¿ 7 i f s a a The Magazine of Metalworking and Metalproducing
AUGUST 30, 1943
V o lu m e 113 N u m b e r 9
All-welded tanker, constructed in 90 days, slides down the ways. Page 31. NEWS
EDITORIAL STAFF Shipyards Get No Respite ...... 31 E. L. S han Kit Editor-In-Chief Construction program stepped up for 1944 E. C. K reutzbbrg E ditor Coal ...... 33 Renegotiation ...... 42 W.w. M. R o o n e y G. W. B i r d s a l l Net- vs Editor Engineering Editor Present, Past and Pending . . . 33 Postwar Planning ...... ___ 43 J. 1). K nox G uy H ubbard Steel C a p a c ity ...... 34 W PB-OPA ...... 44 Steel Plant Editor M achine Tool Editor Steelworks Operations .... 35 Men of Industry ...... 54 Arthur F. Macconochie Contributing Editor Steel Consumption ...... 36 O b itu a rie s ...... 55 D. S. Cabot Labor ...... 37 Latin America ...... 56 A rt Editor NE Steel Specifications .... . 37 Activities ...... 57 Associate Editors Contract Terminations ...... 38 Pacific Coast ...... 58 G. II. M anlove W . J. C am pbell Irwin 11. Such, Eastern Editor Neiv York, B. K. Price, L. E. Browne Pittsburgh, R. I.. H artford Chicago, E. F. Ross Detroit, A. H. A lle n Washington, L. M. Lamm TECHNICAL London, Vincent Dblpokt
Assistant Editors Welding the “Big Inch”— Our New Pipeline from Texas ...... 64 J. C. Sullivan, J ay D uE ulis, F . R . B riggs How a 5-mile-per-day pace was obtained in laying this line D. B. W ilkin J. M . K urtz User Report No. 18 on Experience with NE Alloy Steels ...... 6 6 BUSINESS STAFF Properties, processing of NE -9437 used as a b o ltin g m aterial G. O . H a y s Business Manager Electric Induction Heating Is Due to Resistance Loss ...... 74 R. C. Jaenke Advertising Manager A simplified explanation of how induction heating works C. II. Bailf.y Advertising Service Principles Underlying Transportation of Materials ...... 79 Ant- York, E. W. Kreutzberg, K. A. Zollnkr A timely review of some fundamentals in materials handling Pittsburgh, S. H. Jasper, B. C. Snell Chicago, L. C. Pelott, V. W. Volk Advanced Techniques in Forging Shell at Am bridge ...... 82 Cleveland, D. C. K iefer, C. H. Cross Improved practices in billet cutting, forging, die design Los Angeles, F. J. F uller J. W. Zuber Circulation Manager Production of Low-Phos Charging Stock by Direct Reduction .... 8 8 Harman process for producing high-purity charging material Main Office Penton Building, Cleveland 13, Ohio
Branch Offices New York 17...... East 42nd St. icago 11...... 520 North Michigan Ave. FEATURES ¿ £ 5 & 1 9 ...... 280° lioppers Building vp ,...... 6560 Cass Ave. As the Editor Views the News 27 The Business Trend ...... 62 mgton 4 ...... 956 National Press Building Cincinnati 2 ...... 2030 Carew Tower Windows of Washington ... 40 Industrial Equipm ent ...... 98 I* a n ** *** North New Hampshire Ave. Mirrors of Motordom 47 Helpful Literature ...... 105 n on- - ..2 Caxton Street, Westminster, S.W. 1 W in g Tips ...... 50 Construction and Enterprise. 130 • • •
t‘cnton August 30, 1943 25 NICKEL AIDS THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY t o k e e p 'e m p / Oil is ammunition. On every battle drilled with wooden rigs and kerosene how:’ are now so vital to Victory ’ front, oil is war material number one. was shipped in oak barrels, oil men m en in all industries who desire ask Besides power for ships and subs, have relied largely on stressed parts ance in the selection, fabrication a* planes and tanks, trucks and jeeps, it strengthened and toughened by addi heat treatm ent of ferrous a n d non ^ also provides the basic ingredients for tions of Nickel. rous m etals, In co engineers and me synthetic rubber, toluene for TNT, The o il industry knows many uses lurgists offer counsel and data. chemicals, and many other essential for Nickel alloyed materials, from crown war materials. q blocks to drill bits, from sucker rods to New Catalog Index To meet increased wartime demands pressure stills. Alone, or in combination for oil, field and pipeline equipment with other alloying elements, Nickel New Catalog C makes it easy for you to get Nickel litera carries heavier loads. Refineries make helps metals resist corrosion, retard ture. It gives you capsule longer runs at high heats and pressures. wear and absorb shock overloads. Prop synopses of booklets and bul letins on a wide variety of Engineers add sub-zero cycles and new erly used, a little N ickel goes a long subjects — from industrial ap catalysts. E quipm ent is taxed up to and way to insure dependable, uninter plications to metallurgical sometimes beyond rated capacity . . . rupted operation of production and re data and working instruc tions. Why not send for your precision equipment that cannot be fining units. copy of Catalog C today? readily replaced. For years the technical staff of Inter Despite emergency schedules, how national Nickel has been privileged to ever, that equipment rarely fails. For, cooperate with petroleum engineers since the days when shallow wells were whose pooled information and “know N i c k e l THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC., 67 Wall St., New York 5> 26 AS THE EDITOR V IE W S THE NEWS August 30, 1943 What Price Renegotiation? War contract renegotiation, which subject ranks High on the list oi problems to be tackled by Congress in September, has become unnecessarily involved. Anyone who reads carefully the arguments of the principals in this debate is forced to con clude that they have become so engrossed in detail that they are incapable of evaluat ing the broader issues at stake. In the first place, should contracts be renegotiated? The right answer, we be lieve, is that a few should be but that a majority should not be. Pearl Harbor caused us to speed our war program. It is conceivable that in the urge to get going we drafted contracts hurriedly. We underestimated the effects ol repetitive operations on production costs. We underrated the American capacity for ingenuity, resourcefulness and simplification. We surprised our best experts by do ing better than they thought we could do. Unquestionably there was justification in readjusting early contracts to compensate for our under estimates. Hut as time went on and as we learned from experience, we should have been evolving a technique in original contract negotiation which should have eliminated the necessity of renegotiation except in a few unusual instances. Instead of working steadily toward the ideal of a firm contract, we continued to temporize with loosely drawn “scraps of paper.” The result is that today we are in an awful mess. Moreover, we have gotten so far away from the original purpose of a contract that we are considering almost every factor except the one that counts. We are argu ing about prewar profits, postwar reserves, ability to pay, etc., etc., instead of fair pay for service rendered, which should be the primary consideration. Also, we seem to have overlooked entirely the psychological effect of renegotiation. It is about the most pro-IIitler device that could be conceived. It discourages efficiency in management and operation. It encourages waste, shiftlessness and boondoggling. It promotes complacency at a time when we should be fighting complacency vigorously. One argument advanced for renegotiation is that it saves money and prevents profiteering. We venture the opinion that except in some exceptional cases early in the war and in cases of voluntary renegotiation on the part of contractors, renegotia tion has not saved money or prevented profiteering to the extent that these objec tives would have been served if we had had no renegotiation and had relied upon sound tax laws to take care of excessive profits. PIPELINE "KNOW HOW”: About 4 from the direct needs of the war program. Steel- o clock Saturday afternoon, Aug. 21, oil was drawn making, mill and equipment building capacity had from a tap near Linden, N. J., into a 5-gal. glass jug. to be scheduled for the big job of making pipe, ac The fluid was transferred from this jug into numerous cessories, pumps, etc. fo r a 1400-mile line of 24-inch small glass vials fo r distribution as souvenirs. Re seamless steel pipe. A fter material and equipm ent cipients of these vials prized them because each con were supplied there still remained the task of digging tained a few ounces of the first oil to flow through the trench, welding the pipe, coating it for protec Big Inch,” the government's new pipeline from tion against corrosion, lowering it into place, install ing valves, and tying it in with 29 pump stations Texas to the north Atlantic seaboard. Back of the simple ceremony at Linden is a typical and several auxiliary distributing lines. American achievement. Steel had to be diverted In spite of numerous handicaps, “Big Inch” was (OVER) iTVTY ■** r i i (53Kb - - * A S T H E EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS put down at an average rate of 5 miles of pipe per UNLOADING UNCLE SAM: Every- day. The record speaks volumes for the “know time we hear that a government operation has been how” of pipeline construction which Americans have turned over to private interests, we feel that at least been developing in recent years and which was ap one potential headache has been removed from the plied to good advantage in the “Big Inch” emer nation’s postwar adjustment problem. gency. —p. 64 During the past two weeks coal mine properties of 58 companies were turned back to their rightful owners and operators. The Rossford, O., Ordnance WHITE COAL AND IRON: H ydro Depot was taken over from the Army by the Har electric power is prominently mentioned in current vester War Depot, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary news. It is associated with many wartime problems of the International Harvester Co. i.i the production of light metals, wood pulp, ferro These and other transfers of recent date encour alloys and other essentials. In the Pacific states, and age Americans to feel that their government is not particularly in the Northwest, local citizens arc too anxious to encroach upon private enterprise. counting upon the availability of cheap electricity to Nevertheless, there are some people in Washington attract many industries to the region after the war. who would like to see the government run every in Chile, plans for a steelworks to produce 100,000 thing and the fact remains that Uncle Sam still is metric tons of steel annually contemplate the erec running hundreds of businesses w hich could be man tion of two electric blast furnaces of the Swedish aged much more efficiently by private operators. Tysland-Hole type to utilize the low cost hydroelec We have a long way' to go and the road will be tric power available at the plant site. rough, but we are moving in the right direction. — pp. 33, 57 Thus far, the use of electricity for iron smelting has advanced more in the Scandinavian countries, Italy and Japan than in the United States, Great Britain, France and Germany, where pig iron has FLUIDITY IN MANPOWER: M anpower Commissioner M c N u tt says that the mili been produced economically by orthodox methods. tary services are going to increase their personnel If and when economic conditions call for the devel from 9,300,000 to 11,300,000 by July 1, 1944, and opment of electric smelting in this country, the Pa that this drain, coupled with other factors, "ill cific Northwest would seem to be a favored spot necessitate moving 2,600,000 persons from less es for the experiment. —pp. 56, 5S sential to more essential jobs between now and July 1 next year. There are so many variables in the manpower WAR’S EFFECT ON STEEL: American situation that it is not easy to predict just what this Iron and Steel Institute rates the nation’s steel in will mean to industry’s employ'inent problem. Su got producing capacity as of July 1, 1943 at 90,SS1,- perficially, it undoubtedly means that present short 0 0 0 tons annually and its blast furnace capacity as of ages will be intensified. On the other hand, it >s the same date at 64,500,000 tons. Both figures rep known that manpower scarcity- is not uniformly dis resent moderate gains from the capacities of Jan. 1, tributed over the nation. Cutbacks, cancellations, 1943, and marked increases from the Jan. 1, 1940, etc. w ill cause temporary- surpluses in spots. levels. The goal of 96.000,000 tons of steelmaking Two things might relieve the threatened tight capacity, originally set for July 1, 1943, will not be situation. One would be greater fluidity in labor— attained until sometime next year. ability to shift manpower quickly to where it !S The institute also has issued the detailed break needed most. Second would be to weed out about down of the classification of billings of steel prod a million persons from government civilian payrolls ucts by principal consuming groups for 1942. These where they are performing no currently essential figures support the general statement on the distribu service. P- ^ tion of steel for 1942 issued by the institute earlier in the year and presented on page 57 of the April 19, 1943, issue o f S TE E L. Study of the tabulation of shipments shows how wartime activities— notably shipbuilding—have altered the usual pattern of dis CHIC tribution. —pp. 34, 36 EDITOR-I*- 4 V x 17" Steel Cylinders- Cylinders, draun to 4y>-in. diamete, in. deep through a ring die, are co, Drawn fromInland Shoots from the press pit to the finishing :he bottom of the 7-in. cylinder, forces it Only four operations are necessary to nto the lower die, turning the cylinder form a 4ki>-in. diameter by 17 in. deep nside out while reducing the diameter to cylinder that is part of a shell container 5 in. and increasing the length to 1254s in. used hy the U. S. Navy. In the final operation a 6-in. cylinder is In the first operation an 18-in., placed over the upper die which forces it 19-gage, blank, cut from Inland deep through a ring die, drawing the cylinder to drawing sheets, is formed into a cylinder final size, 43^ in. in diameter by 17 in. deep. 10 in. in diameter by 6 in. deep. The sec ond operation reduces the diameter to 7 These cylinder forming operations, like in. and increases the depth to 8 ‘A in. In many other difficult war jobs, are proof of the third operation a 7-in. hy 8>^-in. cyl the uniformi ty and high quality of Inland inder is placed bottom end up over the flat rolled steel products—products that lower die. The upper die, pressing against are being used 100% for Victory Wartime Emergency Steels In Ryerson Stock AIRCRAFT ALLOYS — Available through the ACW plan NE ALLOYS — On hand for all essential applications Write for helpful booklets and physical property interpretations with Call Ryerson... for the steel you need quickly, each shipment of NE Steels. whether it’s day-to-day needs or emergency or ders. Your nearby Ryerson plant carries over Informative booklets of helpful data have 10,000 different kinds, shapes and sizes of been prepared. The Aircraft Alloy Steels steels in stock for immediate shipment. And, Booklet lists available steels in stock; gives a stocks are now adequate to meet requirements. condensed version of the AMS and ANS spec ifications as they pertain to steel. The NE At our Chicago, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Booklet covers the explanation of the Jominy Jersey City plants, we carry' Aircraft Alloy bars Test and its relationship to the physical prop 8630, X4130 and 4140 in various condi erties of steel; lists available stocks; and pre tions and in a wide range of sizes. These spe sents physical property information on many cial stocks are earmarked for aircraft use. They popular NE Steels. Copies of both books are meet government specifications and are offered yours for the asking. in accordance with the ACW program. Make Ryerson your number one source for Ryerson NE Alloy Steels in the carburizing, steels. Let our engineers and metallurgists medium hardering and high hardening grades work with you. Call Ryerson first . . • or are available at all ten plants in a wide range of sizes. Ryerson furnishes helpful test data action on steel. JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON, INC. Plants on Chicago, Mi.waukee, S,. Louis, Détroit, Cieveland, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Boston, Philadelphio, J e r s e ^ RYERSON STEEL-SERVICE SHIPBUILDING Yards G et No Respite; 1944 Program Stepped Up the commission started out with plans for large-scale, rapid conversion of Lib- erty-ship yards to Victory-ship produc Projected schedule for next year calls for in excess of 20,000,000 tion, while tbe War Production Board argued for a less drastic change on tbe deadweight merchant tonnage. . . Bulk of construction con grounds abrupt conversion would cause tinues centered on mass output of slow-moving Liberties. . . 500 a dangerous drop in total launchings and fast vessels planned a heavier outlay for each vessel in ma terials, manpower and construction time. As a result of tbe compromise, it is MERCHANT shipbuilding program for and special craft for tire calendar year. This record production was achieved in said, a few shipbuilders who bad ex 1944 calling for in excess of 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 tbe face of .changes in program such as pected to construct Victory ships w ill deadweight, or carrying capacity, ton diversion of shipbuilding capacity from have to go on making Liberties. How nage was disclosed last week by a spokes Liberty ships to tankers, and also diffi ever, only a few yards w ill be affected. man for the Maritime Commission. culties encountered in obtaining mate At the same time it was indicated tbe At the same time formal announce Victory ship construction program may ment was made of a combined American- rials. be increased as gears and turbines be British-Canadian Shipbuilding Commit In informed quarters it is said tbe 1944 come available. tee to standardize ship designs. program represents a compromise be In shipbuilding quarters it is pointed The Maritime Commission spokesman tween the Maritime Commission and tbe War Production Board. It is understood out that the construction program for said tbe combined chiefs of staff had approved a 1944 program in excess of 20,000,000 deadweight, or carrying ca pacity, tonnage, the new vessels to in clude 500 fast ships. He did not say how much more than 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 tons was projected. While the actual number of ships to be built was not stated, it recently was re ported the total program will run be tween 1800 and 2000 vessels. A t tbe same time, it was said all tbe speedy C-typc cargo carriers planned for tbe year will be built, which with the new Victory-type w ill bring the total of fast cargo ships in the program to more than 500. The bulk of tbe country’s shipbuilding activity, however, it is indicated, w ill continue to be concentrated on the slow- moving, mass-built Liberty ship, output of which has permitted shipbuilders to smash all shipbuilding records. In the first seven months of this year American shipyards delivered into serv ice 1046 new merchant vessels, aggregat ing 10,485,500 deadweight tons, accord ing to tbe Maritime Commission. During the seven-month period ship construction has been stepping up at a very rapid rate. During the period total tonnage passed the halfway point in the projected schedule of more than 19,000,- 000 deadweight tons of merchant ships This all-welded tanker, constructed in 90 days, slides down the ways at the Weld ing Shipyards Inc. at Norfolk. Shipyards are expected to top the 19,000,000 ton goal set fo r 1943 and are being called upon to produce more than 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 tons in 1944. Acm e photo SHIPBUILDING 1944 is about twice as great as the en of the five turbine manufacturers and four gear manufacturers for the Victory W ar Goods To Be tire Merchant Marine on Jan. 1, 1941. Completion of next year’s schedule w ill ship program w ill fit on the same mount mean that 50,000,000 tons, or about 5000 ing and have the same type of connec Rushed to Fronts tions. Thus, no Victory shipbuilder w ill ships, w ill have been built since the start have to delay production because a tur of the shipbuilding program in 1938. Ordnance officials study prob This is equal to lire five largest maritime bine fails to arrive on time; he can use a lems of supplying materiel to fleets in the world in January 1941— turbine available from any of tbe other those of Great Britain, tire United States, manufacturers. 70 theatres of operations in The committee found also that the Japan, Germany and Norway. adequate and continuous flow In recent months some government Army, the Navy, the Maritime Commis officials have questioned whether war de sion and other federal agcnc.es wer^ MEANS for speeding the (low of war mands would require such a great vol building 23 different types of steel tow materiel to the fighting fronts was the ume of shipping as is projected in view boats. The committee reduced this to seven types. Similarly, the six types of subject of a two-day conference at the of the sharp decline in losses from U-boat Palmer House, Chicago, Aug. 25-26, attacks, limited port facilities in the war between top ordnance officials and the zones and shortage of seamen. commanding officers of ordnance de In reply Maritime officials point out MORE TANKERS pots. Conference was attended by 11 the chiefs of staff have approved prepara generals, 49 colonels and 10 lieutenants American shipyards delivered tion of materials and facilities for the colonels, including Maj. Gen. Levin H. approximately 40 per cent more huge 1944 program but state completion Campbell Jr., Chief of Ordnance, and oil tankers during the first seven of it depends upon developments in tbe Brig. Gen. Julian S. Hatcher, chief, field months of this year than during war. However, as fur as the Maritime service division, Office of Chief of Ord the entire year of 1942. Through Commission is concerned it must be as nance, Washington. sumed that all projected ships w ill be July of this year a total of 8 8 In view of the momentous decisions needed. tankers aggregating 1,013,000 made at Quebec, tbe Ordnance Depart British-American-Canadian Combined deadweight tons were delivered. ment is ready to go all out in supplying Committee on Standardization of Ship Increase in tanker production fighting equipment for overseas forces, Design was announced publicly for the was attributed in part to standard General Campbell stated in a press con first time by Donald M. Nelson, chair ization of design. Other factors ference. For this reason, he asserted, it man of the W ar Production Board, last were mass production and préfab was deemed wise to acquaint all com week, it being described as “ the first at rication methods plus tbe all-out manders of tire Ordnance Field Senrce tempt in history at international co effort by workers and manage Department w ith the problems of other ordination in shipbuilding.” ment. depots in tbe supply of tanks, vehicles, Future schedules call for a ammunition and guns. Standardize Propulsion Machinery still further increase in the produc A ll the vast supply procured by the Among tbe committee s achievements, tion of T2-type tankers. While Ordnance Department must flow through Mr. Nelson said, was standardization of 82 of the craft bad been deliv the field service depots to c o m b a t troops ship propulsion machinery which has ered through July, 1943, delivery no matter where they are in 70 differ« freed enough manufacturing capacity to schedules call for a total of 424 theaters of operations, he continued. assure the turning out geared turbines more of this type by tbe end of Ordnance Department recently turned for 350 of the new Victory ships for 1944. over five of its depots to operation b> 1944; civilian companies, and negotiations are The 1944 construction schedule dis nearing completion for a sixth transer closed by tbe commission calls for deliv escort vessels being produced in this Depots now under civilian operation ery of the new-type Victory ships and country are being cut to one. are the Milan depot, Milan, Ienn., > about 2 0 0 of the superior fast merchant- Procter & Gamble Co.; Ravenna CJfr Mr. Nelson said this simplification and men of the C-type. Most of the other nance Center, Ravenna, O., by A standardization, together with the sub vessels w ill be the Liberty freighters. Powder Co.; Anniston depot, Annis sequent agreement on a simple design Much of the credit for making avail Ala., by Chrysler Corp.; Lordsto for Vietory-ship equipment, saved so able the geared turbines for the new Vic depot, Warren, O., by Sears, much time, materials and new facilities tory ships is accorded by Maritime Com & Co., and Rossford depot, Toledo, that geared turbines became available mission officials to the American-British- by International, Harvester Co. for as many as 350 of the V ic to ry ships Canadtan committee. to be built next year, representing about The first task of this committee, which 3,500,000 tons. Predicts No Radical was organized some months ago, was tur bines and the necessary gears for Victory’ By the same means it was found pos Changes in Automobiles sible to reduce the types of turbo-gen ships just when the entire capacity out n o radical put of manufacturers was going into erator sets for power and lighting of Americans should • expect ibiles naval vessels and C-ships. The commit ships. It was discovered, too, that steel innovations iu such items- as ‘ult0" r tj)e tee brought producers, shipbuilders and tugboat types could be cut and tire ves when production is resume a ■go\ emmental officials together and man sels still amply serve tbe same purposes. war, according to Fred Zeder, vice aged to reduce the 27 types of turbines A ll these were accomplishments of man of tbe Chrysler Corp. He being manufactured to nine. Types of the committee in its first six months, dieted manufacturers would ru- ^ gears were reduced from 77 to 17. and Mr. Nelson pointed to them as in production as soon as P° SS1 e ,° nl0dds ing consumer demands anc < ^ Production of propulsion machinery’ dicating “ what further substantial econ would be about the same as not only was speeded, but also it has omies in capital investment, materials fore production was stoppe , ¿ur- been possible to develop standards to the and time may be expected in the future Mr. Zeder’s observation was n > ■end any geared turbine produced by any from this sort of co-operation.” COAL ing a visit to Cleveland as a member Although Colonel Lent was not per of the National Inventors’ Council meet mitted to list detailed accomplishments Steelmakers Win ing in that city, and which inspected of the laboratory, he indicated one of the airplane engine research laboratory the more important was the stepping up Fuel Priorities of the National Advisory Committee for of horsepower of fighter plane engines. Aeronautics, the Cleveland Diesel En Colonel Lent and Rear Admiral H. G. Industry's bituminous needs gine Division of General Motors Corp., Bowen expressed the opinion that the in and General Electric Co.’s Nela Park. ventors council, by channeling inventions must be filled first, Ickes rules. to the appropriate military officials, had Members of the council termed their . . . Upper lakes area con visit to the three plants a “ revelation.” aided the war program incalculably and Lieut. Col. L. B. Lent, Army Air. Force, that the military efficiency of the United sumer must be served next described the N. A. C. A. laboratory as States could be maintained at a higher an invaluable testing ground for aircraft level in peacetime if the system were PRIORITY on bituminous coal ship engines. retained. ments was given to the iron and steel producers and other vital metallurgical users last week by Solid Fuel Adminis Present, Past and Pending trator Harold L. Ickes. Secondary priorities were given to consumers in the Great Lakes district ■ JULY MACHINE TOOL SHIPMENTS DECLINE SLIGHTLY to allow these consumers to build up W a s h i n g t o n —Machine tool shipments in July amounted to $97,428,000, a decline of stocks before navigation on the lakes 1.4 per cent from June. Net new orders were $28,795,000. At July rate of shipments, is closed by winter weather. builders’ backlogs w ill be eliminated in 4Vz months. -Increased requirements of tbe by-prod 0 0 O uct coke industry’, an integral part of ■ GOVERNMENT SPENDS $25 BILLION FOR WAR PLANTS steel manufacture, coupled with de W a s h in g to n —Twenty-five billion dollars has been expended by the government ficiencies in coal output resulting from for construction of new plant facilities for the prosecution of the war, according strikes and manpower losses have made to Secretary’ of Commerce Jesse Jones. supplying of metallurgical coal a prime 0 0 0 problem of the industry. Late opening ■ NEW SYNTHETIC TIRE EXPANSION PROGRAM IN MAKING of the lake navigation season, with W a s h in g t o n — Rubber Director W illiam M. Jeffers has submitted tentative pro losses caused by the cx>al mine strikes, posals for a $ 9 5 million expansion of synthetic rubber tire production facilities. have put shipments to the upper lakes behind schedule. ■ COST OF LIVING DECLINES IN JULY Producers now have been authorized New York—L iving costs in the United States declined 1.2 per cent during July, to reduce shipments to customers not according to the National Industrial Conference Board. 0 0 0 in the upper lakes consuming district until orders from these customers are * INDUSTRY LOOKS TO NEW POSTWAR FIELDS filled. New York-—One company in five plans to invade new fields after the war, according Where producers’ commitments are to a survey made by McKinsey & Co., management consultants. 0 0 0 less than customers’ requirements, the solid fuel administrator may apportion ■ FARM EQUIPMENT INSTITUTE CANCELS CONVENTION the deficiency to be filled among the Chicago—Farm Equipment Institute has cancelled its annual convention, oiigina > various districts. Bituminous coal ad scheduled to be held here Oct. 12-13. Action was promoted by desire to co visory boards under tbe supervision of operate with Office of Defense Transportation in holding convention travel to the solid fuel administration w ill ascer minimum. 0 * 0 tain which producers in their districts shall fill die deficiency quotas. ■ MORE STEEL PLATES ASKED FOR FOURTH QUARTER -After filling the requirements under W a s h in g t o n —War Production Board steel officials are being asked for more steel the new orders, producers w ill be direct Plates for fourth quarter for the Maritime Commission, Navy and the railroads. ed to prorate their remaining tonnage Beginning in October, it is understood, 50,000 additional tons w ill be allocated; - 0 ,- among their other customers, except °00 tons w ill come from expanded capacity and tbe remainder w ill be obtained where customers with adequate stocks by reducing other quotas. O 0 0 agree to accept less coal. ■ SCRAP INDUSTRY'S LABOR SHORTAGE ACUTE W a s h in g t o n —Scrap industry representatives hare informed the War Manpower Mines of 58 Coal Firms Commission of a growing labor shortage and asked that safeguards be pros k c w ic i " ill allow dealers to retain their present forces. Many have only 33 to 60 per Returned to Owners cent of their 1940 labor strength. Complicating the shortage is a proposal to launch Mines of 58 coal companies last week a new scrap collection campaign this fall. were returned to private control by Sec 0 0 » retary of Interior Harold L. Ickes who * RECEIVE NORTH AFRICAN BATTLE SCRAP has been operating the mines since they Richmond, Va—T wo carloads of war scrap from North Africa— wrecked planes, were seized by die government. ‘ank parts, helmets and shell—have arrived at the Smith Junk & Salvage Co. here. < * 0 0 The mines were returned in accordance with the Smith-Connally antistrike act 1 SEPT. 30 DEADLINE FOR IDLE STEEL REPORTS requirement that property seized by the Pittsburgh— Steel Recovery Corp. w ill continue to accept reports on inventories ot government be returned within 60 days "He steel only until Sept. 30. Reports postmarked after that date wall not be after restoration of “ productive effi Processed and the steel w ill not be eligible for the government’s special “ higher-than- scrap” prices. ciency.” August 30, 1943 STEEL CAPACITY ings is three times greater than produc tion at the time of the Pearl Harbor at Ten Million Tons Added During tack. Not included in the totals are in cendiary bomb magnesium castings which Three-Year Expansion Program also have shown large production in creases. Electric furnace capacity now two and a half times greater than Sand castings showed the largest poundage increase from less than 1,500,- in 1940. . . Most projects to be completed in 1943, but few 000 in November, 1941, to over 4,500,- will be delayed until early in 1944 0 0 0 pounds per month in the spring of this year. Permanent mold castings AMERICAN steel producing capacity able to consumers of steel three years reached a peak of 356,000 pounds and has increased to a new peak of 90,881,- ago. die castings a peak of 2/4,000 pounds 0 0 0 tons annually, according to the Bessemer and crucible capacity have in May of this year, increases of more American Iron and Steel Institute. fluctuated relatively little in recent years than 1400 and 400 per cent respectively and are rated at 6,074,000 and 3800 During the past three years, total an over pre-war production. tons a year respectively. nual capacity has heen enlarged by Blast furnace capacity as of July 1 nearly 1 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 tons to meet the ex June Scrap Stocks Show panded needs of steel for the war pro was rated at 64,500,000 tons a year, 500,- gram. When the present expansion pro 0 0 0 tons more than at the beginning of Slight Gain Over May the year and 9,000,000 tons more than gram is completed, capacity w ill approxi Domestic stocks of steel and iron in 1940. mate 96,000,000 tons a year. scrap at consumers’, suppliers and pro Original schedule called for comple ducers’ plants at the end of June "ere tion of the program by July 1 of this Magnesium Castings Output approximately 6,916,000 gross tons, a year. The relatively low priority ratings slight increase over the 6,905,000 tons which were assigned to the program Triples Pre-War Rate reported as of May 31, 1943, according to the Bureau of Mines, Department of delayed the receipt of necessary mate War Production Board revealed last rials and equipment and caused the pro week that production of magnesium cast Interior. gram to be set back. Rated capacity as of July 1 shows open-hearth furnace capacity to be 79,- 867.000 tons, about 700,000 tons more WPB Denies CIO Charges Surplus than the total at the beginning of the year. Ingots Not Promptly Processed Electric furnace capacity is rated at 4.936.000 tons, nearly 400,000 tons SURPLUS steel ingot capacity arising been utilized in the best interests of the above the figure at the beginning of war program, Operations Vice Chair the year and more than two and a half from completion of new open hearths man H. G. Batcheller, War Production times the electric furnace capacity avail prior to completion of rolling mills has Board, said last week in a telegram to Eugene Maurice, United Steelw ork ers of America, CIO, in response to a complaint by Mr. Maurice that Bethlehem Steel Co. was avoiding processing of sur plus ingots produced by another con pany because of the freight charges m volved. Following conferences with WPB of ficials, Mr. Maurice agreed the MS possible use of steel melting c‘*Pa*'.' has been made by the War Pro ac o Board, Mr. Batcheller said. Mr. Mour- ‘ also expressed approval of plansT lated by the Steel Division of W« 5 direct movement of any surplus i-1 that may become available in t e ^ ture from the producing mi 10 . Bethlehem company’s Johnstown and other finishing mills w ere , may be finished into end products needed in the war effort- In his telegram Mr. Batcheller s ^ “ Mr. Nelson has instructed me vestigate the p o s s ib le increase m ^ ^ FIRST WEST COAST PLATE: Here is the first plate to be rolled at henry J. Kaiser's $100,000,000 Fontana, Calif., steel mill. The mill, which started of steel vitally needed for, the_ , . \ vWch operations Aug. 16, will produce 300 tons of plates every eight hours, to gram through the ro llin g of hV be used for the construction of merchant ships. NEA photo c a n be p r o d u c e d by C a rn e g ie «cc ,4 rlif-ir finishing capacity . 34 STEELWORKS OPERATIONS lehem at the Johnstown plant where surplus finishing capacity exists, and DISTRICT STEEL RATES Ingot Output your complaint that Bethlehem is avoid Percentage of Ingot Capacity Engaged in ing the processing of such surplus in Leading Districts Steady at 98.5% gots because of freight charges involved, W eek Same Ended W eek all as referred to in your telegram of Aug. 28 Change 1942 1941 District rates at Pittsburgh and Aug. 9. Pittsburgh 98.5 —rl.5 94 100 101.5 Wheeling reflect capacity re “You state that such ingots are avail 99 + 0 .5 103 95 None 95 95.5 able at the Homestead plant of Carnegie. Youngstown . . 98 None 96 98 visions This is not the case. Investigation 103 + 8 78 93 Cleveland . . . 94.5 + 5 99 93 PRODUCTION of open-hearth, bes- shows that wherever surplus ingot ca 90.5 None 93 93 Buffalo ...... semer and electric furnace ingots last pacity has existed, such as at Kaiser Birmingham . . 95 None 95 95 New England 97 None 92 90 week held steady at 98.5 per cent of plant in California and Carnegie m ill at - 5 91 88 Cincinnati . . . . 92 capacity. Homestead, where new open hearths St. Louis . . 89 None 95.5 98 83 - 3 89 92 A year ago the national rate was 98 have been completed prior to comple per cent; two years ago it was 96.5 tion of rolling mill facilities in some Average 98.5 None “98 “96.5 plants, such ingots have been utilized per cent, both based on capacities as steelmaking capacities as of of those dates. in best interests of the war program. these dates. Kaiser ingots have been supplied to Revision of capacity due to new equip meet vital requirements of our Allies ment added at Homestead and Duquesne consumers is shown in a table, page 36. under Lend-Lease. Ingots produced by works of Camegie-illlinois Steel Corp. Most sensational increase among steel Carnegie on new open hearths already caused the Pittsburgh district’s operat consuming industries was made by ship completed have been fully utilized by ing rate to decline 1% points to 98.5 builders who took 16 per cent of total other mills of the United States Steel per cent during the past week. Actual output. Greatest decline was in the Corp. or by other steel companies.” steel tonnage produced was slightly automotive industry which normally in greater than in the preceding week. recent years has been the industry s No. Removal of one plant from active War Causes Shifts in 1 customer. status resulted in a sharp upward revi The institute’s report, its thirty-first, Steel Distribution sion of the Wheeling district rate dur covers many statistics for the iron and ing the latest period. This plant has Sharp shifts in both the type of steel steel industry for 1942 and for Canada not been operated as a steel producer products produced in 1942 and the and some other countries for 1940 and since before the war, but has been car consuming industries to which they were prior years. ried as potential capacity in figuring the shipped are revealed in the annual statis Import and export statistics for 1941 district rate. Its removal caused an in tical report of the American Iron and and 1942 are not available but the re crease in the Wheeling district’s steel port includes such data as are available Steel Institute recently issued. rate of 8 points to 103 per cent of ca Analysis of billings of products to for 1940 and prior years. pacity. A ll blast furnaces in the Pittsburgh district are now in operation w ith the Details of July Pig Iron Production resumption of melting at “I ” furnace, -T o ta l- Edgar Thomson works, Carnegie-IUinois Pig Ferro, Year P er cent Steel Corp., recently. W ithin the next capacity District iron spiegel July to date 92.2 month two additional new furnaces are Eastern ...... 987,705 17,690 1,005,395 6,714,806 91.0 . 1,967,099 17,428 1,984,527 14,550,170 expected to begin operation. Pittsburgh-Youngstown 94.9 492,609 492,609 3,553,716 Inland Steel Co. reports that five blast 102.6 Chicago . 1,138,044 1,138,044 7,590,453 84.4 furnaces at its Indiana Harbor plant Southern . 301,277 15,293 316,570 2,428,852 89.0 W estern 85,600 85,600 528,191 have maintained uninterrupted produc 93.5 tion for more than three years. This Total . 4,972,334 50,411 5,022,745 35,366,188 is believed to be a group continuous American Iron and Steel Institute. Companies included above during 1942 represented operational record. 99-8 per cent of total blast furnace 'production. COMPARATIVE STEEL INGOT OPERATIONS IS) DEC. C MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. O JAN.FEB. MAR. APR. —1—1—1— “ 1—1—I—1— 1 1 1 ”1 I "T ł— 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 % INI I l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 INI 2 1.73 1 C A P A C IT Y 1 / \ i \ I--\A 'v V v J j \ 1 w K.J T 1.64 1 t------— i / u X 1941 1942 « PER PER CENT OF 1.55 * •o •o »o 5 O O (-n O t/r August 30, 1943 35 IN 1942 ANALYSIS OF STEEL PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION (Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. AH fisiures in Net Tons) . Steel CN Dt-'MTRIKM (») Wirt? drawers and wire product mfra.. fb) Bolt, nut and rivet manufacturers... (c) Forging manufacturers...... (d) All other steel plants and foundries.. _____ T otal...... Jouhkiih, Dealer* and Distributors (a) Oil and natural gas industry...... (b) All other Total . CONSTRUCTION IKDVHTKY (ft) Public (Municipal, State, National).. (b) Highways...... (r) Railways...... (d) Automotive and Aircraft...... 36 LABOR War Jobs To Call 2,600,000 More GETTING PARTICULAR Unloading of ore boats at the With Manpower Pinch Tightening docks of South Works, Camegie- Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, was interrupted for 38 hours recently Large-scale transfer of workers from less essential work must when 24 unloading machine oper be effected over coming year, says McNutt. . . Industry faced ators, members of local 65, United with rising production schedules, and men drawn into the Steelworkers of America (CIO), went out on an unauthozed strike. military services must be replaced Although the men filed no for mal grievance through their union, assume responsibility for utmost utiliza BETWEEN now and July next year a they ceased work because they no tion of manpower in their respective minimum of 2,600,000 persons must longer wished to perform the dock communities. transfer from less essential jobs to muni maintenance tasks customarily tions production or to jobs in the great done by them between the arrival number of community services essential Strike at Republic Steel of ore boats. to civilian life, Paul V. McNutt, chair man, War Manpower Commission, de Cuts Ingot Production clared last week. Loss in production of 2300 tons of in The dispute, going back to last De “It is easy to see why such large-scale gots and 500 tons of pig iron daily is be cember, involved a series of unauthor transfers must take place,” he said. “The ing caused by a strike at the blooming ized strikes over tonnage rate of pay. military services plan to expand from 9,- m ill of the Republic Steel Corp., 300,000 to 11,300,000 between July Youngstown, O. More than 500 men are 1943 and July 1944. These men and WLB Ultimatum Given idle as result of a protest of workers women will be drawn from war-useful in the blooming m ill against burning Strikers at Brewster jobs as well as from other occupations. scrap. The skelp m ill and bessemer also At the same time, as our commitments Ultimatum to return to work “ uncon have been forced to shut down. on the battle fronts multiply, the war in ditionally at once” was handed to 4000 dustries are required to meet rising strikers at the Johnsville, Pa., plant of schedules of production. They must re Gary Openhearth Premium the Brewster Aeronautical Corp. last place the men drawn into war service, week by the War Labor Board. The replace those they lose from accidents, Pay Decision Ends Dispute board threatened to invoke for the first normal deaths, retirements, and other Decision ending dispute between Car- time the drastic new powers recently kinds of turnover, and add enough negie-Ulinois Steel Corp. and local 104, granted it by President Roosevelt. skilled workers to assure that production USA-CIO, involving premium pay based These powers include the impounding schedules are met within specified pe on tonnage in No. 5 open-hearth shop of checked-off union dues, suspension of riods. of the Gary steelworks, was handed all privileges accruing to unions, and down recenth- by the arbiter. cancellation of draft deferments. Local Facilities Taxed “Labor for war production, however, is only part of the story. In places NE Specifications Changed; Some where there is a concentration of war production, a large influx of workers over the last few years has taxed local facili Series Withdrawn, Others Added ties and sendees. In these overcrowded areas there are acute shortages of laun CONDITIONS surrounding production scrap; and to remove objections on the dry workers, teachers, nurses, doctors, bus of alloy steels have made necessary cer part of steel consumers to the use of and delivery drivers, and others whose tain changes in the chemical composi steels containing higher than normal services are needed by civilians. These tion of the National Emergency (-NE) quantities of silicon. areas can accommodate no more outsid steels, according to the American Iron To accomplish these ends, the NE ers, but they must swell their war-useful and Steel Institute. 9400 series was modified by reducing labor forces, and this can only be ac the silicon content to 0.20/0.35 per cent; The modifications were made by rep complished by drawing on local sources.” increasing the chromium content to 0.30/ resentatives of the Metallurgical and 0.50 per cent; and increasing the nickel According to latest reports, there are Conservation Branch of the Steel D ivi content to 0.30/0.60 per cent. Those 55 areas of acute labor shortage and 111 sion of the War Production Board; the changes w ill not materially change the areas of insufficient labor supply or in Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Tech hardenability characteristics of the steels w'hich a labor shortage may be expected nical Division, U. S. Army; and members and so should not adversely affect test within six months. These two groups of the Iron and Steel Division of the ing programs now in progress. include more than 2 0 of the nation’s larg Society of Automotive Engineers, the est cities, and the combined areas had a S.A.E. War Engineering Board and the The following compositions have peacetime population of about 48,800,- Technical Committee on Alloy Steel of been withdrawn: NE 8020, NE 8442, 000, now swollen to approximately 52 American Iron and Steel Institute. and the entire NE 9600 series. millions. The following compositions have been The changes were made to permit Reports are current the commission added: N E 9261, NE 9425 and NE greater flexibility in the use of scrap, plans additional measures to attain full 9545. particularly in the handling of turnings use of available manpower. Measures The chromium content of NE 9262 taken to date have proved insufficient. and borings; to make possible higher recovery of molybdenum from steel was revised to read 0.25/0.40 per cent. 1 is said civic leaders w ill be asked to 37 August 30, 1943 CONTRACT TERMINATION would seem contractors have no grounds for worry’ about their materials and parts Army's Procedure Intended To inventories when contracts are cancelled or cut back. Their only problem is to Effect Fair, Fast Settlements establish a sound claim in answer to the Army’s question: “How much money Large portion of responsibility falls on manufacturer. He must do we owe you?” One of the good results coming out stop work plant; halt subcontracts; prepare inventory in ow n of the Army’s present experience in mak report, statement of costs and proposal for settlement; act as ing settlements for cancelled and cut back contracts is that it rapidly is setting custodian for government property up the procedure for making prompt s settlements on a vast scale after the end them, however, involve much smaller WAR Department has made great of the war. An effective approach for 1 figures. One termination, for example, progress in setting up machinery for the speedy action after the war is Procure- j involved a contract that came to $57 rapid and fair settlement of contracts ment Regulation No. 15 issued under and some change. The contractor did terminated or cut back. date of Aug. 14. Entitled “Termination j not have enough cotter pins and the of Contracts for the Convenience of the On Sept. 1 there w ill be very few product was shipped without the cotter Government,” it is a 76-page manual unsettled contracts that were terminated pins and the settlement came to 33 or cut back prior to March 1 of this carefully’ defining policy and procedures cents. year. This is regarded as a major ac to be followed in settling contracts of ; complishment since settlement of large Allow For Valid Costs different types. numbers of terminated contracts is an A few of the typical subheads that Many contractors have been worried art that has to be learned in time of war; reflect the contents of Procurement about whether all costs they have in there are no peacetime helps because Regulation No. 15 are: “Protection of curred will be allowed as valid by the contract termination procedure goes rights of assignee” ; “ Inventory ; Basis Army procurement agencies. This sub squarely counter to the common law of pricing inventory;” “Return of ject has come up in numerous confer under which either of two contractors property by contractor to his vendors ■ ences and meetings held by manufac may sue the other for recovery of dam- and suppliers” ; “ Grants of discretionary turers. The answer is that all costs are power to prime contractor” ; "Ascertain ages. allowed. This point was made clear in Utterly lacking in romance or glamor, ment of value” ; “ Channels of dispose f a letter of instructions addressed by the task of settling terminated or cut tion” ; "Disposition of property bv sub Under Secretary of War Robert P. back contracts is a difficult one. The contractor” ; “ Protection of propcrty- Patterson on June 30 to the commanding chief difficulties are: 1— It takes time mitigation of damages” ; "Government- .; generals of the Army A ir Forces and the to get claims from the contractors, par furnished equipment and property , Army Service Forces. This letter ordered ticularly in cases of partial cancellations; “Negotiated settlement compared with a the procurement officers to see to it that ■2 There often are difficulties in dispos formula settlement” ; “ Post-temunabon | all materials and parts and machinery ing of work in process, and thus es costs” ; “ Form of certificate to be used set free because of contract terminations tablishing sound costs; 3—The program by prime contractor when presenting , should be moved promptly to places can be carried out only as rapidly as statement” ; “ Applicability of forms an where it could be used for the war Army procurement officers and contrac comments to subcontractors ; Accoun tors develop skill in termination proce effort. ing review of the contractors an sn “ Frequently this material must be sold dure. contractors’ statements” ; “ Expediting at a substantial amount below its cost, Contracts can be terminated by partial payments” ; “ Subcontractors m said Under-Secretary Patterson. “ In “formula” or by “negotiation.” Termina ventories” ; “ Uncompleted portion o many instances work in process must tion by negotiation can be on an overall contract— negotiated settlement . and should be sold as scrap for scrap cost basis or on an inventory basis. The prices. It is inevitable that losses w ill Settlement Machinery Is Thorough formula basis provides that finished take place. Rarely w ill delay in dispos products be paid for at the original These are only a few of the man! ing of such property help the war effort contract price; on unfinished work the subheads to indicate the thorough-?« or result in any substantial savings to contractor is entitled to his cost plus nature of tire machinery that has the government. Under present circum a reasonable rate of profit. set up for making settlements. stances no material should be hoarded Obstacles Prevent Prompt Settlement merely in the vague hope that at some “ The termination articles present > future date the property may have a use in War Department conbrac| As stated above, one of the chief future use or a greater value. designed to permit, on equita r e obstacles that prevent prompt settlement consistently w ith the protection . in many cases is the difficulty in estab “You will order your contracting of government’s interest, and w i t 1111 • , lishing costs. X Company, for example, ficers to pursue a vigorous policy of disposing of such property’, promptly and range of discretion, the partia or had a partial cancellation early in April termination by the govemmen , intelligently. They will be supported in and w ill not get its claim in until some reason whatsoever, of the con the exercise of their honest judgment time in November. This company manu right to proceed with tire pe ‘ ^ factures a very complicated and difficult in carrying out these instructions. The of such contracts,” the item on which no other manufacturer same policy must be applied to obsolete or unneeded machinery and equipment. making reference to the has had any experience to use as a clause that has been contained m ■ Where it has no. suitable use in produc yardstick. This item has been cut in half contract placed since November o ^ tion it should be disposed of promptly and the costs w ill have to be determined “To carry out this general on the basis of experience. so that tlie scarce and critical materials all termination articles, t ie Many of the terminated and cutback out of which it is made can be used major principles must be apP j contracts run into millions of dollars. in the manufacture of new and vitally (1) Cessation o f - r k j n d ^ One large company alone has had some needed instruments of production.” e.vpense: A ll work related to tb 250 contract terminations. Many of In view of this strong statement it ,-rP E l- CONTRACT TERMINATION tract, whether performed by the prime be made of the provisions of termination mination notice (by. wire from the con tracting officer), be is required to take contractor or by a subcontractor or sup articles relating to partial payments, so plier is to be stopped promptly, except that all amounts, which are clearly due the following steps: where the contracting officer has deter to prime contractors and, through them, 1. Give direotions to stop work in mined that in the interest of the gov to their subcontractors and suppliers, his own plant. ernment, some work in process should be w ill he paid at the earliest possible mo 2. Halt at once all subcontracts and completed. This is to prevent (a) further ment (see paragraph 15-500 et seq.). purchase orders. running up of expense to the govern “ (7) Liquidation of advance payments 3. Make up a complete list of sub ment, and (b) waste of labor and mate and guaranteed loans: Advance pay contracts and purchase orders. rials (see par. 15-321 et see/.). ments and guaranteed loans (which are 4. Set up a schedule for supplying the contracting officer with an inventory “(2) Disposition of property: So far existing or potential charges against the report, statement of costs and a proposal as permitted by the terminated contract, funds allocated to terminated or cur property acquired for the performance of tailed contracts) w ill be liquidated in for settlement. the contract is to be disposed of with an orderly manner; affording, so far as 5. Lay out schedules for the sup reasonable dispatch, as advantageously as reasonably possible, protection to the plying of similar data by his subcon tractors. The contractor is required to take these steps as rapidly as possible. The War Department has indicated that no compensation w ill be allowed for work dono after a reasonable period has elapsed. However, special circumstances may make desirable continuance of the work or some phase of it. In some cases, the Army may permit some further proc essing to obtain a usable end product or component rather than halt work ab ruptly and scrap semiprocessed mate rials. The company should call to the attention of the contracting officer any such special circumstances. ARMY CRANE BARGE: Designed to unload war materials from cargo ships at places where docking facilities are not available, this barge Contractor Becomes Property Custodian carries a 30-ton crane powered by a 100-horsepower diesel engine. It The contractor whose contract is can was built by Pointer-Willamette Co., Edmunds, Wash. NEA photo celled automatically becomes custodian of the property owned by the govern ment and must exercise reasonable care to protect it from damage or loss. is reasonably possible and in a manner contractor’s financial structure so that When a reduction in the number of which makes such property available the contractor and financing institutions workers is necessitated by the cutting for other productive use at die earliest co-operating in the financing of War De back or cancelling of contracts, joint ac possible moment (see par. 15-350). Prop partment procurement w ill be protected tion is required by the contracting officer erty not disposed of is to l>e transferred to the extent compatible with the gov and the contractor. The Army officer to the government. ernment’s interest and that a m ultiplici ty of calls by financing institutions upon w ill notify the regional office of the War “(3) Payments to contractor: The con the War Department to take up guaran Manpower Commission of the anticipated tractor is to receive fair and reasonable tees of loans w ill be avoided (see par. decrease in workers, and the manage compensation for the work performed ment is asked to give appropriate notice 15-50(5.1). and for the supplies and articles fur to employes and their union representa “(8 ) Settlements with subcontractors: nished under the terminated contracts, tives. Management also is asked to in •Prime contractors must be pressed to «insistently with the provisions of the form subcontractors and suppliers of the effect prompt, fair and reasonable settle applicable contract article relating to cutback or termination and to co-op ments of their outstanding commitments termination. erate with the W MC in determining the to subcontractors and suppliers and pass “(4) Promptness of payment: Amounts workers to be released and in placing on to them a reasonable share of par owing to contractors, by reason of ter them elsewhere. tial payments on account of terminations mination are to be paid promptly and Settling with subcontractors and sup (see pars. 15-325, 15-500 et seq., 15- without administrative delay. pliers is a direct obligation of the prime (S) Accounting investigation: Intelli 6 5 4“ (9))■ Partial terminations: Where con contractor. These have no direct rights gent reviews are to be made of the re against the government, according to quests of contractors for payments in tractors are directed to reduce produc tion by partial terminations, equitable the standard termination clause, and it is connection with terminations to verify up to the prime contractor to see that their accuracy and propriety (see para adjustments of costs w ill be made con sistently with the applicable contract the companies below him halt produc graph 15-420 et seq.). To avoid delays tion, arrange for the disposal of prop and because of shortages of accounting articles or with an appropriate and equit erty and to advise them of the basis personnel, detailed auditing w ill be re able supplemental agreement (see P.R. on which they may obtain partial pay duced to a minimum consistent with the 306.3 and following paragraphs) in the ments, help them file inventories, state protection of the government’s inter event that the change causes an increase ests. in tire contractor’s costs. ments of costs and proposals for settle When a contractor receives a ter ment. (6 ) Partial payments: Full use must August 30, 1943 WINDOWS of WASHINGTON of projects in the East, the South and May Have Something Westwall Cracker other sections. Some observers predict Army Ordnance Department is in if subsistence farming is carried to a ORDNANCE Department reports it vestigating the possibilities of utlizing successful conclusion manufacture of now lias artillery and ammunition cap current scrap from war materiel produc quick-freeze and cold-storage locker fa able of cracking the highly publicized tion for further manufacture instead of cilities will loom as a major industry, German Westwall. A section of Westwall as melting stock. For example, a Woos rivaling the automotive industry in im was constructed at the Aberdeen Proving ter, O., manufacturer of landing mats portance. Ground; it was a good-sized blockhouse for the Army A ir Forces stamps 4-inch of high-grade concrete with steel rein disks out of 10-gage sheets. In the be forcing that duplicated the German de Helpful Suggestions lief these disks can he used for other pur sign. D irt heaps in depth, also used poses, a Cleveland interest has been in the real Nazi Westwall, were piled “ Guide to Assistance in Placing Or purchasing them at a special scrap price. up. Gun embrasures were added for ders for Controlled Materials has been Recently it was believed the disks could realism. When the guns finished the issued by the Education and Inquiry he cold formed into windshields for Westwall sample was a shambles. The armor piercing projectiles hut further concrete was pulverized in places. The investigation revealed that xv ould result steel rods were twisted like spaghetti. BLASTING! in unbalanced shells. The Cleveland The shells used, say the Ordnance De Ordnance District office now activel) partment, are high-explosive projectiles Our big accumulation of aerial is exploring possibilities for utilization of “the same type which bore through bombs is being expended at an of these disks. Similarly, use of other thick, case-hardened slabs of battle enormous rate. During the Tunis scrap is to be investigated. ship armor, then explode inside. ian campaign, according to Major General Levin H . Campbell Jr., Steel Employment chief. Army Ordnance, 16,236,- Airlines Win Point 390 pounds of high explosive, in Airline operators think they have won Now in process of completion is a cendiar}’, demolition and frag their struggle to get the Army to tum discussion on iron and steel in the post mentation bombs were dropped some two-engine cargo ships over to war era written by Mrs. Joan S. Crane, on the enemy in 386 air attacks. them for use on regular domestic routes. Postwar Planning Division, Bureau of La This record since has been sur They expect to receive shortly j* small bor Statistics, Labor Department. This passed in the New Georgia, Kiska number of these ships, perhaps 25. Head treatise analyzes price and employment and Sicilian campaigns hut the ed by Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, a com policy of the steel industry in the six and figures have not yet come off the mittee from this industry has assemb.e a half months immediately following adding machines . . . The Ord evidence that more of these ships are the armistice that terminated the first nance Department is supplying needed for purposes of war production, World War. During that period em 300-odd types of ammunition to to transport key military and civilian per ployment in the iron and steel industry the armies in the field; the Army sonnel, and also to carry an increasing fell' off sharply. Based on recent field Air Forces take about 240 differ amount of freight needed to keep "?-r interviews, Mrs. Cranes conclusion is ent types of ammunition. every effort w ill be made after the end production lines going. of this war to keep employment in iron and steel plants at the highest possible Radical Shift Branch, Controlled Materials Plan D ivi level. There has been a radical shift re sion, W ar Production Board. This guide cently in the controversy between Con is for use by persons entitled to place gress and the administration as to Subsistence Farming controlled materials orders but who can size of the additional tax burden to D not find a producer or a supplier to ac Short stories which appeared in some saddled on corporations and i“ d‘vlduV cept the orders. The following five newspapers recently on the proposal of This develops through revelation suggestions are made: Check recov Senator John H. Bankhead (D. Ala.) that President appointed Fred N • m ery” branches material lists; try as many the government encourage returning as Director of Economic Stabilize producers and suppliers as practical; ad soldiers and sailors to acquire small because of his ability as a tax exp ^ vise your prime contractor, claimant farms failed to reveal the vast indus Until May of 1938, Vinson was agency or industry division; check with trial implications of this latest farm man of the tax subcommittee of local WPB office; and contact WPB Con bloc idea. The basic belief behind the House Ways and Means Comm trolled Material divisions. proposal is that to have a sound econ Lately he has been conferring "> ^ omy in the postwar era farming again Treasury Department tax exper , 0 ag. w ill have to Ire a "way of life” for an in Using A lloy Turnings formulating a program to raise i creasing number of people. Subsis ditional 1 2 -billion dollars which ^ tence farming” , it is contended, w ill Alloy steel manufacturers are using more alloy steel turnings in their melts ministration has ■ accepted. joined prove helpful in minimizing the effects good many congressmen are e c ^ than under instruction by the W ar Pro of future dislocations and periods of no more than an additions\ m ^ duction Board. Tire order calls upon industrial depressions. billions of tax burden be Ie'. ■ Working out of the scheme would re them to use turnings to the extent of are going to find themselves un ¡nt0 8 per cent of the heat— that is, 80 tons sult in a boom in manufacture in rural pressure when Mr. Vinson s\ of turnings to produce 1 0 0 0 tons of in areas of quick-freeze slaughtering and action. Additional taxation is got. Actually they are charging 1.1 per cold storage loeker plants. Such a boom by die administration to greats already is seen assured in view of the ex cent alloy turnings on the average and some companies are doing better. One tionary movement and to pa> cul. perience in many middle western loca percentage of the war s cos tions. Many requests now are before of the smaller interests is charging up rent earnings. the W ar Production Board for approval to 2 2 per cent turnings. READY-MADE DESIGN FOR TAILOR-MADE REQUIREMENTS Many machining operations which apparently require special equipment can often be done on standard machines with a minimum of tailoring. Machines of this type offer three big advantages: 1. New design "bugs” have already been eliminated. 2. May be changed back to standard arrangement for general purpose- work when original requirement no longer exists; or used as is. 3. Lower first cost. The illustrations at the bottom show how a precision grinding job was handled with this thought in mind by CINCINNATI Engineers. The part, an aircraft cylinder barrel, requires accurately ground surfaces on the diameter and adjacent face of the flange. To do these operations in the most rapid and accurate manner, both are finished in one setting of the work. This requires the grinding wheel head unit to be set at a 30° angle, so that the wheel would make a line contact with the flange (same as the diameter) and thereby produce the best possible finish. The headstock and footstock were interchanged for the purpose of directing the thrust of the cut against the headstock unit. In addition, the machine is equipped with a standard automatic infeed attachment giving the operator a chance to complete his non-productive chores during the grinding cycle. This set-up assures exceptionally close accuracy and rapid production. Our engineers will be glad to tell you how the CINCINNATI 10 Plain J Hydraulic Grinder can be applied to your center-type work. Meanwhile, / ■ \ a quick appraisal of these machines may be obtained by looking A _ i at our insert in Sweets Catalog File. If you would like to A y have complete data, write to us for specification yr Nv catalog No. G- 490-1. jfM • Two close-up views of a CINCINNATI 10" Plain Hydraulic Grinder tailored to suit the job... wheel-head set at a 30° angle; headstock and foot- stock interchanged; automatic infeed attachment. renegotiation before taxes increased 1 2 prer cent il! the first half, while reserves for federal Adequate Reserves Possible Under income and excess profits taxes rose 11 per cent over the like period a year Tax Laws, Says Navy Price Chief ago. The United States Department of Postwar credit reserve to be considered when Congress recon Commerce states industrial companies working on war contracts currently are venes in September. . . Business lead ers fear heavy iev/es wtl putting aside nearly 70 per cent of their im pede ability to convert to peacetime activity and absorb gross profits for tax payments, compared with 20 per cent in 1939. Nevertheless, fair share of workers returning from battlefields the Commerce Department points out earnings survey made by tire National that net income of these corporations MANAGEMENT should be able to City Bank of New York shows. How after taxes in the June quarter this year accumulate adequate postwar contin ever, first half -combined net profit for was 2 0 per cent above the initial three gency reserves under existing tax laws, this group was 2 2 per cent below that months of 1942. For non-war industries in the opinion of K. lb Rocky, chair reported in same months of 1941. profits after taxes have declined 10 per man, Navy Price Adjustment Board. The increase in earnings of the group cent since the third quarter of 1941, s - In a supplementary statement filed though sales have increased one thud. over a year ago accompanied a continued with the House Naval Affairs Investigat A breakdown of first half earnings by ing Committee, Mr. Rocky opposed growth’ in volume of business by many companies, and a recovery by others industries in the iron, steel and metal amending the renegotiation statute to whose volume was curtailed during the working classifications, as compiled by require allowances to postwar reserves, changeover to war work a year ago. the National City Bank of New lor-, but took no position on the question of For the 104 companies reporting sales is presented below. general legislation granting tax conces figures, a gain of 38 per cent was re First H alf sions to companies setting aside funds Net Income Per Cen! corded over the first half of 1942. Sales Industrial (Millions) for use after the war. 1943 Chans' increased considerably more than did No. G roup 1942 The question of postwar credit reserves —11.0 net income after taxes, indicating lower Iron, steel . . . $98.3 $87.5 is expected to be one of the principal 27 41.3 + 19.9 margins of average net earnmgs per 12 Elec. Equip. . 34.4 + 184 issues before Congress when it recon Machinery . - • 15.4 18.2 2 4 84.9 +37i dollar of sales. Profit margins were nar 22 Autos & Equip. 61.9 venes next month. House Ways and 13.1 +21.5 rowed despite the lowering of costs 19 Rail Equip. . • 10.6 Means Committee w ill undertake the M e t a 1 Prod through improved efficiency and greater 4 0 31.3 4- 1.4 study of renegotiation beginning Sept. 9. ucts t ...... ^0.9 mass production of war goods. Business executives bold the view 1 O th er. Tax details given by 201 manufactur that the present tax system, by imped Despite the increases during ing companies show that net earnings ing accumulation of reserves from earn ings, threatens the ability of many cor porations to survive postwar readjust ments. Upon the capacity of manufac turers to exist through this period of reconversion to civilian goods production depends their ability to provide their share of employment during the change over period. It is feared that numerous small busi nesses may fail and many larger con cerns w ill find it difficult to hold their labor organizations together during Un critical period Following cessation of hostilities, if private business is not al lowed to build up adequate reserves for postwar contingencies. W hile most industrial companies re corded moderate improvement in earn ings during the first half this year, pro jection of these earnings for the full year is subject to a number of qualifi cations. i Operating costs are sti.l ad vancing and agitation for higher wage rates is gaining momentum, while price ceilings remain fixed. The effect of con tract renegotiation needs to be cons'.d- TESTS CAST IRON: Sir Godfrey Haggard, center, consul g engineer, ered, and many companies are now ex Britain watches as Dr. W. L. Merrill, Genera M etric iabaratory g of periencing contract cancellations or re second from right, explains hownow a cast nuniron bar is tested u , F ¡n charge -w -“ quests for slowdown of deliveries. 60,000 pounds.. Others •in photo i . . are:... rL-i Christian Dantsize , , 'from left, First half net earnings of 340 indus of chemical developments at GE; C. G. Ramsey, s■ of Lon£jon; trial companies aggregated $61 < m il Schenectady representative, A ^ct.t.d E ectr.cal led ^ lions, or 14 per cent above the com bined earnings of the same companies during the comparable 1942 period, an POSTWAR PLANNING half reported by a majority of leading industrial, railroad and utility companies Peace Design Far Ahead of 1918 in their sales, operating revenues, and also net incomes, there has been little World War 1 armistice caught country without reconversion change in the level of dividend pay program, contrasting sharply with intensive thinking being ments. According to a Department of Commerce compilation, the total of divi done on problem today dend disbursements in the first half was one per cent below 1942, but 24 per WASHINGTON join the League of Nations. In the cent below the like 1941 period. W H ILE a great deal remains meantime business was allowed to shift Announcement that nearly $4 billion to be done to formulate and en for itself as best it might. had been cut out of war profits to the act legislation needed to guide* This is a brief digest of an exceeding close of July by contract renegotiation tli© postwar reconversion program, ly interesting analysis. Anyone inter brings up one of the major problems cur there is every reason to feel en ested in reading it in detail can obtain rently facing business executives. couraged when comparison is made a copy of Miss Stewart’s report by w rit Separation pay under union contracts between the intense postwar thinking ing to tire Director of Information, De is one example of what faces industry. A at the present time with the absolute partment of Labor, 14th and Constitu recent estimate of the Bureau of Labor failure to formulate any postwar pro tion avenue, N. W., Wasb’ngton. Statistics is that a minimum of six m il gram during World War I. During the first W orld War it was lion persons w ill be displaced during the tn nv’kmg this nmip'rison S t e e l considered unpatriotic, pro-German, to period of industry reconversion to civ is indebted to Miss Stella Stewart, chief, talk about postwar planning or about ilian goods output. Obviously, a sub Division of Historical Studies of W ar anything else other than subjects con stantial percentage of these w ill be en time Problems, Bureau of Labor Statis nected with winning the war. Postwar titled tu from one to several weeks pay tics, Department of Labor. Miss Stewart planning in this war is completely out upon discharge and the aggregate amount lias gone back over the record for the in the open. The lessons of 1918 have involved is likely to be very large. year 1918. borne fruit and postwar planning now As a means of reinvigorating and ex Many men in responsible places in is considered generally as a patriotic, panding private industrial enterprise, World War I were deeply concerned essential chore. Representative Dewey (Rep. 111.) re co m- lest the problems of winning the war Another big difference is in the admin mends tax law revisions to encourage the should divert attention from the crisis istration attitude on the subject of post nation’s return to a system of “ risk capi that would confront the country when war planning. On numerous oceas'ons tal. Mr. Dewey also favors loans by the fighting stopped and when, with no President Roosevelt and other adminis banks to local industries as an effective practical government supported pro trative assistants have pointed out the method of aid'ng the conversion of busi gram for industrial readjustment, labor need for postwar planning. This is in ness to normal activities. He advocated would lie set adrift in an economy which marked contrast with t’’e laissez faire that such loans be guaranteed by the was not in the least prepared for redi attitude of President Wilson. government. recting its activities. Fear Character of Administration Plans Nothing was done in an organized Domestic Ferrous Scrap way about this problem for a number of The trouble at this time is not due Consumption Up in 1942 reasons. The principal one was that to any oversight on the part of the ad all concerned thought that time was on ministration as to the importance of post Domestic consumption of ferrous their side, with the result that the armis war planning but rather to fears in many scrap in the United States during 1942 tice caught the country flat-footed. An quarters as to die character of adminis totaled 60,265,151 net tons, compared other was that President Woodrow W il tration plans. with 59,216,256 tons in 1941, the pre- son, when not engaged in directing the Unlike the Congress of 1918, the wous record year, the Bureau of the war effort, was immersed in his plans present Congress is steamed up over ensus reports. The greater part of for world peace. the task of providing laws to make for t u increase in figures was caused by Many members of Congress realized an orderly control of the postwar change expansion of the 1942 canvass to in- legislation was needed to insure an or over pattern. It is true Congress made dude concerns that used scrap in pro derly transition from wartime to peace a rather slow, fumbling start on its duction of ferroalloys and for miscel time activities. A series of bills and postwar planning. However, material laneous purposes. resolutions aimed at this objective was progress was made in the last few weeks Although total scrap used apparently introduced but no serious debate was before the summer recess. Now, with increased there was a slight decrease, accorded them. No hearings whatever the war on all fronts swinging in our css than 1 per cent, in the tonnage were held on the subject of postwar favor, the belief that there is plenty of L 'a!2 ecl to iron and steelmaking fur planning. These bills and resolutions time to think about postwar planning naces. Total consumption of pig iron were referred to various committees and lias been dissipated. In fact, there is a ''as 59,042,883 tons, 5 per cent above nothing further was heard of them. jittery feeling among some of the lead 6 prior year. Use of scrap in manu- The minute the war stopped, Con ing members of both houses over fears Jc^ re steel increased 3 per cent gress embarked on a campaign to cur that needed legislative action may not ' i e pig iron charged directly to steel- tail expenditures. Throughout the re be enacted soon enough. p a *nS furnaces increased 7 per cent, mainder of 1918 “retrenchment” and As a result of this realization, various ^portion of pig iron used advanced “economy” were Congressional watch committees of both houses are preparing TOm 5 2 '2 Per cent in 1941 to 53 per words. During that same period the to bold early hearings on bids aimed Cent *n 1942, Proportion of purchased country was dazzled by the participa at controlling the economy after the scr»p used increased from 19.4 per cent tion of President Wilson in the peace war is over. It is principally because of , r } *° I’1 1942. Production conference. Upon his return Congress this recognition that a number of Senate 'tee for ingots and castings increased was engrossed in its historical debate and House leaders have been spending a 4 Per cent. as to whether we would or would not (Please turn to Pane 123) '"■gust 30, 1943 WPB-OPA SUN GLASSES: Restrictions on use of met als" in sun glasses and sun glass eases apply to P RIO RIT I E S-A L L O C A T IO N S-P RICES parts as .well as to complete products. (L-238) M ORDERS Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi BERYLLIUM COPPER SCRAP: Segregation cial interpretations and directives, issued by W ar Production of beryllium copper scrap is now required. Or der hi-160-a provides for the reclamation of Board and Office of Price Administration beryllium scrap, sets up the mechanism for segregating it and channeling it back to the m anufacturer of the beryllium scrap master al thorized by WPB, subject to weight limitation* loy. WPB also amended order M-9-b, exempt INSTRUCTIONS on metal used. Manufacture of these fixtures ing from its provisions control of scrap con now is prohibited with demand being met by taining more than 0.10 per cent of beryllium IDENTIFICATION SYMBOLS: Quarterly drawing on inventories which are due to bo content; and order M-160, withdrawing from identification symbols (3Q43, 4Q43, etc.) need exhausted by December. Exemption from the definition of beryllium all beryllium scrap. not be shown in placing orders lor class B limits on the amount of metal used is pro (M-9-b, 160, 160-a) product components or other production mate vided for portable industrial type fixtures, haz rials, except controlled materials. For example, ardous location types, and for use aboard ship. TIN AND TERNE PLATE: Hand dusters the identification “preference rating AA-1, al Certain industrial types formerly pennitted are and sprayers for agricultural uses have been lotment number W -l” is suificient for the place now banned with metal weight limits extended placed in the category of permitted uses ior ment of an order for a class B product. IO all permitted types other than exempted tin and teme plate. (M-21-e) The allotment number must be shown, how fixtures. (L-78) TUNGSTEN: Conservation order Nl-29-b. ever, on all orders placed with preference rat PLUMBING, HEATING EQUIPMENT: Sale relating to tungsten, has been revoked by " PB. ings under CMP, even though the quarterly or delivery of plumbing and beating equipment It was explained that tungsten has been under identification is not required. Applications for is prohibited except on A-10 or higher rating. allocation for such a long time that it is K- controlled materials must include a claimant This covers sales of all except non-me allic lieved stocks acquired without allocaioni» agency pattern and manufacturers will be un- equipment from the manufacturing level down virtually non-existent. Therefore, tungsko nble to indicate it unless allotment numbers to the ultimate consumer. All items of equip now will he controlled by general prefere»« are placed on orders. ment costing less than $5 are exempted from order M-29 exclusively. (M-29-b) For example, a class B product producer the restrictions. Vitreous china equipment is would be required to indicate that he was pro not restricted but vitreous china equipment CALCIUM: Allocation order which has cou* trolled distribution of m etallic calcium pm ducing 50% of his products for the Army. 25% with fittings is restricted. (L-79) for the Navy, 20% for Lend-Lease, and 5% for April 1 has been suspended until further a civilian supply, if such were the case. by WPB. At the time calcium was P under allocation it appeared as though a The quarterly identification indicates the age w ould develop. Supply and demar quarter for which an allotment is valid and must he indicated (1) on all authorized con INDEX OF ORDER are well in balance. (M-303) trolled material orders, except those being pur REVISIONS chased under a blanket symbol, such as MRO p ORDERS and SO; and (2) on all allotments. The iden Subject Designations tification, when it is required, must imme BUILDING OPERATIONS: ^ diately follow the abbreviated allotment num Building Operations ^ 5,S'b mgs now are effective for any privately ■ ber; for example, W -l-3Q13. C a lc iu m ...... M -303 Carriages, Baby kn dwelling units authorized by Nations Equipment, Fire Protective L-o9 agency on a CMP construction CMP REGULATIONS Equipment, Plumbing and Heat application is filed within a limited pen« ing ...... L-79, P-84_ time. The order previously LEASED EQUIPMENT: A person leasing Equipment, Leased CMP No. o was effective only for units equipment to others, which he agrees to main Glasses, Sun ...... L-238 by NHA within the limited period (* tain in good order, may use either his own or Lighting Fixtures, Fluorescent L-78 his customer’s preference ratings and symbols Machinery, Office ...... L -54-e PLUMBING, HEATING REPAIRS: to obtain repair and maintenance equipment. Plate, Tin and Terne M-21-e cnee rating assigned for repair an ^ Preference ratings assigned by CMP regulation Plating, Chromium L-140-a of plumbing and heatmg eqmpm ctrtii- No. 5 may not be used to obtain items appear Scales, Balances and Weights . L-190 raised to AA-5 from AA-10 by ing in list A or B of priorities regulation No. 3 Scrap, Beryllium Copper ieate of need by the ultimate ^ and, therefore, list A of CMP regulation No. 5 ...... M-9-b, 160, 160-a is required for purchase of $5. .Any has been eliminated. (CMP No. 5) T u n g s te n ...... M -29-b ing equipment or parts costing tie: Utility' Services ...... U -l-f person making sales ofJtems co Wg « „ 35 may use the AA-5 rating to by , L ORDERS Price Regulations Stock. The AA-5 rating may be ^ I m p o r t s ...... MIPR consumer to purchase par s Sunni'S '' FIRE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: In (other than stokers) to cornier stallation of electrically nr pneumatically con gas-burning equipment to sol d. 1» ^ trolled fire sprinkler equipment rated AA-5 or equipment. Steel and wrought trig, t „ higher is now permitted without specific au steel sheets for use in makingking «pan» repairs^ ^ 0 thorization by WPB when it is to be used for CHROMIUM PLATING: Acid type chro imreh^by-use. of the CMP X following purposes: (1) Protection of trans mium plating is now permitted on all types of The rating authorized by U « * a])d fe,t- formers. other oil-filled equipment or dip tanks cutlery. Use of chromium plating previously 5 (MRO) may be used for g those *- if the equipment installed uses spray heads; was limited to household table cutlery and ing repairs and m aintenance only . (f lto, |2) protection of powder rolls in plants manu hand hair clippers. Chromium plating is help dustries listed in schedules I anc facturing explosives; (3) protection of modifi ful in retarding rusting and staining of carbon cation hangar rooms and hangar rooms of air regulation. (P-84) steel which now is used for cutlery manufacture craft assembly plants where the highest sprink since stainless steel was prohibited for this ler head is 35 feet or more above the floor. Ü ORDERS Application for specific authorization of pur purpose. (L-140-a) irai Utilities a»"' chase orders for signal and alarms equipment BABY' CARRIAGES: Production of 349,000 UTILITY SERVICES: wnbuut filing and air raid warning devices now is made on baby carriages and 344,700 strollers, walkers grant extensionsns ofot 1utimj * ...... - when & tht, form WPB-1S19. Pennitted nscs of copper and sulkies for the third quarter of 1943 is au applications. with WashingtonWaslnngt _ ^ _ ,„pt. V f and copper-base alloys are extended and per thorized by WPB. No additional allotment of strictionsins or of a new n e " oraei, order, v t,,nsion; jon 0i of mitted uses of otlier scarce materials are mod materials is necessary to cover the increases of mestic consumers who ste ',CJVice ulllii ified. and restrictions on the use of lead are 59,378 carriages and 79,300 strollers over trie, gas or central heating g < ^ ^ rescinded bv changes in schedule A attached previous quotas as needed materials are avail located in a critical Adniinbf1^ to the order. Required ratings of purchase able either from prefabricated parts in inven mined by the National Housing 1D orders for fire sprinkler systems and fire hose tories of manufacturers or from idle and ex Water consumers need no restricti«0', are raised front A-9 to AA-5. (L-S9) cess stocks. Seven new manufacturers have of these areas, as long as> ^ OFFICE MACHINERY: Termination date been assigned quotas. (L-152) the order are met. Indus • ,UJ ess?“*!.* consumers must be engag d ¡[ 0f of form PD-68S, as revised April 26, used by SCALES, BALANCES AND WEIGHTS: tivity- as defined J n sched.desl0f ^ * office machinery manufacturers in applying for Certain types of scales, used primarily by- authorization, to process permitted types of ma fanners and having a retail list price of S3 or regulation No. 5. Th undergw“^ . chinery has been extended until Oct. 3. New less, may be sold to retailers without a priority must not exceed Slow „,,struction- a®* struction or $500 for other e o n ^ ^ applications should be made on form WPB- rating in amounts of less than $50. Form on 1 688 wherever possible. (L-54-c) which application is made for a preference ule B of the order sets up ^ ¿gggW tion standards for each tyl gutted ® rating to be used in the purchase of scales now FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES: ting forth the spocificatiom ol^ or is designated WPB-2581, although copies of Resumption of manufacture of non-industrial rials. In any case where eon. fiuoreseent lighting fixtures after Dec. 1 is au the old form PD-S57 may still be used, (L-190) 44 WAGES vatioii costs more than $200, permission for construction must be obtained under order L-41 and the utility construction is governed by Simplified System for Granting order U-l-d. U-l-f covers utility extension where construction or renovation cost is under $200, or where none is involved. (U -l-f) Individual Pay Raises Established PRICE REGULATIONS War Labor Board permits increases without employers obtain IMPORTS: Ceiling prices of im ported m an ing specific permission under certain conditions. . . Average ufactured goods may be increased to a limited extent under provisions of a new “ M aximum for all employes limited to 5 cents per hour. . . Production costs Import Price Regulation," replacing revised sup plementary regulation No. 12 to general maxi must not show any appreciable advance mum price regulation. An importer, wholesaler or retailer of imported manufactured goods may calculate his maximum selling price by adding to WAR Labor Board last week offered (1) Forms or orders which are de his total landed costs no more than 75 per cent employers a simple system for granting signed to he issued by any government of his percentage markup or the identical dollars- and-cents markup established b y him for a individual pay increases without obtain agency and which have not yet been purchaser of the same class of goods during ing the hoard’s permission, provided the signed by the government agency; for March, 1942. A manufacturer using imported raises remain within specified limits and example, form GA-146 which is used by materials may petition OPA for an increase in the price of the article he produces with these do not force the employer to advance his various industry divisions of WPB to au materials if he can show that the im ported prices to die public. thorize purchase or sale of particular materials have increased so substantially since March, 1942, that he cannot continue to use Companies with 30 or fewer employes goods. The limitation does not apply to these, materials in the production of that ar may make merit increases not exceeding forms which are both designed to be ticle or to continue to produce the article. 10 cents an hour during any one year filed with the government agency and Subsequent sellers may increase their maximum prices by adding to their purchase price the for straight-time work, if the total of later to he issued to the applicant by same markup allowed importers and other sell such increases during the year does not the government agency. For example, ers of imported manufactured goods. An im porter of manufactured goods m ay include as a raise the average hourly wages of all em the limitation would not apply to such part of his total landed costs items of trans ployes in the plant more than 5 cents. forms as WPB-541 (formerly PD-1A). portation, insurance, customs duties and other expenses but may not include any increase in However, the employe must not be (2) Forms bearing a serial number, de the foreign price m ade by the foreign seller given a higher rate of pay than the top signed to be filed with a governmental after April 30, 1943. Increases in prices of agency and later issued by the agency imported manufactured goods are not allow ed wage paid by the employer between for foods, food products, anim al and poultry July 1, 1942, and June 30, 1943, for jobs hut which have not yet been signed by foods, and feeds, or beverages. of similar skill. No pay increases may the agency. A most common example Importers of industrial m aterials m ay pass on of this class if form WPB-542. increases in his total landed costs directly to be granted if they w ill result in “ any an industrial user or to an interm ediate distrib appreciable rise in production costs,” Forms may be reproduced by any utor who sells them to an industrial user. He furnish the basis for a price increase, or may not include in his selling prices increases process {photographic, printing, mimeo m foreign invoice price m ade by the foreign violate the terms of a union contract. graphing, or otherwise) but the following seller after Aug. 20. An industrial user may conditions must he observed: not exceed w ithout permission his M arch, 1942, Companies employing more than 30 maximum selling price for the article he pro workers were given three ways of allow (1) If the forms are reproduced for duces with imported industrial materials. (Max ing raises without board’s permission. filing with a government agency, the. imum Import Price Regulation) Merit increases or automatic length-of- copy must he exactly like the officially serviee increases may be granted up to published form as to paper, size, format, Appointments-Resignations 10 cents an hour for straight-time within and arrangement of paragraphs or tables on each page. The color of the paper William B. Murphy has been ap any year, or up to two-thirds of the d if must he approximately the same as offi pointed denuty vice chairman for pro ference between the job’s minimum and cial copy. duction, WiPB. He was previously in maximum rates, whichever is greater. charge of the Industrial Facilities com Total of such merit increases within any (2) Copies of all orders or forms bear mittee. He will direct all production year must not exceed an average of 5 ing the signature of any official of the activities within the WPB industry divi cents per hour for all employes. United States government or any other sions and bureaus which report to the Employes promoted to higher ratings authorized person must include the sig office of the operations vice chairman. may be given increases up to 15 per cent nature. This signature must be in type of their salary on their former job, or the or print preceded by “ (signed)” unless minimum rate for the new job, which the entire order certificate is reproduced E. F. Tomiska of New York has been ever is higher. by photographic process. appointed director of the Containers Statements contained in orders or Division, WPB. He succeeds Roswell WPB Simplifies Rules on forms to the effect that they may not be ■ Mower of Chicago who resigned. reproduced may be disregarded if the Russell Gowans, former president of the Reproduction of Forms conditions of this regulation are com 'esteni Crown Cork & Seal Corp., w ill plied with, unless the order or form succeed Mr. Tomiska as deputy director Simplified general rules governing the states specifically that the regulation does of the division. reproduction of War Production Board not apply. forms and orders have been established in priorities regulation No. 5, as amended Harold J, Boeschenstein has been Aug. 23. Petroleum Supply Field named coordinator of four war produc- Any person may reproduce any WPB To Get Priority Aid 10n RR’isions in connection w ith the form, order or regulation, but when a Pror uct*on of pulpwood, pulp, paper and form falls into either of die following A Supplies Section, devoted exclu Paper products. He retains his posi- classes, it must, when reproduced, bear sively to problems of petroleum supply °n as director of the Production Con- on its face the words “ specimen copy” distributors, has been established in the 0 5 Bureau under program vice chair- or “information copy” in letters not less Wholesale and Retail Trade Division, J- A. Krug. than 1 inch high or in 36 point caps: War Production Board. August 30, 194.3 45 When Installing Bearings IT PAYS TO BE A "YES-MAN" These hints will help you get maximum performance from all types and makes of bearings. They are highlights from Hyatt s Bearing Maintenance Handbook, and are published here as a wartime service. When bearings or bearing parts Do not handle bearings unnec Keep bearings clean...away are assembled on a shaft,apply essarily; avoid touching roller from dust, dirt and moisture. pressure to end of inner ring or operating surfaces, as moisture Leave them in original wrap race; when in a housing, apply from the hands may cause rust. pings until ready far use. (Hyatt pressure to end of outer race. Be sure that hands, tools and Roller Bearings are protected Lubricate all shaft and housing surroundings are clean at all against rust and corrosion by surfaces which are in contact. times. a special lubricant) Never, never, NEVER strike any Assemble bearing on shaft and Never apply pressure to roller part of any bearing with a ham into housing carefully to avoid cages, ball retainers, seals or mer. Use a n arbor press, ham- scoring races and rollers. Lubri mer-and-drift, o r bearing driver end rings. D o n ’ t "cock" the race cate thoroughly and regularly ...damage to both shaft and instead. Avoid using wooden according to manufacturers’ bearing will result. Always ap or soft metal mallet, as c 'Ps specifications, using fresh, clean ply pressure to the race ends may get into the bearings. lu brica nt. straight and square. READY SOON: The Hyatt Roller Bearing Maintenance Handbook is now on the press. Would a copy help you? If so, write on company letterhead to Department 2 0 4 , Hyatt, Harrison, New Jersey. W e’ll be glad to send you a copy with our compliments. HYATT ROLLER BEARINGS, HYATT BEARINGS DIVISION • GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION ■ HARR'S0 By A. H. ALLEN Detroit Editor, STEEL MIRRORS of MOTORDOM Automotive industry registers 80 per cent increase in dollar new model of the North American P-51 Mustang fighter plane, now in service volume of war production during past 12 months. . . Monthly on the battlefronts for several months, totals moving higher but indications are output approaches is powered by , a Packard-built Rolls- peak, if not at that point already Royce engine equipped with two-speed two-stage supercharger. Despite the fact this information lias been widely DETROIT think that if it’s evident five or six published in recent weeks, and technical EIGHTY per cent increase in war pro months in advance of the close of the descriptions of the supercharger have ap duction in the past 1 2 months is the rec war it’s going to close, then you’ll have peared in both U.S. and British publica ord of the automotive industry, in terms time to readjust, and the military people tions, Packard until last week was per of dollar volume which unfortunately can advise you when to start reconvert mitted to say nothing about the devel docs not tell the whole story because ing. But if it should stop very sudden opment. it does not reflect voluntary price reduc ly, you won’t have that advantage. tions, renegotiations, contract cancella “ We have two kinds of people who George Christopher, Packard presi tions and changes. talk about a postwar world. There are dent, reported that the new supercharger, in effect, raises air warfare nearly two Despite all restraining influences, how those who look into a crystal ball and miles higher, and steps up engine horse ever, monthly totals move steadily high see a world entirely different from what power to better than 1500. It comprises er, preliminary reports for July adding we now have, and those who look down essentially two separate rotors, the first up to $775,000,000 worth of output. into the great cold places where worlds compressing air in fashion comparable to This is an increase of over 27 millions go when they are finished. I don’t be that of the single-stage supercharger and from June, and 347 millions from July lieve either one of them is right. I passing it on to the second rotor where a year ago. At the present level annual it is compressed further. An aftercooler production would be at a rate of around then relieves some of the intense heat of 91/3 billion dollars. SHARE-THE-STEEL the compressed air before it is passed on This total represents 2'A times the to the engine intake manifold. wholesale value of all cars and trucks Steel consumers were asked re produced in the industry’s best year, but cently by John T. Whiting, direc Licks D ifficult Design Problems it should be remembered that the war tor, War Production Board’s Steel Division, to continue voluntarily Working in conjunction with Rolls- production volume includes not only the Royce engineers from England and Army principal motor companies, but close to the Share-the-Steel drive. This drive increased available third and A ir Corps engineers, Packard licked a a thousand parts suppliers and outside number of difficult problems in design contractors as well, which are now fourth quarter steel supply this year by more than a million tons and manufacture. The rotors or impellers, lumped in with the motor plants to con for example, are aluminum forgings stitute the “automotive industry.” through allotment cancellations. “ Continued sharing of steel to shrunk on a splined steel shaft and ma chined to precision tolerances. The as Percentage Increase Leveling Off help win the war is necessary be sembly must he balanced to 0 .0 1 -ounce- It is likely that war production is ap cause requests for steel by the claimant agencies are more than inch, and runout of the blades held to proaching, if not having already attained, 0.0002-inch. The need for such precise a Peak. A few more major plants still 4,000,000 tons above the available supply,” Mr. W hiting said. manufacture can he appreciated from the are some months away from even a fair fact the impeller operates at speeds up production level, but their incidence may to 25,000 r.p.in. giving a peripheral e counteracted by a decline in other speed of 1271 feet per second. The plants and further price reductions in don’t believe we will have a new world, supercharger, it is pointed out, is gear Pants where volume production permits or a much different world, and I don’t driven and not turbodriven as are some lowering of unit costs. August totals believe that our present world is going other newer types of engine “ boosters.” may show another increase over July, all to pot. The main factor we w ill all It is normally controlled without any ef Perhaps 20 millions or so, but percentage have to deal w ith after the war is the fort on the part of the pilot, although wise the rate of increase is slowing rate at which human beings can he lie has the option, when desired, of con rapidly. trained to change. trolling the device, whether through a Some time ago Donald M. Nelson prc- “ Whatever we do we w ill have to do variable-speed transmission or gear shift icted an annual volume at the rate of against great resistance, because people ing it is not disclosed. don’t like to change their minds. This billions for the industry, or one billion A British-built supercharger of the w ill come from the people who know a month. It is extremely doubtful if this same design is used in Lancaster and so much about the difficulties of doing fnn WiH be reacbed. A peak level Wellington bombers, Mosquito all-wood anything that they are going to be afraid ■ 0 million a month, or annual rate fighter-bombers and Spitfire pursuit ■8 billions would he an even more of the new thing because they think it ships. won’t work. But when you get down remarkable achievement than that al In connection w ith plant operations, to finding out what you know and what ready recorded by the industry. Mr. Christopher pointed out that the you don’t know, there is so much more f ,a, ra(l'° address a week ago pre- Packard employe suggestion system is on the don’t-know side that we hesitate Fn ° l Wide Broadcasting working out unusually well. In its first undation of Boston, Charles F. Ket- to call it to people’s attention.” year of operation the plan produced 18,- irlrl"j’ t eral Motors research chief, This, if you can leap Boss Ket’s gram 330 ideas from employes, 9207 dealing ed Ins two-bits’ worth to the thinking matical hazards, is pretty sound think with improvements suggested in shop ing on the postwar world, not only for au dustrTV °n^ ^ ta^e American in- operations. Of these, a review commit tion T irtconvert to peacetime produc- tomobiles, but for industrial activity in tee has accepted 2338 and they have general. inrl I C depends on when now been incorporated into practice. ',nd t’ow the war is going to close. I As mentioned in Steel last week, a Ideas considered especially meritorius (Material in thin department is- protected htj copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited) Alim, MIRRORS of MOTORDOM has been in process over recent months. are forwarded to the War Production represents tonnages which investigation Ford’s W illow Run bomber plant and Board at Washington, and of the 389 proved could be canceled or deferred the Republic Aviation plant in Evans ideas submitted by all plants in die without interference to war production. ville, Ind., both closely tied to Detroit country and accepted by WPB as deserv Through improvements and redesign tool engineering practice, have turned to ing of recognition, 54 came from Pack of packaging procedure, Studebaker has hard dies, despite their somewhat higher ard. reduced measurements of unassembled military truck crates by 55 per cent, or initial cost. In fact, some Detroit die Certain basic details of the power train from 878 cubic feet to 389 cubic feet. interests maintain they can produce a which drives the M-5 light tank, b uilt by Chief revisions involved detachment of hard (cast iron or steel) die at compar Cadillac here in Detroit and until recent axles from frames, and a twin-unit pack. able cost with the soft metal, consider ly by the Southern California Division ing the fact the latter occasionally will Survey of the status of automobile of General Motors, have been disclosed crack at the very start of a run. Further mechanics in 1325 automobile dealer es by the army. It comprises two Cadillac more the hard dies provide increased pro tablishments throughout the country, V-type 8 -cylinder 90-degree engines and duction and better accuracy in the two Hydra-Matic transmissions operating made by the National Automobile Dealers formed parts. through a transfer unit into which both Association, shows employment to have side-by-side mounted engines drive. Ex dropped from 9714 to 879/ in the period cept for details required to adapt die from Jan. 1 to July 1. As of the latter WLB Plans New Section date, the 1325 dealers surveyed indicated units to tank design, both engines and To Settle Auto Disputes transmission are identical with those a need for a total of 4437 additional me used in Cadillac passenger cars prior to chanics; also that they had lost 1608 War Labor Board is planning to or the suspension of production last year. men to war industries, 1024 to the armed ganize an automotive section which forces and 1696 elsewhere. Thus, losses would handle labor disputes of automo Automatic Shift Invaluable in personnel since Jan. 1 total 4328, de bile and automobile body companies The transmission is a combination of a spite the fact total employment has throughout the nation with jurisdiction dropped only 917. Sharpest losses were fluid flywheel and automatic gear shift, over about 1,000,000 workers. With encountered in 1942, amounting to about and is said to make a tank so equipped headquarters in Detroit, the section extremely flexible and maneuverable, as 40 per cent. would settle disputes on a national basis. well as capable of operating at sustained W hile some women have been pressed Under the present system, the na speeds with no slowdown to shift gears. into service as automobile mechanics, tional and regional boards handle a By the same token, it is more easily consensus is that they have not proved automotive cases. David A. Wolff, De mastered by new tank crews. Firepower satisfactory. The above group of deal troit attorney and veteran of labor ar on the M-5 consists of a 37-millimeter ers reports 483 women employed, and bitration, is to be chairman of the sec cannon and three machine guns. only one-third of the shops reporting tion. The local WPB office reports that the rated the women as satisfactory replace ments. share-the-steel campaign among Detroit Nut, Bolt Recommendation plants has been productive of 79,751 Gradual abandonment of Kirksite or tons, of which 59,402 tons were carbon soft-metal dies in aircraft plants work Awaits Industry's Approval ing closely with the automotive industry steel and 20,349 alloy. The total amount Revision of simplified practice recom mendation R60-30, relating to the pack aging of carriage, machine and lag has been placed before interested groups for acceptance after receiving the appr al of the standing committee in ctiarg^ of reviewing and revising the recornme dation and the standards committee the American Institute of Bolt, i u Rivet Manufacturers. To Cut V ariety of Safety Valves from 3000 to 200 A simplified practice recof me" ^ ! for iron and steel pop safety v identified as R201-43, has been aPP for promulgation and is to be e ^ Sept. 15, division of Simphfbc National Bureau of Standards, an nounced. Recommendationidatron includes meiuuw iron , carbon steel body, alloy steel b o | g pop safety- valves, intended pn® ^ for land steam service, w ri 0 ARMY TRUCKS: To haul supplies for the United States Army and for reduced from approximate y other United Nations forces, Army trucks are being turned out in large and the simplified list wi l numbers in this Dodge plant. Automobile and truck output currently cent of the requirements for outjet averages about 20,000 units weekly. NEA photo considering models, inlet siz sizes, and connections. / t EE1, 48 UR MODERN ARMY MULE NEE Thousands o f Jeeps— the Modern American Army Mules — have PLENTY O F bearings equipped with M ilpaco O il Seals, the ioday, when ‘manufacturing facilities are. greatly .-■■raxed, it is a definite modern protection for contribution to the war effort when engineers can incorporate in the bearings, which “ seals in” the lubricant and machines and equipment they are designing,-standard sizes and designs “ seals out” dust, dirt, of oil seals "which -are in large production at a given time, it will help grit, water. materially to utilize full capacity of our plant and in. turn permit -delivery of suitable, oil seals in sufficient quantity to sustain your production, inquiries and orders for Miipa-eo 0-1 Seals should be accom- £ pained, by information on the following points; 1. Shaft Diameter anti Speed (r.p.m.) 2. Required Outside Diameter of Seal 3. Kind of Application 4. Temperature (If any); Pressure (if any) . 5. .Fluids.other than oil which may come In contact with the sealing member To help further in this direction, a Mïîpaco engineer- will gladly discuss svith you, sizes and types best suited for your equipment, which may he rrrem high production. ' MICHIGAN LEATHER PRODUCTS CO. 6311 LAFAYETTE AVE., EAST • DETROIT 7, MICHIGAN Designers and Manufacturers of Oil Seals and Mechanical Leather Packings August SO, 1943 WING TIPS______rings are checked on a jig set up for the N e w type engine mount, developed by Douglas Aircraft Co., first m illing operation, the operation it reduces costs, simplifies repairs and eliminates necessity for self being shown in Fig. 3. The prelim inary check is to make certain the rings certified welders . . . Inventors at Glenn L. Martin Co. share are perfectly straight or flat, the check in income from patents being made from the web of the section and not from the bosses. SAVINGS in cost, simplification of re porting arms bolted to bracket forgings Bosses on the rear or nacelle side of the pair in the field and elimination of the at the rear for attachment to the nacelle ring arc held to w ithin O.OOo-inch of the requirement for certified welders in and bolted to a forged steel engine ring parallel line, while the front surfaces, manufacturing are three advantages cited at the front. Use of the forged ring at facing the engine, need not be held to for a new type of radial engine mount the front instead of the conventional tub such close tolerance. Milled surfaces are developed by engineers of Douglas Air ing is the unusual innovation. checked on a surface plate. craft Co. Inc., Santa Monica, Calif. Typ Ilalf-Section Rings Preferable The rings then move to a No. 3 vertical ical installation in a C-47 cargo airplane milling machine where the bosses are A number of rings as received from — military version of the former DC-3 elongated, after which holes are drilled the forging supplier are shown in Fig. passenger liner—is shown in Fig. 1 with on the outer edge to accommodate the 2. These are half rings, it w ill be noted, cowling removed to show propeller and cowling. Angular bosses then are drilled although a number of mounts have been engine unit attached to mount which in and spotfaced on a compound angle set built of quarter-ring sections, prior to turn is supported by the nacelle frame up, and the rings continue on to a No. 2 the time facilities were established to work. Simplex for milling the ends. A radial forge the larger half-ring sections. Ilalf- Engine mounts of this type are com drill then puts the holes in each end for section rings are preferable since they do mon in virtually all large airplanes pow assembly and the pieces are back-spot- not involve all the necessary checking to ered by radial engines, the conventional faced around these holes. In backspot- make sure the four pieces are in perfect design being of gas welded chromc- facing on the angular bosses, succeeding parallel, and eliminate the need for flash molybdemun steel tubing. Douglas re operation, an ingenious magnetic chuck welding two quarter sections into a half vised the design to embody tubular sup arrangement is used to bold the rings section before machining, together with steady. Final step in the machine shop the required magnaflux inspection of the before inspection is burring of rough weld, machining of the weld, etc. edges by portable tools. Before arriving at the machine shop In the machining operations, it might the forged half sections are straightened be pointed out that the setups for drilling in a press, heat treated, restraightened, and spotfacing the angular bosses at com sandblasted and magnaflux checked for pound angles, and the magnetic chucks imperfections. just mentioned both grew out of sug Upon entering the machine shop the gestions made by employes in the shop for improving speed and accuracy of the work. Fig. 1— L e ft, engine mount on C-47 Machined rings are hung in a cadmium two-motor cargo airplane is a com electroplating bath. Solution in the bath bination of steel tubing and forged steel engine ring, bolted together Fig. 2— Right, forged a lloy h a lf rings as they are receded from the forgings supplier, with an assembly of the two halves at right U III C U T fri’p/es tool life . . . improves finish . o . increases production as th a^sentees can hurt war production just as much ing . . . and a smoother finish is obtained. Because o: D!fT.e.0pei"ator who stays aw ay from his job. One large less "time out" for tool changes production increasec ^ ace with the problem solved it this w ay. 20% . . . and is being stepped up still more since machine speeds have now been increased one-third. inn ^ ^ ^°jrs ^me w as l° st in changing tools . . . regrind- Performance like this is winning Sunicut an outstanding Cuttin^rvi Produch°n to log. They called in a Sun reputation on all operations where a straight, sulphur a ^ng^neer who studied the problem and rec- ized cutting oil is used. For longer tool life, better finish H ed a change in cutting oil — to Sunicut 110. increased production in your plant, call on a Sun Doctoi tools ey6 ^ results- Instead of time out for changing of Industry to analyze your needs and recommend the 12 hour6ry k°urs they now change them only every proper grade of Sunicut today. Write Parencva *ncreciSe in tool lifel Sunicut's trans- S U N O IL COMPANY • Philadelphic Permits easy inspection of work while machin Sun Oil Company, Ltd., Toronto and Montreal, Canadt WING TIPS sembly. D rilling and riveting on the fire walls is handled in the nacelle jigs. Inspection of Fig. 1 w ill show another firewall or ring on the forward face of the engine mount directly behind the exhaust manifold. This is also stainless steel, blanked and formed to shape, radial corrugations giving additional strength. Stainless steel commonly used in firewalls is the 18-8 ehrome-nickel type stabilized with columbium. Some pressure is being exerted to conserve stainless steel by com pelling a switching to plain carbon steel firewalls on certain types of airplanes. Martin's Employes Benefit from Patents Employes’ patent remuneration plan, under which an employe is given an equit able share in any income derived from an invention through the licensing of outside manufacturing rights, has been instituted by Glenn L. Martin Co., Baltimore. Al though the plan has been in operation only a short time, seven Martin inventors are already somewhat richer. The patent remuneration plan in no Fig. 3— Above, m illing operation on way conflicts with the War Production ring bosses of half ring. Early de Drive s’wvestion box procedure, hut is sign involved quarter-section rings, an added source of remuneration. flash welded into half ring before Once the invention is disclosed to be m achining patentable, the patent department con F ig. 4— Left, steel tubes for sup tacts the inventor and assists him in pre porting arms of mount, with end paring the proper writeups, filling out cap and fitting flash welded to the correct forms, and gathering together body. After plating, the tubes are working models and other materials need oiled and sealed with steel plugs ed in order to apply for a patent. If the inventor’s own models and plans are not sufficient, models and plans that «’ the interior thoroughly, after which they serve the purpose are prepared by the are immersed in oil heated to 160 de tool design, toolmaking and engineering grees, drained and fitted with a steel departments. After the models and ot rer plug. The inner coating of oil, sealed by material have been correctly prepared, « the plug, guards against possible chance patent is applied for in the employe, of corrosion which might lead to corro name and assigned to the company ■ sion fatigue failure iu the tube. Assembly of ring and tubes into the finished mount is quite simple, women California Aircraft operators being fully capable of handling Wage Schedule Approved the job. Machined brackets are set in their proper places in the jig. The tube New wage schedule for employes b includes cadmium oxide, sodium cyanide, assemblies are inserted into the brackets California plants of Consolidated A u teC| sodium hydroxide and a brightener, oper and securely bolted. Then, after small Douglas, Lockheed-Vega, North Ameri ating at room temperature. Voltage is 2%, rubber insulation assemblies are inserted can, Northrop and Ryan co m p an ies lias current density 2 0 amperes per square into the slotted bosses, the half sections been approved by the regional W L &n foot. Depth of plated material is 0.0005- of the forged ring are bolted to the sup is now in elfect retroactive to Marc 1 ^ inch to conform to Army and Navy speci porting tubes and the two halves them Minimum hourly wage rate is set a fications. Plating operation requires about selves finally bolted together. All bolts cents, and 14 “ grades” of labor arc es a 15 minutes, after which the parts are are tightened to 300 pounds pressure, lished with minimum and m axim um ra rinsed in cold water, then hot water, and using torsion wrenches to insure uniform for each. Top grade or No. 1 is • dried. pressure on all bolts. $1.75, while the lowest or No. 14 « < Fig. 4 shows a group of flash welded Stainless steel firewalls are important 80 cents. . tubes which comprise the supporting elements of every engine, mount and Beyond these limits the sche u e ^ arms of the mount as they are being nacelle assembly'. Assembly of the firewall mits establishing “ A” employes in oiled after cadmium plating. Plating is simple, steel being sheared to general of the top six grades who because o ^ ^ process is similar to that used on the size, blanked out on a press, including ceptional qualifications may recen.t rings, except that after rinsing the tubes the cutouts, edges carefully burred, and premium of from 15 to 2 0 cents an are placed in an oven at 250 degrees to dry- finally consolidated into the nacelle as beyond the basic maximum. /T E E 1 52 n for s e r v ic e a tviie ’ serle 3 '.s ; Len d a to ry a g e n c y outstend1’’® iiu r í E d it in g offl6 n i v e l d i - 6 t r o c e a r rZ iJu t t Ue i u ¡ r e s u y . .5 , .% * C T * c ^ c&> se' r s , V . « î * f ® «4 l O n n - P ~ “ J the -book file we have xs of con8t|^ f¿ ° f i l f e a..-valuable titix service v J-Y • a » » ® W hy not take advantage of thei helpful suggestions in your plant Thesea sheetseVioofc hrinrr bring toin youvan fKo the experiencepvnorionra nf of an nrnnpron nent welding engineer who, in a clear and conci manner, has placed on paper many types of weldii applications applicable to almost every type of pro uct manufactured from metal, maintenance, and co struction. You may find just the answer to your pro c«vy' lem, but if not you surely will find an applicati that w ill stimulate your thinking. No designer, en< neer or production man should be without this seri which hundreds of manufacturers already have c claimed an outstanding contribution to lowered pi duction costs through the application of weldin Initial sheets are FREE . . . write us for them todo HOBART BROTHERS CO., Box ST-8: TROY, OHIO " O n e of the W orld’s Largest Builders of Are Welder & m Gasoline Engine' Electric Welder A. C. W Drive Welder Portable or Stationary Use th e coupon . . . and be sure your nam e is on our Usf. . & & Better Rod *°r Every Purpose rO-< Hobart laboratories males rods lor •ach spscilic job. It is tsstsd —im- PTOt.d — p.rl.cl.d _ crdor Hobart ^ Xleclrodss and you'll under- 0 ^ **<*nd why thsy'r« ths choice ^*5» ol those who want quality. GEORGE D. SHAEFFER CLIFF DUNHAM E. PERRY HOLDER W ILLIA M P. WITHEROW Md., before joining Republic Aviation E. Perry Holder, president since 1940 charge of administrative affairs, Federal Corp. recently, succeeds Mr. Wilson as of Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, and Marine divisions, General Electric employment manager, and Donald R. Pa., has been elected president of Wick- Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Both positions Patterson, former personnel service su svire Spencer Steel Co., New York. Mr. are newly-created. pervisor, has been appointed assistant di Holder succeeds E. C. Bowers, who has rector, industrial relations, for the night been president of Wickwire Spencer George D. Shaefler has been appointed Steel Co. for 17 years. Although he is chief engineer, engineering departments, shift. resigning because of illness, Mr. Bowers Gar Wood Industries Inc., Detroit, and ■will continue as a member of the board A. C. Evans succeeds him as chief engi C liff Dunham, former purchasing agent and the executive committee. neer, Road Machinery division. Other for the Peoria plant, Willamette Hystet — o— appointments by Gar Wood are: I. C. Co., Portland, Oreg., has been named Chicago purchasing agent, operating W illiam P. Witherow, president since Moreau, chief engineer, Hoist and Body from the company’s newly-opened of 1937, Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, and di division, and J. E. Monahan, manager of fice there. rector of the company for the past 10 all hydraulic engineering. —o— years, has been elected chairman of the board. He w ill continue to serve as A. J. Elmer, Freyn Engineering Co., W illiam D. Kennedy, vice president, president. Mr. Witherow founded the Chicago, left Aug. 16 to supervise con W right Aeronautical Corp.. Paterson, Witherow Steel Co., which later was ac struction of open-hearth furnaces at the X. J., has become manager of the Locl- quired by Donner Steel Co. Donner new steel plant of the Companion Sid- land plant, Cincinnati, succeeding W. R- Steel Co. then was absorbed by Republic erurgica Nacional, Volta Redondo. Brazil. Finlay, who has been appointed head o Steel Corp. and Mr. Witherow was vice the corporation’s industrial relations an president of Republic until his resigna R. Verne Mitchell, chairman of the ex personnel department. tion in 1932. ecutive committee of McDonald, Cool- idge & Co., Cleveland, and a director of M. L. Jarboe, secretary, Dunno-vl Al 1, E. Harris, former superintendent, Thompson Products Inc., also of Cleve kali Co., Pittsburgh, has been elected St. Paul works, International Harvester land, has been elected a director of Cop- vice president in charge of finance aw Co., has been appointed superintendent perweld Steel Co., Glassport. Pa. accounts. Mr. Jarboe will return 11 of the Harvester War Depot Inc., new position as secretary. ly-organized subsidiary of the Harvester Chalmer Lafferty has been named -— o----- company, formed for the purpose of op president of Chalmer Machine Products Clarence C. Helmle, former head of erating the llossford Ordnance Depot. Co., Cleveland, a new company. the inorganic laboratory, General ec Joseph Russell, former general foreman trie Co., Bridgeport, Conn., has jome of Harvester’s McCormick works parts Paul Dietz has been appointed export the technical staff of Enthone Co warehouse, Chicago, has been named as sales manager, General Machinery divi Haven, Conn., where he will be en sistant superintendent of the new organ sion, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., M ilwau gaged in plating equipment design, Prl ization. kee, succeeding the late Harlow Bradley. ess development and technical sen ice Associated with the Export division of John M. McKibbin, manager, applica B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, O., for the Jack Meyer has been a p p o in te d '>« tion data and training department, past 15 years, Mr. Dietz has been sta president and general superintent J Westingbouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East tioned in Mexico, China and French and L. T. Anderson has been |am« Pittsburgh, Pa., has received his com Indo-China. president in charge o f sales and eng pany’s highest honor, the Order of Merit, neering, National Alloy Stee 11 for distinguished service. J. Sawyer Wilson, former employ Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh. ment manager, Republic Aviation Corp., Alexander Kennedy Jr. has been ap Farmingdale, N. Y., has been named Allen B . Lindsay, president. LmdsA pointed assistant to the manager in charge training manager. Howard E. Richards, of engineering, and Howard P. Bish has who was in charge of industrial rela Engineering Co., Cleveland, been named assistant to the manager in tions at Rheem Mfg. Co.. Sparrows Point, named president and treasurer o ,»r El MEN of INDUSTRY etch Co., Cleveland, a new company pro olis, Minn., has been named special Caldwell Jr., formerly in Dow’s Mag ducing marking devices. Elmer Schut- Northwest representative for the com nesium Production division, lias been tetiberg is vice president. plete line of products of H. K. Porter named to assist Mr. Wellman. Co. Inc., Pittsburgh. William M. Stabler has been appointed -—o— C. N. Guerasimoff, former assistant service manager, American Propeller Frank J. DeRewal, formerly associated chief engineer in charge of the Radial Corp., Toledo, O,, subsidiary of Aviation with Battelle Memorial Institute, Colum Diesel Engine division, Buda Co., Harvey, Corp. Previously, Mr. Stabler had been bus, O., has been placed in charge of 111., has been appointed chief engineer, service manager for Aviation Corp.’s metallurgical research and development Engine division. Liquid Cooled Engine division. for Delloy Metals and Penn Rivet Corp., — o— Philadelphia. J. M. Tucker, who recently joined E. E. Duffy, former planning secretary, Massey-iHarris Co., Racine, Wis., as as Wayne County Road Commission, De Frank J. Staral has been named field sistant to the vice president and general troit, has been appointed director of pub engineer in the Chicago, Illinois and manager, has been appointed general lic relations, American Road Builders’ Iowa area for Alloy Casting Co., Cham Association, Washington. sales manager. Mr. Tucker and C. E. paign, 111., and James H. Ross has been Krause, secretary and director of pur appointed field metallurgical engineer, chases for the company, have been air- L. W. Teegarden has been named as Detroit. pointed to the board of directors. sistant general sales manager, RCA- Victor division, Radio Corp. of America, Camden, N. J. Richard W. Murray lias been appointed OBITUARIES . . . ■—o— brush engineering representative, Con Herluf Nielsen has been appointed necticut and Rhode Island territory', for Albion James Wadhams, 6 8 , a vice chief metallurgist in charge of the tech Osborn Mfg. Co., Cleveland. president and manager, Development nical department, Kinney Aluminum Co., and Research division, International subsidiary of Kinney Iron Works, both Richard Hammerstein and T. J. Clark Nickel Co. Inc., New York, died Aug. "f Los Angeles. have been appointed to the engineering 22 in Elizabethtown, N. Y. staff, Heat Treating division, Park Chemi Robert Onan has been appointed sales cal Co., Detroit. Dr. Frank Waldo Merritt, 61, chief representative in the Chicago area for ■ 0 --- surgeon for Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. Duraloy Co., Scottdale, Pa. M r. Onan’s H. L. Griffin has been appointed safe in Gary', Ind., for the past 22 years, died office is located in the W rigley building, ty' engineer, Harbor Land Co., Fairport there Aug. 18. Chicago. Harbor, O., subsidiary of Diamond A l kali Co., Pittsburgh. Adolph W. Meyer, 73, president, E. A. Stein has joined the engineer Watervliet Iron & Brass Foundry, Water- ing department of Maysteel Products John Robert Doig Jr., physicist, has vliet, N. Y., died in Albany Aug. 19. Mr. Lie., Mayville, Wis. been appointed to the research staff of Meyer was one of the founders of Water Rattelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, vliet Iron & Brass Foundry in 1924. George J. Parker has been appointed O. time standards engineer, Sperry Gyro- Raymond S. Dean, 59, president, R. S. scope. Oo., Brooklyn, N. Y., heading a Dr. Alexei Bach, Russian biochemist, Dean Co., Chicago, died Aug. 22 in that new department to develop time stand and Dr. Te-Pang Hou, Chinese indus city. ards in all plants for management con trol. trial chemist, have been elected to hon orary membership in the Society of Irving Weiss, 44, president, Port Hu Chemical Industry, London. 1 • B. Schwartz, manager, Minnesota ron Brass Foundry Co., Port Huron. Pneumatic & Electric Tool Co., Minneap Mich., died Aug. 22 in Cleveland. An Colin Westerbeck has been named expert in light metal casting, Mr. Weiss St. Louis sales manager, Continental Can is said to have been the first in the na Co., New York, succeeding Elliott W. tion to cast beryllium. Beckett, now vice president and general manager, Continental Can Co. of Can Robert B. King, 45, general superin ada Ltd. Bertram M. Brock has been tendent of construction at the assem appointed manager of the newly-formed bly plant which Austin Co., Cleveland, industrial relations department. is building northwest of Chicago for Douglas Aircraft Corp., died Aug. 15 Fred F. Murray, former vice president, in Royal Oak, Mich. O il W ell Supply Co., Dallas, Tex., subsidiary of United States Steel Corp., has been elected president. Mr. Mur Joseph R. Moffat, 52, superintendent ray, who is president of the Petroleum of the second shift, Chevrolet Motor & Equipment Suppliers Association and a Axle divisiion, General Motors Corp., director of the American Petroleum In Tonawanda, N. Y., died Aug. 19 in Buf stitute, succeeds Benjamin F. Harris, re falo. Mr. Moffat had been associated signed. with Chevrolet for 33 years. D. T. Wellman has been placed in Thomas Gerardi, 53, president, Rinelli Wt, C T’ RUHF charge of the branch office Terminal & Gerardi Marine Contracting Co.. tonn m " ^ ecle^ president. Mack Trucks Tower building, Cleveland, for Dow Brookh'n, N. Y., died Aug. 18 in that ' °"s C! August: LATIN AMERICA copper, fluorspar, mercury and graphite, Chile Plans Steel Plant with are all moving in heavier volume to the United States as a result of this war effort. W hile exact figures were not 100,000 Ton Annual Capacity revealed, it was said that ore concen trates shipped amount to “ hundreds of New mill to supply two-thirds of country's requirements. Will thousands of tons” . roll reinforcing, light structurais, thin plates and sheets, strip Expanded Mexican production is tak and have wire drawing facilities ing place under an agreement signed last year between Mexico and the Unit ed States for development of strategic CHILE, long a supplier of high-grade grade of coal to be had in that country. resources. The United States is the ore to United States steel producers, Chile has the largest coal mines in South chief market, and is helping with loans, now is planning construction of a steel America, producing about 2,000,000 me technical advice, and transportation prob plant to produce 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 metric tons tric tons annually. It is a bituminous lems. a year, or two-thirds of the country’s coal, good for domestic heating but not annual consumption. well suited for metallurgical purposes. It w ill he located in the Concepcion Tests are now being run in the United region, in the southern part of the coun States in an effort to develop a good Mexican Tungsten try. metallurgical coke. From plans now being prepared by As for iron ore and limestone, Chile Industry Modernized Corporacion dc Fomento, w ith main of is in good position. For many years, fices in the United States at 120 Broad Bethlehem Steel Co. has been obtaining TUNGSTEN production in Mexico has way, New York, equipment w ill be in high grade iron ore from the El Tofo been modernized under stimulus of stalled to roll reinforcing steel, light region in northern Chile. ■North American war demand. structural shapes, thin plates and sheets, Fomento has purchased the 32 by 72- ¡Needed in producing armor plate, strip for making welded pipe, and fa inch sheet m ill installed by the Worth and high-speed tool steel, among other cilities for drawing wire. Steel Co., Claymont, Del., in the early products, much of Mexico’s output is Cheap hydroelectric power is avail thirties but not operated during the brought in by small, scattered mines un able. However, there are complications past few years. This unit w ill be used der minor operators in the northwestern with respect to metallurgical coke. Elec for rolling sheets and light plate and part of Mexico. Formerly these op tric blast furnaces of the Swedish Tys- will be equipped with galvanizing fa erators mined the metal for what they land-IIole type, w ill be constructed— cilities. could get from traders. two, each with a daily capacity of 1 0 0 ¡Metals Reserve Co has an agency metric tons. Other equipment will in clude a bessemer converter, electric steel Mexican Nonferrous in Nogales, Mex., under charge of K. C. furnaces, a mixer and by-product coke Li, president of the Wah Chang Trad Mining Spurred by War ing Co. (China was the prewar normal ovens. Corporacion de Fomento plans to have Mineral and metal mining in Mexico source of tungsten for the United States the plant in operation by either late in has been sharply accelerated in the past and other countries) and Mr. Li is cred 1945, or early 1946. year to help supply the United Nations’ ited with being most familiar with the Use of electricity for the smelting of war industries, according to a report by tungsten industry. iron ore, as indicated, was decided upon the Co-ordinator of Inter-American A f The agency offers uniform prices under chiefly for two reasons: Abundance of fairs. ‘a stabilized buying system, as an in cheap hydroelectric power in Chile; the Zinc, manganese, antimony, tungsten, ducement to the small operators. They Say: “After the war we of the American Federation of Labor not only of large scale business, but also many types of want to see the vast majority of jobs provided by private small scale business.”— Vice President Wallace. employers rather than by the government.’'— George Meany, secretary-treasurer, American Federation of Labor. “ In breathing spells we dig in on postwar plans, and are trying to keep in a position to convert quickly to peace “ Mechanized warfare apparently has not diverted the time needs. We w ill want to get die television quickly, interest of the service men from the humanities to science as w ill many other units in the radio industry'. We are or technology.”—Dean Nicholas McD. McKnight, Colum prepared to make it, we know how to make it, we have bia university. made it, we expect to make it.” — Eugene A. Tracey, presi dent, Majestic Radio & Television Corp., Chicago. “ Defeat of the Axis w ill be but an episode in our con tinuing struggle for a better, fuller, more secure life for the “ While we can be ojitimistic about the course of the war average citizen. Our country must face the questions of there can be no complacency over our manpower situation. peace, and must face them inspired by the same faith that Paul V. McNutt, chairman War Manpower Commission. w ill parry us to the total defeat of the enemy on the battle field.”—Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black. “ Steel consumers should hold inventories at die lowest level consistent with efficient operations, cancel tonnage ded “ The corporate form of organization is essential in a not needed for current requirements and return unneei democratic country like the United States for carrying on, allotments.” Jolm T. Whiting, director, Steel Division. 56 ACTIVITIES tion to about 27,700 employed in of tracts w ill be carried out and regular line Ordnance Depot fices. They account for about one-tenth of manufacturing will continue, includ of total sted industry employment. ing special mining equipment, mine Taken Over by Women have been found capable, of cars, electric shovels and similar equip handling a wide variety of plant jobs, ment. such as operating cranes, serving as Harvester Co. helpers on rolling mills and in open National Electrical Manufacturers As hearth departments, inspecting steel sociation announces that its Industrial Newly formed subsidiary of products at various stages of manufac and Commercial Lighting Equipment Internafional operates Arm y ture, running lathes and other machine section w ill sponsor a postwar annual tools, operating heating furnaces and lighting and equipment exhibition and depot at Rossford, O., begin driving tractors and trucks. congress shortly after the war. ning Aug. 29 Before tbe war, inspecting sheets of tin plate was almost the only job on Alvey-Ferguson Co. of California has which they were employed. OPERATION of the Rossford Ord established facilities in Los Angeles to nance Depot, Rossford, O., was taken manufacture conveying equipment and over from the Army by The Harvester Shorter Bayonet Saves metal products cleaning and finishing War. Depot Inc., wholly-owned subsid equipment similar to products manufac iary of the International Harvester Co., 362 Tons of Steel in '43 tured by tbe company in Cincinnati. on Aug. 29. American combat troops on all fronts The private operating company w ill are being issued a new, shorter, bayo Thomas Machine Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, offer employment to all present em net, with a consequent saving in steel expects to complete improvements total ployes of the government-operated depot. at home. The new bayonet is ten ing $200,000 by the end of August, Change from Army Ordnance opera inches long, instead of 16, as formerly, George P. Thomas, president, announces. tion to private industry operation at the but retains the same shape as the old Work includes installation of additional Rossford Depot is in keeping with a type, and is said to be handier. machine tools, handling facilities, and Policy announced by tbe Army to place additions to buildings. operation of a number of ordnance de It can be used as a trench knife, and pots in the hands of private industries. is said to have been welcomed especially Brainard Steel Corp., Warren, O., has This arrangement was entered into bv by jungle troops, paratroopers and air opened offices for the Michigan area at Toe Harvester War Depot at tbe re borne infantry units. Saving in steel quest of the Army. The company w ill amounted to 362 tons of high-carbon 416 New Center building, Detroit. receive for its sendees only a very small type from estimated 1943 production, Julian L. Gailey w ill be district sales manager. fee. After the International Har and for 1944, it is expected w ill amount vester Co. received the request from to 500 tons. le A™y, it organized the subsidiary Eisler Engineering Co., Newark, N. J., company, The Harvester War Depot Wickwire Spencer Steel has issued a 28-page illustrated catalog describing the specific line of small spot depot ^°r purpose operating the Employs 78% More Women welding machines manufactured by tbe company. An eight page bulletin listing Employment of women in tbe available types of small and heavy duty Fourth of Rail Freight production departments of Wickwire butt welders has also been published. Provided by Steel Mills Spencer Steel Co., New York, increased 78 per cent during the past year. A Watson-Standard Co., Pittsburgh, an gearly one-fourth of tbe freight ton- comparable increase was made in the nounces use of substitutes for war ig | by # encan railroads in office staffs. scarce materials in producing a series nhni"rS e*tber raw materials for steel of coatings. New coatings contain no L f Pr°ducts of tlle mi'ls. ac- BRIEFS . . . tung oil, phenolic resin, or other crit InstihUe*0 th<5 American Iron a'id Steel ical material. o Last year the carriers hauled a total United States Spring & Bumper Co., Los Angeles, pioneer Pacific Coast fabri George S. May Co., Chicago, is dis freiA>T7 T ? ly ^ 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 tons of cator and heat treater of spring steel, tributing new device, called the “ Deduct- 000onn . ds; o f tTiat total, 251,- has been presented tbe Army-Navy “ E” O-Graph” , which automatically shows other e iM cons:sted °f bon ore and for its part in the production of war proper payroll deductions for any em steel ni , ?g materials en route to equipment. ploye when properly set. It is avail tons r! , A n additional 76,000,000 able to industrial companies upon re steel n r T °f shipments °f iron and ¿Products from the steel mills to Inland Steel Co. announces that five quest. blast furnaces at Indiana Harbor have maintained uninternipted production Pullman-Standard Car Mfg. Co.’s em 37,000 Women in for more than three years in what is be ployes in the Chicago plants have set lieved to be a group continuous opera an all-time record in the firm’s 2 0 -year Steel Plant Jobs tional record. old suggestion plan by turning in 206 award winning ideas in the last three drawals o T °rtages caused by with- Hall Machinery of Canada Ltd. has month period. ices have ra."1” ! mto dle armed serv- been formed by R. E. Stewart of Stew * sieel planet e,”lpl0yment of women art Construction Co. Ltd., Sherbrooke, Worthington Pump & Machinery Corp., Quebec, and F. C. Manning, Halifax, Harrison, N. J., announces tbe location of , ¿ '7 “ ed:13 ,“™ 37.000areili Currently almost N. S., and has bought the Hall Machin its advertising department at 744 Broad ar® working in ^ plants ¡n add;_ ery’ Co., Sherbrooke. Present war con- street, Newark 2 , N. J. i94g ELECTRIC POWER SPARK'. GROWTH IN By A . H. ALLEN those of the private utility in Portland dreds of acres. A year or so ago, the Associate Editor, STEEL for example, tbe Portland General Electric Defense Plant Corp. bought 100 acres of Co., but are based on a minimum yearly this orchard, ostensibly for a site on which to erect a rolling mill. Contractors crews NO REVIEW of the West Coast, 1943 consumption. model, would be complete without refer Pacific Gas & Electric, which provides descended onto the scene, ripped out thousands of trees and suddenly the proj ence to electric power, and here tbe story most of the power used in central and ect was dropped. For some strange rea is intimately related to the vast govern northern California, estimates that in 1942 ment-sponsored hydroelectric projects its system supplied 600 million kilowatt- son tbe rolling m ill had been shifted to Spokane, where it is now in operation, Boulder dam in tbe south, Shasta dam hours to new or enlarged war industrial in central California, tbe Columbia river plants and to military establishments, six and the razed peach orchard is now nothing but a trailer camp, although projects in the Northwest, plus numerous times the consumption of 1941 in defense other smaller units. plant preparation. The figure covers To get an idea of generating capacity, service to additional or extended plants consider the following list which in and to bases of the armed forces. cludes hydroelectric projects in tbe East Since it requires 22,000 kilowatts to for comparison: produce 2 0 0 0 pounds of aluminum, it is K ilo w a tts easy to understand the centering of alumi Boulder dam 1,300,000 num reduction plants in the Northwest, Shasta dam ...... 450,000 where one-third of all aluminum produc Columbia river projects (Bon- tion in the country is now concentrated nev ille, Grand Coulee, Rock in plants representing an investment of Island) ...... 2,700,000 $125,000,000 and employing 1 0 ,0 0 0 . Niagara F a lls ...... 1,200,000 Adding to this capacity, there are two q-yvy ...... 1,900,000 new plants in the Los Angeles area cost Planned Colorado river Proj ing about $50,000,000. By December of ects ...... 1,600,000 this year, it is reported that aluminum Planned Columbia River Proj- production in the entire country will be e c ts ...... 10,300,000 at a rate of almost two billion pounds or The old story of power from govern nearly one million tons a year. ment-built hydroelectric plants vs. private Bauxite Reduced To Alumina power from steam generating plants is very much debated on tbe West Coast as Aluminum Co. of America operates the elsewhere. It simmers down to this. Gov principal reduction plants in the North ernment projects do not have to carry west and in Los Angeles. Reynolds Metal the 25 per cent tax load of private plants, and Olin Corp. also operate plants in and hydroelectric plants do not consume Washington, all using bauxite as a raw a natural resource like coal or oil. These material which must be reduced to outweigh the fact that, operating on an alumina before being shipped an appre equal basis, steam generated power prob ciable distance to tbe plants. Alcoa has ably can be supplied at a lower cost than a plant w ith five pot lines giving 180,000,- hydroelectric power, figuring in tbe cost 000 pounds yearly capacity’ on a 50-acre of the relative investment, taxes, etc. site near Vancouver, Wash., the plant Columbia river power costs about 25 employing 1500, and being financed by per cent less than electric power in San the company’. A second plant, DPC Francisco or Los Angeles, despite the financed, with four pot lines is located fact that the Los Angeles power may come 14 miles from Portland at Troutdale on from Boulder dam. Rates in Los Angeles the old Sundial Ranch. and San Francisco are about a par, the Near Troutdale there once was a very latter being supplied by Pacific Gas & fine peach orchard, covering some hun- Electric Co., whose system is fed by both steam-generated and hydroelectric power. Industrial users are now being offered Grand Coulee dam is one of several power de Columbia river power at rates far below velopments vitalizing Pacific Northwest industry /TEEL PACIFIC COAST INDUSTRY War exerts tremendous influence for expansion in area but basically electricity from the great Grand Coulee and Bonne ville dams provides driving force for economic growth of region in metal reduction, shipbuilding, and airplane building there were plans afoot in May to per vitaminized the industrial blood of the couver, Wash., and Troutdale, Oreg. suade Alcoa and government officials to vast Pacific Northwest, flowing from its Shortly it may magnetize new aluminum locate an extrusion plant on the site, triangular heart bounded by Seattle, and magnesium industries to the area. principal difficulty heing to find some Spokane and Portland, Oreg. W ar in For example, the new Oregon Electric building to house the extrusion prresses. dustry, too, of course has had its pulsat Steel Rolling Mills at Portland plans Close by the Alcoa operations in the ing effect, but basically it is electricity eventual production of 75,000 tons of Northwest are extensive deposits of alumi from the great dams at Grand Coulee and steel ingots annually, all of which w ill be num clays which might be used as a raw Bonneville on the Columbia River which rolled 011 merchant mills being installed material should the supply of bauxite run is at once the driving power for industry at the plant. Sizable stocks of choice out. Alcoa is not at all convinced that today and the hope of industry here in shipyard scrap have been accumulated these clays can he used successfully, hut the postwar world. at the plant. if a suitable process could he worked out Power naturally is closely allied with Electric power and the war have com it would avoid the present long hauls on the metal industries, ferrous and non- bined to give impetus to such important alumina from the Gulf Coast ports and ferrous, and already it has brought the operations as now are under way at Pa preparation plants in Arkansas. great new aluminum reduction plants to cific Car & Foundry Co. in Seattle where Electric power is the tonic which has Tacoma, Spokane, Longview and Van production of medium tanks has been L u m b e r ind ustry o f the region sees important possibilities in postwar era by an independent agency. These studies have been undertaken to better equip the management with information on which to base important decisions that w ill confront the company in the postwar future. Along this line of thinking is what Boeing calls a “ conservative national campaign of institutional advertising, the object of which is to acquaint the public w ith the company’s accomplish ments and with its varied engineering and manufacturing talents and experi ence which w ill be reflected in any fu ture product to be offered for sale under the name of Boeing. Concentrating On Warplanes Engineering activity still is concen trated on aircraft for war purposes and numerous changes have been made in the B-17F Fortress model. Boeing has increased its engineering field service activities, including the sending of engineers ox’erseas to all com bat zones where the Flying Fortresses are in action. Fundamental flight re search likewise has been pressed an construction now is well along on one of the most modern wind tunnels an attained its present stature. It is the 111 process more than a year. aeronautical laboratories in the indus!I}' W ith the assistance of 348 subcon breeding ground of the famed B-17 Fly If past history is any indication, Boeing tractors, this plant is building a tank ing Fortress, Strato-liners and other new w ill be in there plugging when the war weighing 32 tons, of which 70 per cent planes as yet unveiled. orders have dwindled. For one thing, i represents steel produced from North Boeing Aircraft has two main divisions, has the experience of the last xvar to a west scrap. Before tire war, the Pacific one at Renton on Lake Washington near back on, when the sudden cancellation ot Car plant was building trolley coaches, Seattle, and the other in Seattle, the latter airplane orders forced the company ■ buses and railroad equipment. Now it is extending over several plants, one an old turn its woodworking crews to the u> almost entirely on war work, principally Fisher Body plant. ing of bedroom furniture and sea s e tanks. Among the company’s new fa The Renton division was built original W ith the help of a large and agpcssi.,, cilities is a large electric steel foundry. ly to turn out the Sea Ranger, a two- crexv of engineers it should be a e Power drives the sawmills of Washing motor patrol bomber for the Navy, but is turn its welders, riveters and nieta »o ton and Oregon which have long lent to now being equipped for a different plane, ing crews to products required > the district the reputation of lumber the nature of which cannot yet he dis starved civilian economy. The company, has moved a ong •- center of the country’. A by-product has closed. since the day in -1-916 when Willi*11 ^ been the pyramiding of production and Boeing Making Postwar Plans demand for plywood, so intensive that Boeing and a few associates star the Portland area now supplies an esti Deliveries' of B-17 Flying Fortresses in “ aeroplane” shop on the shores * mated 2,500,000,000 feet of plywood a 1942 increased better than eight times Seattle’s busy Lake Union, ostensi ■ year, based on %-inch 3-ply’ material. over 1941, and the schedule this year the purpose of repairing a am ag^.^ w ill be boosted still further. Power has brought the Northwest im plane. Today Mr. Boemg portant new electric steel foundries, Boeing is actively though quietly plan the obscurity of a compan. but his namesake rolls on. ^ _j ^ practically all of them now busy on Navy ning for the postwar period. This is Shipbuilding is at fever pitd work altogether, but some of them cer brought out in the company’s annual re yards jt tainly destined for an important postwar port, in which it is stated that— “ Plans Northwest, both in Navy. ^ Bremerton and in prix ate , * - ._JM role. for postwar operations are being devel miriiss*0"' oped to the best of the company’s ability. for the Navy and M a ritim e com. Aircraft and shipbuilding are two other R. J. Lament, president o ^ “ war babies” which have zoomed to Research in aircraft design as well as building & Dr>’ Dock and th major significance with the war. Four studies of possible non-aircraft products Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp.,suit” ) > £ en plants of Boeing Aircraft Co. sprawl over which could be developed by the com an important industry will conti i ^ the south and east sections of Seattle, pany’s engineering talent and manufac an important u. ^ “ j - _ , ,nVL, had after today’s war-inflated yarn * while two more are producing planes for tured by its facilities are being conducted the pressure removed, Pnncip‘ 1 A]ilSta Canada in Vancouver, B. C. Boeing is by a special division of the engineering the Pacific Northwest is close. no newcomer to the airplane field, having department. and to the Orient. Ships wili o pj. celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary two Additional research studies, market to maintain a sturdy defense years ago, but only in recent years has it analyses and surveys are being conducted cifie Coast and to handle increased com and Washington, one of the two prin w ill have increased by mercial and industrial life in Alaska. cipal “ lumber yards” of the country, is 50 per cent and the in Russian development of the Siberian estimated to encompass about 600 billion come of the region w ill territory', Lamont suggests, also may mean hoard feet which grows at a rate of 8 have risen from about much for postwar shipping from the billion board feet a year hut at the same $2,000,000,000 to $4,- Northwest. time slips back 9 billion feet by virtue of 000,000,00 a year. Nearly Lamont declares, “ Puget Sound w ill timber cutting. 400,000 of the area’s emerge from this war with the most ex men w ill be in the Accelerated Wood Industry tensive peacetime call on this industry armed sendee. that it has ever experienced; that’s what Developments in wood chemistry, ply These shifts have been we’re planning for.” woods, pulp and paper, and related prod caused by the war, he Probably the most amazing emergency ucts, plus a vastly more intelligent forest said, and when peace housing development on the West Coast management, are combining to sketch the comes new shifts w ill oc is the Vanport project, near Portland, outlines of an accelerated and efficient cur. For example, for which was recently completed. Here on industry based on wood. Thirty mills the states of Oregon and what was once virtually swamp land, in the district are manufacturing Wash ing ton prob Iking accommodations for 40,000 per plywood, about 10 per cent of it so- ably about one-third of sons, including 9600 housing units, stores, callcd “ exterior” plywood using the the population is en schools, parks, police and fire depart hot-press method with synthetic resin gaged in war work. ments—a whole new city— have been glues, and the rest “ interior” board made Many of those in the shipyards and erected to house workers at the Kaiser by the cold press method with protein other local war industries have come Vancouver shipyard, itself built up on glues. from other points. What w ill become of made land” pumped from the bottom Looking into the, future, prospects for them? This is the greatest problem of °f the Columbia river. Pacific Northwest industry' are seen cen postwar readjustment facing the area, in Lumber always has been an outstand tering around hydroelectric power. In the opinion of Mr. Bloch, and although it ing natural resource of the Pacific North a recent address, Ivan Bloch, chief, mar w ill he faced throughout the nation, in west. Hitherto abundant this natural re ket development section, Bonneville proportion the problem of the region of source today is showing the effects of Power Administration, said the Pacific the Pacific Northwest area w ill be great the age-old policy of wasteful utilization Northwest tn the short period of two er. The only way to meet it, he said, and as the age of waste draws to a close years, has undergone tremendous changes is to provide now for a basis of wider important postwar possibilities for the and that by the end of the war the pop employment opportunities in regional en lumber industry loom ahead. ulation of the region w ill have increased terprises. This necessitates development The great Douglas fir belt for Oregon by about one-half million. Its labor force of a program which w ill enable conver sion of wartime industry in the area to peacetime production. oeing airplane plants at Seattle and Vancouver are the breeding grounds ortie famed Flying Fortresses. Postwar plans seen assuring aircraft industry (This is the third article of a series. The fourth promising future ivill he presented next week .) THE BUSINESS TREND Ton-miles ol freight handled by Class 1 carrieis in the Complacency Only Minor seven months ended July 31 was 18. i per cent gieatci than in the like period last year; 62 per cent more than in the same months of 1941 and 138 per cent above the Factor in O utput Lag total for the corresponding period of 1939. Freight priorities policy is being considered by some NOT “complacency” over good war news, but rather government agencies, whose officials fear the railroads lack of manpower, material shortages, and design changes w ill not be able to cope with the peak autumn traffic due are the chief reasons given by 600 manufacturers for to lack of locomotives and rolling stock. failure of war production to attain projected schedules. Railroad operating revenues for the first hall this year Revised draft deferment regulations in an effort to in were up 2 2 .1 per cent compared with a year ago, while duce workers into essential jobs and the tightening of operating expenses increased 17.6 per cent. federal controls over employment in order to direct the movement and placement of labor is being counted on FOREIGN TRADE— Rellecting improved shipping condi by the War Production Board to push production above tions United States exports during the second quarter in creased 40 per cent the present high and imports 18 per plateau of the past cent above the ini few months. tial three months fn some instances this year. critical expansion For the first halt programs have been this year exports held up, for there is were the largest in no point in building the country’s his new facilities when tory. The Commerce there isn’t enough Department reports labor available to exports in this peri operate existing pro od of 35.5 billion duction capacity to were 57 per cent the lim it. above the §3.5 bil Freight car con lion during the like struction schedules 1942 months, and may be held up to some extent because of difficulty in getting steel. Some ob exceeded any full year total during the 2 0 -year period servers feel there should be sufficient plates, but other 1921-41. Figures for the last two years exclude shipment needed products may be hard to obtain on schedule. to the armed forces abroad but include lend-lease goods, which were by far the largest of any item reported in tin WPB states the program scheduling in the heavy steam locomotive parts manufacturing field has resulted in as totals. surances from this group that the demand for an unprece June exports declined 6 per cent from the lecwd Ma dented 200 per cent increase in production in 1944 would total, but exceeded one billion dollars for the second con be met. secutive month and represented a 55 per cent gain 0 Class I railroads had 27,795 new freight cars on order the June 1942 total. Aug. 1, compared with 36,453 on the same date last year. Imports during June registered the sixth consecuti A total of 12,030 new freight cars were placed in service m onthly gain. F irst h a lf im port total of $1-6 billion «a during the first seven months this year, against 51,606 in 9 per cent more than for the corresponding months the like' 1942 period. vear. FIGURES THIS WEEK Year Prior Month Latest Ago INDUSTRY Period0 Week Ago 98.0 97.5 Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity). 98.5 98.5 3,674 Electric Power Distributed (million kilowatt hours) 4,265 4,288 4,196 1,983 1,896 Bituminous Coal Production (daily av.— 1000 tons). 2,017 1,958 3,972 Petroleum Production (daily av.— 1000 bbls.) 4,218 4,239 4,119 $49.0 $230-7 Construction Volume (ENR— U nit $1,000,000) $41.6 $31.8 20,200 Automobile and Truck Output (Ward’s—number units) 19,820 19,800 20.130 ° Dates on request. TRADE S69 Freight Carloadings (unit— 1000 cars). 9301 ,887 S83 174 Business Failures (Dun &: Bradstreet, number) 60 51 4S « 12.956 Money in Circulation (in millions of dollars)!...... 818,241 $18,101 $17,706 Department Store Sales (change from like week a year ago)l +671 + 1171 - 1% f Prelim inary. Î F ederal Reserve Board. THE BUSINESS TREND 1940 I Construction Valuation 1300 i I M I I I j ! I 1 I In 37 States 1200 (Unit— §1,000,000) 1100 B id iU U n ą Public Works- Residentinl- U tili ties Non-Res. 1000 Total 1943 1942 1943 1942 i 900 Jan. 350.7 85.8 90.8 264.8 226.0 . TOTAL Feb. 393.5 112.9 95.9 280.5 337.6 g 800 (COMPILED BY Mar. 339.7 123.0 159.7 216.7 451.1 April 303.3 127.7 101.7 175.6 397.0 Ö 700 May 234.4 95.8 227.7 138.6 445.8 z 600 June 229.6 73.3 436.4 156.3 753.8 o July 183.7 50.0 327.3 133.7 616.4 3 500 Aug. 213.1 507.9 Sept. 129.6 593.6 400 Oct. 246.2 534.2 300 Nov. 241.0 413.2 Dec. 271.0 437.7 2 0 0 Total 2.540.4 ... 5,714.3 100 - n j i i j i , j j , ' 1 * 1 1 ‘ M ' ' ...... ! 1 1 1 1 i?on Foreign Trade 1200 1 4 . è > /bade Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 1000 1000 Commerce 80(1 oUU (Unit Value— §1,000,000) V) ? Ann to -Exports- Im ports 600 1943 1942 1941 1943 1942 1941 8 400 Jan. 751 479 325 228 253 229 400 g Feb. 732 478 303 234 253 234 OF OF 1 u . to s Mar. 984 611 357 248 272 268 200 o Apr. 963 to 695 385 257 234 287 o 0 May 1,069 525 385 281 191 297 0 S June 1,004 618 330 302 215 279 * 400 July 627 359 214 278 400 5 Aug. 694 455 184 282 k IMPORTS ^ 1 300 — , , , | - | ^ Sept. 718 417 i i, ....."¡y———------—J 300 196 263 200 Oct. 776 666 199 304 CCPłfttOMT 1941 200 Nov. 750 492 174 280 100 ------T E I L ------/m i 100 Dec. 853 651 356 344 0 ~l 1 1 ¡ J , , 1 1 ' ' 1 [■ '• > ! 1 ' I 1 ! 1 f '-1 ..1 ¡ i 1 ! 1 1 1 J i 1 0 1741 I 1942 1 1943 Total 7826 5126 2743 3345 Commercial Steel Castings (Net tons in thousands) S t e e l -----Orders----- — Production— DATA COMPILED BY BUREAU O f CENSUS 195 1943 1942 1943 1942 DEPARTMENT O f COMMERCE Jan. 213.1 . 180------180 g Feb. 150.5 154.7 134.8 191.2 Z , , „ NET ORDERS Mar. 179.9 151.5 133.7 £ 165 165 I 202.7 OUTPUT Apr. 211.1 176.5 146.5 165.8 150$ •May 191.2 161.4 149.6 o 150 192.5 June 199.6 163.8 131.5 ¡S 135 135 g July 208.9 132.0 < 120 1 2 0 < A«g. 202.3 135.7 «/> Sept. 141.2 139.2 105 § 177.5 Oct. 139.8 90 £ •Nov. 179.5 152.1 Dec. 173.3 140.4 75 172.3 143.9 6 0 Total - 2,187.3 ...... 1,679.2 45 30 •0____ Latest Prior Month Year finance Period“ Week Ago Ago F e d L Ci 1 r rin g S , i D u i1 & Uradstreet— billions) $8,335 $7,812 $8,612 $7,322 Bond v ? r°SS Debt (builds) ...... $147.3 $146.8 $144.4 $85.4 Smle ca mC’, NYSE (misons)...... $34.1 $37.7 $61.8 $49.1 Loan S ,es; Y5 E (thousands)...... 2,941 2,943 4,714 2 ,2 1 2 United s t In^est,nents (millions) f ...... $46,899 $46,954 $46,822 $33,603 (Member n C.ovx: p m e n t O b lig a tio n s H e ld ( $34,437 $34,464 $32,287 $19,509 tMember banks, Federal Reserve System. prices ?TEELs COmnnsifo i i $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 245.2 245.3 2443. 231.3 113.5 Manufa index) t . 112.3 114.0 1 0 0 .8 ino. ?“; oi LiLiour inui 1 0 0 .0 99.9 99.6 99.1 AUU, fnday series. Î1926 = 100. August 30. 1943 63 W E L D / M T H E “BIG INCH”, our new oil pipeline " B K I N C H ’ from the Southwest, reached its eastern terminal at Phoenixville, Pa., late in July — only a few days short of a year from Johns-Manville Corp., responsible for pro the day the first wckl was made at Long rels, equivalent to the total output of view, Tex.— a record that may stand for all oil wells in the country for a day. viding suitable covering to protect the pipeline against corrosion, report one some time. Construction early developed into a innovation as a conspicuous example. The line is seamless steel pipe, 24 24-hour unremitting battle against mud, Usual method of employing ditcliing inches in diameter with walls %-inch as much of the course through the first machines in pipeline excavation is to us thick, assembled from various lengths leg lay across swamps, flooded rivers or bent and welded in the field. Construct iu generally difficult terrain. Mud clogged two ditchers in tandem, each working on its designated section. This leads to much ed by War Emergency Pipelines Inc., at machinery dogged the movements of a cost of 95 million dollars, its capacity work gangs. Welders and other work lost time and needless wear and tear on is 300,000 barrels of oil a day— equiv ers were frequently in mire up to their the machines because of the necessity o “ roading” the equipment that has com alent to the daily delivery capacity of hips. Trucks had to be pulled by trac pleted its section around the ditcher about 25,000 railroad tank cars. Dis tors. Despite all this, an average of 5 working ahead of it. But Oklahoma Con tance from Longview, Tex., point of be miles of pipe went down every day. ginning, to Norris City, 111., and on to Because of disadvantageous conditions, tracting Co. eliminated this needless V Phoenixville, Pa., is 1388 miles. To fill some novel construction techniques were passing” by having the first machine «1 this line with oil requires 4,000,000 bar- uncorked for the first time. Officials of only the upper half of the trench, 0 lowed by the second machine cutting the lower half of the same trench. ' allows much more ground to be coic by the ditching machinery, since hot ditchers operate continuously. No ter how fast the line-up and tadc-weM crews moved up with the line, trench was ready for them. That the pace of construction wassiv* -A section-buildingg gang linesmmo upl,' -ylength ! F i g . 1- •>ipe which then will be c l a m p e d an voided, ready for roll welding. The long sec are easily handled by specially rigged tractors '¡g. 2 —-An operator completes assembly of a ® ‘.on, usually consisting of three lengtrs o ach about 40 feet long, w ith a continue> w eld 150- Fig. 3— Two tractors are shown carrying_ ^ foot section to the end o f the main ly in g -in somewhat larger in diameter than the pipe with flanges on the inside periphery New pipe-laying and welding methods lead to a 5-mile-per- to strengthen them. Square steel cross day pace in construction of world's largest, longest oil pipeline bars, serving as transverse spacers, are from Texas to the East Coast underneath the flanges between lugs which project inward from the rings to grip the pipe when clamp is closed. The may be seen from the accompanying il surveyed line for the trench, temporary spacers correspond in thickness to the lustrations furnished by Lincoln Electric piers of structural timbers are built up to length of the lugs, giving equal surface Co. They show some of the methods knee-height at intervals of approximately contact with both of the pipe ends be used by the contractors to expedite the 30 feet. When these are lined up, a ing joined. The lugs also help to dis job. Procedure in constructing and lay double-truck pipe dolly is mounted on top tribute the stresses in the locking rings ing a typical section of the pipeline w ill of each pier as needed. A Caterpillar more evenly. be detailed. tractor, especially rigged with a boom an The clamp is hinged opposite the quick- Section-building gangs, working far chored to its frame to enable it to handle acting toggle lock to permit easy dis enough ahead of assembly operations on the pipe, lifts a length— approximately mounting and removal to the next posi the main line to insure uninterrupted 40 feet— upon a pair of dollies. It tion, a hook connection, Fig. 4, opening readily after the joint has been com progress of line welding, prepare 1 2 0 to then picks up another length and swings 150-foot sections of the “ Big Inch” in it into position at the end of the first pleted. advance. Each section is made up of piece. Still suspended from the tractor In lining up a joint, the clamp is placed a number of short lengths of pipe welded boom, the second pipe is slowly jockeyed on the fixed pipe section ( the one on the together. back until the beveled ends of the two dollies) and positioned so a portion of Work is divided into two sets of op pipes are snugly together. At this point a the cross bars extends past the pipe end. erations. One gang tacks and welds the heavy steel pipe clamp is put on, as Then the section beiheld by the pipes to form the long sections; a sec shown in Fig. 1, and locked over the tractors is swung to fit inside these cross ond gang ties the section into the line. joint preparatory to tack welding. bars and is lined up as accurately as Several gangs are employed in making The clamp consists of two steel rings ( Please tu rn to Page 96) up the long sections since this work in volves making three welds as against one required to tie in the section. On a convenient site adjacent to the P'S' 4—Another section is tied-in to the “Big Inch , Crewman with sledge, left, is hammering on cross bars of a pipe clamp to drive it over the end of the fixed section and extend its grip equally to both sections. This done, the new section is aligned with the old, clamp is locked and weld ing then begins Fig. 5 As members of the gang stand on both sections to help line them up, an operator makes t ie first tying-in weld. N ew sections rem ain sus pended from tractor booms until weld is completed Fig. 6 Two operators make final roll welds join ing a new section to the main line User Report Ho. 18 o N s 7 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 By A . S . JAM ESO N W o rk s Metallurgist ~ 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 ° 4 5 ROCKWELL^C" HARDNESS International Harvester Co. CHEMICA 1 COMPOS ÎLÇÊ C h ic a g o CODE STEEL TPTi5 9 4 4 0 ■quenched raw 550“r..m0i25-Ttsr. bar Sue STEELS in the NE-9400 series «***& M chromium ■oming more extensively used than t ^ COOLING RATE-F. PER SECOND- I 3 0 0 “ F. tnd thus are further contributing to the ^ ^ oooo O O OCfflN lO IÍ1 >ur alloy reserves. As they were added to ist later than the 8600 series in ormation o n jU ^ ir ties and uses is not too plenbhj . ^ bolts fe. plies data on the use of NE-J43/ 1 . . k merly made from SAE-3100, 4000 and A preliminary survey of the tensi e prop gfe. enability of NE-9437 steel indicates that it c ^ ^ factorily replace tlie standard alloy steels • carbon content. ,r,,,v>rties if Fig. 1 compares tlie average teaisille I 1^ _gfi; A-3140 (SAE-3140) with those of five he^ ^ or NE-9440 (9437 and 9440 have overlapping contents and the same alloy range). j It will be noted from Fig. 1 that for all pn«J ^ poses the two steels have the same Pr0 Pa ,lJtJ. B 20 heat treated by oil quenching andtempering ^ DISTANCE FR0 2M WATe/r COOLED END OI- STANDARD BAR ness range of 25 to 40 rockwell C n O ® ; ^ QUENCHING A G S. A T standard test bar size. This statement can be \L CC MPOÎ IT I 0 N _ CH EMIO TE M P '5°F . 170 ( f F. STEEL MN. S i. N i. CR MO to cover all sections under 0 .5 2 5 -mch # .2 9 .13 .4 1 1 .0 2 .47 .39 7 MIN. .3 5 .37 .1 3 1 5 5 0 sections up to where complete hardening n lnr(jeneA 9 4 4 0 .4 3 1.04 .5 0 FINE MAX. .3 2 .12 10 HEATS 4 1 1. 0 8 .4 6 .3 5 obtained throughout the particular secto > ^ .2 8 l . l 3 . 6 0 MIN. .4 0 . 7 4 1 5 5 0 7 .2 4 1.36 . 6 0 The term 4 complete hardening would n MAX. 3 1 4 0 .3 9 . 7 6 FINE .2 3 1.26 .6 4 ATE 16 HE A TS . 4 2 .7 0 ------li hardness of not less than 45 roekwel F ig . 1— Tensile properties bused on f0C^ l hardness of five heats of 44 0 os. A-3140; A S T M 0 .5 0 -inch test to Fig. 2—Comparative hardenability of a eoooo o f A-3140 os. 10 heats ofNE-9 ^ 7 0 0 0 0 200000 Fig. 3—Tensile properties of , ,re N.F. bolts, based on tempering ° SQOOQ 1 7 5 0 0 0 Fig. 4— M icro graph o f lam ellar Vear ' ^ 5 0 0 0 0 tialhj spheroidized, etched in 2 per L 5 0 0 0 0 to ,7,0 .,,,. 1 0 0 0 diameters 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 H looooo 7 5 0 0 0 10000 5 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 9 0 0 iOOO • '0 0 TEMPERING TEMPERATURE °F. a u s t e n i t ic AS QUENCHED c - .42 CRAIN SI2 E HARDNESS RX7 MU .06 5 3 - 5 7 SI - .5 2 FINE AT I70CTE N i - .3 0 QUENCHED. IN OIL . 3 5 CUT THREAD CR - N .r. FROM I550°F MO* . 1 5 100 2 5 0 0 0 0 jerience with .... 9 0 2 2 5 0 0 0 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 1 7 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 0 0 0 1 0 rc>-- ^TTes L Y STEELS 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 "* PERCENT 3 ELONGATION0 IN ?" 7 5 0 0 0 NE-9437 as a Bolting Material 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 T.E. — 1 0 ____ 2 5 0 0 0 mm • —— 0 ■------— • - “ o 9 0 0 IOOO M O O TEMPERING TEMPERATURE °F . c - .4 1 AUSTENITIC AS QUENCHED MN-I.00 CRAIN SIZE HARDNESS R“C7 s; - .43 FINE AT l70d"F. 52-56 Ni - .36 throughout the section after quenching. CR - . 39 CUT THREAD QUENCHED IN OIL MO- . 1 1 N.F. FROM I 55 Pig. 5 Micrograph of splieroidized pearlite, i 1 1 rimed in 2 per cent Nital, shown at 1 0 0 0 diameters 2 ■ g 30 f ~ Tensile Properties of NE-9437 ( o f X 20 100 C it y different analysis than that in Fig. 3). .5J '<>VVV 7VV IWU 1 1 UU 1 ¿W 2 5 0 0 0 0 Wis were %-inch N .F . and properties shown TEMPERING TEMPW 9 0 2 2 5 0 0 0 “ re based on tem pering tem perature 8 0 yr. s.(pSI.) .Vp ‘~ Tensile Properties of NE-9437 % -inch 2 0 0 0 0 0 ■ Mts compared with rockwell C, hard- / I 7 0 -♦T.S.(LBS) 1 7 5 0 0 0 ... ness values ^ Y .P (L BS.) 6 0 L- 8—Same as Fig. 7 except slightly different 15 0 0 0 0 analysis 5 0 1 2 5 0 0 0 20000 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 10000 7 5 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 —. 1 0 2 5 0 0 0 - T.E. 0 0 TENSILE STRENGTH PS-1. BASED ON AREA OF 0 .2 5 6 SQ" TENSILE STRENGTH PS I BASED ON AREA OF 0 256 SQ R O C K W E L L “ C ” HARDNES S ROCKWELL*"C” HARDNESS C - .41 AUSTENITIC MN-1.00 CRAIN SIZE AS QUENCHED S. - .43 FINE AT 1700°F. HARDNESS RX" N. - . 36 5 2 - 5 6 CR- .39 CUT THREAD QUENCHED IN OIL MO- .11 N F FROM l55Cfr 67 444 4 2 9 / A 15 4 0 1 3 88 3 7 5 U) 33 3 6 3 “ 3 5 2 p 341 r _l 3 3 0 O 331 J Si , 321 q 3 I I n 2 3 0 2 ” n 3 .5 0 / Z 2 9 3 z o 2 8 5 j £ 3 .6 0 / ¡77 ® 2 6 9 73 2 6 2 2 5 5 AS QUENCHEO QUENCHING MEDIUM 2 4 8 CHE one A L QM T io r A CS AT TMREAO STEEL _ HARDNESS fTC" t e m p VT [ s T I n . CR MO v'A 1700*E 5 0 - 5 2 j 2 4 I 3 7 67 127 67 FINE R ■ - 3 1 3 5 5 0 - 5 2 15 50 / ------— 3 1 3 5 37 .7 J «20 65 FINE R 2 3 5 1 5 5 0 24 2 3 TINE R 5 0 - 6 2 ______4 04 2 4 0 BA 5 1-5 4 15 50 OH ------5 0 4 0 4 2 65 1 7 4 3 COAR5E R N T . 2 2 9 5 4 - 5 7 1 S>5 / ■ NE-l 14 0 4 3 1 58 2 2 FINE C 5 3 57 1 5 5 0 — — . NE-*» b 7 4 e I 06 52 .35 15 FINE C 5 5 6 2 - 5 6 1 5 6 0 20 25 30 35 40 45 — —. m NC-94 3 7 4 . to o 4 ;■ .3 6 39 .1 1 FINE c ROCKWELL UCM HARDNESS AUSTENITIC AVERAGE OF 2 HEATS CRAIN SIZE F ig. 9— R elationship o f rockw ell C hardness readings C - 4 1 F I N E A T I 700*F- MN, - .0 3 on threaded end to brinell readings on top of head of S i - .4 8 CUT THRF.AD N i - .3 7 N F. NE-9437 %-inch N.F. holts OUENCHEDIN OIL CR - 3 7 F R O M I 5 5 0 ° F . MO . I 3 F ig , io — Tempering temperature vs. rockwell C hard ness readings on end o f threaded section o f N E -9437 %-inch N.F. holts to exceed 0 .0 1 0 -inch which includes TABLE I—Hardcnability in Terms of Bar Size both partial and total decarburization. Maximum Bar Size in Totally decarburized depth should e which tensile properties not more than 0.005-inch. Hardeuability Value J-45 Minimum Cooling Rate given in Figure (1) are applicable Distance from Quenched °F./Sec. at 1300°F. to This test is for the purpose of ensur (Inches) End 1/16 of an In. produce 45 R“C” ing a carbon content of 0.40 per cen Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. Min. Max. Ave. at the pitch diameter of the threaded N E-9437 fi 9 7 50 30 40 % IV* 1* bolt, thereby providing maximum ten N E-9440 60 20 40 1% A -3140 10 6 % sile strength at this line for a g"en heat treatment. , The tensile properties and hardness o inch on %-inch diameter and larger as and the niicrostrueture also w ill reflect the two heats of 0.616-inch round Mi- well as requirements for surface finish. this condition. The tensile properties 9 4 3 7 annealed and cold drawn wire fn® In addition they may call for tensile are, however, a little more revealing two sources used to obtain the ata g* property, hardness and microstructure than a hardness test for they w ill show en later in the article were as sio tests which include austenitic grain size, surface and internal defects as well as decarburization limits and structural re give values for elongation and reduction in Table II. . There was some variation in the ' quirements. of area which are measures of ductility or the ability of the steel to he deformed nealing practice of the wire from °n The austenitic gram size is usually in cold heading without cracking. These source as the microstructure vane j determined by the McQuaid-Ehn test. tests are made w ith the aim of predeter partial pearlitic to fully sphere! ize Specifications usually call for an ASTM mining the ability of the wire to be de illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5. n grain size range of 1 to 4 or 5 to 8 , formed in cold heading without crack wire from this source the decarburi depending on the application. Where ing. A specification in general use calls varied from 0.005 to 0 .0 1 5 -inci the hardcnability of the steel is low, a for 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 pounds per square inch maxi one side of tire wire to tire ° ,er 1 „ coarse grain (ASTM 1 to 4) may be de mum tensile strength; 35 per cent mini same cross section. The wire rom ^ sirable. However, in the majority of mum reduction of area; hardness of 96 source had a decarburization < ep cases, a fine grain (ASTM 5 to 8 ) is 0.10-inch. It .cannot be said > . specified in order to eliminate dangerous rockwell B maximum filed flat surface; microstructure showing spheroidized or 9 4 3 7 showed any more tendJ | cy grain growth during heating for hard decarburization than wire o 5 - ening operation. NE-9437 should al- partially spheroidized cementite. wavs be specified fine grain (ASTM 5 to Decarburization as determined by analyses. . . , , J f ],eats microscopic examination is specified not The austenitic grain size ot t> 8 ) as should A-3140, A-4042 and A-4140 (SAE-3140, 4042 and 4140). The tensile properties, hardness and TABLE II—Physical Properties of Annealed and Cold Drawn Wire (NE-9437) Reduction microstructural requirements in reality Yield Tensile Hanhw» Elongation of Area form three methods of specifying the Point Strength Rock**® H eat PSI PSI % in 2 ” 93-93 38-63 same thing as they are all inter-related. A ...... S3,000-95,000 103.000-105,000 24-25 95-98 66-67 I f the hardness is low, the tensile B ...... 81,000-82,000 102.000-104,000 26-28 strength will lie correspondingly low /T E £L. fts •i - ly / jr A t ■ •' - A i»S s. .it 4 ; • $ $ K l -"j ?«• m r .»vT l ---. V : ■;■■■;■■ ■■■'’ 'AML ■y.vs" '■ r >f -:- >• •©•■¿'.••v'uPi.v, if ■ ■v. -i - jp ip M M m !. - 5Kg§S# 'AA f c | I « 'yy># 3 . ^ „ A 2 ! ' ' a t > > > t ‘5 'J y y y i£ftf y y y ■iJB m V» M & S i/ vH s p ^ ; , :A • ' •.■'* V- Safe on a new job...she’s taking the place of a m an at the front... doing his job working his hours . . . needing added protection against dangerous slipping and falling accidents. “A.W .” Rolled Steel Floor Plate speeds production because it’s permanently skid-proof. Toughest wear will not damage or impair it. “A.WT Floor Plate protects men and women in the war effort, wherever they may be. Other products include Plates, Sheets, Billets, Blooms, Slabs—Carbon, Copper or Alloy analyses. n i n n w o o d s t e e l c o m p n n v p ln h ? FFtCE AND M ILLS- CONSHOHOCKEN PEN N SYLVAN IA : SINCE 1826. District Offices and Representatives: St P™?Wia- New Tork, Boston. Atlanta, Buffalo. Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland Denver, Detroit, Houston,ston, • aul. New Orleans, Pittsburgh Roanoke Sanford, N. C., St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Mon treal. MICAL COMPOS TION AGS AT AS QUCNCHCD QUCNCMING VEO-VM STECL CHE THREAD HARDNESS RT" TEMP'S V 1 27 FINE R 50 -52 1550 — — 313 5 37 67 67 50.-52 1550 AS QUENCHEO QUENCHING ------313 5 37 73 1 20 65 FINE R CHE MICAL COL POi 1 T1 3N A G S AT THREAD MEDIUM 23 FINE 50-55 I 5 50 OIL STEEL 1700V HARDNESS R"C TEMP'S --- - — 404 2 40 62 24 « N.F. 51-54 1 5 50 15 50 V ---- - 504 0 42 85 1 7 .4 3 COARSE R 37 67 27 67 F i n e R NF 50 -5 2 54-57 1535 1 550®F .W....NE-I34 0 4 3 156 22 FINE C 37 73 20 65 FINE R N F 5 0 -5 2 53-57 1550 I5 5 0 *T — • NE-94 3 7 42 106 52 36 35 15 TINE C —— — 4 0 ^ 2 4 0 82 24 23 FINE R NF 5 0 -5 5 OIL c 52 56 1550 1550*F — .«NE-94 37 4 1 100 4 3 36 39 1 1 FINE — 5 0 4 0 4 2 6 5 1 7 43 COARSE R N r 5 1-54 l 5 3 5*F 4 3 1 58 FINE C NF 5 4 -5 7 2 2 I 6S (fF •!? 52 38 3 i 15 f i n e C NF 5 3 -5 7 — - ■ NE-94 A 7 106 1 5 5d°F ■■ ■•■•N i. 4 4 A 7 to o 4 3 36 I 1 FINE C NF 5 2 -5 6 p ig , j ] — Tensile strength vs. hardness of end of threaded section of NE -9437 shown in pounds per square inch holts is shown here (P.S.l.) in Figs. 3 and 6 as the tensile strength of steel is usually expressed in Pig. 12 Relationship of tensile strength to per cent elongation in 2 inches this manner. However, there is no una o f N E -9437 bolts nimity as to the method of determin ing the area of a threaded section from which this unit or psi strength can be was in the fine classification (ASTM 5 to heat “ A” was 55 rockwell C and 54 calculated. There appear to be three 8) when determined at 1700 degrees rockwell C for “ B” heat. These read methods in use obtained from the fol Fahr. after 8 hours carburizaHon fol ings were taken on the threaded end of lowing diameters and three correspond lowed by slow cooling. the bolt. ing psi values obtainable as shown in The wire was cold headed into %-inch The hardness taken on the top of the hexagon head bolts, heat “ A” into a 2%- head ranged from 495 to 514 brinell. Table III. inch length and heat “ B’ into 3-inch These readings indicated that full hard Note that there can be a 2 0 ,0 0 0 -pound lengths. No difficulty was experienced ness was obtained in quenching which per square inch difference between the in heading except where microstructnres would ensure the maximum tensile prop extremes of the three methods, which is such as illustrated in Fig. 4 were met. erties after tempering. a difference of more than 10 per cent. These sometimes resulted in opening up Sample bolts were tempered from 800 An area calculated according to the sec of the heads. to 1200 degrees Fahr. at 50 degrees ond method has been used for psi values The bolt heads were trimmed hexagon Fahr. intervals. In the case of heat “ A” , shown in this article, for it is believe al and a one inch length National Fine the tempering time at heat was 1 hour, to be the one which comes the closes (N.F.) thread was cut on the body. whereas, heat “ B” was tempered for 2 to approaching the unit stress vaues Heat Treatment and Physical Proper hours at heat for each temperature. found in, cylindrical tensile test ties of NF.-9437 Bolts: Several thousand The tensile properties of the bolts ob For example, translating 47,000 P°®_ bolts from each heat were hardened by tained at die various temperatures are into a hardness value of 38 rockvu’ quenching in oil from a continuous belt shown in Figs. 3 and 6. The hardness (Fig. 3) and applying this hardness¡vate type atmosphere-controlled furnace. The of the bolts tempered for 2 hours at to Fig. 1, we have a value of h ’■ hardness of the bolts in the “ as heat is slightly less than for heat “ A” pounds per square inch. quenched” condition was from 52 to 57 tempered for 1 hour at heat. Calculated on this basis, that is, an rockwell C, the highest frequency of A value for the tensile strength is area obtained from the mean between the basic minor diameter and P>1 diameter of the thread, the areas for '> TABLE III—Unit Stress Determinations OUS bolt sizes With N.C. N.tw« Area in %" N.F. Diameter Threaded Section Tensile Strength (PSI) for a Coarse) and N.F. (National Fine) tlu» Measured At (Inch) 47,000-Pound Load are shown in Table I \ • . . . . 0.243 193,400 Basic minor dia. - It should not be overlooked, however, Mean dia. between b asie minor and pitch diameter ...... 0.256 183,700 that the shape of a threaded section m...... 0.271 Pitch diameter 173,000 distribute the load in such a w.i> • TABLE IV—Table of Areas for Calculating actually give a higher tension v»lue Pounds-Per-Sq.uare-Inch Values for Bolts a cylindrical bar of the same dam Diameter Threads per Inch Area in Square Inches of Bolt Coarse Fine Coarse Fine The “ notch” effect from * e -c01ltf L (Inches) (NC) (NF) (NC) (NF) the threads at their roots perhaps t % ...... 20 as 0.0318 0.0364 this picture. ^ 0.05S0 . . . IS 24 0.0525 It is common practice to sp^ci . ^ % ...... 24 0.0775 0.0878 A ...... 1-1 20 0.1063 0.11SS inspect bolts bv hardness \a u». ^ % ...... 13 20 0.1419 0.1600 data for the two heats of ^ g . . . 12 IS 0.1819 0.2030 i« ...... 9440 steel are given in Figs. ‘ • fc % ...... 18 0.2260 0.2560 % ...... 10 16 0.3345 0.3730 This brings up another pomt « ^ . . . 9 14 0.4G1S 0.5095 often a source of controvert, u ^ 1 ...... 8 14 0.6057 0.G79S A rtm en t uses /TEEl 70 Why waste time and pile up extra hauling charges by shunting your materials to out-of-the-way places for galvanizing? Hanlon-Gregory Galvanizing Co., the world's largest, is located right in the middle of the steel industry—practically "next door" to the plant making your steel. Specify "Hanlon-Gregory" galvanizing and be assured of speedy delivery, direct from steel plant to galvanizing plant to you. ANLOiV- G REG O RY GALVANIZING COMPANY ’PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA A«g»st 80, 1943 fo r Newcomers in Industry This is a single cell of an Edison Alkaline Bat' tery. It is entirely different from the storage battery in your automobile. T h is Edison cell is built of steel throughout. Its alkaline electrolyte is a preservative ti steel. Its most distinctive performance charao leristic is its great dependability. Batteries of these cells are used in industrial trucks, in railway cars, in mine locomotht* and, in general, wherever insurance again-1 sudden and unexpected failure is necessary. | • ■ -41 This insurance is douhly important tody because delays in essential war productif cannot be tolerated. The durability of ditf batteries also makes them long-lived aid therefore economical to operate. The Edison Alkaline Battery cell, as here, is precisely and ruggedly In the days of slogans it was lagged, like a watch—rugged as a battleship. Millions of these cells are now in use. H want the story of this ingenious of Mr. Edison’s, send for Booklet EAB Address Edison Storage Batter) Did8 Thomas A. Edison, Inc., West Orange, N- 6 d i » o n . ALKALIN E BATTE**®* / T É * 1 'o n a I x > v iJI c [ l& yvour aA vut~~ By ASA S. KNOWLES o j Iflc d ^n ic d ld y ifcvw dJbsncj TRANSPORTATION TECHNIQUES materials are to be moved. When this is done a roller conveyor results. PRINCIPLES underlying the techniques of material handling — Place materials on a secondary sur may be organized under these headings: face moved by rollers. A conveyor belt —Routes for material handling conveyances provides a surface which may be moved —Methods of moving materials by rollers at either end. —Ways to apply motive force —Continuous vs. reciprocating movement of conveyances Application of Motive Force: Motive —Piling, loading, and unloading. power for the movement of materials may be provided in one of two ways: It may be generated on the conveyance itself, or outside the object to be moved. Routes for Conveyances— Floor Road sult of either sliding tire material to be ways: Any type of material can be moved moved or else using wheels in conjunc When mechanical power is generated in containers along open roadways and tion with the vehicle itself or some type on a conveyor, energy in some form is ramps. The floor roadways of industrial of conveyance. supplied to the conveyance in order that plants are very flexible for routing mate S liding : Materials may be moved by mechanical power can be produced. In rials in process. Aisles of sufficient sliding them over solid surfaces. An ele the case of gas and steam engines, fuel width must be provided, however, for vator is guided by sliding contact with (oil or coal) is periodically supplied the two-way traffic of different types of vertical shafts, and material slides down conveyance and becomes a source of me trucks and vehicles as well as for foot certain types of gravity conveyors. Ma chanical energy. Similarly batteries be passage. To be most useful aisles must terials that float may be moved by plac come a source of energy for electric mo Ire kept smooth and hard because they ing them in a fluid in order to slide them tors used to propel vehicles. receive much abuse from heavy traffic. along. Less motive power is required When power is generated from an out Floor Tracks: Tracks facilitate the to move materials when the friction be side source and is applied to materials, control of a train of conveyances and re tween the moving object and fixed sur the latter move as a result of the appli duce rolling friction to a minimum. More face is at a minimum, but when friction cation of the power. Examples follow: over, they are easier to maintain than is at a minimum, it becomes more dif — Rollers may be rotated. This is the wide roadways. The use of tracks, how ficult to control or stop movement. principle on which the roller conveyor ever, injects inflexibility into material W heels: Since rolling friction is usually operates. An object is rested on rollers handling because material can lrc moved less than sliding friction, power require whose axes are fixed and the rollers are only to locations provided with tracks. ments are reduced by' placing wheels free to turn hut not to travel. Rotation Except as adequate switches are pro between objects and the fixed surface of the rollers moves the object. over which materials to be moved must vided, tie-ups may result. In addition — Differences of pressure may be cre travel. The early pioneers in mechanical tracks make the passage of other vehicles ated when the pressure of one part of handling of materials gave considerable more difficult. These same principles an object is greater than that of another. attention to the problems of using wheels. apply to the use of other types of con The object w ill then tend to move away The various types of solution have nat veyances such as pipe lines and canals at from the point of greatest pressure. Rods the floor level. urally varied. The best place to attach or hammers may be extended from sta wheels varies with the problems under Overhead Routes: Overhead routes are tionary points to push something or a Particularly useful in piling, loading, consideration. Several possibilities fol push may be supplied by another con unloading, scooping, and dipping which low: veyor. — Attach the wheels to the conveyance llre so often an essential part of the — Conveyors may be pulled. A tractor, Manufacturing process. itself. This is done in the case of the trailers, or trucks may be moved by an tank truck to which wheels are attached. If materials can be transported on other vehicle w ith a connection of fixed The wheels are affixed to the tank rather O'er icad routes economies in floor areas lengtli or by means of pulling a rope to than placing the tank on other types of «n be effected. It must be recognized, reach a second fixed point. o\ve\er, that overhead transportation conveyances. —The downward pull of gravity may — Place the materials on a conveyor units in more expensive installation. be used. It is generally easy to use with wheels already attached. This is Maintenance costs are apt to be higher gravity when moving objects downward done when materials are placed on trucks h tu'^'r difficulties of aecessi- but there is danger that this movement of the defects as well as dangers and trailers. w ill be difficult to control. — Place free rollers between the objects in Sa Mandpoint. Most accidents The motive force used to move ma and the surfaces over which they are " Se maIerfal handling equip- terial may be applied as a steady, con to be moved. Rollers facilitate move J " °CCUr, nnt because of flaws in stant push, pull, or twist; or intermit ment and are generally used to move t « but because of careless at- tently as a series of shocks. More en larger objects ov er considerable distance. ment and movement of loads. ergy is imparted to the material if the — Attach rollers to surfaces over which a c h i t ^ °f MovinS. Materials: The propelling force has motion before its ap Movement of materials is a re From “ Supervision” . plication to the material, i.e., the energy' Aug«Kt 30, 1943 79 and original ideas are mentioned, refer* that a quick checkup can be made by ence is made to numerous American and transfer to the material is greater un any drill-press operator. Prepared by English sources, especially S t e e l maga der the condition of impact due to the the headquarters manufacturing engi addition of momentum, or kinetic ener neering department of the company, the zine. gy as part of the motive force. The — D r. / . A . Neumann boards are placed near tool cribs and practical application of this principle is cutter grinders to serve as a constant limited to materials which will not be reminder to workmen that proper tools Function of Plane Parts damaged by the shock of the impact. are essential to quality production. Physical movement of materials may Checked Before Assembly be controlled both as to direction and Special equipment and fixtures at the speed. The control of direction is ac Baldwin-Southwark Makes Missouri plant of the Airplane Division complished by applying: A motive force Wood Toughness Tester that moves the object in a desired direc of Curtiss-Wriglit Corp., for testing the proper f u n c t i o n i n g of warplane tion. A path which the material must A new machine for testing the tough accessories before they are installed travel if it moves at all. (Tracks keep ness of wood, developed recently by in military aircraft are saving cars in line and keep elevators from U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, is hundreds of hours and cutting swaying. ) now being manufactured by Baldwin- several hours off individual spe Speed is controlled by reversing and Soutliwark Division, Baldwin Locomo cial jobs. Formerly accessories were reducing the motive power which ini tive Works, Philadelphia. The machine, tested after they were installed in the tiates movement. It is controlled also it is reported, discloses possible physical warplanes. No longer are skilled me- by increasing rolling or sliding friction weakness in wood more accurately than chanics and technicians required lot, and providing barriers in the paths oi by density and other physical property checking engine and electrical units ss material movement. tests. well as a large amount of plane eng.ne Compression defects winch might not controls, for now all accessories are be discovered by usual inspection meth Cutler-Hammer Poster checked first before installation. ods are revealed. The machine operates Aids Magnet Crane Men by a falling pendulum which breaks a Under the "pre-set” system, as it A called, aircraft accessories are set to the Thirteen suggestions on how to make wood specimen supported as a simple correct limits before becoming a put magnets lift more, work faster and last beam loaded in the middle. It has 15 of the military plane. In addition, op longer arc incorporated 011 an 8 x 20- different loading capacities and three erators entirely unfamiliar with this hi* inch display card being offered free by speeds to rupture the specimen of wood of equipment may be trained to test par Cutler-Hammer Inc., Milwaukee, to users being tested. on the new fixtures in a limited time. of magnet cranes. Suggestions are in simple language backed up by graphic A typical fixture consists of a cabinet pictures informing the operator just what, Electric Arc Welding and appropriate panels fitted w-t» j'k necessary equipment, gages, or electric and what not to do. Discussed in Portuguese instruments to perform a fixed chec Covering the theory and practice of one unit, or related units. It fu # > H ydraulic Institute Revises electric are welding, Em Torno Da S ol- automatically, so far as possible, and Its Test Code Section (lagem Eletrica is the first book of its arranged so units to be tested canno kind to appear in Portuguese language. connected improperly. Complete revision of the test code Written by Victor E. de Strasser and Accessories are held 011 the lixt'irCy section of its standards was announced published by Conferencias Realizadas Xa a position where they may be chec recently by the Hydraulic Institute, New Federacao Das Industrias Do Estado De quickly and adjusted under oper York. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, it gathers loads without marring any part, sporadic articles in a short and concise The section, first published in 1936, the unit is pre-set, or only chec t , | form, which demonstrates the advance contains specific recommendations for fectives are caught immediately. - ment of arc welding in this age of iron testing centrifugal and rotary pumps, In the Missouri plant it is a P» J both for acceptance tests in the field, and steel. to pre-set fuel pumps, g ^ erat^ olS; and in the plant of the pump manufac Applications in structural buildings, voltage regulators, propeller y turer. It contains the lim iting condi making of armaments, Liberty ships, rail as well as fuel, oil and vacuun-i tions for all methods of quantitative de road works, and many general machine sure warning units, booster co. JB termination of capacity, head and power applications are described and illustrated. fuel-level gages. . input, whereby the accuracy for an ac A short description is embodied of the The plant also checks the pr P® ceptance test can be obtained. electric arc itself, different types of elec eration of starter and battery sota** Copies of the code are being offered trodes, welding machines, and welding hydraulic pumps, vacuum at the institute headquarters at 90 West transformers. erators, fuel analyzers and street, at 50 cents per copy. The book discusses in detail the de flap and landing gear posit«", ^ termination of quality of welds, safety in ters and indicators, radio . - are welding, mechanical and X-ray tests Westinghouse Display Boards fluorescent lights and inverters, and gives valuable data on the malleabil side air and carburetor inlet < | Aid Tool Conservation ity of welds. Alloyed steel welding as well perature bulbs and indicators. ^ as cast iron welding—employing well- To help conserve tools and to obtain An example of the time sax known American techniques— are ex maximum production from tools now in method is in pre-setting the g use, it is necessary that they be sharp plained and illustrated. In its last chap varptane- ters the book gives clear, concise welding voltage regulator for a ^ ened properly. hour per plane was require ^ ^ y , instructions. nour per yiauc » » r v A t Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., this function under engme P g As a whole the book points out the East Pittsburgh, Pa., several especially a regular unit is c§eked w i * (# unrestrained progress made by electric prepared display boards showing proper minutes without any engine arc welding in general and particularly in cutting angles fur various metals in use Brazil. W hile on one hand many new ther adjustment after install*- are being utilized as a guide in order - 1 lo o fa tta /w i vtU o n m a tco tt] Need little help on that metal problem of yours? to speed up production of some particular war or see if you can save some metal somewhere production front? to Chicago the week of October 18 and ational Metal Congress and War Con- ay. Devoted to increased production of conservation of materials, and to post- this great event of the metal industry ve many problems. undred technical lectures w ill be pre- the four cooperating societies. Leaders in e metal industry and government w ill participate in the special W ar Production and Conservation Sessions held each day by the American Society for Metals, sponsor of the event. W e’ve a big production job still ahead of us. We need all the information and new developments that will improve the efficiency of armament production. So mark your calendar now — and plan to be in Chicago when the metal industry meets the week of O ctober 18. 0 Thousands of visitors to the Metal Congress will look to the hundreds of War Conference Displays for new products, new processes, and new developments. 65% of the available display space has been reserved in the first four weeks following announcement of this 25th Annual Conference Display. But excellent display room locations are still available. For complete information, write or wire the American Society for Metals, 7301 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland 3, Ohio. Phone: ENdicott 1910. national metal congress and war conference display Under the direction oLthe American Society for Metals, in cooperation with the, American Welding Society, the Wire Association, and the Institute or Metals and Iron and Steel divisions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. FORGING SHELL . reveals improved practices. Billets are flame cut info flame nicked and broken into singles. Pierce-ad- method assures necessary concentricity. ''Muffs'' on cool ing conveyor control cooling action. Die steel in draw ringi AMIDST OMINOUS warnings of conserved by employing rings on successively larger shell os faltering arms production throughout tire wear increases their size country at large in recent months, it is (Section II in Series on Advanced Forging Techniques.) comforting to note that in at least one plant, the Ambridge (Pa.) unit of Na tional Supply Co., Spang-Chalfant D ivi By ARTHUR F. MACCONOCHIE ings is delivered in the form of square sion, recent monthly production of high- Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering billets with round comers, conformist explosive shell forgings is some 15,000 University of Virginia to AISI specifications for sections an: per unit in excess of the average month University Station, Va. WDSS3 and Navy specifications for an ly output since the plant commenced op A n d C o n trib u tin g E d ito r, STEEL alysis. Billets for the 75-millimeter size erations March 12, 1941. arc 3 inches across the flats; 4 inches fa As a little bit of added discomfort to 105-millimeters; and 4Vfi inches for 5- stages, but unfortunately both the ton the Axis, this one plant has manufac inch AA. tured, in the past 2S months, a sufficient nage of metal required to put one soldier number of projectiles to present at least out of action and the cost of that opera The method of billet separation em two (fuze end foremost) to each German tion mount steeply from one war to the ployed takes advantage of the speed if soldier on the Eastern Front. Did we next. breaking and the accuracy of flame da but have a 100 per cent effective delivery There are fix e forging units in the Am ting, inasmuch as the billets are first cut system, the war would he in its last bridge plant, all alike. Each unit can into doubles with the torch and then produce forgings ranging in size from flame nicked and broken into singles. 75 millimeters to 5-inch AA. Units can When flame cutting is used alone, then The invaluable assistance of \V. M. Frame, works manager of National Supply Co.’s Spang- be changed from one size to another in is no opportunity' of examining the billet Chalfant Division, is gratefully acknowledged less than eight hours. Steel for the forg for internal defects, for in the cutting. by the author. All photos were taken specially for Steel by the plant photographer. Fig. 1— General arrangement of forging ul“! Each unit comprises two 320-fon vertical presso and a 75-ton horizontal draw bench seen in ro of right. Vertical presses alternate, one billet gofaf to one press, the next billet going to the other Fig. 2— Double billets are “ niched ’ by cutting ■ groove into one face as shown here. This pi mits easy breaking into singles _ tlic flame destroys the visible structure, melting and sealing over the metal on the surface of the cut encl. It broken, slivers and rough breaks may mask holes and cracks in the broken bar, too. If breaking is resorted to entirely, irregular breaks on both ends might, by the laws of chance, produce an underweight slug once in a while. Thus the combination of cutting and breaking is advantageous. Breaking is best done while the steel is cold, let us say under 40 degrees. Stops Govern the Cut The equipment used for flame cutting into doubles is shown in Fig. 3. Two torches are carried on one carriage. The torches are held stationary at first in or der to pre-heat the work. Then the traversing mechanism is started and the oxygen turned on. Both cuts, as may be observed, are taken simultaneously, the length of the cut being determined by stops not clearly seen in the illustration. Billets are placed some little distance apart on the table in order that crooked or twisted specimens may not interfere with one another. One man and one helper operate one burning table. The next step in the sequence of op erations is flame nicking, Fig. 2, a nec essary prelude to breaking. The torch is held momentarily on tire corner for pre-heating, then the oxygen is turned on, while the acetylene continues to burn, Are nick begun at the corner is extended clear across the face. Nicking, being a much faster operation than burning all the way through, enables one nicking table to take care of two burning tables. One man and a helper operate each nick ing table. After burning and nicking the billets are cooled by water spray and then aoken on the power hammer shown in '!>• 4. A press is also used for break ing. 3—Machine for flame cul ling billets into doubles. Note cool ing water jet follow ing the two torches. Cutting bead does not tracel lengthwise, only across row of >illets, which are advanced un- er ^ead f ° r each successive cut Fig. 4 Billets travel down con veyor from the extreme right and Position themselves against a stop '‘inter the hammer which then is actuated to break the double hil- * "'I» two sections, each tc,t wiU subsequently become a shell forging h fn ^~ B,>lletS " re heated in rotary into I naces> being charged 1*o door seen partially at extreme noce to 1- ar°Und fur- ™oved td 7 e d7 ’ "mJ ^ cone, dr°PPed onto roller 7 at right which carries lhem to scale breaker F ig. 6— H ere fo rg in g is being pushed to the rig ht through rings of draw bench after being pierced. When it reaches discharge plat form in center, operator will re move and place it in m uff shown in F ig. 7 would be no protection against pene tration of high pressure and high tem perature gases into the explosive charge filling the shell cavity with resultant bursting of the gun on firing. Production rates on the burning table run from 1100 per 8-hour turn in the case of 75 millimeters to 700 for 105 mil limeters. Output drops to 650 in the case of 5-inch anti-aircraft shell, the largest size forged. Next in the production line is the im portant job of beating. National Sup ply employs gas-fired rotary-liearth fur naces of the type shown in Fig. 5. The furnace is maintained at a temperature heart of the billet and remain undetected, mg the billets. One man and a helper of around 2350 degrees Falir. The hot a porous shell base might result. It is operate the hammer and pile the billets billet, after removal from the furnace uv true that all bases of high-explosive shell in boxes for government inspection of Fig. 1, is being dropped upon the roller are protected by a disk of rolled plate, the fractured ends. conveyor which carries it to the scale welded on. But these disks have been This inspection is of the utmost im breaker. Each of these rotary furnaces known to get knocked off. Then there portunée, for should pipe run in the has a capacity of 360 billets for 75-milh- meter or 240 billets for 1 05-millimeter shell based on a 1-hour cycle; billets for Fm . 7— From draw bench, forging is placed on short roller conveyor section 5-inch projectiles require 75 minutes au here and pushed into lower opening in “ muff” which is hung on chum con furnace output is 192 per hour. veyor and insulated to control cooling. Similar roller conveyor section at ex Two types of scale breakers are used treme left at higher level is used to load upper openings in muffs. After Both employ a sizing opening through cooling to black heat, forgings are removed from muffs, hung on hooks as which the billet is pushed by a hydraulic seen below muffs here, where they cool further ram. In one case the opening consists o , Fig. 8— Finished forgings are placed in dump box of industrial truck and car a two-high roll stand with a box pas, ried into freight car for shipment. Box can be tilted to dump load as shown. while in the other it is merely a hole Once in car, forgings are carefully stacked and separated into groups by in a double plate. After passage throug hrmlu anchored bulkheads to prevent shifting. Note woman operator Tungs- 7 5 -n u n . 105-mm. Carbon Chromium Moly. Sten Silicon Van. Nickel 700 370 Piercing tips ...... 30 1.50 1.00 1.00 1,980 1.00 0.20 1,600 Draw bench tips ...... 35 *-50 25,000 20,000 Draw rings ...... 1,50 6,000 3,100 Piercing Pot ...... 3.50 1.25 (Iron Alloy) 9 0 casing So ,fE j O R A T ° r Y E h a v e LA XT P A R ^ PROOF TH salt w ill o CASING OOL LIFE in c r e a s e g r in d 5 BETWEEN MM . ♦ Liquid and Solid Carburizers i t Cyanide, Neutral and High Speed Steel Salts i t Lead Pot Carbon i t Charcoal i t Coke i t No Carb. i t Carbon Pre venter i t Quenching and Tempering Oils i t Draw ing Salts i t Metal Cleaners i t Liquid Grain Cement 8080 MILITARY AVE. DETROIT, MICH. the sizing opening, the cracked scale mittee is being backed by the is immediately hit by jets of high pres United States Army Ordnance De sure water which blast off scale. partment as was explained in The actual forging is now carried out STEEL, July 26, p. 78. in the equipment shown in Fig. 1. Each Dr. Stone was born in 1902, unit consists of a pair of 320-ton vertical graduated from Harvard Engi presses set side by side, and a 75-ton neering School of Mechanical En draw bench in evidence in the back gineering in 1923, subsequently ground. The presses are used alter received advanced engineering de nately; that is, a billet goes to one press, grees for work at Harvard, Uni then to the draw bench; the next billet versity of Pittsburgh and abroad; goes to other press, then draw, etc. from 1925 to 1934 was at Westing- Fig. 9 shows the tool setup on the house Electric & Mfg. Co. in re piercing press. In the left hand view search, power and general engi the press is open and the square billet neering departments in various su with its rounded corners as shown by the pervisory capacities— also head of dotted outline sits in position on the Mechanical Design School— liaison chair. This chair is mounted on the up engineer in European countries for per part of a piston which floats on the Dr. M. D. Stone is chairman a year; from 1934 to present at accumulator system. The punch itself of the American Society of Me United Engineering & Foundry is stationary. As the die pot moves down chanical Engineers’ Special Re Co., developing steel m ill equip ward in the forging operation, the hot search Committee on Forging of ment and processes; now is man billet is first rammed into the pot with Steel Shells. Work of this com ager, development department. a force of about 60 tons, exerted through the chair. The pot now is seated around (Please turn to Page 95) F ig . 9— Tool setup for vertical piercing pressa Press is open at left, dotted lines showing posi tion of billet on chair, the latter being mountc on upper part of piston which floats on accumu lator system. Punch is stationary. As die pot goes down, hot billet first is rammed into pot with a force of about 60 tons. Then die and chair more down together as punch enters billet in the pierce■ Position at end of stroke is shown at right TRANTINYL ROUING Mill GUIDES OUTWEAR THE AVERAGE FOURTEEN TO ONE % 0 U N G S T o PRODUCTION OF LOW-PHOS CHARGING STOCK By Direct Reduction . Synthetic scrap produced by the Harman process serves as a high-purity charging material for acid open-hearth and electric furnace practice. Because of the absence of excess carbon iron THE STEEL industry, working to ex is reduced without reducing the silica in the ore acting specifications in the production of steel is confronted with a problem caused by the ever-increasing contamina quate supply of suitable charging stock. erably under the limitation set in the tion of scrap with alloys. This is espe The term “ low phosphorus scrap” as foregoing analysis. Electric furnace cially true for steels produced in acid carried under the statistical reports pub steels and acid open-hearth steels of ex open hearths, electric induction furnaces lished by the Bureau of Mines, and which acting specifications require phosphorus and electric arc furnaces where little or are used as index figures on scrap in and sulphur contents considerably under no refining is done and where practice ventor)', means scrap of the following those allowed in the foregoing specifica consists essentially of making additions composition: tion, and usually less than those con to meet specifications. tained in basic open-hearth steels. This Published statistical reports reveal be Element Per cent, maximum applies to tool steels, stainless steels ana P ...... 0.05 tween four and fixe weeks’ inventor)’ of S ...... 0.05 steel specialties. low-phosphorus scrap is available. In Si ...... 0.50 Producers of these grades of steel who light of these reports the opinion in cer employ acid open hearths, induction fur tain quarters is that electric furnaces and Sulphur and . phosphorus contents' of naces, or arc furnaces in which little or acid open-hearth furnaces have an ade all basic open-hearth steels are consid no refining is done, consequently require a charging stock of considerably higher In addition to the rich iron content United States in 1941 was 4,000,000 quality than that permitted under the of this ore, its chief value lies in its pounds. “low-phosphorus” classification, and it is extreme low-phosphorus content, as well England’s need for vanadium is such this group of producers who are now suf as in its vanadium content. This ore that British ships burning vanadium- fering from shortages in charging stock. smelted in the Hannan direct reduction bearing Venezuelan oil are compelled The demand cannot be met by diverting process w ill yield a metal of the follow to have their boilers cleaned in home bloom crops from blooming mills for this ing approximate analysis: ports, so that the vanadium contained purpose. in the soot may be salvaged. Element Per cent Approximately 100,000 tons . per C ...... 0.3 to 2.00 From the 2000 tons per day of van month of high-purity charging stock Mn ...... 0.32 adium-bearing titaniferous ore available P ...... 0.006 are in demand for die produc S ...... trace from the National Lead Co.’s operations, tion of tool steels, stainless steels and Si ...... 0.20 approximately 4,000,000 pounds per year steel specialties. This demand can be V ...... 0.73 of metallic vanadium can be recovered met by smelting the low-phosphorus ore The vanadium oxide reduces into the by smelting this ore in the direct re available in the Adirondack deposits by metal from which it is recovered in the duction process as represented in the using the direct reduction process as rep ladle as vanadium oxide by making ad Harman process. This production of resented in the Harman process. Cer ditions of mill roll scale, yielding ap vanadium w ill be a co-product with 312,- tain deposits in the Adirondacks contain proximately 24 pounds per ton of hot 000 tons per year of extremely low-phos substantial quantities of- titanium, and as metal produced. The market price of phorus charging stock of known com such have been considered as noncom pure vanadium oxide is SI.10 per pound. position, which w ill be sufficiently low mercial for blast furnace smelting. The This price falls ofF rapidly as impurities in residuals to meet exacting specifica ores have come to the forefront recently. increase. However, practice has estab tions. At North Creek, N. Y., the National Lead lished that the value of vanadium oxide Cost of producing this commodity Co. has available from its titanium op thus produced is not less than 55 cents based on 400 net tons per day in pig erations approximately 2000 tons per per pound. The vanadium oxide may form, in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y., d'v of vanadium-bearing titaniferous ore be further reduced in an electric fur is briefly as follows: ■which is of the following approximate nace to give 13 pounds of metallic van Materials ...... $14.34 analysis: adium as ferrovanadium, which has a Cost above, including administration ...... 4.54 value of $2.70 per pound of vanadium EIe™nt Percent £e° ...... 32.0 content. Total cost, n.t...... $18.88 î f A ...... 46.4 I ‘° - ...... 9.2 Eliminate Mass Effect Corresponding revenue per net ton of S>0= ...... 2.4 charging stock produced, using a sale Vanadium in steel tends to remove the p ...... 0.16 price of $23.65 per net ton, which is the ' , ...... 0.003 mass effect, and therefore tends to re ...... 6.4 average of $29.50 and $23.50 per gross duce the quantity of other alloys re r j ’* ...... 0.2 ton for low-phosphorus pig iron and *^0 ... n ft quired to impart specific qualities. It m.«o .... : ...... °-« scrap, respectively, w ill be: also is used at times in lieu of molyb ::::::::::: I n Pig steel or iron, n.t...... $23.65 M n0...... 0.23 denum which is even more difficult to Vanadium oxide: obtain than vanadium. 24 lbs. @55c ...... 13.20 T . - . 99.80 total iron content ...... 57.4 Consumption of vanadium in the Total revenue ...... $36.85 Gross margin, n.t...... 17.97 j*Tg. 1. (Left, opposite page)— Arrangement of rotary kiln for sintering ore Cost of constructing a Harman process 'S' 2. (Below)— General arrangement of vertical circular furnace of melt plant for the production of 400 tons per ing the aggregate day of charging stock is approximately while the melted iron settles to the bot $2,275,000. Based on 16 per cent amor but decreases the viscosity at high tem tom and is tapped periodically. The tization, interest, taxes and insurance, peratures. In the direct reduction proc arrangement of this unit is shown in the annual fixed charges w ill be $364,000 ess as represented in the Harman proc Fig. 3. or $2.46 per net ton, leaving a net ess, hearth temperatures are considerably Iron is reduced without reducing the margin of $15.51 per net of steel or higher than in the blast furnace, and silica in the ore due to the absence of iron charging stock produced. hence titanium affords an advantage excess carbon. Silica in the ore com The present market for this vanadium- rather than a detriment in the operation bines with the calcium in the limestone, bearing titaniferous ore w ill be found of the plant. forming compounds of calcium silicates. in the blast furnace field, where such The operation of the Harman process Manganese and phosphorus in the ore ore w ill be blended in small quantities for the production of synthetic scrap by w ill reduce with the iron. with higher phosphorus ore for blast direct reduction may he briefly desbr.bed, Sulphur in the metal is held to a trace furnace charges. This has the advantage as follows: due to the relatively high lime charge of lowering the phosphorus content of Ore, limestone and carbon in the form and die low percentage of coal required the pig iron produced, but not to an ap of coal in the proportions of 39:2:5 are for the metallurgical reactions. preciable extent. The vanadium which dried, crushed to about 16 mesh, inti W hile much of the carbon in the iron reduces into the metal is recovered by mately mixed and fed into a rotary ore- is derived from the carbon in the sin making ladle additions of mill roll scale sintering kiln. The arrangement of this ter, actual control of the carbon content after desil Iconizing the metal in the bes- equipment is shown in Fig. 1. is secured by carbon additions made di semer. However, as the vanadium ore Materials are advanced through the rectly to the metal bath below the slag. makes up only about 10 per cent of the rotary kiln, heated by a hot reducing at This is kept to a minimum consistent blast furnace charge, the vanadium re mosphere, in the presence of which, re with workable metal temperatures and covered is only about 10 per cent of that duction of the iron occurs through reac obtained from a 100 per cent charge tion with the solid carbon in the charge. reasonable FeO loss in the slag. A certain amount of the iron oxide as of the vanadium-bearing ore, and the The entire aggregate is subsequently im economy of the operation is not so attrac pregnated with additional carbon, sin FeO up to about 15 per cent may be carried into the melting furnace from tive; hence, the practice has been dis tered nr nodulized, and discharged into the kiln. There w ill also be a certain continued. a vertical circular melting furnace. The Tests on smelting of vanadium-bearing general arrangement of this unit is shown amount of iron re-oxidized in the melting operation. To facilitate the recovers’ of titaniferous sinter in an experimental in Fig. 2. blast furnace conducted by the Bureau Sintered aggregate is melted in the FeO in the slag, a blanket of CO flame of Mines, and published in report R. I. melting furnace in a slightly oxidizing at is maintained directly over the bath, an 3679, discloses that titanium increases mosphere, the impurities passing into the unburned carbon is deposited upon tie the slag viscosity at low temperatures, slag which is continuously flushed off pile of material and into the slag. Combustion fuel is preheated in a Fig, 3 —Arrangement for tapping slag continuously and the iron periodically Section > x ' MORTAR USED SERVICE BRAND TEMP. HIGH BOND AIR SEAL AND Use Limit CUSHION JOINT extreme service B & W 8 0 B&W B&W Heavy Loads Firebrick Air Set Mortar High-Temperature Mortar moderate to B&W B&W SEVERE SERVICE J u n io r Air Set Mortar High-Temperature Firebrick Mortar where fireclay brick fail quickly, due to temperature, load or both INSULATING B&W B&W B&W EFFECT K-20 Smoothset Mortar K20 Clay K-23 SmoothsetMortar IFB Mortar K-26 Smoothset Mortar IFB Mortar K-28 SmoothsetMortar IFB Mortar K-30 Air Set Mortar IFB Mortar Insulating Firebrick e Company's engineers will be glad to supplement this elementary guide with recommendations on special applications or for unusual requirements of B&W Re fractories. I . cyclone type preheater. In die operation of air at a straight line temperature of The heat content of the gases from the hot waste gases from die kiln hood 1800 degrees Fahr. the melting furnace is insufficient to sup and stack and a small quantity of air arc The melting furnace is fired through ply all of the heat required in the kiln. injected into the cyclone tangentially, to 12 large powdered coal burners in To compensate for this deficit, another give a whirling motion to the gases. which 90 per cent of the furnace fuel is burner is installed through the kiln hood. Pulverized coal is injected through the burned, and 12 auxiliary burners set di This burner is set to burn with a high top of the cyclone and is heated in sus rectly below the melting burners and CO flame. To simplify the control of pension to about 650 degrees Falir., the burning 10 per cent of the furnace fuel. atmospheres, the burner is adjusted so surfaces of the coal particles being ox The auxiliary burners supply the 100 that the analysis of its combustion gases idized in the process. Recirculation of per cent CO blanket flame over the bath, is the same as that of furnace gases after the coal is secured by a blower. This while the melting burners are set to burn being reformed by carbon. permits control of the degree of exposure with a deficiency of air, so that one-ninth In addition to controlling the tempera of the coal to the gases. The coal then of the carbon is binned to CO and eight- ture reversal cycles in the regenerator, passes through recuperator plates where ninths to CO--'. The average ratio of complete combustion controls are in the volatile gases are distilled off and CO/CO-' in the gases from the two flames stalled on the hearth and kiln burner. heated to about 1200 degrees Fahr. The is 20:80 and is maintained by fu ll auto The air flow to the main firing burners surface of the coal particles being oxid matic control. in the melting furnaces is controlled ized, adhesion or coking does not occur. In addition to the firing burners, there through a Rayotube installed in the roof The recuperator is heated by waste gases are two sets of carbon jets for injecting and set for about 3000 degrees hahr. circulated through the plates. The ar incandescent carbon into the combus The air flow to the CO flame blanket, as rangement of this unit is shown in Fig. 4. tion gases leaving the melting furnace to well as the air flow to the jets for in Equipment similar to this was in success reform the CO- into CO through the re jecting incandescent carbon for the re ful operation for approximately 10 years action: CO-- + C = 2 CO. The first duction of gases leaving the hearth, are in the Lakeside plant of the Milwaukee set, consisting of 12 jets, is installed controlled in proportion to the air do«' Electric Light & Railway Co., and is through the furnace arch adjacent to the to the main firing burners. The fuel fully described in patents 1,954,350, uptake, while the second set, consisting flow w ill be automatically proportioned 1,954,351 and 1,954,352. of the same number of jets, is placed in to die air flow. In this way, the ratio of A set of two regenerators is provided the uptake adjacent to the furnace arch the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide for preheating the combustion air. A and staggered in their spacing with re content of the gases in both furnaces temperature range of 1800 to 2000 is spect to die jets of the first set. This .is automatically held at the desired point maintained by automatic reversal control, insures thorough impregnation of the When the temperature of die melt and provision is made for a constant flow gases. ing furnace reaches 3000 degrees, the fuel input is automatically reduced. As (Please turn to Page 102) Fig. 4—Arrangement of the coal preheater and carbonizcr A SWING FRAME OPERATOR STANDS BY AS EVERY VICTORY IS LA U N C H I A F r o m most to keel, a ship is ateel! Behind the splesh of ever/ ship's Ijunchinj stmds the steel foremen and operators. Without their efforts, there could be no ships to slide down the ways. If more ships have been launched than ever before, it is because there have been record-breal amounts of billets available. Billet grinding, for example, has been faster . . better! Therein lies the st of the participation of the "Wheels of Industry" in the steel mills' war effort. Sterling Grinding Wheels have had a lot to do with rushing billets through grinding deparlme Built to do a specific job, they have been a great aid in breaking production records. They handle eas do a fast grinding job, and last longer. Operators and foremen like them. Back of the extra service performed by Sterling Grinding Wheels stands the "know how" of engineers. There is one in your territory to solve your hard-to-lick problems. May he call at no o Sation and give you some of his ideas? It will pay dividends I • STERLING ABRASIVES • Sterling Grindiing W heel Div is io n o F T H E CLEVELAN D QUARRIES COM PAN V TIFFIN. OHIO \ w # V\Fy\ ■ ^ S s I h L B t r m p Ê Ê T \ V J a W m r ÆkT^^gfow*w*i „ lot a ati tfW Ł toVL<3- oS o a D a ^e^Lao<3e\° c o ^ l U x , ^ \ïO ï°-° „i CO^- e* i* J II Oia ^ ate e j iw,€r¿sí5 ' e V n l V ^ ' ^ aU° cta^eS ;S*- ,oueW ^ ^ ■ ^ ÖV» eĄf \ tuU toos ** * ** i Shell Forging (Concluded from Page 86) the chair, thrusting both downward to gether, the punch entering the billet. On the right in Fig. 9, the action is complete, the press is closed and the punch lias performed its office. It would be hard to conceive of any arrangement better calculated to eliminate that buga boo of the piercing operation, eccentric carcasses. The billet having been thrust well and truly into the pot, die and chair are locked in a close embrace thus giving the rigidly guided punch little option hut to pierce a hole exactly centered in the billet. Rapidity .of the action is lim ited only by press speed, 110 delay occur ring between tiie process of ramming the billet home and entry of the punch. Those less familiar with the problem of forging a round and concentric shell from seamless pipe instead of conventional air bottles, 40 such pipes being body might well inquire why such pre used. Of these, 17 are vertical and partly filled with water, others are hori cautions are necessary. The answer lies zontal and contain air otdy. Vertical bottles are connected to common header in the readiness with which a piercing which runs to horizontal bottles punch will take advantage of a small d if ference in temperature between one side of the billet and the other, and then pro student of human nature finds hard to tool life figures are also given in Table ceed to wander to the hotter side where interpret, that the ends of maximum I. The figures given for the draw rings it encounters less resistance. Its the old production appear to be best served by relate to their first use only. A ll new story of seeking the path of least re high money incentives. At least this is draw rings are prepared for the smallest sistance. ’ It is for this reason that many true of that class of labor intent on get size in working 75-millimeter shell. When shell forgers prefer the type of furnace ting ahead in the world and not content worn after about 25,000 forgings, the used in this plant. The billet being stood with bare sufficiency. A watch has to ring is annealed, machined to the next on end, surrounded at all times by the be kept on health, lest weariness of body larger size, then hardened. This process >ot gases of the furnace, and exposed finally overtake willingness of spirit. repeated for the smallest size, the ring equally to radiation from all sides, tends From the draw, the billets are placed thus having a total life in working 75- to produce a uniformity of temperature in the insulated containers called “ muffs” millimeter shell of 75,000 forgings. It that is hard to attain when the billet is shown in Fig. 7 to ensure slow cooling is then similarly employed in drawing nn the hearth. Further, the period and hence put the steel in good condi the 105’s and thereafter the 5-inch. Thus 0 rotation having been set, the judg tion for machining and nosing. Alter an exceptionally small amount of die ment of the operator ceases to be a factor. turning black, the forging is removed steel is used for draw rings. Muffs” Control Cooling from the muff and allowed to roll down The hydraulic system in this plant a short incline on to the conveyor which presents certain features of interest and Fig. 6 shows the pierced cup being pushes it on a hook for further cooling. exemplifies the readiness with which Pushed to the right through the rings in There are 225 muffs altogether on the available materials have been adapted. the draw bench and out onto the table in cooling conveyor. Since these are ar The hydraulic system is of the closed >e center where the operator at the ranged in pairs, the total accommodation type, the fluid being a soluble oil solu n? t waits with tongs to pick it up and is 450. There are also 450 hooks, two tion operating under a pressure of 1000 Pace it in the “muff” shown in Fig. 7. hanging on the cooling conveyor just be pounds per square inch. There are eight ° ers are not here in evidence, three low each muff. Conveyor speeds are motor-driven centrifugal pumps, each ra" ri,lgs are necessary and sufficient. adjusted according to forging size, the having eight stages. O ne operator serves the vertical press, 75-millimeter forgings, for example re Since conventional air bottle accumu bo ^Ut|S ^'e hi position and manipu- maining in the muffs 1 hour and 15 min lators could not be obtained, the 40 es tie hydraulic controls. A second utes— sufficient time for all color to dis bottles of which the accumulator is made y , m e r Elevating Platform Trucks JUNIOR” LOW LIFT 4000 lbs. copacity Mercury Elevating Platform Trucks arc available in the following models: “ J u n io r’Models: Low and high lift types. 4000 lbs. capacity. Com pactly designed for work in confined areas. TÏÏTTTÎÎ' “ Senior"Models: Low and high lift types. Rugged design, 4000 lbs. ca pacity. ^ S landard” M odels: Low and high ‘ •SEN IO R ' lift types. 6000 lbs. capacity. Sturdy, H IG H LIF' rugged design. 4000 lbs. cap "STANDARD” H IG H LIFT 6000 lbs. capacity Fork Trucks F O R K TRU bs. capacit- “ Jeep” Sit Down, Center Control Fork Truck. 2000 lbs. capacity. Compact design affords easy manip " Y A K ” m ulation in confined areas. FO R K TRU CK 4000 lbs. capacity “ Y ak” Center Control Fork Truck. 4000 lbs. capacity. Rugged design. “ Y a n k” Center Control Fork Truck. 6000 lbs. capacity. Designed for lough continuous service. ■ " Y A N K ” F O R K TRU CK 6000 lbs. capaci Tractors —Trailers I “ T U G ” ELECTRIC TRACTC M a x . D .B .P . 2 5 0 0 II A -3 1 0 ■ CASTOR STEER trailer m “ B A N T Y G A S T R A C M ax. D.B.P. 23 INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT speed ranges. The speed range of the Mulfi-Versal Machine tural and welded shapes. Specifications applying to this press are: Advance and shaft extension for tachometer is 150 to Hack Machine Co., 1226 Harding av pressing speeds, 40 inches per minute; 900 revolutions per minute. enue, Dos Plaines, III., is offering a new Speed of each shaft can be minutely No. 10 heavy-duty Multi-Versal designed varied by turning the hand regulating to machine intricate aircraft parts and 'wheel. The larger hand wheel operates tools. Five additional operations can be the vernier control of the unit by means made with this model besides those fea of which still finer and more precise tured in the company’s regular models. speed control is possible. Operations include: Spiral milling, gear bobbing, universal boring bar work, form Portable Rigger's Vise tool generating and thread milling. The. machine has a high speed range suit Patrick-McDermott & Co., 1645 East able for jig boring as well as low speed Slauson, Los Angeles, announces a port range with ample power to pull an 8- able rigger’s forming vise to handle wire inch face m ill. The master head is a rope and cable from % to 114-inch diam self-contained horizontal milling unit, re eter without adapters. Splicing and ceiving its power through a V-belt from clamping operations as well as the fowl return speed, 130 inches per minute; ing of cable into an eye or around a maximum operating pressure, 2000 thimble are accomplished in a minimum pounds per square inch; table (front to back), 42 inches; (right to left) 72 inches; ram, 12 inches wide by 9 inches high. T-s!ots are provided for mounting dies. The table has 26 holes for locating 4-inch diameter bending pins in various positions on the table to facilitate bend ing and straightening of odd shapes. This type press is available in capacities from 35 to 200 tons. Portable Test Rig For Aircraft Testing Link-Belt Co., Philadelphia 40, has developed a portable test rig for testing vibrators, pumps, instruments, etc. The unit, arranged compactly on a drilled flat steel base that makes it portable, has a vertically-mounted 2-horsepower motor amount of time with the aid of the c ized P.I.V. gear of 6:1 overall speed vice whose screw shaft levers give com a motor adjustably attached to the mas range. This is connected to a helical gear plete, easy jaw and back control. ,L’ ter head. Eight back-geared speeds suit box having three output shaft extensions vise, equipped with guards to prottrt able for driving cutters, ranging in size against cable and thread friction, ¡s | from a %-inch end m ill to an 8-inch durable construction and weighs :!PPr'® face m ill, are provided. The master mately 50 pounds. It has a base lengj' head can be elevated within the ram by of 15 inches and a base width o ^ means of either hand or power feed. inches— adding convenience in ban mg- It also serves as a carrier for all remov able attachments and is fitted with a Electronic Time Relay central boss about the spindle which serves to centrally locate attachments. Durakool Inc., Elkhart, Ind., iin The raised face of the head has a scries nounces a new adjustable electronic W of tapped holes accurately spaced about relay for controlling industrial proce a circle which serves as clamping means in which extreme accuracy an on for various attachments. The No. 10 lived performance are requ.¡red. IK#* ical- model also includes a spring counter sists of a combination of two hemied afe balanced reciprocating rear ram— a fea !y sealed units, each of which are * ture incorporated in all of the company’s both in explosive and corrosive a models. for testing, and a fourth extension, on PhS t ir l« °I "!>«*■” * Hydraulic Bender the opposite side of the box, for con ment is electronic, and the loa 1S , v nection to a tachometer. The three out ried by a quick acting mercury r • Beatty Machine & Mfg. Co., Hammond, put shafts in line have speed ranges of The only moving part in the urn Ind., has developed a hydraulic bender 600 to 3600, 300 to 1800 and 150 to 900 operating steel-encased pluogcr for pipe bending, straightening, pressing revolutions per minute, respectively. A ing in a hydrogen pressure ******atnws] Time setting* and miscellaneous forming of light struc- triple-scale indicator is used for the three displacing the mercury. {A/i claims are those of the manufacturer of the equipment being described.) This message is especially for INDUSTRIAL EXECUTIVES who are very busy producing war goods. ★ W E O F F E R ★ TO RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE . INGENUITY along with extensive facilities for bettering anything made from m etal... large or small Parts... Complete Assemblies... experi m ental pieces or mass production. AFTER VICTORY • p . • \\ 'he genius that America contributes in the of our facilities for''bettering anything made all-out Fight to Win can also (and at the from metal" such as: same time) do a third thing: Plan, Tn a prac Combined engineering-dies-tools-parts or tical way, for the peace. complete assemblies service...Designing and In our own small way we at Spriesch have making Special Machines... Initial, periodic been planning to help other manufacturers, or continuous recommendation for product After Victory. The Spriesch organization is not improvement or production procedure... just another miracle war plant. Long before Heip on What to make After Victory. Dis- Pearl Harbor, we were said to be perform tancej will present no insurmountable bar- ing miracles, in the manufacture of bomb- riers to rendering these services. ■______releasing mechanisms for fighting aircraft. Industrial Executives are invited to write N O W Right NOW we seek contact with those to (o n business letterhead please) for our newly printed booklet *After the Shooting Stops” whom A ll 3 at the same tim e " is feasible. and for our 36-page plastic bound brochure t itle d *Ingenuity .* The latter illustrates and They will like to consider using part or all describes our extensive facilities. Frankly, w e think you'll be pleased. Joseph J. Cheney, President. / U & i c A TOOLI & MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. 2 HOWARD STREET . • BUFFALO 6 , NEW YORK &This is a collection of articles inspired by the activities of the Spriesch 'organization which appeared recently in The M on©* I tary Times, Canada, in the magazine Steel and in Printers' Ink . , are continuously variable within the range and may be adjusted easily. Stand ard models cover time ranges from 0.(15 Five Brothers*.. to 0.5, 0.10 to 10, and 1 to 100 seconds respectively. Contact capacities are of fered up to 75 amperes,, either normally .. and an Idea open or normally closed. High-Speed Spot Welder Control of pressure, weld, hold and LLt i s n ’t o f t e n that an idea created off time, and speed up to 110 strokes in the minds of boys will materialize in per minute is entirely automatic on the later life. With the five Turner brothers, new P-20 automatic press type spot welders introduced recently by Pin William, Cort, Frank, Charles, and Robert, Equipment Mfg. Co., Benton Harbor, their boyhood idea that some day they Mich. Unlike the manually foot-operat would be in business together, overshad owed all the obstacles of hard work, and study to make this idea a reality. ^ Finally in April 1939 they purchased their first grinding machine and formed their own company. From this modest beginning they gradually won recognition among manufac turers for precision-built gauges. This recog nition made expansion necessary, and today their company occupies one of the most modern buildings for the manufacture of gauges in the country, - f a The ? stamped on a gauge represents a product backed by the integrity of five brothers and their ed welder, no effort by the operator fc practical knowledge of precision gauges. required. The machine provides variations in the cycle to suit veldu'S *Since May 7, 1942, William Turner, of the U. S. Navy, job. has been reported missing in action in the Coral Sea Battle. The upper electrode of each un'F actuated bv a double-acting a>r c-' der, and electrode pressure range is justed by an air-pressure valve. urr ^ may be adjusted from 50 per ecu maximum to 100 per cent by an -P° T i selector switch. 2 6 3 0 HILTON ROAD Made in two capacities, 20 kilovolt-ampere, the machines j ing offered with throat depths o 12 or 24 inches.