Myrtus Communis L. En Corse Et En Méditerranée : De Sa Composition Chimique Jusqu’À Ses Utilisations Thérapeutiques Paul Franceschini

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Myrtus Communis L. En Corse Et En Méditerranée : De Sa Composition Chimique Jusqu’À Ses Utilisations Thérapeutiques Paul Franceschini Myrtus communis L. en Corse et en Méditerranée : de sa composition chimique jusqu’à ses utilisations thérapeutiques Paul Franceschini To cite this version: Paul Franceschini. Myrtus communis L. en Corse et en Méditerranée : de sa composition chimique jusqu’à ses utilisations thérapeutiques. Sciences pharmaceutiques. 2016. dumas-01315207 HAL Id: dumas-01315207 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01315207 Submitted on 12 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 U.F.R. DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES Année 2016 Thèse n°54 Thèse pour l’obtention du DIPLOME D’ETAT de DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Paul FRANCESCHINI Né le 25 Janvier 1987 à Ajaccio (Corse du sud) Le 29 Avril 2016 Myrtus communis L. en Corse et en Méditerranée : De sa composition chimique jusqu’à ses utilisations thérapeutiques Directeur de thèse : Mr A. DECENDIT Membres du jury : Mr DECENDIT A., Professeur Président Mr COURTOIS A., Professeur Juge Mr CHABAN M., Pharmacien Juge 2 Remerciement À notre Président du jury et directeur de thèse, Monsieur Alain DECENDIT Maître de Conférences des Universités de Bordeaux Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales, Mycologie et Biotechnologie Pour avoir accepté de m’accompagner au cours de ce travail de thèse, Vous me faites l’honneur de présider ce jury. Je vous remercie pour l’ensemble des enseignements que nous avons reçus tout au long de nos études. Soyez assuré de ma très profonde admiration et veuillez trouver ici le témoignage de mon plus grand respect. À notre jury, Monsieur Arnaud COURTOIS Maître de Conférences des Universités de Bordeaux Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Pour l’honneur que vous nous faites en acceptant de juger ce travail, Je vous remercie pour l’ensemble des enseignements que nous avons reçus tout au long de nos études. Monsieur Mazen CHABAN Pharmacien d’officine Pour l’honneur que vous nous faites en acceptant de juger ce travail, Pour la confiance que vous m’avez accordée lors de notre année de collaboration au sein de votre officine, Pour le partage de votre expérience, Veuillez trouver ici le témoignage de mon immense gratitude. 3 À mes parents, Pour l’amour et le soutient que vous me donnez, qui fait que j’en suis là aujourd’hui. À Marion, Merci pour tout ce que l’on a partagé, et pour tout ce que nous partagerons encore. Ainsi que pour ton aide précieuse dans ce travail de thèse. À mes frère et sœurs Davia, Laura, Marc’Andria et Noélia, Merci pour tous les moments passés ensemble. Je suis fier de vous quatre. À ma famille, Pour votre soutient. À mes amis si précieux, Flo, Fred, Seb, Ludo et Maxime. Merci d’avoir toujours été là. À tous mes amis de promo, Chady, Vincent, Marlène, Hervé, Adrien, Cédric, et tous les autres, Pour tous ces excellents moments, merci d’avoir été là. À Marie Guidicelli, Marina Neri, Jean Meyer, Anne-Marie Bosc, Christophe Simonnet et Vincent Jimenez, Dominique Lenhof, Sophie Loiseau, Colette Chauve et leurs équipes, Pour m’avoir accueilli dans vos officines, Pour m’avoir tant appris au cours de ces différents stages et emplois étudiants. Merci pour vos conseils et pour m’avoir fait partager votre expérience et votre passion pour la pharmacie. 4 Sommaire Remerciement ............................................................................................................................ 2 Sommaire ................................................................................................................................... 4 Abréviations : .................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ET HISTORIQUE ..................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8 2 Le myrte dans la culture méditerranéenne ............................................................................ 9 2.1 Dans le Judéo Christianisme. ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Dans la Rome et la Grèce antique ................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Les propriétés thérapeutiques prêtées au myrte au cours de l’Histoire. ........................................ 11 3 Les utilisations thérapeutiques traditionnelles .................................................................... 12 4 Le myrte en corse ................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Utilisation économique ................................................................................................................. 16 4.2 Rituels et croyances:...................................................................................................................... 17 4.3 Les utilisations dans l’alimentation: .............................................................................................. 17 4.4 Les utilisations en médecine traditionnelle : ................................................................................. 18 4.5 Aujourd’hui : ................................................................................................................................. 18 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : Botanique de Myrtus communis ..................................................... 20 1 Classification botanique de Myrtus communis ..................................................................... 21 1.1 Caractéristiques de la famille des Myrtacées ................................................................................ 21 1.2 Généralités sur le genre Myrtus ..................................................................................................... 25 1.3 Description de Myrtus communis .................................................................................................. 25 1.4 Culture : Exigences du sol et conditions climatiques .................................................................... 34 2 Evolution de la répartition géographique du myrte commun ............................................ 34 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : Composition chimique de Myrtus communis ................................. 38 1 Composition chimique ........................................................................................................... 39 1.1 Les Myrtucommulones .................................................................................................................. 39 1.2 Les composés extraits des fruits .................................................................................................... 42 1.3 Fraction phénolique des liqueurs ................................................................................................... 49 1.4 Les composés extraits des feuilles ................................................................................................. 51 2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 63 5 TROISIÈME PARTIE : Intérêts thérapeutiques du myrte ................................................... 65 1 Identification de Myrtus communis ....................................................................................... 66 1.1 Identification macroscopique ........................................................................................................ 66 1.2 Confusions possibles ..................................................................................................................... 66 2 Effets pharmacologiques ........................................................................................................ 68 2.1 Effet antibactérien ......................................................................................................................... 68 2.2 Effet antifongique .......................................................................................................................... 74 2.3 Effet antiviral ................................................................................................................................ 77 2.4 Effet anti-radicalaire ...................................................................................................................... 78 2.5 Effet anticancéreux ........................................................................................................................ 83 2.6 Effet anti-inflammatoire ................................................................................................................ 88 2.7 Effet hépato-protecteur .................................................................................................................. 92 2.8 Effet anti-aphte .............................................................................................................................. 94 2.9 Effet sur les saignements
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