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Horace L. Traubel And DOCUMENT IRESUME ED 096 678 CS 201 570 AUTHOR Bussel, Alan TITLF In Defense of Freedom: Horace L. Traubel and the "Conservator." PUB DATE Aug 74 NOTE 23p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism (57th, San Diego, August 18-21, 1974) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$1.50 PLUS POSTAGE DESMIPTORS Academic Freedom; Civil Rights; *Freedom of Speech; Higher Education; *Journalism; *Newspapers; Periodicals; *Press Opinion; *Publishing Industry; Social Values IDBSTIFIERS Conservator; *Traubel (Horace L) ABSTRACT Philadelphia poet and journalist Horace L. Traubel's work as biographer of Walt Whitman has overshadowed his roleas crusading editor. Traubel (1858-1919) devoted 30years to publishing the "Conservator,' a monthly newspaper that reflected its editor's idiosyncratic philosophy and crusaded persistently for libertarian principles. He made the "Conservator" a champion of academic and artistic freedom and attacked those who sought to constrain liberties. Although the "Conservator" hada limited circulation, its readers--and Traubells followers--included a number of noteworthy individuals. Among them were Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs,soap magnate and reformer Joseph Fels, iconoclastic lecturer Robert G. Ingersoll, and William E. Walling, the reformer who helped foundthe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.Traubel and the "Conservator" deserve recognition for their contributionsto the tradition of dissent in America. (Author/RB) U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION A WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ieDUCATION TNIS DOCUMENT NAS BEEN REPRO DUCED ExACTL Y AS RECEIvED &ROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS O& v 1E* OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL iNSTiTUTE EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY In Defenseof Freedoms Horace L. Traubeland the Conservator, By Alan euseel,Clark College Presented tothe History Division,Association for in Journalism,August 19, 1974, Education San Diego StateUniversity Obscurity seemed to be the fateassigned Phila- delphia editorHorace L. Traubel, and Traubel himselfap- peared resignedto it. In June, 1918,fifteen monthsbe- fore hedied, Traubel looked backover his career but could find little noteworthyin his life. He realized that hisreputation stemmed mainly from hisassociation with WaltWhitman and from his authorshipof With Walt Whitman inCamden, a Boswellian recordingof the poet's lastyears. As to Traubel's own writing, he knewthe followers ofhis monthly paper, Conservator, numbered but a smellcoterie faithful to the journal'sdual advo- cacy of Whitmanand socialistic idealism. Referring to himself in thethird person, Treubel wrote, "His own writing iseither totally ignored or whollydespised. No magazine inAmerica would print anythingthat he writes." And Traubel sensed that hewas something ofa puzzle. "Traubel." he admitted, "getsme all tangledup and con- fused. I can't make anything out ofhim. I should be prejudiced inhis favor. But ha oftenprovokes me to 1 the profoundestcontempt." Traubel was notthe only one provoked byTraubel. William S.Kennedy, a biographer andintimate of Whitman and sometime contributor tothe Conservator,came to find the editor'sradical notions disturbing andintimated theirappearance in the Conservator haddamaged Whitman's reputation byassociation. Kennedy thoughtTraubel "lacking [in]tests andsense" and grumbleds "1 glance atthe Conservator and throw it in the wastebasket--never 2 read Traubel'slunatic screeds." What stirred Kennedy'swrath was the heterodox tone of the Conservator, thepaper Traubel had founded in March, 1890, in an effortto provide anorgan for the Ethical Culture movement. From its beginningthe publi- cation had also served asa vigorous proponent ofWhitman, and it is for this advocacy ofthe poet thatthe Conger- 3 vator is usually remembered. Yet it strived tobe more than that. A close analysis of its editor'scolumns dur- ing the journal's first decadereveals that itwee also the vehicle for Traubel'sown persistent crusadefor freedom andjustice in many areas of Americanlife. The Conservator, far from being simplyan exponent of Whitman, was also a consistent and committed voiceof dissent in fin de siacleAmerica. The future editorof this unusualpaper was born December 19, 1858, in Camden, N.J. He was the fifth of seven children born to Maurice andKatherine Grunder Traubel. His father was a German-Jewishimmigrant, his mother aPhiladelphia girl of Christianbackground. As a youngster Treubel was diffident andstudious. He re- portedly had read Cmrrson, Spencer,Carlyle, Ruskin,and Whitman by histeens. At theage of 12 he leftschool and worked atvarious jobs. He gravitated toprinting, his father's trade, and became,in turn,a printer's dev- il, a compositor for a Camdennewspaper, and eventually a proofreader, reporter, andeditorial writer. He also worked as a factory paymasterand as a clerk 4 for a Phil- 'dolphin bank. 3 In March of 1888, exactly twoyears before he started the Conservator, Traubelbegan recordinghis daily conversations with his friend WaltWhitman.From those talks grew Traubel'sbest-known work,the five-volume With Walt Whitman in Camden,a minute accountof the poet's lastdays. When Whitmandied in 1892,Traubel was at his bedside, 5 his hand holdingthat of the pest's. Early issues of Traubel's Conservatorvxto:L Id Whitman andEthical Culture and appearedinnocuous ,snougn not to offendanyone. There were inklings,however, that Traubel intendedto use his paper to discusspertinent issues of theday. Intimations of thiscame in the Con- servator'ssecond number, when Traubelgathered several items on thework of ethical societies underthe heading of the "Collect." This columnwas to becomea regular feature and themost important outlet for Traubel'sde- mands for freedom. At first theCollects consistedof short, unrelated paragraphas asTraubel becamesurer of himself, theCollects grew longer,more pointed, anlmore topical. In his first Collect Traubelindicated his in- terest in society's problems by chargingthat reform sentiment hadnot yet gone far enough tomeet reel needs. "The presentrage for civil service andother minor remedies forsocial evils attest [sic]more for our in- stincts than for any welldirectedgrasp of the situe- 6 tionom Traubelwrote. Gradually Traubel used the Collectto introduce controversialideas. He had, for example, strongfeelings BEST COPYAVAILABLE about the roles of thesexes. "Map restrict the life of women," Traubel declaredin 1892. "They do so in the in- terest of the children. But how can you expecta slave mother to produceor raise Free children?" Suffrage, he w rote in 1894, would providetestimony to women's growing status, but votingwas not the ultimate solution to making w omen free. "The ballot may bea key," Traubel thought. "It is not the dooror the temple." Traubel's columnsbegan to rankle some of his fellow ethicists,who apparently found his dualemphases on social problems andWhitmanesque thought somewhat dis- tasteful. Howard B. Radest,a historian of the ethical movement, suggests thatTraubel's advocacy of some of Whitman's philosophy,including the idea of freelove, 8 may have turned the ethicistsagainst the Conservator. A study of the paper'sfirst years, however, providesno evidence that Traubelever advocated free love in the pages of the Conservator,though the paper didcarry a number of articlesand book reviews on therelationships between men andwomen. What displeased the ethicists, more likely, was Traubel'sindependence and his inability to satisfy variousfactions of the EthicalSociety. Some members apparently feltTraubel was obliged to printwhat ever they sent him, and whenhe began exercising his ed- itor's prerogative and rejected their contributions,dis- satisfaction resulted. Further, Traubel'sown opinion about the ethicistsgradually shifted duringthe first years of the Conservator'spublication. He came to BEST COPYAVAILABLE feel that the Ethical Culturemovement had betrayedits original promise of unorthodoxyand was becomingas staid and smug as thevarious churches fromwhich the organiza- tion hadsprung. David Karsnerhas characterizedsome members of the Philadelphia societyas dilettantes willing to discuss reform but not to act. Traubel, according to Karsner, wanted tofollow more closelythan his fellow ethicists FelixAdler's ideal ofdeed instead of creed end to put reform into action not onlyin religion but also 9 in everydaylife. The gulf between Traubel and the ethicistswidened. Finally, in 1892, the Society tried,according to Karsner, to "muzzle" the editor. Traubel reacted bywithdrawing from the Philadelphia Societyand, with twentyfollowers, 10 forming his own ethical organization. The split from Ethical Culture left Traubel freeto pursue tisown ideals. Although the Conservator continuedto carrynews of ethical organizations, Traubel's Collects increasinglyreflected his own eclectic philosophy of socialism,libertarianism, and idiosyncratic idealism. Above all, Traubelshowed vital concern about freedom. For him freedom meantthe right to teach, the right tospeak, the right toartistic expression, and the right ocworkers toa better life. Of themany subjects Traubel touched upon in hiscolumns, nearly all sharedthe commontheme of freedom. One sector wherefreedom facedthreats in the 1890'swas the university. Among the majorchallenges were the trial ofUniversity of Wisconsin economistRichard 8 ES3 COPYMAW T. Ely (1894), the persecution of Ely'sstudent Edward W. Bemis at the University of Chicago (1895),and the attacks on President E. Benjamin Andrews
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