Hiv Coreceptors: from Discovery and Designation to New Paradigms and Promise
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Enhanced Monocyte Migration to CXCR3 and CCR5 Chemokines in COPD
ERJ Express. Published on March 10, 2016 as doi: 10.1183/13993003.01642-2015 ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN PRESS | CORRECTED PROOF Enhanced monocyte migration to CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in COPD Claudia Costa1, Suzanne L. Traves1, Susan J. Tudhope1, Peter S. Fenwick1, Kylie B.R. Belchamber1, Richard E.K. Russell2, Peter J. Barnes1 and Louise E. Donnelly1 Affiliations: 1Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. 2Chest Clinic, King Edward King VII Hospital, Windsor, UK. Correspondence: Louise E. Donnelly, Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients exhibit chronic inflammation, both in the lung parenchyma and the airways, which is characterised by an increased infiltration of macrophages and T-lymphocytes, particularly CD8+ cells. Both cell types can express chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)3 and C-C chemokine receptor 5 and the relevant chemokines for these receptors are elevated in COPD. The aim of this study was to compare chemotactic responses of lymphocytes and monocytes of nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients towards CXCR3 ligands and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)5. Migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes from nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients toward CXCR3 chemokines and CCL5 was analysed using chemotaxis assays. There was increased migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COPD patients towards all chemokines studied when compared with nonsmokers and smokers. Both lymphocytes and monocytes contributed to this enhanced response, which was not explained by increased receptor expression. -
Human Th17 Cells Share Major Trafficking Receptors with Both Polarized Effector T Cells and FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells
Human Th17 Cells Share Major Trafficking Receptors with Both Polarized Effector T Cells and FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells This information is current as Hyung W. Lim, Jeeho Lee, Peter Hillsamer and Chang H. of September 28, 2021. Kim J Immunol 2008; 180:122-129; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.122 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/1/122 Downloaded from References This article cites 44 articles, 15 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/1/122.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 28, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Human Th17 Cells Share Major Trafficking Receptors with Both Polarized Effector T Cells and FOXP3؉ Regulatory T Cells1 Hyung W. Lim,* Jeeho Lee,* Peter Hillsamer,† and Chang H. Kim2* It is a question of interest whether Th17 cells express trafficking receptors unique to this Th cell lineage and migrate specifically to certain tissue sites. -
Plasma HIV-1 Tropism and the Risk of Short-Term Clinical Progression to AIDS Or Death
Plasma HIV-1 Tropism and the Risk of Short-Term Clinical Progression to AIDS or Death Casadellà, Maria; Cozzi-Lepri, Alessandro; Phillips, Andrew; Noguera-Julian, Marc; Bickel, Markus; Sedlacek, Dalibor; Zilmer, Kai; Clotet, Bonaventura; Lundgren, Jens D; Paredes, Roger; EuroSIDA in EuroCoord Published in: PloS one DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166613 Publication date: 2017 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Casadellà, M., Cozzi-Lepri, A., Phillips, A., Noguera-Julian, M., Bickel, M., Sedlacek, D., Zilmer, K., Clotet, B., Lundgren, J. D., Paredes, R., & EuroSIDA in EuroCoord (2017). Plasma HIV-1 Tropism and the Risk of Short- Term Clinical Progression to AIDS or Death. PloS one, 12(1), [e0166613]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166613 Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE Plasma HIV-1 Tropism and the Risk of Short- Term Clinical Progression to AIDS or Death Maria Casadellà1,2*, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri3, Andrew Phillips3, Marc Noguera-Julian1,2,4, Markus Bickel5, Dalibor Sedlacek6, Kai Zilmer7, Bonaventura Clotet1,2,4,8, Jens D. Lundgren9, Roger Paredes1,2,4,8, EuroSIDA in EuroCOORD¶ 1 IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain, 2 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 3 Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom, 4 Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalonia, Spain, 5 Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, 6 Charles University a1111111111 Hospital, Plzen, Česka Republika, 7 West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia, 8 HIV Unit, Hospital a1111111111 Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain, 9 CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark a1111111111 a1111111111 ¶ Membership of this author group is listed in the Acknowledgments. -
Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Promotes Colon Cancer Metastasis to Lymph Nodes
Oncogene (2007) 26, 4679–4688 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chemokine receptor CXCR3 promotes colon cancer metastasis to lymph nodes K Kawada1,2,5, H Hosogi1,2,5, M Sonoshita1, H Sakashita3, T Manabe3, Y Shimahara2, Y Sakai2, A Takabayashi4, M Oshima1 and MM Taketo1 1Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 2Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 3Department of Clinical Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan and 4Kitano Hospital Medical Institute, Osaka, Japan Chemokines and their receptors are essential for leuko- inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and/or patho- cyte trafficking, and also implicated in cancer metastasis genic stimuli. Important roles of chemokines and their to specific organs. We have recently demonstrated that receptors have been demonstrated in inflammation, CXCR3 plays a critical role in metastasis of mouse infection, tissue injury, allergy and cardiovascular melanoma cells to lymph nodes. Here, we show that some diseases as well as in malignant tumors. Chemokine human colon cancer cell lines express CXCR3 constitu- receptor CXCR3 is essential for the physiologic and tively. We constructed cells that expressed CXCR3 cDNA pathologic recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (‘DLD-1-CXCR3’), and compared with nonexpressing precursors, monocytes and natural killer cells to controls by rectal transplantation in nude mice. Although inflamed lymph nodes (LNs) (Cella et al., 1999; both cell lines disseminated to lymph nodes at similar Janatpour et al., 2001; Martin-Fontecha et al., 2004), frequencies at 2 weeks, DLD-1-CXCR3 expanded more and for retention of Th1 lymphocytes within LNs rapidly than the control in 4 weeks. -
CCR5 Deficiency Impairs CD4+ T Cell Memory Responses and Antigenic Sensitivity
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.14.948893; this version posted February 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. CCR5 deficiency impairs CD4+ T cell memory responses and antigenic sensitivity through increased ceramide synthesis Ana Martín-Leal1§, Raquel Blanco1§, Josefina Casas2,3, María E. Sáez4, Elena Rodríguez- Bovolenta5, Itziar de Rojas6, Carina Drechsler7,8,9, Luis Miguel Real10,11, Gemma Fabrias2,3, Agustín Ruíz6,12, Mario Castro13, Wolfgang W.A. Schamel7,8,14, Balbino Alarcón5, Hisse M. van Santen5, Santos Mañes1* 1Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain; 2Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain and 3CIBER Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EDH), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; 4Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos (CAEBi), Seville, Spain; 5Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO/CSIC), Madrid, Spain; 6Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic of the Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain; 7Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, 8Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and 9Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; 10Unit of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Valme, -
Correlating HIV Tropism with Immunological Response Under Cart
!"#$%&'%()*+,& -$%%,+"()./& 012& 3%$4)56& 7)(8& 1669.$+$/)*"+& :,54$.5,& ;.<,%& *':3& -$%,*,4($%&;5,&".<&=)5,"5,&>%$/%,55)$.& & !"#$$%& '()%*+,& -*(./012(& 3456.07899"$:%*;,& !<*=& '6.0>,& ?%*0& @"*=0%A1207B*01"5"C,& 3(D0.%& E%*$FG,& @$()F1& ?(*:0.%::0H,& ?(.I%$& '(::%=(FJ,& K5"L(1& M$0L2(0:+,& (.)& :5%& 3N011&BOP&Q"5"*:&3:I)F& !"#$%&'$()* +,)#$#-./* 0%1()23%42* 5,#3%6,&,4%* 7* 8%2%)91$(2:/* ;4,<%)9,2.* #=* 5(9%$/* >??@* 5(9%$/* AB,2:%)$(46C* DAB,99* EF+* G#H#)2* A2'6.* IAEGAJ* 0(2(* G%42%)/* ;4,<%)9,2.* E#91,2($* K('9(44%/* !?!L* K('9(44%/* AB,2:%)$(46* MF492,2'2%* #=* "%6,&($* +,)#$#-./* N(2,#4($* G%42%)* =#)* O%2)#<,)'9%9/* ;4,<%)9,2.* #=* PQ),&H/* R?LS* PQ),&H/* AB,2:%)$(46* >F492,2'2%*=#)*F4=%&2,#'9*0,9%(9%9/*;4,<%)9,2.*#=*5%)4%/*M?!?*5%)4/*AB,2:%)$(46* L;4,<%)9,2.*E#91,2($9*IE;TJ/*K(U#)(2#).*#=*+,)#$#-./*!D?L*T%4V<%/*AB,2:%)$(46W* X0%1()23%42*#=*0%)3(2#$#-./*O%-,#4($*E#91,2($*#=*5%$$,4:#4(/*XL?!*5%$$,4:#4(/*T%4%<(/*AB,2:%)$(46W* S0,<,9,#4* #=* F4=%&2,#'9* 0,9%(9%9* (46* E#91,2($* Y1,6%3,#$#-./* ;4,<%)9,2.* E#91,2($* 5(9%$/* >?M!* 5(9%$/* AB,2:%)$(46* * 8D1:*(4:&N"*)&4"I.:R&+ST& K%U:&N"*)&4"I.:R&>V>+& & Q"**%1W".)%.4%R&& X"%$$%YD()%*ZI.0D(1Y45,&VVC+&H;&;HJ&VS&T+& & ! "! '?5(%"*(& '(42=*"I.)R&[(:0%.:1&0.9%4:%)&N0:5&:5%&5IL(.&0LLI.")%9040%.4F&A0*I1&:FW%&+&\BOP7+]& L(F& %UW%*0%.4%& ".$F& 1ID"W:0L($& Q^C& 4%$$& *%4"A%*F& N50$%& :*%(:%)& N0:5& 4"LD0.(:0".& :5%*(WF& \48_K]Y& `0::$%& 01& 2."N.& (D"I:& N5%:5%*& A0*($& W*"W%*:0%1& 1I45& (1& 4%$$& :*"W01L& 4"I$)& W$(F& (& *"$%& 9"*& 1I45& 0.4"LW$%:%& 0LLI.%& *%1W".1%Y& K5I1& :501& 1:I)F& N(1& -
Coreceptor Tropism Assays
CORECEPTOR TROPISM ASSAYS Trofile® and Trofile® DNA provide critical information for informed treatment decisions HIV-1 can attach to human cells either by using the CCR5 coreceptor, the CXCR4 coreceptor, or both (dual/mixed). Tropism testing determines how the virus can attach to the cells in a given patient. Possible tropism results are R5, DM, X4, and X4 near the limit of detection (NLOD). Why does my patient’s tropism matter? Trofile® DNA HIV tropism results can help you develop a personalized Applies the proven performance of Trofile to cell-associated treatment plan for your patient. Appropriate use of CCR5 viral DNA antagonists including maraviroc requires that an HIV tropism Consider Trofile® DNA when a patient’s viral load is test be performed before initiation of therapy.1 undetectable, tropism is unknown, and substitution with a CCR5 antagonist-containing regimen is desired. Regimen substitution may be considered when2 Trofile® • Laboratory results or clinical adverse events necessitate A highly sensitive assay that provides critical information when a change7,8 selecting a treatment regimen containing maraviroc • Patient exhibits intolerance to the current regimen7 • Trofile was utilized to identify treatment candidates in the • There is concern regarding the long-term effects of the maraviroc multicenter clinical trials.1 current regimen8 • Both the current DHHS and IDSA guidelines recommend tropism testing before initiation of treatment with a CCR5 antagonist.2,3 GenoSure Archive® Plus Trofile® DNA • Trofile is the only commercially available tropism assay Comprehensive suppression management profile that has been clinically validated through use in Phase 2 Designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of and Phase 3 clinical studies to identify CCR5 five antiretroviral drug classes (GenoSure Archive: NRTIs, antagonist candidates.4-6 NNRTIs, PIs, INIs and Trofile DNA: CCR5 antagonist) to facilitate regimen simplification or switches in the setting of Virologic suppression. -
CXCR6 Within T-Helper (Th) and T-Cytotoxic
European Journal of Endocrinology (2005) 152 635–643 ISSN 0804-4643 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY CXCR6 within T-helper (Th) and T-cytotoxic (Tc) type 1 lymphocytes in Graves’ disease (GD) G Aust, M Kamprad1, P Lamesch2 and E Schmu¨cking Institute of Anatomy, 1Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and 2Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Phillipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, Leipzig, 04103, Germany (Correspondence should be addressed to G Aust; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Objective: In Graves’ disease (GD), stimulating anti-TSH receptor antibodies are responsible for hyperthyroidism. T-helper 2 (Th2) cells were expected to be involved in the underlying immune mech- anism, although this is still controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of CXCR6, a chemokine receptor that marks functionally specialized T-cells within the Th1 and T-cyto- toxic 1 (Tc1) cell pool, to gain new insights into the running immune processes. Methods: CXCR6 expression was examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and thyroid- derived lymphocytes (TLs) of GD patients in flow cytometry. CXCR6 cDNA was quantified in thyroid tissues affected by GD (n ¼ 16), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT; n ¼ 2) and thyroid autonomy (TA; n ¼ 11) using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Results: The percentages of peripheral CXCR6þ PBLs did not differ between GD and normal subjects. CXCR6 was expressed by small subsets of circulating T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCR6þ cells were enriched in thyroid-derived T-cells compared with peripheral CD4þ and CD8þ T-cells in GD. The increase was evident within the Th1 (CD4þ interferon-gþ (IFN-gþ)) and Tc1 (CD8þIFN- gþ) subpopulation and CD8þ granzyme Aþ T-cells (cytotoxic effector type). -
Haplotypes in CCR5-CCR2, CCL3 and CCL5 Are Associated with Natural Resistance to HIV-1 Infection in a Colombian Cohort Jorge A
Biomédica 2017;37:267-73 Haplotypes associated with resistance to HIV-1 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v37i3.3237 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Haplotypes in CCR5-CCR2, CCL3 and CCL5 are associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection in a Colombian cohort Jorge A. Vega1,2,3, Simón Villegas-Ospina1, Wbeimar Aguilar-Jiménez1, María T. Rugeles1, Gabriel Bedoya3, Wildeman Zapata1,4 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia 2 Laboratorio de Genética, Dirección Regional Noroccidente, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Medellín, Colombia 3 Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia 4 Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Introduction: Variants in genes encoding for HIV-1 co-receptors and their natural ligands have been individually associated to natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. However, the simultaneous presence of these variants has been poorly studied. Objective: To evaluate the association of single and multilocus haplotypes in genes coding for the viral co-receptors CCR5 and CCR2, and their ligands CCL3 and CCL5, with resistance or susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Materials and methods: Nine variants in CCR5-CCR2, two SNPs in CCL3 and two in CCL5 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 35 seropositive (cases) and 49 HIV-1-exposed seronegative Colombian individuals (controls). Haplotypes were inferred using the Arlequin software, and their frequency in individual or combined loci was compared between cases and controls by the chi-square test. A p’ value <0.05 after Bonferroni correction was considered significant. Results: Homozygosis of the human haplogroup (HH) E was absent in controls and frequent in cases, showing a tendency to susceptibility. -
Determination of HIV-1 Coreceptor Tropism Using Proviral DNA In
Baumann et al. AIDS Research and Therapy (2015) 12:11 DOI 10.1186/s12981-015-0055-x RESEARCH Open Access Determination of HIV-1 coreceptor tropism using proviral DNA in women before and after viral suppression Russell E Baumann1, Amy A Rogers1, Hasnah B Hamdan1, Harold Burger2, Barbara Weiser2, Wei Gao3, Kathryn Anastos3, Mary Young4, William A Meyer III5, Rick L Pesano1 and Ron M Kagan1* Abstract Background: An HIV-1 tropism test is recommended prior to CCR5 antagonist administration to exclude patients harboring non-R5 virus from treatment with this class of antiretrovirals. HIV-1 tropism determination based on proviral DNA (pvDNA) may be useful in individuals with plasma viral RNA suppression. We developed a genotypic tropism assay for pvDNA and assessed its performance in a retrospective analysis of samples collected longitudinally. Results: We randomly selected paired plasma/PBMC samples from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study with plasma viral load ≥5,000 cp/mL at time 1 (T1), undetectable viral load maintained for ≥1 year and CD4+ >200 cells/μLattime 2 (T2). pvDNA was isolated from cryopreserved PBMCs. Sequences were analyzed in triplicate from 49/50 women, with tropism assigned using the geno2pheno (g2p) algorithm. The median time between T1 and T2 was 4.1 years. CXCR4-using virus was detected in 24% of the RNA samples and 33% of the pvDNA samples at T1, compared to 37% of the pvDNA samples at T2. Concordance between plasma RNA and pvDNA tropism was 88% at T1 and 80% at T2. The g2p scores for RNA (T1) vs DNA (T1, T2) were strongly correlated (Spearman rho: 0.85 (T1); 0.78 (T2)). -
CCHCS Care Guide: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
September 2021 CCHCS Care Guide: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) SUMMARY DECISION SUPPORT PATIENT EDUCATION/SELF MANAGEMENT ALL HIV INFECTED PATIENTS MUST BE MANAGED BY A CCHCS HIV SPECIALIST GOALS • Offer HIV screening to all • Ensure a sexual history and appropriate risk reduction counseling is performed • Refer all patients with HIV to HIV specialists as by a primary care team member for every patient with HIV at least annually. soon as possible • Initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all patients with HIV as soon as possible • Identify newly diagnosed cases of HIV/Acquired • Screen and evaluate the patients with substance use disorder as a Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) transmission risk factor (see CCHCS Substance Use Disorder Care Guide) • Identify acute HIV seroconversion ALERTS Inappropriate or suboptimal treatment regimens Red Flags • Patients receiving only one HIV medication rather than a multi-drug ANY CD4 CD4 <200 CD4 <100 combination (note that some co-formulations exist) • New onset fevers • Dyspnea • Headache • Patients on treatment for months with a persistently detectable viral • Weight loss >10% • Cough • Blurry or lost load • Fatigue • Fevers vision • Patients with CD4 <200 cells/mm3 who are not on Pneumocystis • Skin lesions • Diarrhea jiroveci (PCP) prophylaxis (see page 6) • Night sweats DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA/EVALUATION (SEE PAGE 2 FOR HIV TESTING ALGORITHM) D Consider HIV in the following circumstances: • Patients with known high risk behaviors prior to or during incarceration (tattoos, injection drug use, -
CXCR6 Deficiency Impairs Cancer Vaccine Efficacy and CD8+ Resident Memory T-Cell Recruitment in Head and Neck and Lung Tumors
Open access Original research J Immunother Cancer: first published as 10.1136/jitc-2020-001948 on 10 March 2021. Downloaded from CXCR6 deficiency impairs cancer vaccine efficacy and CD8+ resident memory T- cell recruitment in head and neck and lung tumors Soumaya Karaki,1,2 Charlotte Blanc,1,2 Thi Tran,1,2 Isabelle Galy- Fauroux,1,2 Alice Mougel,1,2 Estelle Dransart,3 Marie Anson,1,2 Corinne Tanchot,1,2 Lea Paolini,1,2 Nadege Gruel,4,5 Laure Gibault,6 Francoise Lepimpec- Barhes,7 Elizabeth Fabre,8 Nadine Benhamouda,9 Cecile Badoual,6 Diane Damotte,10 11 12,13 14 Emmanuel Donnadieu , Sebastian Kobold, Fathia Mami- Chouaib, 15 3 1,2,9 Rachel Golub, Ludger Johannes, Eric Tartour To cite: Karaki S, Blanc C, ABSTRACT explains why the intranasal route of vaccination is the Tran T, et al. CXCR6 deficiency most appropriate strategy for inducing these cells in the Background Resident memory T lymphocytes (TRM) impairs cancer vaccine efficacy are located in tissues and play an important role in head and neck and pulmonary mucosa, which remains a and CD8+ resident memory immunosurveillance against tumors. The presence of T major objective to overcome resistance to anti- PD-1/PD- T- cell recruitment in head and RM prior to treatment or their induction is associated to the L1, especially in cold tumors. neck and lung tumors. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer response to anti- Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD- 2021;9:e001948. doi:10.1136/ 1)/Programmed death- ligand 1 (PD- L1) immunotherapy jitc-2020-001948 and the efficacy of cancer vaccines.