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Using Immersive Virtual Reality for Electrical Substation Training
ISBN: 978-989-8533-40-1 © 2015 USING IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY FOR ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION TRAINING Eduardo H. Tanaka1, Juliana A. Paludo1, Carlúcio S. Cordeiro1, Leonardo R. Domingues1, Edgar V. Gadbem1 and Adriana Euflausino2 Eldorado Research Institute1, CPFL2, Campinas, SP, Brazil ABSTRACT Usually, distribution electricians are called upon to solve technical problems found in electrical substations. In this project, we apply problem-based learning to a training program for electricians, with the help of a virtual reality environment that simulates a real substation. Using this virtual substation, users may safely practice maneuvers with varying degrees of complexity. To improve the user’s sense of immersion, interactive devices such as the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset are going to be adopted. The project’s stakeholders had a good impression of the device and believe that the proposed methodology will improve the training and effect positively the electricians’ performance, reducing accidents inside the substation area and decreasing the time required to reestablish the power supply after a failure. KEYWORDS Electrical Simulation, Immersive Virtual Reality, Interactive Devices, Problem-Based Learning, Training Staff. 1. INTRODUCTION The electric power system consists of power generation, transmission and distribution networks, and load consumption. The power generation is the origin of the electrical energy. A transmission network is composed by high-voltage power lines, which drive electric power from a generation station to a load center area, as they are usually far apart for long distances. A distribution system has medium and low voltage networks and conducts electrical energy from the transmission system to industrial, commercial and residential loads. -
Electricity and Natural Gas Classroom Presentation Vocabulary List
Natural Gas and Electricity Vocabulary List Alternative Fuel - A popular term for "non-conventional" transportation fuels made from natural gas (propane, compressed natural gas, methanol, etc.) or biomass materials (ethanol, methanol). Ampere - A unit of measure for an electrical current; the amount of current that flows in a circuit at an electromotive force of one Volt and at a resistance of one Ohm. Abbreviated as amp. Appliance - A piece of equipment, commonly powered by electricity, used to perform a particular energy-driven function. Examples of common appliances are refrigerators, clothes washers and dishwashers, conventional ranges/ovens and microwave ovens, humidifiers and dehumidifiers, toasters, radios, and televisions. Atom -the basic unit of a chemical element. Battery - An energy storage device made up of one or more electrolyte cells. Biomass - Any organic (plant or animal) material which is available on a renewable basis, including agricultural crops and agricultural wastes and residues, wood and wood wastes and residues, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and aquatic plants. Boiler - A tank in which water is heated to produce either hot water or steam that is circulated for the purpose of heating and power. Chemical Energy - Energy stored in a substance and released during a chemical reaction such as burning wood, coal, or oil. Circuit(s) - An electric circuit is a path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground". Climate Change - A term used to refer to all forms of climatic inconsistency, but especially to significant change from one prevailing climatic condition to another. -
Smart Grid Conceptual Model (Second Discussion DRAFT) October 12, 2018
Update of the NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model (Second Discussion DRAFT) October 12, 2018 NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model The NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model describes the overall composition of electric grid systems and applications. It is meant to provide a high-level view of the system that can be understood by many stakeholders. Originally introduced in the 2010 publication of the first NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Framework, the Conceptual Model is updated with each Framework revision. The Smart Grid Conceptual Model update in this document (see Figure 1) reflects large increases in the number and types of distributed energy resources (DERs) used throughout the grid, the increasing importance and automation of distribution systems, and the role of service providers in the Distribution system. Smart Grid Conceptual Model Operations Service Provider Markets Distribution Transmission Customer Secure Communication Flows Electrical Flows Generation including DER Domain Source: DRAFT NIST Smart Grid Framework 4.0 `` Figure 1- DRAFT Updated NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model The key concepts derived from the updated Conceptual Model remain broadly similar to those of previous editions. First, the roles and responsibilities for actors and equipment in the electrical grid are a function of the domain in which they are applied. Through this lens we understand that functions required of grid equipment will likely change depending on the grid context, or domain, in which it is used.1 Benefits associated with equipment, resource, or action will similarly vary with domain and other context. Second, the conceptual model reinforces the contrast between the growing complexity of information exchange necessary to operate the grid, and the relatively straightforward physical exchanges of energy that actually are the grid. -
A Comprehensive Review of Operation and Control, Maintenance and Lifespan Management, Grid Planning and Design, and Metering in Smart Grids
Review A Comprehensive Review of Operation and Control, Maintenance and Lifespan Management, Grid Planning and Design, and Metering in Smart Grids Luis Hernández-Callejo Department of Agricultural Engineering and Forestry, University of Valladolid (UVA), Soria 42004, Spain; [email protected]; Tel.: +34-975-129-213 Received: 24 March 2019; Accepted: 26 April 2019; Published: 29 April 2019 Abstract: New technological advances based on software, hardware and new materials must be implemented in smart grids. In addition, these advanced electrical grids must incorporate elements of artificial intelligence. Advances in software development must be complemented with the development of new hardware (power electronics and active distribution among others). The aforementioned must rely on the development of new materials and sensors, which should be integrated into the smart grid. Therefore, the four areas of research based on the technologies are: Operation and Control, Maintenance and Lifespan Management, Grid Planning and Design, and Metering. The review presents the algorithms, materials, devices and others paradigms applied to smart grids, classifying the works according to the four areas of research. This review has focused on the four fundamental pillars of smart grids, on the one hand, the need for more efficient operation and control, followed by advanced maintenance management, to continue planning and designing the new grids, and for conclude with the advanced measurement. As you will see in the article, new devices, new techniques, and future scenarios will make possible the transition from the current grid to the future smart grid. Keywords: smart grids; artificial intelligence; smart metering; distributed energy resources; operation and control; maintenance 1. -
Benchmarking and Control Indicators for Electrical Substation Projects
Benchmarking and Control Indicators for Electrical Substation Projects Submitted by: Justin R. Nettesheim A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Civil and Environmental Engineering (Construction Engineering Management Emphasis) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Fall of 2015 i ABSTRACT It is estimated that over the next two decades nearly $880 billion will be spent to build and upgrade high-voltage and distribution electrical facilities, such as substations and power lines. A major contributor to this cost can be attributed to the industry’s large construction labor component, which can account for more than half of total expenditures. One way to improve labor cost efficiency is by establishing productivity benchmarking and control indicators for project performance. However, despite the size of this industry, there is general lack of published literature regarding labor control mechanisms in relation to constructing substation and transmission line projects. This paper establishes typical benchmark indicators by using comprehensive data tracked daily or weekly for 14 well-executed high-voltage electrical substation projects. The input data collected was limited to projects completed for owner in the upper Midwest by two different construction contractors. The data analysis from these inputs yielded initial manpower loading curves and S-curves trends for the typical labor associated with above- grade substation construction. In addition, the paper provides a percent breakdown of the typical labor hours per above-grade activity. The paper also provides practitioners with practical input for managing substation construction projects by providing examples of Work Breakdown Structure, timesheets, and productivity tracking. The typical benchmarking and control indicators presented in this paper are expected to aid substation practitioners better plan and track labor performance, and also provide a framework for future research into benchmarking and control indicators in this industry sector. -
Electrical Machines Lab Ii
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY BAHAL – 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II EE-327-F ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LAB L T P CLASS WORK : 25 Marks 0 0 2 EXAM : 25 Marks TOTAL : 50 Marks DURATION OF EXAM : 3 HRS List of Experiments: 1. Study of the No Load and Block Rotor Test in a Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor & draw its circle diagram 2. To Study the Starting of Slip Ring Induction Motor by Rotor Resistance Starter. 3. To Study and Measure Direct and Quadrature Axis Reactance of a 3 phase alternator by Slip Test 4. To Study and Measure Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance of a Alternator 5. To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous Generator. 6. Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation condition 7. Synchronization of two Three Phase Alternators, by a) Synchroscope Method b) Three dark lamp Method c) Two bright one dark lamp Method 8. To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor. 7. To study and verify Load characteristics of Long Shunt & short shunt Commutatively Compound Generator using 3 phase induction motor as prime mover. 10. To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator. And determine the full load regulation of a three phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method NOTE: At least 10 experiments are to be performed, with at least 7 from above list, remaining three may either be performed from above list or designed & set by concerned institution as per scope of syllabus. -
Modeling, Analogue and Tests of an Electric Machine
MODELING, ANALOGUE AND TESTS OF AN ELECTRIC MACHINE VOLTAGE CONTROL SYSTEM 'by GRAHAM E.' DAWSON ( j B.A.Sc, University of British. Columbia, 1963. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS, FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE. in the Department of Electrical Engineering We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard Members of the Committee Head of the Department .»»«... Members of the Department of Electrical Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1966 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely.avai1able for reference and study. I further agree that permission for ex• tensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives.. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for finan• cial gain shall not be allowed without my.written permission. Department of Electrical Engineering The University of British Columbia Vancou ve r.,8, Canada Date 7. MM ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the modeling, analogue and tests of an interconnected four electric machine voltage control system. Many analogue studies of electric machines have been done but most are concerned with the development of analogue techniques and only a few give substantiation of the validity of the analogue models through comparison of results from analogue studies and from real machine tests. Chapter 2 describes the procedure and the system under study. Chapter 3 describes the methods used for the determination of the electrical and mechanical system parameters. -
FOR PREDICTING INIJJ'c'l'ion MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS I
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR PREDICTING INIJJ'C'l'ION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS i AN D ROVED FOR REDICTlNG llTDUC'l'ION MOTO CHA.RAOTERIBT'IOS I' Bachelor of Science :Montana State College BOZtX!lM , , onto.na 1944 j;;)u.bmitt to tho De artnont of leotricnl EngiMeri g Cklaho J..gricultur and rcohenieul College In purtiul Ful.:f'illmen'l; of t e Re0ui ents tor the gree of' STER OF ..:>C ~en 1947 ii OKY.l~fl:\H .1:J:?RO D BY: !GIUCrL TFP..U i M' nwrn· 11, c·m 1, L J B R ,\ • v . DE'C 8 1947 llea! of £fie bepartiii.ent ') r ·> P , .... I ) ~ ~1 J . iii PREFiVJE The induction motor is one o.. f' the most u.se:tul · electrie maohines in industry today. Since its inverrtion in 1888 by !'Jikola Telsa, it has eonstantl;r bee:n replacing other types of machines, both eleotrio .ru1.d meehanieal, as a raeans of supply ing 111sehanioal po;:er. Ma.de in its diversified for.ID1J,. an induction riaotor et:.m be made t;.o fit a.lm.ost any torq_ue-speed requirement. In its most common form., the normal-starting-current. normal-starting-torque, squirrel-cage induction motor., it offers such a.dvantae;es as high effioiency:t practioally constant speed, extremely sirn.plo ope:rationt a11d s:m.s.11 electrical na.intenance requirements. Because e:f the induction moto~•s wide use, it is advantageous to both the roanu:faoturer and the consumer to be able to ascertain, as aoeurately and si:Ll1ply as possible, hmv a given motor vrill operate under varying eondi tions of load. -
Course Description Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering)
COURSE DESCRIPTION BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY UDAIPUR (RAJASTHAN) SECOND YEAR (SEMESTER-I) BS 211 (All Branches) MATHEMATICS – III Cr. Hrs. 3 (3 + 0) L T P Credit 3 0 0 Hours 3 0 0 COURSE OUTCOME - CO1: Understand the need of numerical method for solving mathematical equations of various engineering problems., CO2: Provide interpolation techniques which are useful in analyzing the data that is in the form of unknown functionCO3: Discuss numerical integration and differentiation and solving problems which cannot be solved by conventional methods.CO4: Discuss the need of Laplace transform to convert systems from time to frequency domains and to understand application and working of Laplace transformations. UNIT-I Interpolation: Finite differences, various difference operators and theirrelationships, factorial notation. Interpolation with equal intervals;Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formulae, Lagrange’sinterpolation formula for unequal intervals. UNIT-II Gauss forward and backward interpolation formulae, Stirling’s andBessel’s central difference interpolation formulae. Numerical Differentiation: Numerical differentiation based on Newton’sforward and backward, Gauss forward and backward interpolation formulae. UNIT-III Numerical Integration: Numerical integration by Trapezoidal, Simpson’s rule. Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations: Picard’s method,Taylor’s series method, Euler’s method, modified -
TRUET Bo THOMPSON \'• Bachelor of Science Louisiana Poiytechnic Institute 1948
i SOME ASPECTS OF SINGLE PH.A.SE INDUCTION MOTOR THEORY By TRUET Bo THOMPSON \'• Bachelor of Science Louisiana Poiytechnic Institute 1948. Submitted to ·the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1950 ii SOME ASPECTS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR THEORY ' TRUET Bo THOMPSON MASTER OF SCIENCE 1950 THESIS AND ABSTRACT APPROVED: FacultYi~~ De~f!ue Graduate School 266841 iii PREFACE For more than 50 years the two distinct theories of single phase motor operation, the cross-field theory and the double revolving field theory, have been used to explain the charac teristics of these motors. Neither is entirely satisfactory either in its calculation of characteristics or in the physical conception of the motor's operation. The complexity and actual mystery involved have defied through this half century efforts to si~lify and correlate completely the theories now extant. This paper is designed, not to perform this task, nor to develop a new concept, but rather to bring together a· few ideas which have been helpful in the work which was carried on in the belief that there can be a more satisfactory explanation of single phase moto~ operation. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Professor C& Fo Cameron for his encouragement, his reading of this material and his many helpful suggestions concerning it., V TABLE OF CONTENTS CHA PTER I. • • • • • • • . • . 1 The Double Revolving Field. • . • ••••. 1 Two Oppositely Rotating Fields in a Single Stator. • • 13 Two Oppositely Rotating Fields in Two Stators • • • • • 25 Mathematical Development by Equivalent Circuit •• • • • 29 Another Approach to Performance Equations . -
Capital Cost Study
Capital Cost and Performance Characteristic Estimates for Utility Scale Electric Power Generating Technologies February 2020 Independent Statistics & Analysis U.S. Department of Energy www.eia.gov Washington, DC 20585 This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the U.S. Department of Energy or other federal agencies. U.S. Energy Information Administration | Capital Costs and Performance Characteristics for Utility Scale Power Generating Technologies i February 2020 Capital Cost and Performance Characteristic Estimates for Utility Scale Electric Power Generating Technologies To accurately reflect the changing cost of new electric power generators for AEO2020, EIA commissioned Sargent & Lundy (S&L) to evaluate the overnight capital cost and performance characteristics for 25 electric generator types. The following report represents S&L’s findings. A separate EIA report, “Addendum: Updated Capital Cost and Performance Characteristic Estimates for Utility Scale Electricity Generating Plants in the Electricity Market Module (EMM) of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS),” details subsequent updates to the EMM module. The following report was accepted by EIA in fulfillment of contract number 89303019-CEI00022. All views expressed in this report are solely those of the contractor and acceptance of the report in fulfillment of contractual obligations does not imply agreement with nor endorsement of the findings contained therein. Responsibility for accuracy of the information contained in this report lies with the contractor. -
Applying an Ethernet LAN in a Substation
Applying an Ethernet LAN in a Substation Peter Talacci and Swapan Dey NSTAR Electric & Gas Corp. Ronald E. Moore, Jr. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Presented at the 7th Annual Western Power Delivery Automation Conference Spokane, Washington May 10–12, 2005 APPLYING AN ETHERNET LAN IN A SUBSTATION Peter Talacci and Swapan Dey Ronald E. Moore, Jr. NSTAR Electric & Gas Corp. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Westwood, MA USA Charlotte, NC USA ABSTRACT This paper is a discussion of an NSTAR Electric & Gas Corp. project using current Ethernet technology to build a Local Area Network (LAN) in a single substation application. NSTAR’s Substation 385D is built around a local Ethernet backbone that passes information for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and local monitoring and control via a Human-Machine Interface (HMI). The heart of the system revolves around several communications processors. The system includes the following protection and control devices: • Communications processors • Serial-to-Ethernet transceivers • Ethernet switches • Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) • Substation protection and event monitor/viewer This paper discusses the application of an Ethernet LAN to provide a simplified communications backbone for local and remote control and monitoring. Utility engineers, dispatchers, and operators also use the Ethernet LAN to retrieve and view the real-time operational and fault analysis data. The communications processor is acting as the hub for all the control points and data that are being moved through the system. This paper discusses a practical example of design, application, commissioning, and lessons learned. INTRODUCTION NSTAR Electric & Gas Corp. is a utility company that has been serving eastern Massachusetts’ customers for more than 100 years, which now number approximately 1.4 million.