Thesis Final Revisions (3).Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Thesis Final Revisions (3).Pdf Chemical Analysis and Elucidation of Anthraquinone and Flavonoid Type Compounds with Applications to Historical Artefacts and Sustainability Lauren Louise Ford Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Design School of Chemistry April 2017 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own, except where work has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors of this work has been explicitly indicated below. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Section 3.3 contains work from a jointly authored publication. In this work, the NMR experiments and synthesis of the reference material is directly attributed to the author of this thesis. The HPLC analysis and purification of the compounds is attributed to Jose Rodriguez, as referenced in the thesis text. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2017 The University of Leeds and Lauren Louise Ford The right of Lauren Louise Ford to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Richard Blackburn and Prof. Chris Rayner for their support throughout the PhD programme and for no question ever being too silly (except on a few occasions). I am hugely grateful to the Clothworkers’ Company for providing the funding to undertake this research and for their continuous interest in the results provided. All of the technicians in the department of chemistry have been super helpful and always happy to help, so I would like to thank Martin Huscroft and Simon Barratt. I would also like to thank Dr. Chris Pask on his expert knowledge in crystal structure elucidation. I would also like to thank Dr. Meryem Benohoud for her extensive knowledge of chemistry and her patience in helping me to develop mine. I would also like to thank her for her moral support and friendship throughout the 3 year course and for all of the tea break chats which helped us to keep motivated. Both the Blackburn and Rayner groups, present and past members, deserve acknowledgement for their help with using equipment or listening to my talks and always providing feedback. I would also like to say a huge thank you to my friends and family for always being there for me and bringing me up if I have ever been down. Especially to my mum and dad who have given me the best start in life and always made me believe I am capable of anything. They have given me everything I could ever want and continue to support me unconditionally for which I will always be grateful. I would like to also thank Aisling and Alice for struggling through both undergraduate and PhD with me and putting up with my constant moaning. ii Abstract This thesis describes the effects of different solvents have on the extraction profile of natural dyes from dye plants: madder, weld, golden rod, and chamomile. HPLC has been used to build a fingerprint of each dye plant profile and thus used to compare to the profiles of back extraction from textiles for natural dye identification in historical artefacts. The use of solid phase extraction is compared to extraction methods with no purification step which is favourable for anthraquinone dyes but results in a major loss of glycosidic compounds when using yellow dyestuffs. Supported by 1H and 13C NMR data, the conclusive X-ray crystal structure of the natural dye ruberythric acid is presented which has never been achieved prior to this research. In a collaboration with food science two of the main components of chamomile are fully characterised by 1D and 2D, 1H and 13C NMR. These compounds are usually referred to as ferulic acid derivatives in the literature but their actual structure is reported herein. The thesis also discusses the relative dye uptake of anthraquinone compounds onto wool textiles which were measured by HPLC. Sorption isotherms for the main anthraquinones in madder; ruberythric acid, pseudopurpurin and alizarin are compared for more in-depth understanding on the method of adsorption of these compounds. Herein the glycosidic compounds in madder are shown to have a higher adsorption capacity than the aglycons. Ruberythric acid is shown to follow a Tempkin isotherm with the highest degree of correlation but both alizarin and ruberythric acid show good fitting with the Freundlich isotherm also. Pseudopurpurin was shown to follow a Freundlich isotherm with the highest degree of linearity but did also show some fitting to the Langmuir isotherm. The isotherms allow data to be collected on the energy of adsorption and draw conclusions on the effect the functional groups have on the dyeing capability which is studied herein for the first time on individual anthraquinone components. iii Studies were carried out on the acid-sensitive colorants present in madder which are degraded in the textile back extraction process. Anthraquinone aglycons alizarin and purpurin are usually identified in analysis following harsh back extraction methods, such as those using solvent mixtures with concentrated hydrochloric acid at high temperatures. Herein, a softer novel extraction method involving aqueous glucose solution was developed and compared to other back extraction techniques on wool dyed with root extract from different varieties of Rubia tinctorum. A study into the breakdown compounds of the aglycon; lucidin under acidic conditions used for traditional back extractions was also undertaken. Here it is observed that lucidin is converted into xanthopurpurin in a retro aldol like mechanism. This report discusses some of the issues raised by using these harsh back extraction methods and the problems faced in using them to analyse historic artefacts. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ v List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................... xvii List of Schemes............................................................................................................ xix 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 History of Madder ................................................................................................ 3 1.2 History of Yellow textile colorants ........................................................................ 8 1.3 Cultivation, Harvesting and Processing of Dye Plants ........................................... 12 1.4 Compounds in Madder ....................................................................................... 14 1.5 Compounds in Yellow dye plants ........................................................................ 21 1.6 Extraction Isolation and Purification ................................................................... 23 1.7 Dyeing with Mordant Dyes ................................................................................. 25 1.8 Analysis of Compounds in Dye Plants .................................................................. 31 1.9 Back Extraction of Historical Textiles ................................................................... 37 1.10 Aims of Research ................................................................................................ 40 2 Extractions of Madder ........................................................................................... 42 2.1 Extraction of different madder varieties .............................................................. 46 2.1.1 Extraction of Iranian madder............................................................................... 49 2.1.2 Extraction of Turkish madder .............................................................................. 56 2.1.3 Extraction of English madder............................................................................... 59 v 2.2 Aqueous extractions of madder followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) ............ 62 2.2.1 Extraction of Iranian madder with SPE ................................................................ 63 2.2.2 Extraction of Turkish madder with SPE ............................................................... 69 2.2.3 Extraction of English madder with SPE ................................................................ 71 2.3 Crystal structure elucidation of ruberythric acid .................................................. 74 2.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 80 3 Extraction of yellow dyes ..................................................................................... 83 3.1 Ethanol extraction of yellow dye plants .............................................................. 86 3.1.1 Weld
Recommended publications
  • The Maiwa Guide to NATURAL DYES W H at T H Ey a R E a N D H Ow to U S E T H E M
    the maiwa guide to NATURAL DYES WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW TO USE THEM WA L NUT NATURA L I ND IG O MADDER TARA SYM PL O C OS SUMA C SE Q UO I A MAR IG O L D SA FFL OWER B U CK THORN LIVI N G B L UE MYRO B A L AN K AMA L A L A C I ND IG O HENNA H I MA L AYAN RHU B AR B G A LL NUT WE L D P OME G RANATE L O G WOOD EASTERN B RA ZIL WOOD C UT C H C HAMOM IL E ( SA PP ANWOOD ) A LK ANET ON I ON S KI NS OSA G E C HESTNUT C O C H I NEA L Q UE B RA C HO EU P ATOR I UM $1.00 603216 NATURAL DYES WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW TO USE THEM Artisans have added colour to cloth for thousands of years. It is only recently (the first artificial dye was invented in 1857) that the textile industry has turned to synthetic dyes. Today, many craftspeople are rediscovering the joy of achieving colour through the use of renewable, non-toxic, natural sources. Natural dyes are inviting and satisfying to use. Most are familiar substances that will spark creative ideas and widen your view of the world. Try experimenting. Colour can be coaxed from many different sources. Once the cloth or fibre is prepared for dyeing it will soak up the colour, yielding a range of results from deep jew- el-like tones to dusky heathers and pastels.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Extraction of Ruberythric Acid from Rubia Tinctorum L. and Crystal Structure Elucidation
    This is a repository copy of Isolation and extraction of ruberythric acid from Rubia tinctorum L. and crystal structure elucidation. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/87252/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Ford, L, Rayner, CM and Blackburn, RS (2015) Isolation and extraction of ruberythric acid from Rubia tinctorum L. and crystal structure elucidation. Phytochemistry, 117. 168 - 173. ISSN 0031-9422 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.015 © 2015, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Isolation and extraction of ruberythric acid from Rubia tinctorum L. and crystal structure elucidation Lauren Forda,b, Christopher M.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Updated Checklist of the Libyan Flora
    Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 (CC-BY) Open access Gawhari, A. M. H., Jury, S. L. and Culham, A. (2018) Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora. Phytotaxa, 338 (1). pp. 1-16. ISSN 1179-3155 doi: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76559/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Published version at: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Identification Number/DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1> Publisher: Magnolia Press All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Phytotaxa 338 (1): 001–016 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.338.1.1 Towards an updated checklist of the Libyan flora AHMED M. H. GAWHARI1, 2, STEPHEN L. JURY 2 & ALASTAIR CULHAM 2 1 Botany Department, Cyrenaica Herbarium, Faculty of Sciences, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya E-mail: [email protected] 2 University of Reading Herbarium, The Harborne Building, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Read- ing, RG6 6AS, U.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Role of Natural Products
    Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 26 (2019) 395–404 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pdpdt Review Photodynamic therapy for cancer: Role of natural products T Behzad Mansooria,b,d, Ali Mohammadia,d, Mohammad Amin Doustvandia, ⁎ Fatemeh Mohammadnejada, Farzin Kamaric, Morten F. Gjerstorffd, Behzad Baradarana, , ⁎⁎ Michael R. Hambline,f,g, a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran b Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran c Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran d Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark e Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA f Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA g Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. PDT involves administering a Photodynamic therapy photosensitizing dye, i.e. photosensitizer, that selectively accumulates in tumors, and shining a light source on Photosensitizers the lesion with a wavelength matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer, that exerts a cytotoxic Herbal medicine effect after excitation. The reactive oxygen species produced during PDT are responsible for the oxidation of Natural products biomolecules, which in turn cause cell death and the necrosis of malignant tissue. PDT is a multi-factorial process that generally involves apoptotic death of the tumor cells, degeneration of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of anti-tumor immune response, and induction of inflammatory reactions in the illuminated lesion.
    [Show full text]
  • Mucilages, Tannins, Anthraquinones
    Herbal Pharmacology Mucilages, Tannins, Anthraquinones Class Abstract Mucilages Mills&Bone 1st ed. P.26 Eshun, Kojo, and Qian He. "Aloe vera: a valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries—a review." Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 44.2 (2004): 91- 96. Goycoolea, Francisco M., and Adriana Cárdenas. "Pectins from Opuntia spp.: a short review." Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 5 (2003): 17-29. Hasanudin, Khairunnisa, Puziah Hashim, and Shuhaimi Mustafa. "Corn silk (Stigma Maydis) in healthcare: A phytochemical and pharmacological review." Molecules 17.8 (2012): 9697-9715. KEY POINTS: demulcent, soothe tissue, trap/slow sugars and cholesterol entry, poorly absorbed but may have reflex action in other mucous membranes, prebiotic Extraction: water. Heat and ethanol (above 50%) may damage Areas of action: mostly topical Pharmacokinetics: form gels with water in GI tract, excreted through GI tract Representative species: Aloe, Acacia, Althaea, Zea, Ulmus, Symphytum, Linum Tannins: Mills & Bone, 1st ed. p.34 Min, B. R., and S. P. Hart. "Tannins for suppression of internal parasites." Journal of Animal Science 81.14 suppl 2 (2003): E102-E109. Zucker, William V. "Tannins: does structure determine function? An ecological perspective." American Naturalist (1983): 335-365. Akiyama, Hisanori, et al. "Antibacterial action of several tannins against Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48.4 (2001): 487-491. Clausen, Thomas P., et al. "Condensed tannins in plant defense: a perspective on classical theories." Plant polyphenols. Springer US, 1992. 639-651. KEY POINTS: astringent, styptic, bind protein, tone tissue, eventually denature tissue, can have antimicrobial action once modified in GI tract Extraction: water.
    [Show full text]
  • Rubiaceae) in Africa and Madagascar
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Plant Syst Evol (2010) 285:51–64 DOI 10.1007/s00606-009-0255-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Adaptive radiation in Coffea subgenus Coffea L. (Rubiaceae) in Africa and Madagascar Franc¸ois Anthony • Leandro E. C. Diniz • Marie-Christine Combes • Philippe Lashermes Received: 31 July 2009 / Accepted: 28 December 2009 / Published online: 5 March 2010 Ó The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Phylogeographic analysis of the Coffea subge- biogeographic differentiation of coffee species, but they nus Coffea was performed using data on plastid DNA were not congruent with morphological and biochemical sequences and interpreted in relation to biogeographic data classifications, or with the capacity to grow in specific on African rain forest flora. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses environments. Examples of convergent evolution in the of trnL-F, trnT-L and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacers from 24 main clades are given using characters of leaf size, caffeine African species revealed two main clades in the Coffea content and reproductive mode. subgenus Coffea whose distribution overlaps in west equa- torial Africa. Comparison of trnL-F sequences obtained Keywords Africa Á Biogeography Á Coffea Á Evolution Á from GenBank for 45 Coffea species from Cameroon, Phylogeny Á Plastid sequences Á Rubiaceae Madagascar, Grande Comore and the Mascarenes revealed low divergence between African and Madagascan species, suggesting a rapid and radial mode of speciation. A chro- Introduction nological history of the dispersal of the Coffea subgenus Coffea from its centre of origin in Lower Guinea is pro- Coffeeae tribe belongs to the Ixoroideae monophyletic posed.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hydroxyanthraquinoid Pigments As Potent Food Grade Colorants: an Overview
    Review Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 2012, 2, 174–193 DOI 10.1007/s13659-012-0086-0 Natural hydroxyanthraquinoid pigments as potent food grade colorants: an overview a,b, a,b a,b b,c b,c Yanis CARO, * Linda ANAMALE, Mireille FOUILLAUD, Philippe LAURENT, Thomas PETIT, and a,b Laurent DUFOSSE aDépartement Agroalimentaire, ESIROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France b LCSNSA, Faculté des Sciences et des Technologies, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France c Département Génie Biologique, IUT, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, Ile de la Réunion, France Received 24 October 2012; Accepted 12 November 2012 © The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract: Natural pigments and colorants are widely used in the world in many industries such as textile dying, food processing or cosmetic manufacturing. Among the natural products of interest are various compounds belonging to carotenoids, anthocyanins, chlorophylls, melanins, betalains… The review emphasizes pigments with anthraquinoid skeleton and gives an overview on hydroxyanthraquinoids described in Nature, the first one ever published. Trends in consumption, production and regulation of natural food grade colorants are given, in the current global market. The second part focuses on the description of the chemical structures of the main anthraquinoid colouring compounds, their properties and their biosynthetic pathways. Main natural sources of such pigments are summarized, followed by discussion about toxicity and carcinogenicity observed in some cases. As a conclusion, current industrial applications of natural hydroxyanthraquinoids are described with two examples, carminic acid from an insect and Arpink red™ from a filamentous fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Studies of Rubia Cordifolia L. and Its Commercial Samples
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenSIUC Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 179-188. 2006. Comparative Studies of Rubia cordifolia L. and its Commercial Samples S. Pathania, R. Daman, S. Bhandari, B. Singh and Brij Lal* Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur-176 061(H.P.), India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Issued 3 August 2006 Abstract Rubia cordifolia L. (Family - Rubiaceae), is a common medicinal plant used in the preparation of different formulations in Ayurveda. The root of the plant is commonly known as Manjistha and its dried samples are sold in the market under the name Manjith. The present study was carried out to compare the authentic sample from its commercial samples keeping in mind the pharmacopoeial standards of Ayurveda. The quantitative phytochemical studies of the drug samples were carried out by studying the percentage of ash, extractive values and qualitative screening was carried out by Thin Layer Chromatography and different biochemical tests. Thus, the present work aims in forming certain parameters for identification of drug with the help of various phytochemical observations. Keywords: Rubia cordifolia, commercial samples, roots. Introduction “Manjistha” Rubia cordifolia, L. (family-Rubiaceae), is an important herbal drug used in Indian system of medicine. The root of the plant is commonly known as Manjistha and sold in the market under the commercial name Manjith. Plant drug has number of vernacular names like Aruna, Bhandi, Bhandiralatik in Sanskrit, Mandar, Majathi in Assamme, Manjith, Manjistha in Bengali, Indian Madder in English, Manjithi in Malayalum, Manjestha in Marathi and Majit, Manjit in Hindi (Sharma, 1969).
    [Show full text]
  • Cytotoxic Effect of Damnacanthal, Nordamnacanthal, Zerumbone and Betulinic Acid Isolated from Malaysian Plant Sources
    International Food Research Journal 17: 711-719 (2010) Cytotoxic effect of damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal, zerumbone and betulinic acid isolated from Malaysian plant sources 1,*Alitheen, N.B., 2Mashitoh, A.R., 1Yeap, S.K., 3Shuhaimi, M., 4Abdul Manaf, A. and 2Nordin, L. 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department. of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Universiti Darul Iman Malaysia, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Abstract: The present study was to evaluate the toxicity of damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal, betulinic acid and zerumbone isolated from local medicinal plants towards leukemia cell lines and immune cells by using MTT assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. The results showed that damnacanthal significantly inhibited HL- 60 cells, CEM-SS and WEHI-3B with the IC50 value of 4.0 µg/mL, 8.0 µg/mL and 3.3 µg/mL, respectively. Nordamnacanthal and betulinic acid showed stronger inhibition towards CEM-SS and HL-60 cells with the IC50 value of 5.7 µg/mL and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively. In contrast, Zerumbone was demonstrated to be more toxic towards those leukemia cells with the IC50 value less than 10 µg/mL. Damnacanthal, nordamnacanthal and betulinic acid were not toxic towards 3T3 and PBMC compared to doxorubicin which showed toxicity effects towards 3T3 and PBMC with the IC50 value of 3.0 µg/mL and 28.0 µg/mL, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthraquinones Mireille Fouillaud, Yanis Caro, Mekala Venkatachalam, Isabelle Grondin, Laurent Dufossé
    Anthraquinones Mireille Fouillaud, Yanis Caro, Mekala Venkatachalam, Isabelle Grondin, Laurent Dufossé To cite this version: Mireille Fouillaud, Yanis Caro, Mekala Venkatachalam, Isabelle Grondin, Laurent Dufossé. An- thraquinones. Leo M. L. Nollet; Janet Alejandra Gutiérrez-Uribe. Phenolic Compounds in Food Characterization and Analysis , CRC Press, pp.130-170, 2018, 978-1-4987-2296-4. hal-01657104 HAL Id: hal-01657104 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01657104 Submitted on 6 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Anthraquinones Mireille Fouillaud, Yanis Caro, Mekala Venkatachalam, Isabelle Grondin, and Laurent Dufossé CONTENTS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Anthraquinones’ Main Structures 9.2.1 Emodin- and Alizarin-Type Pigments 9.3 Anthraquinones Naturally Occurring in Foods 9.3.1 Anthraquinones in Edible Plants 9.3.1.1 Rheum sp. (Polygonaceae) 9.3.1.2 Aloe spp. (Liliaceae or Xanthorrhoeaceae) 9.3.1.3 Morinda sp. (Rubiaceae) 9.3.1.4 Cassia sp. (Fabaceae) 9.3.1.5 Other Edible Vegetables 9.3.2 Microbial Consortia Producing Anthraquinones,
    [Show full text]
  • Mountain Gardens Full Plant List 2016
    MOUNTAIN GARDENS BARE ROOT PLANT SALES WWW.MOUNTAINGARDENSHERBS.COM Here is our expanded list of bare root plants. Prices are $4-$5 as indicated. Note that some are only available in spring or summer, as indicated; otherwise they are available all seasons. No price listed = not available this year. We begin responding to requests in April and plants are generally shipped in May and June, though inquiries are welcome throughout the growing season. We ship early in the week by Priority Mail. For most orders, except very large or very small, we use flat rate boxes @$25 per shipment. Some species will sell out – please list substitutes, or we will refund via Paypal or a check. TO ORDER, email name/number of plants wanted & your address to [email protected] Payment: Through Paypal, using [email protected]. If you prefer, you can mail your order with a check (made out to ‘Joe Hollis’) to 546 Shuford Cr. Rd., Burnsville, NC 28714. Or you can pick up your plants at the nursery (please send your order and payment with requested pick-up date in advance). * Shipping & handling: 25$ flat rate on all but very small or very large orders – will verify via email. MOUNTAIN GARDENS PLANT LIST *No price listed = not available this year. LATIN NAME COMMON NAME BARE USE/CATEGORY ROOT Edible, Medicinal, etc. Achillea millefolium Yarrow $4.00 Medicinal Aconitum napellus Monkshood, Chinese, fu zi ChinMed, Ornamental Acorus calamus Calamus, sweet flag Med Acorus gramineus shi chang pu 4 ChinMed Actaea racemosa Black Cohosh 4 Native Med Aegopodium podograria
    [Show full text]
  • Orobanche Clausonis Pomel (Orobanchaceae) in the Iberian Península
    OROBANCHE CLAUSONIS POMEL (OROBANCHACEAE) IN THE IBERIAN PENÍNSULA by MICHAEL JAMES YATES FOLEY* Resumen FOLEY, MJ.Y. (1996). Orobanche clausonis Pomel (Orobanchaceae) en la Península Ibérica. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54:319-326 (en inglés). Orobanche clausonis Pomel fue descrita sobre plantas recolectadas en Argelia, donde parasi- taba a Asperula hirsuta (Rubiaceae). Desde entonces, ha sido colectada ocasionalmente en va- rias localidades del sudoeste de Europa, especialmente en la Península Ibérica. Sin embargo, es aún mal conocida. En este trabajo se estudian la morfología y la taxonomía de la especie y se propone que las plantas europeas queden cobijadas bajo el trinomen O. clausonis subsp. hes- perina (J.A. Guim.) MJ.Y. Foley, comb. & stat. nov. Palabras clave: Spermatophyta, Orobanchaceae, Orobanche, taxonomía, Península Iberica, Argelia. Abstract FOLEY, MJ.Y. (1996). Orobanche clausonis Pomel (Orobanchaceae) in the Iberian Península. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 54:319-326. Orobanche clausonis Pomel was first described frorn Algeria where it was thought to be para- sitic upon Asperula hirsuta (Rubiaceae). Since then, germine records have been scarce and al- though occasionally collected from various localities in south-westera Europe (especially the Iberian península), where it is mainly parasitic upon members of the Rubiaceae, its identity and taxonomy have been poorly understood. Based principally on the limited number of preserved specimens available, the general morphology and taxonomy of O. clausonis has been investi- gated. As a result, it is proposed that the European plants be separated as Orobanche clausonis subsp. hesperina (J.A. Guim.) MJ.Y. Foley, comb. & stat. nov. Key words: Spermatophyta, Orobanchaceae, Orobanche, taxonomy, Iberian Península, Algeria.
    [Show full text]