La Fura Dels Baus: Metamorfosi Dei Linguaggi Espressivi

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La Fura Dels Baus: Metamorfosi Dei Linguaggi Espressivi Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna FACOLTÀ DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA CORSO DI LAUREA IN D.A.M.S. - TEATRO LA FURA DELS BAUS: METAMORFOSI DEI LINGUAGGI ESPRESSIVI TESI DI LAUREA IN STORIA DEL TEATRO MODERNO E CONTEMPORANEO Relatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Presentata da: GIUSEPPE LIOTTA FRANCESCA CECCOTTI Sessione II Anno Accademico 2002-2003 Indice Introduzione 5 CAPITOLO I La Fura dels Baus e le sue radici storico culturali 1.1 La Fura dels Baus nella storia 11 1.2 Preistoria de La Fura dels Baus 23 1.3 La Fura dels Baus e la sua metamorfosi 27 CAPITOLO II Analisi comparativa 2.1 “Lenguaje Furero” 39 2.2 Prima Trilogia 44 2.2.1 Accions 44 2.2.2 Suz/o/Suz 47 2.2.3 Tier Mon 51 2.3 Seconda Trilogia 55 2.3.1 Noun 55 2.3.2 M.T.M. 58 2.3.3 Manes 62 CAPITOLO III Versatilità del linguaggio de La Fura dels Baus 3.1 Progetti multidisciplinari 67 3.2 “Teatro Digital” 68 3.2.1 ØBS 72 3.3 Teatro di testo 76 3.3.1 Ombra 77 3.3.2 XXX 81 1 3.4 Opera Lirica 86 3.4.1 L’Atlántida 90 3.4.2 El martirio de San Sebastián 93 3.4.3 D.Q. Don Quijote en Barcelona 96 3.5 Teatro evento, Teatro promozione 102 3.5.1 Mar Mediterránia, Mar Olímpica 102 3.5.2 Um Sonho Bom 103 3.5.3 Simbiosis 104 3.5.4 (+xt)2 105 3.5.5 Divina Commedia 106 CAPITOLO IV Laboratorio scenico – La figura di Faust 4.1 Faust 109 4.1.1 FMOL 110 4.1.2 F@ust Versión 3.0 113 4.1.3 Eclipse Total en la Psique 116 4.1.4 La damnation de Faust 118 4.1.5 Faust 5.0 121 Conclusioni 125 APPENDICE A Organizzazione interna de La Fura dels Baus 127 La promozione come comunicazione e trasformazione 128 Il lavoro di promozione 129 Non solo teatro… 132 B Componenti de La Fura dels Baus 134 Cronologia de La Fura dels Baus 136 La Fura dels Baus nel mondo 141 Intervista a Carles Padrissa, 4 Aprile 2003, Gavà (BCN) 142 Intervista a Miki Espuma, 4 Aprile 2003, a Gavà (BCN) 154 2 C Dall’Argentina: Teatro Sanitario de Operaciones 158 Cronologia del TSO 163 Intervista a Quique del TSO, 21 Aprile 2003 165 INDICE DELLE IMMAGINI 168 Bibliografia 169 3 4 Introduzione Miscela di teatro, musica, video, pirotecnica, La Fura dels Baus è caratterizzata da una forte fisicità che riesce a rompere la quarta parete naturalista per guardare oltre ed uscire dagli spazi convenzionali. La scena viene ri-letta nuovamente attraverso il “lenguaje furero” con stravolgimenti post industriali. “La Fura dels Baus lavora sull’idea di un 'teatro-panico' artaudiano d’elezione, condito da un sapore catalano che ne amplifica in eventi campali e dionisiaci la matrice estremista”1. Il pubblico partecipa attivamente, è attore catapultato in un rito iniziatico, in una festa pagana e si muove delirante all’interno del vuoto; un vuoto sospeso fra l’essere e il non essere, inconsistente e vischioso. Spazio catartico e ritualizzazione della violenza diventano il linguaggio universale con una potenzialità comunicativa insolita. La Fura dels Baus crea ambienti che ricordano 19842 di George Orwell. Schermi che stordiscono di notizie, immagini, musica ed alienazione. L’occhio del Big Brother guarda le folle impazzite piegate al dubbio di realtà o finzione. Caratteristiche che ritroviamo in Reinhardt, Piscator, Schlemmer e Brecht così come nell’avanguardia russa da Ejzenštejn a Meyerchol’d - con il suo teatro sintetico – fino a Kandinsky. Possiamo proseguire con il teatro avanguardista degli anni ‘20, con Craig, Appia, Bragaglia, Tairov lavorando con un teatro che vuole rendere indipendente l’elemento visuale dal movimento fisico. Il teatro de La Fura senza dubbio trasuda della violenza del Teatro della crudeltà di Artaud, parla di uno spettacolo totale in termini di teatro fisico e plastico che nasce dall’azione forte e violenta3. 1 Infante, Carlo, Cyberia – I presagi di Artaud, www.teatron.org. 2 Orwell, George, 1984, Mondadori, Milano, 1988. 3 Artaud, Antonin, Il teatro e il suo doppio,Torino, ed. Einaudi, 2000, pp. 127-240. 5 Durante gli anni ‘50-‘60 molti movimenti si impegneranno a recuperare il vero spirito delle avanguardie riprendendo il concetto di interdisciplinarietà. L’esperienza del Black Mountain Collage4 nel North Caroline, unisce elementi del Bauhaus con le sperimentazioni di nuovi creatori come John Cage5 o Merce Cunningham6. La pittura assume delle caratteristiche teatrali come ci mostra Jackson Pollock nel famoso filmato di Hans Namuth del 1950, dal titolo J.P. painting# 277 in pellicola 16 mm, bianco e nero, senza audio. La sua pittura gestuale, chiamata appunto Action Painting, diventa una danza di movimenti e colori attorno alla tela sdraiata a terra. Più che l’opera dell’artista lo spettatore contempla la sua elaborazione, la distribuzione delle macchie, come nascono le linee e come si mescolano i colori. L’azione del dipingere porta alla decomposizione del concetto moderno di arte. Il dipinto è ora formato da due parti: il gesto creativo e il risultato oggettivo del gesto. L’atto pittorico si converte in atto vivo. Queste le strade che introducono l’happening nel teatro, con la scoperta dello spazio e l’utilizzo dell’improvvisazione collettiva. I confini della creatività verranno abbattuti e il corpo inizierà ad essere utilizzato come tela, lo vediamo con Yves Klein nel 1960 e la sua pittura “viva” nelle Anthropométrie (impronte corporee)8, con cui vuole abbattere il concetto di studio, tempio esclusivo dell’artista. L’arte plastica viene inglobata sempre più all’interno del teatro e l’influenza della cultura giapponese in campo teatrale con il Butoh9, la filosofia Zen, lo spazio, il 4 Guillermo, Solana, Black Mountain Collage: un verano en la montaña negra, Arte y Parte, N. 41, Santander, Ottobre - Novembre 2002. 5 Barber, Llorenç, Cage o el silbo vulnerado, Arte y Parte, N.41, Santander, Ottobre - Novembre 2002. 6 Ibidem. 7 Schimmel, Paul, Art i Acció entre la performance i l’objecte 1949-1979, MACBA, Barcelona, 1998. 8 Goldberg, RoseLee, Performance art – desde el futurismo hasta el presente, Ediciones Destino, Barcelona, 1996. p. 145. 9 Danza nata in Giappone negli anni ‘50 dall’impulso di Kazuo Ohno e Tatsumi Hijikata. Chiamarono Ankoku butoh (Danza dell’oscurità), il loro lavoro scenico influenzato dall’orrore causato dall’olocausto atomico di Hiroshima e Nagasaki e dal concetto di morte. Questa danza è una sintesi fra gli elementi della tradizione teatrale giapponese e la danza espressionista tedesca, 6 bianco e il nero, il segno grafico e il vuoto la troveremo pienamente rappresentata in questa citazione di Takuan: “…Da un tale vuoto assoluto sorge lo sviluppo del fare”10. Artaud, ne Il teatro e il suo doppio, si occupa di Occidente e Oriente, affermando: “Lo spettacolo del teatro Balinese, fatto di danza, di canto, di pantomima – e pochissimo di teatro psicologico quale l’ ho intendiamo noi in Occidente – riporta il piano di creazione autonoma e pura, in una prospettiva di allucinazioni e sgomento… i Balinesi realizzano con estremo rigore l’idea di teatro puro, dove tutto, concezione come realizzazione, vale ed esiste esclusivamente nella misura in cui si oggettiva sulla scena”11. Con gli anni ‘70 arrivano i movimenti urbani delle tribù e si impone il Punk fatto di spinte liberatorie, trasgressioni ed eventi provocatori. Il teatro diventa un veicolo di comunicazione fra esseri vivi e pensanti. Con il Living Theatre si inizia a parlare di teatro-vita, mentre Peter Brook e Eugenio Barba ricercano l’autenticità dell’arte nell’artificiosità della realtà. “L’utilizzo del corpo come mezzo di espressione artistica, nato nelle sperimentazioni della Body Art negli anni ‘60 e sviluppatosi negli anni ‘70, è dirottato, in questo fine secolo, verso l’esperienza tecno-mutativa […] la performance degli anni ‘90 si afferma come dislocamento di corporeità, lasciando la dimensione ritualistica e intimistica dell’inconscio molecolare degli anni ‘70 e tessendo una dimensione inorganica, una materializzazione della carne che, nel fantasmatico processo di sintesi, diviene manipolazione, alterazione, trasformazione del sé”12. Il corpo è al centro delle creazioni artistiche. A grandi linee questo è il contesto storico da cui prendo spunto per iniziare a tracciare nel Primo Capitolo la storia de La Fura dels Baus. Il capitolo è suddiviso in tre parti: La Fura dels Baus nella storia che è, come dicevo precedentemente, un rapido excursus all’interno della storia del teatro o per meglio dire dell’arte in generale. il simbolismo e l’improvvisazione. Cuende, Mónica, El baile que nació de cenizas atómicas, El País, 22 Novembre 2002. 10 Cfr. Goldberg, RoseLee, op. cit., p. 146. 11 Cfr. Artaud, Antonin, op. cit., p. 170. 12 Macrì, Teresa, Il corpo post organico, Costa & Nolan, Genova, 1996, p. 9. 7 Inizio parlando del teatro spagnolo durante la dittatura di Franco perché ritengo essere un periodo importante per la cultura iberica, in particolar modo per quella catalana. E’ un momento di rottura e di buio, caratterizzato però, da un grande fermento culturale inesploso che marcherà l’arte spagnola dagl’anni ‘60 in poi. Il percorso storico è ampliato attraverso dei riferimenti teatrali e non a carattere internazionale, per poi entrare nello specifico del panorama teatrale catalano parlando delle compagnie più rappresentative di quegli anni; le stesse che creano un background a La Fura dels Baus nata successivamente. Le altre parti, Preistoria de La Fura dels Baus e Storia de La Fura dels Baus sono le due fasi di crescita della compagnia; in principio era un piccolo gruppo di teatro itinerante che dal 1983 con il primo successo di Accions, inizia a farsi conoscere non solo in Spagna ma bensì in tutto il mondo.
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