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Current research in Virology & Retrovirology 2021, Vol.4, Issue 3 Editorial Bahman Khalilidehkordi Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran mobile genetic elements of cells (such as transposons, Editorial retrotransposons or plasmids) that became encapsulated in protein capsids, acquired the power to “break free” from Virology is that the study of viruses – submicroscopic, the host cell and infect other cells. Of particular interest parasitic particles of genetic material contained during a here is mimivirus, a huge virus that infects amoebae and protein coat – and virus-like agents. It focuses on the sub- encodes much of the molecular machinery traditionally sequent aspects of viruses: their structure, classification associated with bacteria. Two possibilities are that it’s a and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for simplified version of a parasitic prokaryote or it originated copy , their interaction with host organism physiology and as an easier virus that acquired genes from its host. The immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to iso- evolution of viruses, which frequently occurs together with late and culture them, and their use in research and ther- the evolution of their hosts, is studied within the field of apy. Virology is a subfield of microbiology.Structure and viral evolution. While viruses reproduce and evolve, they’re classification of Virus: A major branch of virology is virus doing not engage in metabolism, don’t move, and depend classification. Viruses are often classified consistent with on variety cell for copy . The often-debated question of the host cell they infect: animal viruses, plant viruses, fun- whether or not they’re alive or not could also be a matter gal viruses, and bacteriophages (viruses infecting bacte- of definition that does not affect the biological reality of vi- ria, which include the foremost complex viruses). Another ruses. Molecular biology research and viral therapy: Bacte- classification uses the geometrical shape of their capsid riophages, the viruses which infect bacteria, are often rel- (often a helix or an icosahedron) or the virus’s structure atively easily grown as viral plaques on bacterial cultures. (e.g. presence or absence of a lipid envelope). Viruses Bacteriophages occasionally move genetic material from home in size from about 30 nm to about 450 nm, which one bacterial cell to a different during a process referred suggests that the majority of them can’t be seen with light to as transduction, and this horizontal gene transfer is one microscopes. The shape and structure of viruses has been reason why they served as a major research tool within the studied by microscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crys- early development of biology . The ordering , the function tallography. The most useful and most generally used ar- of ribozymes, the primary recombinant deoxyribonucleic rangement distinguishes viruses consistent with the sort acid and early genetic libraries were all received using bac- of macromolecule they use as genetic material and there- teriophages. Certain genetic elements derived from virus- fore the viral replication method they employ to coax host es, like highly effective promoters, are commonly utilized cells into producing more viruses: in biology research today. Growing animal viruses outside DNA viruses (divided into double-stranded DNA viruses of the living host animal is harder . Classically, fertilized and single-stranded DNA viruses), RNA viruses (divided chicken eggs have often been used, but cell cultures are into positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, nega- increasingly employed for this purpose today. Since some tive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses and thus the much viruses that infect eukaryotes got to transport their genet- less common double-stranded RNA viruses), reverse tran- ic material into the host cell’s nucleus, they’re attractive scribing viruses (double-stranded reverse-transcribing tools for introducing new genes into the host (known as DNA viruses and single-stranded reverse-transcribing RNA transformation or transfection). Modified retroviruses are viruses including retroviruses). often used for this purpose, as they integrate their genes into the host’s chromosomes. Virologists also study subviral particles, infectious entities notably smaller and simpler than viruses: viroids (naked DNA viruses circular RNA molecules infecting plants), satellites (nu- Viruses with a DNA genome, except for the DNA reverse cleic acid molecules with or without a capsid that require transcribing viruses, are members of three of the four rec- a helper virus for infection and reproduction), and prions ognized viral realms: Duplodnaviria, Monodnaviria, and (proteins which will exist during a pathological conforma- Varidnaviria. But the incertae sedis order Ligamenvirales, tion that induces other prion molecules to assume that and many other incertae sedis families and genera, are very same conformation). Taxa in virology aren’t necessar- also used to classify DNA viruses. The domains Duplodna- ily monophyletic, because the evolutionary relationships viria and Varidnaviria consist of double-stranded DNA vi- of the varied virus groups remain unclear. Three hypothe- ruses; other double-stranded DNA viruses are incertae se- ses regarding their origin exist: Viruses arose from non-liv- dis. The domain Monodnaviria consists of single-stranded ing matter, separately from yet in parallel to cells, perhaps DNA viruses that generally encode a HUH endonuclease; within the type of self-replicating RNA ribozymes almost other single-stranded DNA viruses are incertae sedis. like viroids. Viruses arose by genome reduction from ear- lier, more competent cellular life forms that became par- RNA viruses: asites to host cells and subsequently lost most of their All viruses that have an RNA genome, and that encode an functionality; samples of such tiny parasitic prokaryotes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are members of are Mycoplasma and Nanoarchaea. Viruses arose from the kingdom Orthornavirae, within the realm Riboviria..

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