Why Europeans Must Reject Christianity
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Narrating Early Religions, Judaism and Christianity: the Scholars Speak”
“Narrating Early Religions, Judaism and Christianity: the Scholars Speak” By Brent Waterbury Smashwords copyright 2013 Intro "All truth passes through three stages: First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as self-evident." Schopenhauer, 19th century philosopher "Honest criticism of religious faith is a moral and intellectual necessity.” (“Letter to a Christian Nation”, Harris, ’06) This ebook is a post-modern look of ancient religions, Judaism and Christianity and their origins from a scholar’s point of view. This is also an in-depth look at how these religions started and their evolution over time. The subject of religious origins has always been a rather complex undertaking since billions of people of people clearly believe that God inspired their religion--while billions of others deny that. So to alleviate this confusion over the last 150 years or so historians were prompted by a term called contextualization--meaning scriptures only within their historical boundaries and no more. Well, this brought about a Pandora's Box of new revelation as to exactly who wrote scriptures out and their reasons for writing them in the first place. So starting in the mid 1700’s new interpretations of religions were published which deciphered mans most esteemed institution. Later, a few of these contextualized books even became #1 best sellers: "The ancient’s ways are almost incomprehensible to the unstudied modern." (“Theosophy: a modern revival of the ancient wisdom”, Kuhn, 1930) “Scholars are often accused of being out of touch with the average person and writing only about things significant to themselves and their Ivy-league colleagues.” (“Searching for the Original Bible”, Price, pg. -
The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity. -
Constantine Invented Christianity
CONSTANTINE INVENTED CHRISTIANITY A thesis in the field of Ancient History P.R.F. Brown INDEX Introduction 2 Evidence in Support of the postulate of Pre-Nicene Christianity 2 Critical Review of the Papyri 3 Critical Review of the Inscriptions 5 Revision and Assessment of the postulate of Pre-Nicene Christianity 8 Invention - 312-324 CE 9 Military Supremacy - 324 CE 11 Fraud and Persecution at Antioch - 325 CE 12 Nicaea and the Wall of Swords - 325 CE 13 Publications and Persecutions of 331 CE 15 The “Christianisation” of Literature – Mid 4th Century 15 Emperor Julian’s Arraignment: Fiction and Fraud - 362 CE 16 Christian Supremacy and the role of Pontifex Maximus - 365 CE 17 The FLY in the Anointment of Christianity – Late 4th century CE 18 Cyril and the Political Censorship of the Charge of Fraud - Early 5th CE 18 Ancient Historians 20 Conclusion 22 Footnotes 23 Schematic and Discussion thereof 24 Page 1 of 24 INTRODUCTION Evidence from the fields of ancient history is critically examined in regard to its support or otherwise, of the unexamined postulate that Pre-Nicene Christianity existed. From the "Literature Tradition" we learn of the ancient authors of antiquity (1) who are to be coupled with their theoretically estimated historicity, and where possible to the ancient texts (2); the literature of these authors (or authors unknown), its philology, and its translations The "Field Traditions" are composed of separate strands of archaeological and/or scientific research: (3) the ancient documents (the physical written sources, original texts, codices, papyri, papyri fragments); (4) architecture, buildings, monuments; (5) inscriptions in stone and metal and mosaic - the epigraphic habit; (6) sarcophagi, burial relics, funerary ornaments; (7) coins (gold, silver, bronze, other); (8) art, paintings and graffiti; (9) sculpture, relief’s, frescoes, ornamental works; (10) archaeological relics and other citations. -
Studies in the Archaeology of Hellenistic Pontus: the Settlements, Monuments, and Coinage of Mithradates Vi and His Predecessors
STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HELLENISTIC PONTUS: THE SETTLEMENTS, MONUMENTS, AND COINAGE OF MITHRADATES VI AND HIS PREDECESSORS A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) In the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences 2001 by D. Burcu Arıkan Erciyas B.A. Bilkent University, 1994 M.A. University of Cincinnati, 1997 Committee Chair: Prof. Brian Rose ABSTRACT This dissertation is the first comprehensive study of the central Black Sea region in Turkey (ancient Pontus) during the Hellenistic period. It examines the environmental, archaeological, literary, and numismatic data in individual chapters. The focus of this examination is the central area of Pontus, with the goal of clarifying the Hellenistic kingdom's relationship to other parts of Asia Minor and to the east. I have concentrated on the reign of Mithradates VI (120-63 B.C.), but the archaeological and literary evidence for his royal predecessors, beginning in the third century B.C., has also been included. Pontic settlement patterns from the Chalcolithic through the Roman period have also been investigated in order to place Hellenistic occupation here in the broadest possible diachronic perspective. The examination of the coinage, in particular, has revealed a significant amount about royal propaganda during the reign of Mithradates, especially his claims to both eastern and western ancestry. One chapter deals with a newly discovered tomb at Amisos that was indicative of the aristocratic attitudes toward death. The tomb finds indicate a high level of commercial activity in the region as early as the late fourth/early third century B.C., as well as the significant role of Amisos in connecting the interior with the coast. -
The History of Serbia
Čedomir Antić THE HISTORY OF SERBIA Translation Miljana Protić Copyright © Čedomir Antić, 2018 Copyright © 2018 ovog izdanja, LAGUNA Gratitude to Dr Nataša and Zoran Zlatarić for support. Gratitude to Ms. Laura and Mr. Milan Dinić To Lada, Vid and Ivana CONTENTS Overview . .11 1. Prehistory. 17 2. The Land of Celts and Triballi . 21 3. Fifteen Roman Emperors . .28 4. The Migration Period . 32 5. The Land of Vlastimir . 38 6. Crusaders in Duklja . .42 7. The Rise of the Nemanjić Dynasty . 48 8. Kings and Archbishops . 52 9. Kingdoms and Empires . 56 10. The ”French” Queen . 58 11. ”From the Sea to the Danube”: the Reign of King Milutin . 61 12. The Magnificent Beauty of the Dečani Monastery . 64 13. The Fourth Empire. 67 14. Kulin, Ban of Bosnia. 72 15. The Third Kingdom . .78 16. The Kosovo Field. 81 17. The Republic of Ragusa . 85 18. The Two Capitals: Belgrade and Smederevo . 91 19. The Mining Town of Novo Brdo . 96 20. The Fall . 99 21. Under Ottoman Rule . .104 22. Serbian Privileges under the Habsburg Monarchy . 109 23. Montenegro in the Ottoman Era . .112 24. The Eighteenth Century. .118 25. The Treaty of Sistova. .122 26. The Council of Timișoara . .126 27. The Road to Independence: An Overview . .132 28. The Great Powers . .136 29. The First Serbian Uprising . .142 30. Dynastic Rivalry . .145 31. Freedom or a Constitution . .148 32. The Načertanije:A Draft or a Program? . 151 33. St. Andrew’s Day Assembly . .155 34. The Reign and Reforms of Prince Mihailo . .159 35. The Regency and Resignation . -
A POLITICAL HISTORY of PARTHIA Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY, NEW YORK; THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON; THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA, TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI; THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED, SHANGHAI oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu KING MITHRADATES II oi.uchicago.edu A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA BY NEILSON C. DEBEVOISE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu COPYRIGHT I938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PUBLISHED APRIL I 93 8 COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILLINOI8, U.8.A. oi.uchicago.edu Man is a genus; it has itself species: Greeks, Romans, Parthians.—SENECA Epistolae lviii. 12. oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE N 1873 George Rawlinson published his Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy. Since that time no I other extensive study devoted to Parthia has been written, although Rawlinson's admirable work did not include all of the classical references and ob viously does not include the new source material which has since appeared. Because of these facts it was felt advisable to insert in this volume extensive references, both old and new, to the source material for the political history. The large amount of evi dence for the cultural history of Parthia from Dura- Europus and Seleucia on the Tigris now in press and in preparation makes discussion of the cultural as pects inadvisable at present. This must be reserved for some future work on Parthia where the necessity of less documentation will allow of fuller interpreta tion of the political side of Parthia and the presenta tion of the new cultural material. -
Christians Are Cucks
All Christians are Cucks Axe of Perun 1 of 112 All Christians are Cucks April 16, 2016 Axe of Perun I am sick and tired of Christians. Let me repeat that – I am sick and tired of Christians. How someone can be so blind, is beyond me. I can understand the idiocy of people a thousand years ago – they saw their neighbors being slaughtered in the name of Jesus and God and simply had to convert. Eventually, others followed up and literally “believed”, because they were not allowed to possess or read the Bible themselves. You could only “hear about Christianity” directly from a Priest. They had total control over their “religion”. No one forced them to tell the people the “nice stuff”. And, if you haven’t noticed – they need to “convert you”. They have to wash away (baptize) your European self and then call upon you the Jewish entity. The Symbolism is self-evident. Anyway, people were not reading the Bible at all – they didn’t know how to read, there were no books, they didn’t know Latin or Greek. Only in 1454, with the invention of the press, did the idea of reading the Bible en masse become possible and it wouldn’t become a universal reality until 1611 with the “authorized” King James Bible. So, Christians have had the chance to actually read the Bible for only approximately 400 years. None of them even knew what the god damn Bible says in its entirety. Now we know – and people like us – who had the nerve to go through that piece of shit – are telling you – look! – it is a piece of shit. -
Journal of Indian Library Association, 54(1) Jan-Mar, 2018
JOURNAL OF INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 54(1) JAN-MAR, 2018 BURNING LIBRARIES: A REVIEW THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY Vishnu Kumar Gupta The story of ancient libraries is the most interesting aspect of World history of libraries. Some key events from the history of libraries involving ‘burning of libraries’ are mentioned in this paper. Through libraries, the society has preserved its cultural heritage. Sometimes a library is deliberately damaged as a plan of cultural cleansing. Library fires have appeared over the ages. Several public libraries as well as private libraries were destroyed and dispersed by the ignorant invaders. This historical review throws the light on destruction of ancient libraries throughout the world. Keywords: Library Fire; Book Burning; Library Destruction; Ancient Libraries. INTRODUCTION When man was nomad, he used to wander from one place to another in search of food, shelter and clothing. In olden days, man discovered fire, wheel and various tools to make his life easy. His way of searching was very simple. He gained knowledge from Nature and society. He has developed methods of recording his experiences through clay-tablets, wax-tablets, papyrus sheets, parchment rolls, paper, books and other multimedia equipments. The invention of alphabets and printing technique have played a very important role in the establishment of libraries. Through libraries, the society has preserved its cultural heritage. The human society cannot survive without being fully familiar with all the past intellectual contributions of human beings, as well as without being update with the ever-growing knowledge in all fields of human activity. It is an endless process getting complex from compound day by day. -
“Burning Knowledge”: Studies of Bookburning in Ancient Rome
“BURNING KNOWLEDGE”: STUDIES OF BOOKBURNING IN ANCIENT ROME DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Daniel Christopher Sarefield, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Timothy E. Gregory, Adviser Professor Sarah Iles Johnston _______________________ Professor Fritz Graf Adviser History Graduate Program Copyright by Daniel Sarefield 2004 ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the ancient Roman practice of bookburning. The public destruction of religious writings by fire was a development of the Hellenistic period. It was in this period that strictly religious associations began to develop and writing was first becoming important for religious practices of many kinds, and for the dissemination of religious ideas. The earliest incidents of bookburning suggest that this action was taken from time to time against religious activities and practitioners that were outside of the supervision and control of Roman officials, who saw these novel and foreign practices as a threat to the proper religious observances that were believed to ensure the harmony with the gods upon which the security and stability of Roman society depended. To burn a forbidden book was, therefore, an act of piety on the part of the destroyer, who in this early period was invariably a representative of the state. It was commonly performed as a religious ritual and care was taken to make certain that it was seen by the greatest number of witnesses. During the period of the Roman Empire, further developments to the practice of bookburning occurred as this ritual came to be used by religious officials in intercommunal conflicts within the Graeco-Roman religious milieu.