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Et Lite Offer? En Analyse Av Årsakene Til Det Diplomatiske Bruddet Mellom Norge Og Kenya I 1990

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Et Lite Offer? En Analyse Av Årsakene Til Det Diplomatiske Bruddet Mellom Norge Og Kenya I 1990 Et lite offer? En analyse av årsakene til det diplomatiske bruddet mellom Norge og Kenya i 1990 Hilde Beate Selbervik R 1995: 5 December 1995 . Report Chr. Michelsen Institute -I Bergen Norway Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) is an independent research institution located in Bergen, Norway. The Institute conducts multidisciplinary research across a wide spectrum of sodal sciences and undertakes consultancies in the field of development and human rights studies related to Third W orId countries. The research is based on considerable experience from assignments and field work in developing countries. With a present staff of approximately 30 researchers CMI constitutes a major centre for development research in ScandinavIa. CMI has a wide international network and institutional collaborative agreements with research institutes in Africa and Asia. The Institute also houses a specialised library. Copyright (Q Chr. Michelsen Institute, 1995 CM! Report Series Editorial coordinator: Svein Gjerdåker This series can be ordered from: Chr. Michelsen Institute Fantoftvegen 38 N-5036 Fantoft-Bergen, Norway Fax: + 47 55 57 41 66 Phone: + 47 55 57 40 00 E-mail: cmi(gamadeus.cmi.no Reprint: NOK 75 + postage ISSN 0805-505X Indexing terms Development aid Human rights Diplomacy Kenya Norway Et lite offer? En analyse av årsakene til det diplomatiske bruddet mellom Norge og Kenya i 1990 Hilde Beate Selbervik R 1995: 5 December 1995 Report Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen Norway Copyright (Q Chr. Michelsen Institute, 1995 CM! Report Series Editorial coordinator: Svein Gjerdåker Cover design by Dynamo Bergen Printed by Bergen Print Service AS This series can be ordered from: Chr. Michelsen Institute Fantoftvegen 38 N-5036 Fantoft-Bergen, Norway Fax: + 47 55 57 41 66 Phone: + 47 55 57 40 00 E-mail: cmi(gamadeus.cmi.no Price: NOK 145 ISSN 0805-505X Indexing terms Development aid Human rights Diplomacy Kenya Norway Innhold Forkortelser v Innledning L Årsaksforklaringer og problemstillinger 2 Kilder og metode 8 Dataproblemer 8 Skriftlige kilder 9 Muntlige kilder 11 L. Brudd i de diplomatiske forbindelsene 13 Arrestasjonen og de påfølgende utspillene mellom norske og kenyanske myndigheter 13 En unik kenyansk utenrikspolitisk beslutning? 22 Hva er og hva innebærer et diplomatisk brudd? 22 Bruddet med Norge: Antitesen av kenyansk --- utenrikspolitikk? 25 Bare et "delvis" brudd? 29 2. Indre faktorer 32 Kenyattas Harambee 33 L' etat c' est Moi: Kontinuitet eller endring? 38 Økonomiske problemer 41 Økt misnøye og fremvekst av nye former for politisk opposisjon 42 Mwakenya og andre progressive bevegelser 43 Eliteopposisjon, kirken og advokatforeningen 44 Arbeiderne, bøndene og den uformelle sektor 49 1990: Den politiske og økonomiske misnøyen kulminerer 51 3. Y tre faktorer 58 Endringer ibistandens rammebetingelser 58 Afrikanske smittevirkninger etter omveltningene i Øst-Europa 61 Politisk kondisjonalitet: Innblanding i indre anliggender? 64 Myten om det afrikanske "paradiset" sprekker 67 Internasjonale reaksjoner i 1990 74 N orge i takt eller utakt? 79 111 4. Forholdet mellom Norge og Kenya 82 Kontinuitet og endring i motiver og mål for norsk bistandspolitikk ca. 1965-1990 83 Kontinuitet og endring i motiver og mål for kenyansk utviklingspolitikk ca. 1963-1990 89 Forholdet Norge-Kenya på 1960- og 1970-tallet 92 Forholdet Norge-Kenya ca. 1980-1990 93 Wagalla-massakren 94 Feilslåtte norske bistandsprosjekter? 98 Turkwell Gorge 101 Omlegging og reduksjon av den norske bistanden 105 5. Intensivering av konflikten med pressen som sentral aktør 108 Norge versus Kenya ca. 1987-1990 109 Bilder av "hverandre" 129 Norske persepsjoner 129 Kenyanske persepsjoner 135 Konklusjon 139 Kenyanske myndigheter under indre og ytre press 141 Norge "ofret" på grunn av sin småmaktstatus? 145 Etterord 150 Bibliografi og kilder 152 Aviser og tidsskrifter 165 Notater og arkivmateriale 166 Muntlige kilder 167 Andre kilder 169 iv Forkortelser ACTS African Centre for Technology Studies AFP Agency France-Presse BBC British Broadcasting Cooperation BNP Bruttonasjonalprodukt BRDP Bungoma Rural Development Programme COTU Central Organisation of Trade Unions DAC Development Assistance Committee, (OECDs utviklingskomité) 1 DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance, (Danmarks statlige bistandsorganisasjon) DP Democratic Party EF De europeiske fellesskap2 EIU Economist InteZZigence Unit EU Den europeiske union FN De forente nasjoner FKOK Fredskorpsorganisasjonen i Kenya Ford-Asili Forum for Restoration of Democracy- "Original" Ford-Kenya Forum for Restoration of Democracy-Kenya GSU General Service Unit KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KASA Kenya African Socialist AZZiance KANU Kenya African National Union KBC Kenya Broadcasting Corporation KPF Kenya Patriotic Front KPU Kenya People' s Union KrF Kristelig Folkeparti ICJ International Committee of Jurists ICM Inter-Governmental Committee on Migration IDS Institute of Development Studies IGGI Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia Offisielle oversettelser og forklaringer i parentes i henhold til Amland m.fl. 1992; Human Rights in Developing Countries 1993; Tostensen & Scott 1987. 2 EU etter 1992. v ILO International Labour Organisation, (Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasj onen) IMF International Monetary Fund, (Det internasjonale pengefondet) LSK Law Society of Kenya NGO Non-Gove rnmental O rganization, (fri villig\ikke-statlig\pri vat organisasjon) MUWSP Minor Urban Water Supply Programme Mwakenya Munugano wa Wazalendo Kuikomboa Kenya, (Sammenslutningen av patrioter til Kenyas befrielse) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, (Det nordatlantiske forsvarsforbundet ) NCCK National Council of Churches of Kenya NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, (Direktoratet for Utviklingshjelp) NSSF National Social Security Fund NTB Norsk Telegrambyrå NUPI Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt NØV Ny økonomisk verdensorden OAU Organization of African Unity, (Organisasjonen for afrikansk enhet) ODA Official Development Assistance, (statlig utviklingsbistand) OECD Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, (Organisasjonen for økonomisk samarbeid og utvikling) RARP Rural Access Roads Programme RDF Rural Development Fund RHTP Rural Health Training Programme SAIH Studentenes og Akademikernes Internasjonale Hjelpefond SSE Sahel, Sudan og Etiopia SRDP Special Rural Development Programme SV Sosialistisk Venstreparti TRDP Turkana Rural Development Programme Ukenya Movement for Unity and Democracy in Kenya UD Utenriksdeparementet UMOJA United Movement For Democracy in Kenya UNDP United Nations Development Programme, (FNs utviklingsprogram) UNEP United Nations Environment Programme, (FNs miljøprogram) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, (FNs organisasjon for undervisning, vitenskap og kultur) VI UNCHS United Nations Centrefor Human Settlements, (FNs senter for menneskelig bosetting) USAID United States Agency for International Development, (USAs statlige bistandsorganisasjon) VIl Innledning. Den 9. oktober 1990 kunngjorde kenyanske myndigheter at landets statsfiende nummer én var arrestert i Nairobi, siktet for forræderi for å ha planlagt å velte det sittende styret med ulovlige midler. Den siktede, Koigi wa Wamwere,3 hadde siden høsten 1986 hatt status som politisk flyktning i Norge, etter anbefaling fra FNs høykommssær for flyktninger. Norske myndigheter reagerte umiddelbart og antydet reduksjoner i bistanden til Kenya.4 Ti dager senere ble Wamwere fremstilt for retten, med den norske ambassadøren representert i rettssalen. Mandag den 22. oktober ble den norske ambassadøren innkalt til det kenyanske utenriksdepartementet. Den kenyanske utenriksministeren kunne meddele at Kenya hadde besluttet å bryte de diplomatiske forbindelsene med Norge. Selv om kenyanske myndigheter holdt dørene åpne for fortsatt bistand, besluttet norske myndigheter, etter 26-års bistandssamarbeid, å avslutte u-hjelpen til landet med umiddelbar virkning. Den kenyanske beslutningen ble betegnet som overraskende av så vel norske myndigheter som norsk og kenyansk presse. Begivenheten kom også uventet på en rekke kenyanske politikere. Det diplomatiske bruddet mellom N orge og Kenya er en unik hendelse i både norsk og kenyansk diplomatisk historie. Aldri tidligere har et annet land i fredstid brutt de diplomatiske forbindelsene med en legal norsk regjering. Det var også første gang kenyanske myndigheter brøt det diplomatiske sambandet med en vestlig stat. 5 Denne studien vil belyse årsakene og omstendighetene som ledet opp til det diplomatiske bruddet. 3 Koigi er hans fornavn og wa betyr sØnn av. Wamwere var altså Koigis far. I studien omtales likevel Koigi wa Wamwere ofte bare som Wamwere, slik han gjerne blir omtalt i Norge. I kenyansk presse blir han oftest omtalt som Koigi. 4 Aftenposten 11.10.1990. 5 New African desember 1994. l o Arsaksforklaringer og problemstillinger Det finnes en rekke publikasjoner som belyser ulike aspekter ved menneskerettigheter og bistand generelt og til Kenya spesielt.6 Forskning omking det diplomatiske bruddet mellom Norge og Kenya er imidlertid mer begrenset.7 En bred analyse av årsakene og omstendighetene rundt bruddet er fraværende. Det finnes likevel tre arbeider (de eneste som finnes bortsett fra mer summariske artikler, eksempelvis i pressen) som belyser enkelte aspekter ved relasjonen mellom Norge og Kenya på 1980-tallet, og som mer eller mindre eksplisitt antyder årsakene til bruddet mellom N orge og Kenya: l. Hovedfagsoppgaven Norsk bistand og menneskerettigheter. En normativ politisk analyse,
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