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61 Pleistocene Lake Mojave Stratigraphy And

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61 Pleistocene Lake Mojave Stratigraphy And HISTORY, PROCBSS, AND TRADITION: it SYMPOSIUM FOR MAKOTO KOnA 61 PLEISTOCENE LAKE MOJAVE STRATIGRAPHY AND ASSOCIATED CULTURAL MATERIAL CLAUDE N. WARREN AND JOAN S. SCHNEIDER The problems of geoarchaeology addressed in this paper were probably most clearly stated very early in the research, almost 40 years ago (Warren and DeCosta 1964). To adequately date the artifact assemblages from the 24 "surface sites" on the high beach lines of Pluvial Lake Mojave, two tasks must be successfully completed: (1) construct the geomorphic history of Lake Mojave from the strafigraphy, topographic re/afionships, radiocarbon dates, and any other useful data, and (2) demonstrate the stratigraphic relationship between prehistoric artifacts and lacustrine deposits of Lake Mojave. These two tasks are addressed in this paper, demonstrating the sequence of beach-ridge INTRODUCTION formation at Lake Mojave (Antevs 1937; Ore and Warren 1971; Wells et al. 1989). Additional data The Mojave River periodically flowed into from other locations within the range of elevations Death Valley during the late Pleistocene and early of the high beach ridges are integrated with Holocene. On its way to Death Valley, it filled observations made at the EI Capitan Beach the basins of today's Silver and Soda playas to Complex. overflow levels, forming Pleistocene (and early Holocene) Lake Mojave (Map 1). The final Within the uppermost portion of the Lake overflow stage of Pleistocene Lake Mojave was Mojave Basin are three high beach ridges referred probably about 9,000 years ago. With the to as BRI, BRII, and BRIll. These are the most increasing aridity of the early Holocene, the flow extensive shoreline features formed by the early of the Mojave River decreased, and by 7,500 years high stands of Lake Mojave. These beach ridges ago Lake Mojave was a desiccated basin. are easily observed and have been dated by 14C determinations on Anot/onto shells and on tufa Three sets of data were used In the formed on rocks at the water's edge (refer to reconstruction of changes in the water level of Figure 1). Lake Mojave during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. These data sets are from three The elevation of the lake level was controlled locations and three different contexts within the by an outlet channel at the north end of Lake Lake Mojave Basin: (1) the high beach ridges Mojave. Over time, erosion lowered the bedrock between ca. 289 and 285 m in elevation; (2) the sill of the outlet-channel spillway from 288.5 m to stratigraphy of intermediate beach and slope about 285.5 m. These elevation measurements at deposits, including the Silver Lake Gravel Pit, the overflow-channel spillway correspond to the Beach Ridge V, and excavation units at Bench elevations of the three highest beach ridges. The .Mark Bay, and (3) the subsurface stratigraphy of two highest of these (BRI-I and BRI-II) were Silver Playa as illustrated by a series of cores (Map formed between 13,700 and 11,500 years ago. Z, Figure 1). During this period, the spillway was lowered significantly. Although the lake level was at its highest during this period, it must have ANODONTA GEOCHRONOLOGY AND DATES periodically dropped below the overflow level. OFSHOREUNEFlliITURES These conditions were in effect until just before 11,500 years ago, when a major drought occurred. The three high-elevation beach ridges of late After 11,500 B.P., another high lake filled the Pleistocene and early Holocene Lake Mojave have basin, reached the overflow level, and formed been identified by five different geological BRI-III at ca. 287.5 m in elevation. investigations (Antevs 1937, Bode 1937, Rogers 1939, Ore and Warren 1971, Wells et al. 1989). The higher beach ridges did not generally The EI Capitan Beach Complex in the northwest incorporate Anot/onto (freshwater mussel) shells corner of the lake basin is the key to from lower lake stands. Since the level of e/Jude N, lI"rTen, Prof..sor Bmerllus, linl.erslty of ,~ef1ldll. /.1$ VeS" Joan S, Schneider, Veplttment of Anthropolo", 1i_I.ersIIY of Callfornl'.. RI.erslde, Proceedings of th. Socle/y for C.llfornl. Arch.eoloS!, Volume 16, 1001. PI' 6/·74 ~ Map 1. Mojave River Drainage Basin. Overflow at the north end ofSilver Lake flows northward toward Death Valley. Adapted from Wells et al. 1989. CIMA VOLCANIC FIELD ~ ~ /;// ~ '"... ~~% /t../ ~ n~ ~ { g ( 'I .. 0; \.j 1111 IS· ... ff1,JO· ...i l5 OO'-t <l"""' .1500'7 / ... ~ £''" KELIODlMS ~ ~ ;,. '\,A 1!; ~ q..~ ~'" Dc" g "t-", ,"""' "\, ~ ,""­- c ""c KEY 122 12' IOCATlOIf MAP "" 37t) ... 112t 31 _00_ MAIN STREAM CHANNEl. , NeVADA ~ " r'" -­ MOJAVE RIIIER DRAINAGE DIVIDE , I WAII!RSHI!D \ __ c'l DRY I..AI(E cP\.AYA) -~i-"J\ \ I J SCALE 10 15 20 25 r--------~------ (, 1 MIl : 32 I= \-~-:r~~ > m I"""""F ,......, 1"""""1 =l o 15 JO 122 H,STORY, PROCESS, AND TRADITION: A SYMPOSIUM fOR MAKOTO KOIiTA 63 LONELY EL CAPITAN RIDGE OVERFLOW BEACH COMPLEX", at.) ffl'<:~NNEL ~~~ ... / .....1 ~~TIDEWATER I F" BASIN BENCH I , MARK 1/ \ BAY) I , Map 2, Silver Lake Playa andsites ~\~\ *:~ '" and locations discussed in text. (;6*~, ......... ) ''-, \ "­ SILVER LAKE : ' , QUARRY t" , , ~ , , ~--', " MARBLE POINT', SILVER \ LAKE \ t PLAYA \ KEY ''\ l "­ \, PLAYA \ \ J. DRILL HOLE " \ " ) o ~ BEACH RIDGE , I o \ I .. OUTCROP IN BEACH RIDGE \ J \ I * LOCATION OF RADIOCARBON DATE \) ,I 0\\ \ ***eM \ -- ..... , \\ o '-, \ " \ ,\ \ \ \~( BEACH ( COMPLEX ~ " SCALE 8 ') ". o 1 2 3 «' \. I I i i KM \" 012 ;'1--~-"..."-..."-... :41--~:...c ----'---"1 BAKER • MI <::::::::I...../) / I SODA LAKE (/l;/ / ~ PLAYA ? ( I/ . \, * ~ ••-1 287 f Figure 1. Relative elevations ofgeological and ~ :;: 286 archaeological locations discussed in text. ..Ol ;;~ 285 ~ <:! ~'" 284 I :.. 283 ~ 282 :<~ ~ ..... 281 ~ GP" ........2....-.&.1' "" 10."'100!_LL) see Figure 2 ~ aN 280 a,1IIIOt1. (tufAl "­ GP" see Figure 3 to._c~ ....- m 1O._1~ ',,­ -~.. aN 11.l2D+120 (l'UPA) - 11."""" (lW"AJ ""'" "­ 278 GP-4 -- U,._~''''SO+_~ - GPo, -- m "-I~ -- 'J,-.af'M'AI 'J,'-f'M'AI =-~.... PLAYA FLOOR ---,­ HISTORY, PROC1lSS, AND TRADITION: A SYMPOSIUM fOR MA~OTO KO'f'l'A 65 Pleistocene Lake Mojave was generally regressive These data indicate the existence of a lake at through time, with occasional reversals, the the overflow level beginning ca. 13,670 years ago youngest dated shell from a beach ridge and continuing to approximately 11,860 years ago. corresponds to the date when the lake level last BRI and BRII reflect relative stand-stills in the reached that elevation. Freshwater mussels live lake fluctuations during the time the bedrock in greatest density at depths of less than two spillway was being eroded. meters, but may also live at depths of up to seven meters in large lakes. Anodonto individuals are Three radiocarbon dates on shell and tufa, able to move to more favorable surroundings as from elevations of 286-286.5 m, date BRill of the water levels seasonally recede and rise (Warren El Capitan Beach Complex: and DeCosta 1964:207). Furthermore, the valves Date Lab No. Elevation (m) (either paired or detached shells) of dead animals may be transported by water currents from their 10,330:1: 120 B.P. (shell) Beta-21200 286.5 primary shallow-water contexts and redeposited at 10,850 :I: 75 B.P. (tUfa) DIC-2823 286.0 greater depths in the lake. Anodonto may also 9960 ± 200 B.P. (tufa) Y-2410 286.0 burrow into the sandy lake bottoms and may die within their burrows. For example, when the lake These data from Beach Ridge III indicate that was forming Beach Ridge II at 289 m elevation, there was a high lake stand dated to between living Anodonto populations would have been 10,850 and 9,960 years ago. most dense at elevations down to ca. 287 m. Therefore, Anodonto shells with ages During the period when BRI, BRII, and BRill corresponding to those of a given beach ridge were formed, the elevation of the lake level was probably would be found at lower elevations than controlled by the outlet spillway. Erosion that of the beach ridge itself. successively lowered the sill of the outlet channel from 288.3 to 285.5 m, a difference of 2.8 m. The CHRONOLOGY OF THE HIGH BEACH RIDGES greatest volume of overflow and the highest rate of erosion of the bedrock spillway is thought to have occurred between ca. 13,670 and 11,500 years Radiocarbon dates on Anodonto shell and tufa B.P. After that, the periods of overflow of the from the three high beach ridges (Figure 1) can be lake were neither so great in volume nor so long in divided into two groups: those that are associated duration. After 11,500 years ago, the high lake with beach deposits at and above 287 m in levels, represented by BRill, date from 9960 B.P. elevation, and those that are associated with beach to 10,850 B.P. deposits at elevations lower than 287 m. All dates on shell or tufa above 287 m are older than 11,800 B.P., while four of six dates below 287 mare STRATIGRAPHY OF INTERMEDIATE SLOPE DEPOSITS ,ounger than 11,000 B.P. These data suggest that BRI and BRII were created by a single, somewhat The intermediate slope deposits lie roughly fluctuating lake, and that BRill was the result of a between 285 m and 277 m elevation (refer to later, high-lake stand. Additional data, discussed Figure 1). These deposits include the following: below, support this interpretation. (1) Beach Ridge V of the EI Capitan series, Beach Ridge I (BRI) and Beach Ridge II (2) the lower beach ofBench Mark Bay at ca. 280·283 m (BRII) of the El Capitan Beach Complex, at ca.
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