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Rubia Tinctorum L.) As a Dye Crop*

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Rubia Tinctorum L.) As a Dye Crop* Turk J Agric For 30 (2006) 287-293 © TÜB‹TAK Agronomic Potential and Industrial Value of Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) as a Dye Crop* Hasan BAYDAR**, Tahsin KARADO⁄AN Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 32260 Isparta - TURKEY Received: 05.12.2005 Abstract: Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) is a valuable dye crop due to its roots, which are rich in anthraquinone pigments, one of them being alizarin. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic potential and industrial value of madder plants under rainfed conditions in Southwest Anatolia, Turkey. Three different propagation materials (seeds, seedlings and root cuttings), and 5 different propagation methods (autumn root transplanting, spring root transplanting, autumn seed sowing, spring seed sowing, and spring seedling transplanting) were used in the study. At the end of the 3-year growing period, fresh root yield varied from 1640.1 kg ha-1 (in the spring root transplanting) to 4813.2 kg ha-1 (in the spring seedling transplanting). As a result, compared to the other methods, spring seedling transplanting had the best performance, producing higher root and dye yields. Of the fresh roots 34.0%- 37.5% was dry matter, represented by dry root yields. Although there was no statistical difference between the propagation methods, the roots from the seedlings gave the highest dye content (2.20%). There was a remarkable variability between 1.98% and 3.70% in the dye content of the roots depending on root positions on the main root and growing stages within a year. It was determined that August was the optimum harvest time for obtaining the highest dry matter and dye matter accumulation. Dye matter was accumulated 2.3 times more in the cortex than in the stele, and the highest dye content and cortex ratio were found in the roots in the tertiary position. Key Words: Madder, Rubia tinctorum L., propagation methods, dyeing analysis Bir Boya Bitkisi Olarak Kökboyan›n (Rubia tinctorum L.) Tar›msal Potansiyeli ve Endüstriyel De¤eri Üzerine Bir Araflt›rma Özet: Kökboya (Rubia tinctorum L.), alizarin gibi anthraquinone pigmentlerince zengin olan kökleri nedeniyle de¤erli bir boya bitkisidir. Bu araflt›rmada, Türkiye’nin Güney Bat› Anadolu Bölgesi’nin su ihtiyac› do¤al ya¤›fllarla karfl›lanan tarla koflullar›nda, kökboyas›n›n tar›msal potansiyelini ve endüstriyel de¤erini belirlemek amaçlanm›flt›r. ‘Tohum’, ‘fide’ ve ‘kök çeli¤i’ olarak üç farkl› üretim materyali kullan›lm›fl, ‘güz dönemi kök çeli¤i dikimi’, ‘ilkbahar dönemi kök çeli¤i dikimi’, ‘güz dönemi tohum ekimi’, ‘ilkbahar dönemi tohum ekimi’ ve ‘ilkbahar dönemi fide dikimi’ olarak befl farkl› üretim yöntemi uygulanm›flt›r. 3 y›ll›k yetiflme sezonu sonunda, taze kök veriminin 1640 kg ha-1 (ilkbahar dönemi kök çeli¤i dikimi) ve 4813.2 kg ha-1 (ilkbahar dönemi fide dikimi) aras›nda de¤iflti¤i, en yüksek kök verimi ve boya veriminin bahar dönemi fide dikimi ile yap›lan üretimden elde edildi¤i saptanm›flt›r. Taze köklerin %34.0-37.5’ini kuru kök verimini temsil eden kuru madde oluflturmufltur. Her ne kadar üretim yöntemleri aras›nda boya içeri¤i bak›m›ndan istatistiksel bir fark bulunmam›fl ise de, en yüksek boya içeri¤i %2.20 ile fidelerden üretilen köklerden elde edilmifltir. Köklerde boya içeri¤i; ana kök üzerinde kök pozisyonlar›na ve y›l içinde büyüme dönemlerine ba¤l› olarak %1.98 ile %3.70 aras›nda genifl bir de¤iflim göstermifltir. Kökboyada en yüksek kuru madde ve boyar madde birikiminin oldu¤u A¤ustos ay›, en uygun hasat zaman› olarak saptanm›flt›r. Kökün korteks (kabuk) k›sm›nda odun (öz) k›sm›na göre 2.3 kat daha fazla boya birikmifl, tersiyer posizyondaki köklerin daha yüksek boya içeri¤ine ve korteks oran›na sahip oldu¤u bulunmufltur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kökboya, Rubia tinctorum L., üretim yöntemleri, boya analizi Introduction EU demand safer textile products, especially for babies Synthetic dyes used in textile dyeing generally cause and children (Ankliker et al., 1988; Angelini et al., 2003). environmental pollution and health problems in humans. Therefore, the usage and production of natural dyes Furthermore, many synthetic colorants are classified as produced from plants has become more popular due to toxic when in contact with the skin, and consumers in the the growing awareness about the environment, health * Part of a project (TOGTAG 2114) supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜB‹TAK). ** Correspondence to: [email protected]. 287 Agronomic Potential and Industrial Value of Madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) as a Dye Crop and the need for alternative crops. The fastness degree of century, madder cultivation slowed down at first and was natural dyes obtained from dye plants is also higher than later abandoned altogether. Nowadays, madder, like that of synthetic dyes. other dye plants, is intensively collected from wild Interest in natural dyes, especially from the common populations, and is considered under threat of genetic madder (Rubia tinctorum L., family Rubiaceae), which is erosion. In particular, excessive exploitation of R. tinctorum L. has resulted in a dramatic reduction and has the source of ‘Turkey-red’ dye, has increased considerably even caused complete extinction of natural populations. in recent years (Derksen, 2001). With different Recently, there has been rising interest in the cultivation mordants, madder gives quality colors ranging from of R. tinctorum L. for its protection and increased salmon pink (with copper) to bright red (with alum). demand as a source of red dye in textile production. The When it used without a mordant, it gives coral to rust aim of present research was to evaluate its agronomic shades (Dean, 2003). potential and industrial value as a dye crop. Madder is a perennial herbaceous plant and produces roots (or rhizomes) used for dyeing. The madder roots continue to grow and spread underground, producing Materials and Methods fresh shoots above ground each year. Madder roots are Field trials very rich in anthraquinone pigments, one of them being Field trials between 1999 and 2002 under rainfed alizarin (1,2 dihydroxy anthraquinone), which has been condition were set up at the Kuleönü Experimental used for dyeing textiles since 2000 B.C. (Burnett and Station (37° 45' N; 30° 33' E; 997 m above sea level) at Thomson, 1968; Angelini et al., 1997). Süleyman Demirel University in Isparta, located in Madder was one of the most commonly cultivated western part of the Mediterranean region in Turkey. The plants in Turkey during the Ottoman period for the soil of the experimental field was clay-loam (sand 17%; production of hand-woven carpets. It was reported in the silt 25%; clay 58; organic matter 1.3%; pH 7.8; total -1 -1 Ottoman archives that the primary madder demand of the nitrogen 2.1%, P2O5 0.2 kg ha ; K2O 10.4 kg ha ). The world was met by Turkey (Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlı¤ı, trends of temperature and rainfall during the 2000-2002 1991). After the epoch of synthetic dyes in the 19th trials are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Climatic conditions during the trials in 2000, 2001 and 2002. Rainfall (mm) Temperature (°C) Months 2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002 January 32.8 62.4 22.3 -1.6 4.0 0.4 February 42.0 30.6 10.3 1.9 4.1 6.1 March 43.8 21.0 50.9 4.5 11.0 8.4 April 76.6 57.8 134.6 11.6 11.3 10.2 May 63.3 68.3 45.7 15.4 15.6 15.9 June 16.7 3.3 9.0 22.1 22.0 21.1 July 0.0 5.5 10.6 26.1 25.9 23.7 August 4.7 2.8 9.0 23.6 24.9 22.5 September 9.7 10.4 73.7 18.9 19.8 16.6 October 32.9 0.0 5.2 12.2 13.6 13.1 November 66.4 157.1 38.0 8.8 7.3 8.2 December 39.3 217.8 99.2 3.4 3.7 0.9 Total 428.2 637.0 508.5 - - - 288 H. BAYDAR, T. KARADO⁄AN Seeds (1), seedlings (2) and root (rhizome) cuttings Total dye analysis (3) were used as propagation materials: 1) Madder seeds After drying, roots were ground in a blender. Fifty were collected from plants growing naturally in the milligram ground root samples were fermented for 12 h E¤irdir and Atabey districts of Isparta in October 1999. with 50 ml of distilled water. Later they were kept in a Seeds were kept at 4 °C in paper bags for a month, and water bath at 70 °C for 1 h, and 50 ml of ethanol was then directly sown in the experimental plots on November added to the samples. The samples were cooled on a 29, 1999 (autumn sowing), and on March 29, 2000 shaker and filtered through a 0.2 mm filter (Millipore). (spring sowing). 2) Madder roots were freshly collected Each filtered sample was brought up to 100 ml with 50% from plants growing wild in the E¤irdir and Atabey ethanol. One milligram of purpurin (C14H8O5, Sigma C.I. districts of Isparta, and then cut into pieces 15 cm in 58205) and 1 mg of alizarin (C14H8O4, Fluka 05560) length and with 4 or 5 nodes. The root cuttings were were dissolved in a beaker with 100 ml pure ethanol stored at 4 °C in plastic bags in a refrigerator until using an ultrasonic bath. The standard concentration was transplanting. They were transplanted into the plots on equal to 2. The absorbance values of all ethanol extracts November 29, 1999 (autumn transplanting and on March and standard solution were measured at 450 nm using a 29, 2000 (spring transplanting).
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