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Nature Vol 139-N3506.Indd jANUARY 9, 1937 NATURE 57 species many less than the normal percentages are different from that which I have been describing found breeding. The birds most commonly found above. The island lies at the extremity of the to be affected are the ducks, geese and divers, breeding area of most birds visiting it, and it but in North-East Land the divers were breeding seems to a large extent to be populated by birds in normal numbers. which were bred elsewhere and have had to move It is as yet difficult to account for this out from the more favoured areas of their range phenomenon. Many and varied suggestions have to this uninviting marginal territory. Only by from time to time been put forward. It would this supposition can I account for the large non­ appear that it must bear some relation to changing breeding population which seems to be a normal climatic conditions, as these must be assumed to feature in every species. It is difficult to estimate be the only variable factor in the environment of non-breeding percentages among cliff nesting the birds until some variation at present unknown species, but it was abundantly clear that large is shown to take place in their marine food supply. But this leaves us with the difficulty of explaining the regularity of the occurrence of the non-breeding years by climatic changes which have not yet been shown to follow the necessary cycle of 3--4 years. The late melting of the sea-ice and disappearance of the snow from the land might in some cases give an explanation, but this cannot find universal acceptance because in a non-breeding year the birds that do breed do not usually begin to nest any later than usual. Again, such a condition could scarcely affect the ducks without to some extent also affecting the red-throated divers. It is also impossible to suppose some general factor Fig. 3. which affects reproduction throughout the Arctic, RED-THROATED DIVER ON NEST. because species such as the waders and passerines have never yet been shown to be affected in this numbers of non-breeding Arctic skuas, terns, grey way . During the earlier part of the summer, I phalarope, purple sandpipers and snow buntings examined the gonads of many eiders, and the were a normal feature of the ornithology of North­ general result was that the ovaries were scarcely East Land. It was also clear that the numbers of enlarged at all, but that the testes of the drakes each species which were breeding were quite were developed to the normal size of a breeding inadequate to maintain the status of that species bird. It would be unwise as yet to argue from this with anything like a normal rate of mortality. one case, but if similar observations are carried This question of non-breeding both in normal and out elsewhere and the same result found, the reason abnormal years is one of the most interesting con­ for the non-breeding will have to be found in some fronting the ornithologist visiting North-East Land, factor which affects the sexual development of the and I have but touched on it here. Another pro­ female and not of the male. It was noticeable blem is that of distribution. North-East Land is an throughout the first part of the summer how much excellent field for this and other inquiries, as the more sexually excited the drakes were than the ducks. factors which have to be considered can be so much Even in normal years North-East Land has a more easily seen there than in more temperate large non-breeding population, but this is entirely regions with their more complex bird communities. Obituary Notices Sir Grafton Elliot Smith, F.R.S. Grafton Elliot Smith was born on August 15, 1871, ITH deep regret we record the death of Sir at Grafton, New South Wales, and was educated at W Grafton Elliot Smith, the famous anthro­ the Universities of Sydney, where he obtained the pologist and former professor of anatomy in the degree of doctor of medicine in 1895, and Cambridge, University of London (University College), which where he was a fellow of St. John's College, on which took place at Broad'ltairs on January I after a pro­ foundation he afterwards became an honorary fellow. longed period of ill-health, at the a.ge of sixty-five On obtaining his degree in medicine, he devoted him­ years. self especially to the study of the comparative © 1937 Nature Publishing Group 58 NATURE jANUARY 9, 1937 anatomy of the brain. Not only did this orientation Asiatic (Armenoid) origin into the population of early of his studies largely determine his future achieve­ dynastic Egypt. To these people he attributed the ment by directing his attention to human palreonto­ introduction of metal tools, facilitating the working logy and the problems of the evolution of man, but of stone, and consequently, as he had been led to also the publication of the results of his early re­ believe by his study of the mastaba and other forms searches in the Journal of Anatomy and other pro­ of Egyptian burial practice, leading up to the erection fessional periodicals speedily won him wide recognition in stone as a sepulchral monument, of which the idea as one of the foremost authorities on the anatomy of had been carried far and wide in the early world to the brain. give rise to the widely distributed megalithic monu­ Of little less importance, however, in influencing ment. The publication of this book is a landmark in the development of EHiot Smith's thought and the Elliot Smith's development as an anthropologist. direction of his studies was his appointment to the In the following year (1912) Elliot Smith presided chair of anatomy in the Egyptian Royal School of over Section H (Anthropology) of the British Asso­ Medicine, Cairo. Here he was brought into contact ciation at the Dundee meeting. Through his personal with a number of problems arising out of investigation influence with former pupils and friends, as well as of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians, by his own contributions, the proceedings of the which were germane to his own studies. Skeletal Section on this occasion gave the members of the remains from predynastic and dynastic burials in Association a remarkable review of certain aspects almost countless numbers, and mummies from the of Egyptological studies at the time. various periods of Egyptian history, were studied on Elliot Smith's most noteworthy part in the pro­ his own initiative or were brought to him for examina­ ceedings at Dundee, however, and at the same time tion and report. In particular, he was deeply his most considerable contribution to anthropological impressed by the character of the skeletal remains science on this occasion, as perhaps might be expected, obtained by G. A. Reisner from his Nubian lay in his presidential address. In this he dealt with excavations. With this material under his hand, the identification of the neopallium, the associational Elliot Smith was attracted inevitably to the area in the frontal region of the brain, and demon­ consideration of such questions as the racial strated its bearing upon the evolutionary problem in origins and composition of the ancient Egyptian man, views then made known to a wider public for population, their pathology and the incidence of the first time. Notwithstanding the fact that subse­ diseases among them, as well as the history and quent neurological research has led to the very development of the practice and technique of considerable modification of Elliot Smith's views on mummification as manifested in the anatomical this localization of function, the conclusions which evidence. Nor did his active mind rest there ; were there put forward on the development of man's he was drawn on to examine the cultural and faculties in the evolution from lower forms of life religious ideas with their modifications in course of afforded a great stimulus to further research on such time, which were implicated in all this material. In questions as the development of stereoscopic vision, communications, for example, submitted to Section H of speech and generally on the evolution of form (Anthropology) of the British Association so long and function. This address, in fact, marks a stage ago as the Dublin meeting of 1908 may be dis­ in the study of the brain of early man, of which the cerned the germ of ideas and concepts which were development, more especially by the use of the to play a very important part in the work of his endocranial cast, was probably Elliot Smith's later years. greatest and most lasting contribution to the study In 1907 Elliot Smith was admitted a fellow of the of human palreontology. Royal Society. His services to scientific studies in The announcement, which followed shortly after, Egypt were recognized by the award of the Order of of the discovery of the Piltdown skull, brought the Mejidie. In 1909 he left Egypt to occupy the Elliot Smith into the discussions which followed on chair of anatomy in the University of Manchester. the reconstruction of that early relic of man, and it Apart from a number of papers contributed to was nnder his supervision and with his collaboration scientific journals, the most important of his publi­ that the late Dr. J. Hunter, after the Great War, cations arising directly out of his work in Egypt was effected a reconstruction of the cranium, which once "The Royal Mummies", which as a result of the and for all brought the chimpanzoid jaw into suffi­ anatomical examination of well-known examples ciently harmonious relation with the rest of the skull from the Royal burials, threw a new light on certain to place the individual and human character of both dynastic problems of Egyptian history.
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