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Significant Landmarks in the History of Aphasia and Its Therapy

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Significant Landmarks in the History of Aphasia and Its Therapy © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER© Jones & Bartlett2 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett© Involved Channel/Shutterstock Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Significant© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Landmarks© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC inNOT FOR the SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHistory ofNOT AphasiaFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlettand Learning, Its LLC Therapy© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEChris OR Code DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION OBJECTIVES© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The reader will be able to: 1. Understand the origins of different classifications of aphasia. 2. Compare models of aphasia that have emerged in the history of aphasia. 3.© JonesAppreciate & thatBartlett the history Learning, of aphasia LLC is influenced by social and ©political Jones developments & Bartlett in Learning,different countries. LLC 4. Name the main protagonists in the history of aphasia. 5.NOT Identify FOR the SALE main events OR DISTRIBUTION in the history of aphasia. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. Identify the main shifts in approach to the treatment of aphasia throughout the history of aphasia. 7. Understand where ideas about the nature of aphasia originated. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “History doesn’t repeat itself. At best it sometimes Plato’s view, that the mind was located in the head rhymes.” contrasted with Aristotle’s idea that it was located in the heart. With early anatomical examinations of the Mark Twain (1835–1910) brain, the ventricles of the brain, rather than the sub- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCstance of the brain, was© where Jones the & soul Bartlett was consid Learning,- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONered to reside. This viewNOT lasted FOR well SALE into the OR Middle DISTRIBUTION Introduction Ages. Not until the 15th century were basic treat- In this chapter, we explore where aphasia and ments for aphasia beginning to be developed, based attempts to treat it came from. Along the way, we can on the view that aphasia was a form of memory disor- test© Jones Mark Twain’s & Bartlett pithy aphorism. Learning, We LLCstart with a sur- der. In ©the Jones 18th century, & Bartlett Gall developed Learning, his LLClanguage veyNOT of howFOR thought, SALE language,OR DISTRIBUTION and speech were rep- and speechNOT localization FOR SALE theory, OR and DISTRIBUTION Broca, Hughlings resented in the body from ancient to modern times. Jackson, and Bastian began to consider that recovery The ancient Egyptians thought that the heart was the occurred because of some form of reorganization and seat of the “soul” and mental life, and pre-Christian treatment could be beneficial. But not until the First © Jones & BartlettGreece andLearning, Rome developed LLC a theory of “fluids.”© Jones World & Bartlett War did Learning, Goldstein, LLCLuria, and the Viennese NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15 © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 16 Chapter 2 Significant Landmarks in the History of Aphasia and Its Therapy phoniatricians Hermann Gutzmann (1865–1922; © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesThe Theory & Bartlett of Learning, Fluids LLC the father of aphasia therapy) and Emil Froeschels NOTThe FOR causes SALE of diseases OR DISTRIBUTIONin ancient times were thought NOT FORdevelop SALE the ORfirst DISTRIBUTION systematic treatments. to be due to some imbalance of the bodily fluids cor- Between the world wars, the focus shifted to responding to the four basic elements, from which all North America, and a more behaviorist approach matter was considered to be made, a view that was to developed. Following World War II, there was a © Jones & Bartlett Learning,persist LLC into the 18th century. This© Jones four-element & Bartlett theory Learning, LLC return to localization theory and an approach to treat- was developed by different philosophers within natu- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ment developed based on the Boston School and the ral philosophy (e.g., Empedocles, 2504–2433 BP) in “stimulation” approaches of Wepman and Schuell. In an attempt to understand nature and the essence of the latter part of the 20th century, approaches were human nature. The four bodily fluids and their cor- developed based on linguistics, psycholinguistics, responding elements were yellow bile (air), blood modular© Jonescognitive & models,Bartlett and Learning, psychosocial LLC and (fire), phlegm© (earth), Jones and & Bartlettblack bile Learning,(water). Healing LLC social models.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION involved manipulatingNOT FOR the SALE balance OR of DISTRIBUTIONfluids: blood- The history of aphasia is vast, and we cannot letting, starvation, fluid deprivation, heat treatment, hope to cover it completely in a single chapter. regurgitation, fecal evacuation, and sweating. Deficits More detailed treatments are available (Eling, 1994; following brain injuries were interpreted as an accu- © JonesTesak & Bartlett & Code, Learning,2008; Howard LLC & Hatfield, 1987). © Jonesmulation & of Bartlett undesirable Learning, life fluids. LLC Cranial drillings NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT(trepanations) FOR SALE were OR attempts DISTRIBUTION at the evacuation of undesirable fluids and in some cases may have been Aphasia in the Ancient effective. Past The Greco-Roman Period An understanding of the© Jonespast history & Bartlett of any field Learning, is LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The connection between cognitive processing and a essential to an appreciationNOT of FOR the present;SALE ORthe presDISTRIBUTION- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION possible localization in the structure of the human ent, after all, is the realization of events in the past. body emerged in Greco-Roman times, and the ques- St. Augustine (1,400 years before the present, hence- tion was posed: Was the mind represented in the brain forth BP) outlined a first understanding of what time or in the heart? For Plato (2428–2347 BP), a tripartite past, time© Jones present, & Bartlettand time Learning,future might LLC be. He soul corresponded© Jones to anatomically & Bartlett different Learning, parts LLC of contendedNOT that FOR we SALEcan really OR know DISTRIBUTION only the pres- the body. ReasonNOT and FOR mind SALE were locatedOR DISTRIBUTION in the head, ent because time past is only memory—even if it is but “higher” characteristics, such as pride, fear, and recorded memory (and we know how unreliable courage, were in the heart; the lower characteristics of memory can be)—and time future is, by definition, lust and desire were located in the liver or the abdo- impossible to know. For the history of anything, we men. As human speech had been associated with the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC are particularly reliant on the written records handed rational part of the soul since Pythagoras (2580–2428 NOT FORdown SALE to us fromOR DISTRIBUTIONthe past, and writing did not develop NOTBP), FOR this was SALE an important OR DISTRIBUTION step for the examination of until 5,500 years BP in the Middle East; even then, the relationship among speech, language, and brain. writing was limited to very few experts. But the brain Plato’s pupil Aristotle (2384–2322 BP) had a par- had no great importance in ancient Egyptian medi- ticularly significant impact in subsequent centuries cine and religion. For instance,© Jones in mummification,& Bartlett Learning, all on LLC philosophy and the development© Jones of medicine. & Bartlett He Learning, LLC the organs were stored,NOT but the FOR brain SALE was pulled OR DISTRIBUTION out defined humans as speakingNOT animals FOR and SALE language OR DISTRIBUTION through the nose with a hook and discarded. This is as innate, with the variety of languages in the world a reflection of the cardiocentric view, where the heart coming about through social factors. In contrast to his was seen as the home of the soul, wherein resided a teacher Plato, he argued that the heart was the home capacity© forJones good and& Bartlett evil. Learning, LLC of all cognitive,© Jonesperceptual, & Bartlett and associated Learning, functions. LLC TheNOT oldest FOR known SALE reference OR DISTRIBUTIONto what we now call NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION aphasia is in the Edwin Smith Papyrus (5000–4200 Ventricular Theory BP), a medical record of a number of cases of brain Over time, the brain began to figure in Greco- damage (Breasted, 1930). One record refers to a man Roman thought. Herophilos (2335–2280 BP), who who is “speechless” and states that the speechless- is recognized as the “father of anatomy,” described © Jonesness & Bartlettis “an ailment Learning, not to beLLC treated” but that rub- © Jonesthe cortex, & Bartlett cerebellum, Learning, ventricles LLC of the brain, and NOT FORbing SALE ointment OR on DISTRIBUTION the head and pouring a fatty liquid NOTsensory FOR and SALE motor OR nerve DISTRIBUTION trunks. It was with him (possibly milk) into the ears is a beneficial therapy. that ventricular theory developed and where a © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. The Middle Ages 17 connection was made between the “psyche” (soul) fourth ventricle) and were conceptualized
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