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In the Eastern Caribbean the Eastern Children In CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN 1 SITUATION ANALYSIS SITUATION SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN SITUATION ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean Area Published by: UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean Area First Floor, UN House Marine Gardens, Hastings Christ Church Barbados Tel: (246) 467 6000 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean This study was commissioned by the UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean Area. UNICEF gratefully acknowledges the work of Dr. Robin Haarr, Consultant with UNICEF, who led the process of writing this report. The contents do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of the organizations. December 2019 Suggested citation: UNICEF, Situation Analysis of Children in the Eastern Caribbean, Bridgetown, Barbados, 2019. Cover photo: @UNICEF/2019/Ward Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 EASTERN CARIBBEAN MCP, 2017-2021 2 SITUATION ANALYSIS PURPOSE AND SCOPE 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING CHILDREN’S RIGHTS 4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS FOR RESULTS AND CHILD RIGHTS 5 METHODOLOGY 6 Desk review 6 CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN Comparative analysis 6 iii Consultations with UNICEF staff 7 CHAPTER 2 Overview of the Eastern Caribbean 8 POPULATION 9 GOVERNANCE AND POLITICAL ECONOMIES 11 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 14 ANALYSIS SITUATION POVERTY 15 CLIMATE RISK 17 DISASTERS AND HAZARDS 18 MIGRATION AND CHILDREN ON THE MOVE 21 Trinidad and Tobago’s Venezuelan migrants 24 CHAPTER 3 Every child survives and thrives 31 CHILD SURVIVAL 32 Maternal mortality 32 Neonatal mortality 34 Under-five mortality 35 Presence of skilled birth attendants 36 TEENAGE PREGNANCY 38 BREASTFEEDING 40 NUTRITION 40 Child obesity 41 Nutrition programmes for children on the move in Trinidad and Tobago 44 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT 46 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH 46 Physical (in)activity 47 MENTAL HEALTH 49 IMMUNIZATIONS 53 HIV/AIDS 53 HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE 54 HEALTH PUBLIC EXPENDITURES 54 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 55 CHAPTER 4 Every child learns 57 COMPULSORY SCHOOLING IN THE ECA 58 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 59 ECE enrolment 59 CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN Primary school enrolment 61 iv Secondary school enrolment 62 GRADE REPETITION 64 SCHOOL DROPOUT 66 OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN 67 EQUITABLE ACCESS TO EDUCATION 69 EDUCATION IN EMERGENCIES 70 SITUATION ANALYSIS SITUATION Education of children affected by disasters 70 Education of children on the move in Trinidad and Tobago 73 POST-SECONDARY AND TERTIARY EDUCATION 75 LEARNING OUTCOMES 75 Learning outcomes in ECE 76 Academic achievement in primary and secondary education 76 WASH IN SCHOOLS 82 EDUCATION PUBLIC EXPENDITURES 82 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 83 CHAPTER 5 Every child is protected from violence and exploitation 84 VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN 86 Corporal punishment 86 Domestic violence 94 Child sexual abuse 96 PEER VIOLENCE 102 Peer bullying 103 Physical fighting 104 CHILD TRAFFICKING 106 CHILD PROTECTION AND JUSTICE FOR CHILDREN 106 National legislation 107 National policies and action plans 110 Structural and institutional arrangements 111 CHILD PROTECTION IN EMERGENCIES 116 PROTECTION OF CHILDREN ON THE MOVE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 117 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 120 CHAPTER 6 Every child lives in a safe and clean environment 121 WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE 122 Water 123 Sanitation and hygiene 125 MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO UNSAFE WASH SERVICES 126 CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN MORTALITY ATTRIBUTED TO AIR POLLUTION 127 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 128 v CHAPTER 7 Every child has an equitable chance in life 129 CHILD POVERTY 131 SOCIAL PROTECTION 137 School feeding programmes 138 SITUATION ANALYSIS SITUATION Social protection in emergencies 143 PUBLIC FINANCE FOR CHILDREN 143 ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR 146 CHAPTER 8 Conclusions and recommendations 147 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS 149 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS TO SURVIVE AND THRIVE 151 CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO LEARN 151 CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO PROTECTION 152 CHILDREN’S RIGHTS TO AN EQUITABLE CHANCE IN LIFE 154 RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 155 STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATIVE DATA 156 STRENGTHENING DATA AVAILABILITY ON SDGs 157 BUSINESS FOR RESULTS: ENGAGING THE PRIVATE SECTOR 158 RESEARCH 159 References 160 ANNEX A Charts and Tables 166 Charts, Diagrams and Figures Chart 2.1. Proportion of employment in the tourism industry and economy by country/territory 12 Chart 2.2. ECA poverty and indigence rates by country/territory 16 Chart 2.3. Legal Venezuelan arrivals in Trinidad and Tobago (by air and sea) 25 Chart 2.4. POCs in Trinidad and Tobago by sex 26 Chart 2.5. Child POCs in Trinidad and Tobago by sex 27 Chart 2.6. Separated/unaccompanied child POCs in Trinidad and Tobago by sex 27 Chart 3.1. Maternal mortality ratio (modelled estimates per 100,000 live births) by country/territory 33 CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN Chart 3.2. Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births by country/territory 34 Chart 3.3. Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births by country/territory 34 vi Chart 3.4. Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births by sex 37 Chart 3.5. Adolescent fertility rate, births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 39 Chart 3.6. Children under five with stunting and wasting 40 Chart 3.7. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who are overweight and/or obese 42 Chart 3.8. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who are overweight, drink carbonated drinks and are physically inactive 43 SITUATION ANALYSIS SITUATION Chart 3.9. Migrant children and caregivers reached by child nutrition programmes in Trinidad and Tobago 45 Chart 3.10. Students (age 13-15) who are physically (in)active 48 Chart 3.11. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who considered attempting suicide (by sex) 49 Chart 3.12. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who attempted suicide one or more times during past 12 months 51 Chart 3.13. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who had no close friends 52 Chart 3.14. Adolescents (ages 13-15) who have parents who understand their problems/worries 52 Chart 3.15. Public expenditures (% of GDP) allocated to health care by country/territory 55 Chart 4.1. Net enrolment rate of children age 3-4 years in ECE by country/territory and sex 60 Chart 4.2. Net enrolment rates in primary schools for 2016-2017 by country/territory and sex 61 Chart 4.3. Net enrolment rates in secondary schools in 2016-2017 by country/territory and sex 63 Chart 4.4. Number of repeaters by grade and sex, 2016-2017 64 Chart 4.5. Distribution of all grade repeaters by school level 65 Chart 4.6. Total number of dropouts 2016-2017 (by grade and sex) 66 Chart 4.7. Distribution of school dropouts by school level 67 Diagram 4.1. The five dimensions of exclusion analysis in the ECA 68 Chart 4.8. Migrant children’s access to formal education and ECD services in Trinidad and Tobago 75 Chart 4.9. National examination performance in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 78 Chart 4.10. Students passing five CSEC subjects, including English A and Mathematics 79 Chart 4.11. Students passing five or more CSEC subjects with English A 80 Chart 4.12. Students passing five or more CSEC subjects with mathematics 81 Chart 4.13 Public expenditures (% of GDP) allocated to education 83 Chart 5.1 Support for corporal punishment by country/territory 88 Chart 5.2 Support for banning corporal punishment by country/territory 90 Chart 5.3. Parental use of corporal punishment by country/territory 92 Chart 5.4. Views on suitable use of corporal punishment for different age groups by country/territory 93 Chart 5.5. Perceptions of domestic violence in one’s country by country/territory 94 Chart 5.6. Reasons for not reporting incidents of domestic violence, ECA average 95 Chart 5.7. Perceptions of child sexual abuse in one’s country by country/territory 97 Chart 5.8. Attitude that girls invite sexual abuse by the way they dress (victim-blaming) by country/territory 97 Chart 5.9. Reaction when one has knowledge of child sexual abuse by country/territory 98 Chart 5.10. Reasons for not reporting child sexual abuse, ECA average 99 Chart 5.11. Prevalence of IPV among ever-partnered women (ages 15-64) in Trinidad and Tobago 101 CHILDREN IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN THE EASTERN CHILDREN IN Chart 5.12. Children (ages 13-15) who had experienced bullying in the past 30 days by sex and country/territory 104 vii Chart 5.13. Children (ages 13-15) in a physical fight in the past 12 months by sex and country/territory 105 Chart 5.14. Cases of child abuse reported to the Child Protection Authority in Grenada 115 Chart 5.15. Children on the move provided with psychological support, including access to CFSs, in Trinidad and Tobago 119 Chart 5.16. Children on the move reached with programmes to prevent and address violence, abuse and exploitation in Trinidad and Tobago 119 ANALYSIS SITUATION Figure 6.1. SDG service ladders for water and sanitation 123 Chart 6.1. Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water by country/territory 125 Chart 6.2. Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services by country/territory 126 Chart 6.3. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution per 100,000 population 127 Chart 7.1. Child poverty rates in Eastern Caribbean countries/territories 132 Chart 7.2. ECA poverty rates for children, adolescents and adults 133 Chart 7.3. Child poverty rates by sex of head of household by country/territory 134 Chart 7.4. Saint Lucia poverty rates by age group and year 135 Chart 7.5.
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