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Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) Using No-, Two-, and Four-Choice Designs and Seven Different Measures of Wood Consumption

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Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) Using No-, Two-, and Four-Choice Designs and Seven Different Measures of Wood Consumption Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(2), 2016, 785–791 doi: 10.1093/jee/tov391 Advance Access Publication Date: 7 January 2016 Household and Structural Insects Research article Wood Preference of Reticulitermes virginicus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) Using No-, Two-, and Four-Choice Designs and Seven Different Measures of Wood Consumption T.-Y. Lee and B. T. Forschler1 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 120 Cedar St. Rm 413 Biological Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30602 ([email protected]; [email protected]) and 1Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 21 September 2015; Accepted 5 December 2015 Downloaded from Abstract Three hundred Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks) workers were exposed to three 1-cm3 wood blocks of either Quercus sp. (Red Oak), Populus sp. (Poplar), Pinus sp. (Pine), or Sequoia sp. (Redwood) placed into one of the three bioassay designs (no-, two-, and four-choice) for 21 d. Termite wood consumption was measured by wood weight loss, resistance class, and visual rating. Wood consumption rates were determined using four for- http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/ mulas in addition to two standardized visual rating scales (American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] and American Wood Protection Association [AWPA]) and a preference ranking obtained for each measure. The wood consumption formula, rating scale, and preference rankings were compared by bioassay design. The overall preference ranking of the four wood types as determined by the combination of all three designs was—1) Pine, 2) Red Oak, 3) Redwood, and 4) Poplar. Results indicate that bioassay design influenced both wood consumption and preference rankings. A no-choice design can determine aversion; a four-choice design the most preferred wood; and a two-choice design can illuminate the fine details of comparative preference. The different formulas employed for calculation of consumption rate influenced preference ranking in the no- by guest on April 19, 2016 and four-choice designs but not the two-choice design. Key words: subterranean termite, bioassay, wood preference, consumption rate, visual rating The preference that subterranean termites display for different food et al. 1996, Indrayani et al. 2006, Hapukotuwa and Grace 2011). resources can provide information useful in understanding the ecol- Termite wood consumption rates also have been measured using a ogy of sympatric species in addition to advice useful for manage- number of units. Standardized protocols provided by wood protec- ment tactics (Lukamandaru and Takahashi 2008, Kadir and Hale tion organizations, such as American Wood Protection Association 2012, Owoyemi et al. 2013). The ranking of subterranean termite and American Society for Testing and Materials, use a subjective vi- feeding preference can be influenced by experimental conditions sual rating scheme based on estimated percent consumption and such as bioassay design and calculation of consumption rate other characteristics of “damage” on a scale of 10 (“sound”) to 0 (Smythe and Carter 1970, Thorne 1998). Bioassay of termite wood (“failure”) (ASTM 1974, Charoenkrung et al. 2007, Umphauk and consumption also is affected by a number of factors attributed to ex- Chaikuad 2008, AWPA 2009, Hapukotuwa and Grace 2011). perimental conditions including the vigor of the termites used in the There also are rating schemes that use a numerical scale with fewer assay, wood and termite species being tested, the number of termites categories (Standar Nasional Indonesia [SNI] 2006, Tsunoda et al. per arena, wood density and age, temperature, wood and substrate 2010, Eger et al. 2011, Shelton et al. 2013). Quantitative units em- moisture content, and the placement and number of food choices ployed in termite wood preference studies include wood weight loss (Smythe and Carter 1969, 1970; Behr et al. 1972; Smythe and (mg) and percent wood weight loss (Smythe and Carter 1970, Williams 1972; Oi et al. 1996; Thorne 1998; Lukamandaru and Morales-Ramos and Rojas 2001, Indrayani et al. 2006, AWPA Takahashi 2008; Lenz 2009). 2009, Hapukotuwa and Grace 2011). The potential impact of the Termite wood preference has been examined using a variety of number of termites and time in bioassay has stimulated use of units bioassay designs including no-choice, paired-choice, and multiple- such as milligram of wood per number of termite per day and milli- choice designs employed alone or in combination (Smythe and gram of wood per gram of termite per day (Su and La Fage 1984, Carter 1970, Su and La Fage 1984, Grace and Yamamoto 1994, Oi Thorne 1998). Su and La Fage (1984) that also factored in a VC The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected] 785 786 Journal of Economic Entomology, 2016, Vol. 109, No. 2 “control” unit aimed at the potential for error in drying and weigh- feeding chambers. A 7-cm length of Tygon tubing (5-mm OD) was ing wood in addition to providing a correction for mortality over used to connect the feeding chamber to the central chamber via the the course of bioassay. aforementioned holes. The central chamber contained a water-satu- The plethora of designs and units of measure used in bioassay of rated mixture of sand and vermiculite (7:6) placed to a height that termite food preference makes comparisons difficult. This study ex- reached the bottom of the Tygon tube. amined the impact of three different bioassay designs (no-choice, The no-choice and two-choice designs were composed of one two-choice, four-choice), using four wood genera (Pinus sp., central chamber and two feeding chambers, as illustrated (Fig. 1). Populus sp., Quercus sp., and Sequoia sp.) and seven different units The no-choice design had three cubes of the same type of wood in of wood consumption (wood weight loss, percent weight loss, SNI one chamber and the other feeding chamber was empty. The two- resistance class, milligram of wood per number of termites per day, choice design provided a choice between two types of wood, with milligram of wood per gram of termite per day, ASTM visual rating, each feeding chamber containing three cubes of the same wood type. and AWPA visual rating) on ranking the feeding preference of the The four-choice design had a central chamber and four feeding subterranean termite Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks). We hypothe- chambers each containing three cubes of a single wood type (Fig. 1). sized that the various bioassay designs and units of measurement Three hundred workers (third instar or higher) were added to would provide the same preference ranking for the four types of the central chamber of each arena at the start of bioassay. The num- wood. ber of termites introduced was estimated by weight based on the av- erage weight of 5 groups of 10 workers (Su and La Fage 1984), while the number of surviving termites was determined by actual Materials and Methods count. A 5-cm binder clip was placed on the Tygon tubing connect- Termite Collection ing the central to the respective feeding chambers to prevent termites Downloaded from Logs containing R. virginicus were collected from various sites in from reaching the wood choices for 24 h. Termites were allowed Clarke Co., GA, and cut into 1-m bolts using a chain saw. Bolts access to the wood, after the 24-h acclimation period, for 21 d at were brought into the laboratory and stored at room temperature in which time arenas were dismantled, the wood removed, cleaned and 60- by 10- by 38-cm (l:w:h) galvanized metal trays. Termites were dried, and the number of surviving termites recorded. collected from the bolts on a daily basis by placing PVC pipes (17 by A replicate consisted of 11 arenas—one no-choice arena for each http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/ 10 by 0.5 cm; l:diameter:thickness), containing moistened corru- of the four wood types; six two-choice arenas accounting all possible gated cardboard near shelter tubes that protruded from the bottom paired combinations; and one four-choice arena. A series of control of the bolts (Forschler and Townsend 1996). Termites thus collected replicates were prepared using the same setup described for the were placed into plastic boxes (26 by 19 by 9 cm3) containing wet choice tests without termites to account for change in wood weight filter paper and moistened pine slats (12 by 4 by 0.2 cm3)at26C outside of termite feeding. In total, 16 replicates were performed. and 78% humidity, in total darkness, for no longer than four weeks before inclusion in bioassay. Termites were identified to species us- Calculation of Consumption Rate ing soldier and alate morphological characteristics (Lim and Wood consumption was measured using Denver Instruments Forschler 2012). (Model APX-323) analytical scale to the nearest milligram and cal- by guest on April 19, 2016 culated using four quantitative measures—wood weight loss (g), Wood Preparation percent wood weight loss (%), milligram of wood per number of ter- Four types of dimensional lumber purchased from a local lumber mite per day, milligram of wood per gram of termite per day and the store representing four genera; Pinus (Pine), Quercus (Red Oak), Indonesian “resistance index” based on percent wood weight loss Sequoia (Redwood), and Populus (Yellow Poplar), were cut into 1- (SNI 2006). Two visual rating systems also were employed the cm3 cubes. The majority of the wood used in this study was a mix- AWPA E1-09 and ASTM D335 (ASTM 1974, AWPA 2009). A rat- ture of heartwood and sapwood, although all poplar cubes were ing for the standardized visual rating systems was obtained for a rep- chosen to represent the heartwood of this species because prelimi- licate by assigning a number, as prescribed by each system, to each nary bioassay showed it to be resistant to termite feeding.
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