of programmes, initiatives and processes at various levels of government working in tandem with business, labour, civil society and citizens in general have been implemented to promote social cohesion in South Africa. These have also been cascaded down the various spheres of government and especially the provinces. In the Gauteng province, fostering social cohesion has been particularly imperative given the province‘s diverse social identities and multiple cultural heritages, and given that the province was witness to a wave of xenophobic violence which took place in Alexandra Township against African non-nationals.62 The government efforts to address social cohesion include electoral processes such as voter registration; awareness raising and education campaigns; opportunities for sporting; and artistic and cultural excellence that contributes to social cohesion and nation building. The aim has been to increase the chances of youth in participating in key decision-making processes of the country.

Within the context of the Gauteng province social cohesion constitutes part of the strategic plans to turn Gauteng into a globally competitive city-region, and part of the plans to reverse apartheid social geography that created fissures between black and white South Africans. This has necessitated a policy shift towards improved quality of housing, of quality of life (that includes crime prevention) and of access to economic opportunities by residents who belong to different social strata in the province. The key programmes implemented to that end include the Urban Renewal Programme, the 20 Townships Programme and the Mixed Income Housing Programme. One of the key strategies to promote social cohesion in the province is the Gauteng Safety Strategy.

The Gauteng Safety Strategy: serves as an example of a provincial government strategy to promote cohesion and social capital. Social relations amongst South Africans are strained by high levels of crime and violence. The Gauteng Safety Strategy is a crime-prevention strategy which is intended to bring together community members from Community Policing Forums and volunteer patrollers with the Department of Community Safety and the South African Police Service (SAPS).

62 The Gauteng City-Region Review 2011, p. 9. 88

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This initiative combines law enforcement with the involvement of communities at local level to ensure their own safety. Part of the Safety Strategy‘s social cohesion function is intended to be a breaking down of historical mistrust between and amongst historically divided communities as well as between communities and the police.63

4.6.4 Key institutional and governance issues This outcome addresses the following programme areas: Cultural Affairs, Library and Archival Services, and Sport and Recreation. The Gauteng Film Commission reports to DCAR. Its overall objective is to support and contribute to the growth of the Gauteng film industry through the following key focus areas:

 Content Development Support  Funding & Advisory Services  Skills Development  Audience Development  Logistical Support  Distribution and Marketing Support  Infrastructure Support

Several Advisory and Statutory Bodies advise the MEC on matters relating to the sector. These include:

 Gauteng Arts and Culture Council  Gauteng Geographic Names Committee  Gauteng Language Committee  Gauteng Provincial Heritage Resource Authority  Gauteng Film Commission Board  Gauteng Sports Council

4.6.5 Key legislation and policies The mandate of the Department of Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation (SACR) is drawn directly from Schedule 4 and 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, which describes the functional areas of exclusive provincial legislative competence. Part A lists the following as provincial competencies:

• Archives other than national archives • Libraries other than national libraries • Museums other than national museums • Provincial cultural matters • Provincial recreation and amenities • Provincial sport

Part B of the same schedule lists the competencies in which the province has a role in supporting and monitoring local government:

• Amusement facilities • Local amenities • Local sports facilities, markets, municipal parks and recreation facilities

63 The Gauteng City-Region Review 2011, http://www.gcro.ac.za/gcr/review/2011/social5.html, p. 7. 89

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The draft White Paper for Arts and Culture and Heritage was launched in 1996. The following are in the process of being approved: • Museum Policy • Gauteng Heritage Bill • Gauteng Museum Bill • Gauteng Language Bill • Gauteng Sports Bill

4.6.6 Overview of performance

Performance in key areas of government performance in this outcome is outlined below.

Nation building and national identity In order to promote our national heritage, a framework and plan on the commemoration of national days was adopted, and many related activities were successfully undertaken. National symbols have been promoted, including in schools.

Struggle heritage flagship projects during this period include the completion of the OR Tambo Monument, the design and costing of Women‗s Monument following the concept launch in August 2012 (with construction to commence in 2013/14) and the finalisation of the operating model for the June 16 Memorial and Youth Centre.

New museums began being developed during this period. Heritage sites for development identified Sharpeville Art Gallery, Sebokeng Massacre Monument, Wilberforce, Sebokeng Old Magistrate Building, Preservation of Second World War Monument in Attridgeville, Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square and the Alexandra Heritage Centre.

Social cohesion Improvements to infrastructure and facilities for sports, arts, culture, libraries have been substantial.

Recreational games implemented in Gauteng communities as part of the Masakahne programmes included Athletics – 5km race, Aerobics, Badminton, Basketball, Body Building, Chess, Cricket, Football, Handball, Korfball, Karate, Netball, Pool, Taekwondo, Table tennis, Rugby, Volley Ball and Wrestling.

The School Sport Mass Participation Programme was launched in 325 schools. The Gauteng Sports Academy was launched in 1997 at the University of Pretoria. GPG initiated the Sport Science Mobile Unit in 1998 to bring sport science to communities where tertiary institutions are unable to render such services. Activities included fitness testing, rendering physiotherapy etc. A ―Sport against Crime‖ project was implemented and the department contributed R15 million funding and provided logistical support to the 7th All Africa Games in 1999.

The Gauteng Provincial Sports Strategy was finalised and implemented as was the School Sports Programme. There was a roll out of a competitive sports strategy in the lead up to the FIFA World Cup in 2010. Gauteng Sports Awards were implemented to recognize sporting talent. The Provincial Sports Council was established.

The Gauteng Craft and Design Centre was launched in 2009 to support and promote arts. At this stage its effectiveness is unclear.

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Various social cohesion dialogues and public participation activities have taken place including art, music, festivals, sport, holiday programme and social cohesion dialogues. Most of these have been highly successful and involve women, youth and people with disabilities. There has been some progress on a package of services for veterans.

Other achievements include the high levels of participation in the Pale Ya Rona Carnivals with 21,624 people participating in 2012/13. The promotion of dance, jazz and theatre has taken place, and arts bursaries were awarded. Izimbizo and community outreach has expanded. Premier arts and culture events are reaching substantial numbers of people and contribute towards skills, job creation and the growth of the sector. However, an integrated calendar of major events is not yet sufficiently visible. There is also a lack of coordination with the tourism sector, which limits the socio-economic impact of activities related to this outcome.

There has been progress on Geographic Names Framework, Provincial Language Policy, oral history recording and identification of heritage sites for National Liberation Heritage Route. In addition to the construction of new libraries, libraries have had improvements to infrastructure, reading programmes have been implemented and information resources purchased.

The Gauteng Library and Information Services Forum was established and PALS (Public Access Library System) was implemented to connect over 400 Community Libraries to the province. Love of Reading Programmes were also rolled out.

4.6.7 Flagship projects/key case studies

4.6.7.1 City of Johannesburg‘s Migrant Help Desk

One initiative of note that has been implemented to foster social cohesion between Gautengers is the City of Johannesburg‘s Migrant Help Desk. The Migrant Help Desk is intended to address the plight of foreign nationals experiencing xenophobia in the city. It works to provide information and advice about government services for migrants and refugees, coordinates the city‘s support for migrants and looks to educate citizens of the city about xenophobia. The desk works in partnership with several leading civil society organisations (CSOs) such as Black Sash, Lawyers for Human Rights and Jesuit Refugee Services. While the desk was unable to prevent or predict the dramatic wave of xenophobic violence which began in Alexandra township in May 2008, it was a key role player in helping coordinate the province‘s response to the violence.64

4.6.7.2 Community Conversations to Promote Social Cohesion

The work of civil society organisations and charitable organisations to foster social cohesion not only in Gauteng but in other provinces in South Africa has been remarkable. Notably, the Nelson Mandela Foundation (NMF) has played a pivotal role in combating xenophobia and intolerance at community level. In response to the increasing prevalence of xenophobia, the NMF launched the Programme to Promote Social Cohesion which consists of a series of ―Community Conversations‖ or dialogues in communities where xenophobic violence has occurred. This programme is undertaken in partnership with other CSOs, faith-based groups and community leaders to promote

64 The Gauteng City-Region Review 2011, http://www.gcro.ac.za/gcr/review/2011/social5.html, p. 8. 91

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG healing and reconciliation and aims to promote improved relations between South Africans and immigrants and to look at the root causes of xenophobic violence that occurred in 2008.

This programme works by facilitating meetings in secure places where host and migrant communities come together to discuss the challenges they face with a view to collectively identify sustainable solutions.

The community conversations programmes are using the Community Capacity Enhancement (CCE) methodology originally developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Community conversation teams are trained in the methodology. They facilitate conversations in their respective communities and meet regularly to gather feedback and to review the theory and application of the CCE method and tools.

The initiative aims to facilitate 30 dialogues in five South African provinces, focusing on certain local sites in each of the selected provinces. Community Conversations have been taking place in Gauteng, the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu Natal and have included the following:

. African history shines light on community life, September 14 2009: This community conversation on social cohesion sought to create a safe space where "ordinary people could open up and talk - and start to act constructively." . Community conversation in Albert Park, August 15 2009: This is where many migrants live and was the setting for a community conversation to promote social cohesion among residents. . Khayelitsha dialogue rejects violence on Mandela Day, July 20 2009: On the first Mandela Day, July 18 2009, the community of Khayelitsha in Cape Town convened its second community conversation on social cohesion. Forty-three people attended the event. They honoured the meaning of Mandela Day by discussing social issues such as xenophobia and tried to come up with solutions. . Social cohesion in the spotlight, July 17 2009: Media stereotypes about migrants and the need for government to condemn violence more strongly were discussed at the first meeting of the Social Cohesion Reference Group at the Nelson Mandela Foundation. . Healing starts with understanding history, June 20 2009: The need for healing to overcome the divisions of the past emerged as the central concern at a community conversation in Atteridgeville, near Pretoria. Organised by the Nelson Mandela Foundation in partnership with the Sonke Gender Justice Network, the Jesuit Refugee Services, the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, the National Children‘s and Violence Trust, and the Somali Association of South Africa, the community conversation in Atteridgeville was the first of a series of community dialogues in the Gauteng province to promote social cohesion in communities affected by violence and xenophobia.65

4.6.8 Key findings and recommendations

4.6.8.1 Key findings

Divisions in Gauteng are rife. Just like in other parts of South Africa these are principally a legacy of apartheid segregation. These divisions are compounded by a fierce competition for scarce

65 http://www.comminit.com/africa/content/community-conversations-promote-social-cohesion. 92

C A S E RESEARCH FOR GAUTENG PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT RESEARCH INTO THE STATE IF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN GAUTENG resources in a province that has been a destination of note for internal migrants and migrants from other parts of Africa. In addition to grappling to understand what it means to be an African the Gautengers have had to contend with scarce economic opportunities especially unemployment opportunities resulting in social discord and xenophobic violence towards people perceived as outsiders. It is in response to these deep divisions, that the Gauteng government has implemented a number of programmes in collaboration with business, labour, civil society and charitable organisations, to weave together a cohesive social fabric. Some of these programmes are not specifically targeted at youth but at the general populace.

Achievements in this outcome in terms of contributions to national identity, increased access to libraries, the promotion of arts and culture, and promotion of sport at all levels have been considerable. Infrastructure in all areas has been improved through new facilities an upgrading of existing ones (libraries, sports facilities, museums etc.). Several large events have been successfully held such as the 2010 FIFA World Cup and annual Carnivals. Reading programmes and increased access to computer facilities have been provided at libraries in many communities. School sports, support to sporting bodies and talented sports people has increased. Several monuments and museums have been built to commemorate our heritage.

4.6.8.1 Recommendations

Recommendations to improve performance in this area include the following:

 National Days: Re-assess the effectiveness of the current approach to the commemoration of National Days in relation to its racial inclusivity and impact on nation building and social cohesion and ensure the participation of young people.

 Social cohesion and nation building action plan: Develop and implement more broad- based social cohesion and nation building action plan including partnerships with civil society. These social cohesion interventions should specifically target youth participation at the level of designing, decision making and implementation.

5 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This report has condensed the various initiatives that have been implemented by the GPG to address youth development concerns across the broad thematic areas of decent employment, education, health, youth and sustainable rural communities, crime and safety, and social cohesion.

Evidence indicates that the youth in Gauteng as anywhere else in the country and internationally, are heterogeneous and that their concerns are variegated. This has required differentiated approach to these concerns. In response to these concerns, the GPG has implemented a number of programmes. The youth development programmes carried out include moral regeneration programmes; volunteering under the national youth programmes; job creation through the EPWP, skills development on income generation projects; leanerships, bursaries and internships.

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The GPG has achieved tremendously through these programmes. For example, since 2004, 26 118 young people have been involved in moral regeneration programmes, 2 459 youth have been involved in volunteer programmes, 3 105 youth have benefited from income generation projects and 5 454 youth have been trained in entrepreneurship and in starting their own businesses.66 However there is still needs for improvements of these programmes in various aspects to maximize their impact.

The key findings are that whereas there are targeted programmes youth development under each of the identified thematic areas, there is need for a more targeted approach in respect of addressing the specific challenges confronting different age cohorts, different levels of educational attainment, a variety of spatial settings, and gender differences.

This report further indicates that the developmental needs of youth in Gauteng are complex and multi-faceted and that they have required a multi-pronged approach to effectively address them. It is commendable to indicate that the GPG‘s various youth targeted programmes across the thematic areas have followed a multi-stakeholder and coordinated approach requiring the application of different policy frameworks and the participation of various government departments. This has ensured synergies between programmes and eliminated programmes being implemented in silos.

5.2 Recommendations

Youth mainstreaming is important but there is need to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of existing and future youth-focused programmes. The fact that the provincial government has identified the six to seven priority areas in the Gauteng Integrated Youth Development Strategy 2010-2014 demonstrates the government‘s commitment to the development of youth. It is however important for the government to ensure that there is public awareness of these initiatives for broader participation.

There is need for the provincial government to launch effective communication campaigns about the strategies and opportunities for youth development presented by these initiatives and how they address the variegated developmental needs of young people in the province. The communication campaigns should target youth located in peri-urban and marginal localities of the province as these tend to scarcely access mainstream media through which government communicates its policies. The aim should be to increase the participation of youth in existing programmes and to promote access for higher impact.

The provincial government, in partnership with other stakeholders, could consider increasing opportunities for economic participation among young people by ensuring that relevant institutions take a lead in the promotion of youth entrepreneurship. These institutions could include the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA), the Micro-Agricultural Financial Institutions of South Africa (Mafisa), the South African Micro-Finance Apex Fund (Samaf) and the Umsobomvu Youth Fund (UYF), as well as programmes such as the National Youth Service and the EPWP.

66 Gauteng Provincial Government ―A better Gauteng in the making‖ End of term report, 2004-2009, 15 Year Review, pp. 29-30. 94

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6 REFERENCES

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Gauteng Provincial Government ―A better Gauteng in the making‖ End of term report, 2004-2009, 15 Year Review.

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StatsSA‘s April 2013 report ―Mortality and causes of death in South Africa: Findings from death notification.

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Statistics South Africa, 2013 Social profile of vulnerable groups 2002–2012. Available at: www.statssa.gov.za.

The Presidency of South Africa, 2009, 2010, 2012 Development Indicators Report.