DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of the Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of the Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency applied sciences Article Evaluation of the Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of CRAC Equipment through Mathematical Modeling Using a New Index COP WEUED Alexandre F. Santos 1,2, Pedro D. Gaspar 1,3 and Heraldo J. L. de Souza 2,* 1 Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; [email protected] (A.F.S.); [email protected] (P.D.G.) 2 FAPRO—Professional College, Curitiba 80230-040, Brazil 3 C-MAST—Centre for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal * Correspondence: heraldo@escolaprofissional.com.br; Tel.: +55-41-999748928 Abstract: As the world data traffic increasingly grows, the need for computer room air conditioning (CRAC)-type equipment grows proportionally. The air conditioning equipment is responsible for approximately 38% of the energy consumption of data centers. The energy efficiency of these pieces of equipment is compared according to the Energy Standard ASHRAE 90.1-2019, using the index Net Sensible Coefficient Of Performance (NetSCOP). This method benefits fixed-speed compressor equipment with a constant inlet temperature air-cooled condenser (35 ◦C). A new method, COP WEUED (COP–world energy usage effectiveness design), is proposed based on the IPLV (integrated part load value) methodology. The IPLV is an index focused on partial thermal loads and outdoor Citation: Santos, A.F.; Gaspar, P.D.; temperature data variation for air intake in the condenser. It is based on the average temperatures of de Souza, H.J.L. Evaluation of the the USA’s 29 major cities. The new method is based on the 29 largest cities worldwide and with data- Thermal Performance and Energy center-specific indoor temperature conditions. For the same inverter compressor, efficiencies of 4.03 Efficiency of CRAC Equipment and 4.92 kW/kW were obtained, using ASHRAE 90.1-2019 and the proposed method, respectively. through Mathematical Modeling This difference of almost 20% between methods is justified because, during less than 5% of the annual Using a New Index COP WEUED. hours, the inlet air temperature in the condenser is close to the NetSCOP indication. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5950. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135950 Keywords: ASHRAE 90.1; data center; IPLV; Net Sensible COP; AHRI 1361 Academic Editors: Hassane Naji, María Isabel Lamas Galdo and Rodriguez J.D. 1. Introduction Received: 21 May 2021 The Cisco Annual Internet Report forecasts the global adoption of the Internet. The Accepted: 23 June 2021 proliferation of devices/connections and network performance, by the year 2023, will Published: 26 June 2021 be [1]: • 5.3 billion internet users (66% of the estimated population in 2023). Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral • 3.6 global devices and connections per capita. with regard to jurisdictional claims in • Average global speed of fixed broadband of 110 Mbps. published maps and institutional affil- • In North America, 92% of the population will use the Internet. iations. In addition to the increasing number of users, there have been systems improvements, such as lower response time to search information, lower downtime (online for longer, without problems at critical moments), upgrade without interruption (in one click, man- agement of active and unlimited resources), resilience and self-repair (makes the data Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. pulverized automatically, and its update process is much simpler and optimized). Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. To sustain this growth in the global database and in user demand, the number of data This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and centers and their energy consumption have been increasing. In 2018, it was estimated that conditions of the Creative Commons data centers consumed 1% of all the global electricity generated. From 2010 to 2018, the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// number of computers skyrocketed (Figure1)[2]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5950. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135950 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5950 2 of 14 Doubled demandDoubled demand 2018 2018 2010 2010 00 200 200 400 400 600 600 800 800 Global computerGlobal computer instances instances(millions) (millions) Figure 1. Growth of global data center instances [2]. Figure 1. GrowthFigure of1. Growthglobal data of global center data instances center [2]. instances [2]. Despite this growth, it is estimated that due to the increase in efficiency from 2010 Despiteto thisDespite 2018, growth, the this total it growth, is energyestimated it tois estimated servethat du thee to that data the du centersincreasee to the grew in increase efficiency by only in efficiencyfrom 6%, and2010 thisfrom to is 2010 directly to 2018, the 2018,totalexplained energythe total byto energyserve the better the to servedata efficiency centerthe data ofs grew the center data bys centeronlygrew 6%, by equipment. andonly this 6%, is Theand directly energythis is ex- directly consumption ex- plained byplained theof abetter data by theefficiency center better is 10efficiencyof tothe 100 data timesof center the greaterdata equipment. center than equipment. that The of energy a standard The consumption energy commercial consumption of building of a data centera dataof is the 10 center to same 100 is dimensions.times10 to 100greater times Inthan greater Leadership that ofthan a standard that in Energy of a commercialstandard and Environmental commercial building ofbuilding Designthe of (LEED) the same dimensions.samebuildings, dimensions. In Leadership the average In Leadership in energy Energy consumption in and Energy Environmental and with Environmental an Design electrical (LEED) loadDesign of buildings, 68%(LEED) of the buildings, buildings 2 the averagethewas energy average 10.8 consumption W/menergy[ consumption3]. According with an electric with to the anal American loadelectric of al68% load Society of ofthe 68% ofbuildings Heating, of the buildingswas Refrigerating, 10.8 was 10.8 and 2 W/m [3].W/m AccordingAir-Conditioning2 [3]. According to the American Engineers to the American Society (ASHRAE), of Society Heating, data of centers Refrigerating,Heating, are Refrigerating, installations and Air-Condi-with and anAir-Condi- enormous tioning Engineerstioningdemand Engineers (ASHRAE), for energy, (ASHRAE), data highlighting centers data are centers theinstallations relevance are installations with of the an theme.enormous with an High-density enormous demand for demand data centers for 2 energy, highlightingenergy,can reach highlighting the 10,764 relevance W/m the relevance,of although the th eme.of onthe average,High-density theme. theirHigh-density data consumption centers data can centers ranges reach fromcan reach 430 to 2 2 2 10,764 W/m10,764861, although W/mW/m2, [ although4on]. Evenaverage,though on theiraverage, specific consum their informationption consum rangesption technology from ranges 430 from (IT)to 861 equipment 430 W/m to 861 [4]. hasW/m evolved,2 [4]. Even thoughEvenwithin specific though the information specific data center, information technology air conditioning technology (IT) equipment systems (IT) equipment has are evolved, one has of within theevolved, main the within sinksdata the of energydata center, aircenter, conditioningconsumption. air conditioning systems If energy are systems one consumption of are th eone main of in thsinks datae main of centers energy sinks is ofconsumption. considered energy consumption. of If highen- relevance, If en- ergy consumptionergythe consumption air conditioningin data centers in data topic is centersconsider becomes ised consider an of indispensable highed relevance, of high item relevance, the of air discussion. conditioning the air Onconditioning average, air topic becomestopicconditioning anbecomes indispensable an systems indispensable item areresponsible of discus itemsion. of for discus On 38% average,sion. of the On energy airaverage, conditioning consumption air conditioning systems of data centerssystems [5 ]. are responsibleareAccording responsible for 38% to of Santosfor the 38% energy et of al. the consumptio [6 energy], the load consumption distribution of data centersn of ofdata a [5]. data centers According center [5]. is According distributedto Santos to as Santos shown et al. [6], theet inal. load Figure[6], distribution the2 .load distribution of a data centerof a data is distributed center is distributed as shown asin shownFigure in2. Figure 2. Figure 2. Distribution of electricity consumption in a typical DC with power usage effectiveness Figure 2. DistributionFigure 2. Distribution of electricity of consumptionelectricity consumption in a typical in DC a typical with power DC with usage power effectiveness usage effectiveness (PUE) = 2.1 [6]. (PUE) = 2.1(PUE) [6]. = 2.1 [6]. Analyzing the current methodologies to measure the energy efficiency of computer AnalyzingAnalyzing the current the methodologies current methodologies to measure to themeasure energy the efficiency energy efficiencyof computer of computer room air conditioning (CRAC) equipment in data centers is an important action since it is room air conditioningroom air conditioning (CRAC) equipment (CRAC) equipment in data centers in data is centersan important is an important action since action it is since it is the largest load apart from the IT equipment itself. Thus, suggesting a new methodology to the largestthe load largest apart load
Load more

Recommended publications
  • With Air Purification
    As clean as it is Cool with Air Purification Do you know how small the size of Ultrafine dust which impact your helath? Traps all particles without fail, even Ultrafine dust (PM 1.0) Micro Dust Filter 90㎛ 50 ~ 70㎛ PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1.0 Fine Human Hair Dust, Pollen, Combustion Smog, Smoke, Beach Sand Mold, etc particles, organic Diesel soot compounds, metals, etc. ※ PM : Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both organic and inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Protect your family from Ultrafine dust. www. LG.COM As clean as it is Cool with Air Purification Why your A/C needs air purification? Outdoor air is bad? No need to worry. With the LG ThinQ app, you can monitor the state of the indoor air at a glance. Traps all particles without fail, even Ultrafine dust (PM 1.0) 90㎛ 50 ~ 70㎛ PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1.0 Fine Human Hair Dust, Pollen, Combustion Smog, Smoke, Beach Sand Mold, etc particles, organic Diesel soot compounds, metals, etc. www. LG.COM DUALCOOL with Air Purification KEY FEATURES Air Conditioner and air purifier in one PM1.0 sensor is automatically activated and filtration system removes microscopic dust after 5 million lons capture them. Step 1 PM 1.0 Auto Sensing Step 2 Ion Diffuser Step 3 Filtration System Step 4 Display - Indoor Air Detecting indoor dust 5 million negative ions emitted Effective particle capture.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Air to Water Heat Pump Chiller | Resdiential Hydronic Heat Pump
    The World’s Most Efficient Chiller Heat Pump Ultra-Efficient Multiple IDUs - Up to 8 Indoor Units Per CX34 CX34 Air-To-Water Heat Pump 2 Tons Cooling / 3 Tons heating IPLV Cooling 26,615 BTU COP 6.75 EER 23.02 Heating 33,813 BTU COP 3.92 Save More w/ DC Inverter Fan Motors All of the thin-line (5.1" thin) wall, floor and ceiling fan coil units use high efficiency and nearly silent DC Inverter fan motors, designed for 115v 50/60Hz power. 220v 50/60Hz standard FCUs are available for export customers. Geothermal Performance There is no Energy Star program for air to water heat pumps. However, the Chiltrix air-cooled chiller exceeds the Energy Star EER requirements for geothermal water-to-water systems. Server Room Cooling Ultra High Efficiency Heat Pump Chiller Chiltrix offers an optional Free Cooling add-on which allows up The CX34 obtains its ultra high efficiency using existing technologies in to EER 141+ & COP 41+ cooling performance during winter at a new way. For example, we use a DC Inverter compressor and a DC low ambient temperatures. Chiltrix chillers are also available Inverter water pump (both are variable speed) controlled together with in a N+1 redundant configuration. a DC inverter fan motor to achieve the best possible balance of water flow rate, compressor speed, and energy use. Solar Ready Perfect for solar PV operation with super low power draw and A special control algorithm looks at the temperature delta between the a 2 amp soft start that’s easy on inverters and batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Inverter High Wall Unit
    Indoor Unit HEAT PUMP Unit 42QHA012VS 42QHA018VS 42QHA024VS 42QHA030VS Unit Size TR 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Inverter High Wall Unit BTU/h 12000 18,000 22,000 27000 Rated Capacity at T1 Cooling kW 3.51 5.25 6.45 7.90 42QHA/38QHA BTU/h 10600 16,400 19,200 23,200 Rated Capacity at T3 Cooling kW 3.09 4.80 5.61 6.80 Rated Capacity Heating Watts 3,500 5,450 7,600 8,300 Power Supply V-Ph-Hz 220-240V- 50/60Hz, 1Ph Total System Power Input at T1 Cooling Watts 870 1,300 1,570 2160 Total System Power Input at T3 Cooling Watts 1,080 1,630 1,970 2605 Total System Power Input Heating Watts 950 1,390 2,100 2100 EER at T1 Cooling Btu/W-h 13.75 13.85 14.00 12.50 EER at T3 Cooling Btu/W-h 9.80 10.05 9.75 8.85 COP Heating w/w 3.65 3.90 3.60 3.95 Air Filter Type Washable air filter Air Flow Rate (High/ Medium/ Low Speed) CFM 356 / 280 / 230 685 / 535 / 485 685 / 540 / 485 765 / 645 / 575 Indoor Noise Level (High/ Medium/ Low Speed) dBA 41 / 37 / 33 49 / 43 / 41 49 / 45 / 41 51 / 48 / 45 Net / Gross Weight Kg 8.7 / 11.1 13.5 / 17.1 13.8 / 17.4 20 / 25.9 Dimensions (W x D x H) mm 802 x 189 x 297 1080 x 226 x 335 1080 x 226 x 335 1259 x282 x362 Liquid inch 1/4" 3/8" Pipe Connection Size Suction inch 1/2" 5/8" Drain inch 5/8" HEAT PUMP Outdoor Unit Unit 38QHA012VS 38QHA018VS 38QHA024VS 38QHA030VS Power Supply V-Ph-Hz 220-240V- 50/60Hz, 1Ph Compressor Type DC Inverter Rotary Refrigerant R410a Vertical + mts 25 30 30 50 Horizontal Refrigerant Pipe (Max Length) Vertical mts (OU & IU) 10 20 20 25 Recommended Wire Size/No.
    [Show full text]
  • Inverter Scroll Compressor Advantages
    For Internal Training Inverter scroll compressor advantages Sales / Technical Guide Compressor Mechanism (Inverter and Digital comp.) Inverter Scroll Digital Scroll The Mechanism of Inverter Scroll The Mechanism of Digital Scroll Discharge gas PWM valve Radial compliant Discharge Fixed scroll mechanism Bleed hole Orbiting scroll Fixed scroll (spring loaded) Suction Crank shaft Pivot Bearing mechanism Orbiting scroll Mitsubishi Electric inverter scroll compressor adopts radial Digital scroll compressor adopts refrigerant bypass mecha- compliant mechanism which contributes high efficiency nism to control its capacity. Though it can work as inverter even at the low or high speed operation. This mechanism type in terms of operation range, the efficiency goes down has no clearance between orbiting and fixed scroll, which in light load. means excellent refrigerant seal and high COP. 1 Mechanism of Inverter Scroll Mechanism of Digital Scroll Radial compliant mechanism Wrap contact force Fixed Scroll F=Fc-Fr Wrap Fixed Scroll Wrap PWM valve on direction of Wrap Orbiting Scroll contact 100% unloaded Wrap Fc no compression Slider Parts Fg Scroll separates by 1mm Fgr Crank shaft Orbiting Scroll Wrap Fc : Centrifugal force of Scroll Wrap With digital scroll compressor, one of the scroll is lifted up Fg : Compressed gass load 1 to control the capacity with electric valve. In light load time Fgr : Compressed gass load 2 or period, the refrigerant leakage is too big to run efficient- ly. Electric valve is always being used and scroll parts vert- ically hit each other inside the shell. This means less reli- ability and shorter lifespan than inverter type. Mitsubishi Electric inverter compressor makes use of the centrifugal force with scroll rotation very well.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebel® Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems Heating & Cooling Models DPS 003 – 028 3 to 28 Tons R-410A Refrigerant Energy Recovery Wheel
    Catalog 256-14 Rebel® Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems Heating & Cooling Models DPS 003 – 028 3 to 28 Tons R-410A Refrigerant Energy Recovery Wheel 3–6 tons 7–15 tons Shown with Energy Recovery 16–28 tons Shown with Energy Recovery Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction . 3 Application Considerations . 16 Features and Options . 4 Unit Location .......................................16 Cabinet, Casing, and Frame . 6 Service Clearance ...................................16 Compressor . .6 Curb Installation .....................................16 Outdoor Coil .........................................7 Acoustical Considerations ...............................22 Indoor Coil . 7 Ductwork Considerations ................................22 Heat Pump Heating ...................................7 Return Duct ........................................22 Modulating Hot Gas Reheat .............................8 Supply Duct . 22 Supply Fan ..........................................8 Duct High Limit ......................................22 Variable Air Volume Control .............................8 Vibration Isolation....................................22 Exhaust Fan .........................................8 Smoke and Fire Protection...............................23 Filters . 8 Variable Air Volume Application ...........................23 Heating Section ........................................9 Single Zone Variable Air Volume Application .................23 Gas Furnace.........................................9 Fan Operating Range...................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Inverter Compressor Technology
    Maverick® II systems - now with inverter compressor technology Market-leading rooftop efficiency solutions Daikin Applied continues to provide Operate quietly market-leading efficiency solutions Inverter compressors provide superior reduction in by offering inverter compressors in sound levels: rooftop systems that include Rebel™ • Sound levels at part-load operation are very low (3-15 ton), RoofPak™ (16-75 ton), and • Irritating on/off compressor cycling is eliminated now - Maverick II (26-50 ton). Inverter compressors modulate, delivering only Outperform digital scrolls the required energy to satisfy space The energy efficiency of an inverter compressor is conditions, providing for exceptional far superior to that of a digital scroll compressor. temperature/humidity control and lower Digital scroll compressors have specific performance limitations that should not be overlooked when making operating costs. compressor selections: Lower operating costs • Digital scroll compressors always operate at full Inverter compressors will reduce your building’s operation speed and are less efficient at part-load applications costs by saving energy: • To try to match building load, digital scrolls require • Use only the required energy to exactly match more energy to load and unload the compressor in building load while minimizing over-cooling 5-20 second intervals • As digital scrolls load and unload, audible noise • Low speed operation reduces energy consumption; levels fluctuate noticeably soft start reduces energy needed for compressor in-rush power • Minimal compressor cycling saves energy (also eliminates DX coil condensate re-evaporation) Improve operation and comfort control The modulating capacity of an inverter compressor eliminates constant on-off cycling and continually maintains the desired leaving air temperature (LAT), resulting in: • Better dehumidification and comfort control • Extended compressor life via better expansion valve control and minimal cycling ©2014 Daikin Applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Chofu Heat Pumps
    Chofu Heat Pumps Latest heat pump technology Made in Japan for Central Heating New Zealand, Chofu air-to-water heat pumps are ideal for warm water underfloor heating as well as radiators and domestic hot water production. Featuring a remote programmable keypad for control of operation, this heat pump is proven in the New Zealand environment. An investment in your comfort For more than 50 years Chofu has dominated • 5-Year Warranty Japan’s domestic heating market becoming a household name synonymous with reliability and • Inverter Compressor quality. Chofu’s commitment to technological • Super Low Noise - 51 dB(A) innovation, renewable energy and conservation has secured the company’s position as Japan’s • Max Temp 60°C leading air-to-water heat pump manufacturer. • Min Ambient -20°C Unknowingly, you may already be taking • Environmentally friendly R32 advantage of Chofu’s expansive product offering. refrigerant gas For decades the company has been providing • 10% reduction in energy consumption complete white-label systems or componentry to international heating companies. 0800 357 1233 | [email protected] | centralheating.co.nz Page: 1 of 2 A recent change in strategic direction has seen Chofu take large steps into the global heating arena. No longer the backing singer, Chofu is R32 poised to take centre stage and its fair share of Refrigerant Gas the international limelight. Chofu’s air-to-water heat pumps are an investment in your comfort and health. If you are wanting heating technology which boasts higher efficiencies, lower operation costs and more eco-friendly features than traditional heating methods look no further than Chofu’s range.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study on Variable-Speed Air Conditioner Under Hot Climate Based on Real-Scale Experiment and Energy Simulation
    energies Article Feasibility Study on Variable-Speed Air Conditioner under Hot Climate based on Real-Scale Experiment and Energy Simulation Jaehun Lim 1,2, Myung Sup Yoon 2, Turki Al-Qahtani 3 and Yujin Nam 1,* 1 Department of Architectural Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63, Geomjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; [email protected] 2 Korea Testing Laboratory, 87, Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; [email protected] 3 Saudi Standards Metrology and Quality Organization, Al Imam Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Road, Al Mohammadiyah, Riyadh 11471, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-51-510-7652; Fax: +82-51-514-2230 Received: 19 March 2019; Accepted: 18 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Abstract: It is well known that inverter-driven variable-speed compressor (or inverter) air conditioners are more efficient than constant-speed compressor air conditioners. Therefore, most countries have employed part-load assessment test standards such as ISO 16358, EN 14825 and ASHRAE 116 in addition to the conventional ISO 5151 full-load test standard to appropriately evaluate the part-load efficiencies of variable-speed air conditioners. However, many countries in the Middle East and South America still use the ISO 5151 standard owing to policy or high- temperature environmental considerations. In this study, we experimentally verify the energy saving effect of the inverter air conditioner with respect to the constant-speed air conditioner under the Korean climate with distinct temperature changes of four seasons and under the hot climate of Saudi Arabia throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Air Conditioners with Inverter Technology for Stable Room Conditions
    Precision air conditioners with inverter technology for stable room conditions Extreme precision in temperature and humidity control In laboratories, archives, museums, the tobacco, textile and pharmaceutical industries the temperature and humidity parameters strongly affect the size, tests and storing of sensitive goods. i-ACCURATE PRECISE is the most dependable and efficient solution developed for these kinds of applications even in low or no load conditions. 2 l 3 i-ACCURATE PRECISE Temperature and humidity always under control 25 24 Minimal variations in the environmental conditions can 23 22 influence the final result of test activities or compromise the 21 correct preservation of perishable goods. 20 TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE 19 18 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00 Thanks to the combination of the hot gas re-heating, ABSOLUTE TIME (h:m) the modulation of the refrigeration capacity through the 24 inverter compressor and to a precise regulation of steam 60 production, i-ACCURATE PRECISE ensures an accurate 55 50 calibration of temperature and humidity ( ± 0.3 °C and 45 40 ± 2 % R.H.). RELATIVE HUMIDITY (°C) RELATIVE 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00 ABSOLUTE TIME (h:m) Precision in all load conditions The i-ACCURATE PRECISE unit was designed as a completely autonomous unit. In fact, thanks to the EVOLUTION+ software which is dedicated to the unit, it allows for the reduction of the refrigeration capacity from 100% to 0%. The unit is able to maintain control of the temperature and humidity with maximum precision even on low or no heat load.
    [Show full text]
  • RZR-P RZQ-P Service Manual
    SiUS281117 Service Manual RZR-P, RZQ-P(9) Series Cooling Only / Heat Pump R-410A 60Hz SiUS281117 RZR-P, RZQ-P(9) Series Cooling Only / Heat Pump R-410A 60Hz ED Reference For items below, please refer to Engineering Data. For except FTQ No. Item ED No. Page Remarks 1 Specification - Cooling Only EDUS281120 p. 7-13 2 Specification - Heat Pump EDUS281120 p. 14-20 3 Option List EDUS281120 p. 100-102 For FTQ No. Item ED No. Page Remarks 1 Specification - Heat Pump EDUS281008 p. 4 2 Option List EDUS281008 p. 60 1. Safety Considerations.............................................................................v 1.1 Safety Considerations for Repair ............................................................. v 1.2 Safety Considerations for Users ..............................................................vi Part 1 General Information........................................................... 1 1. Model Names and Power Supply............................................................2 1.1 Cooling Only ............................................................................................2 1.2 Heat Pump ...............................................................................................2 2. External Appearance ..............................................................................3 2.1 Indoor Units..............................................................................................3 2.2 Remote Controller....................................................................................4 2.3 Outdoor Units...........................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog 256-13 Rebel™ Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems Heating & Cooling Models DPS 003 – 028 3 to 28 Tons R-410A Refrigerant Energy Recovery Wheel
    Catalog 256-13 Rebel™ Commercial Packaged Rooftop Systems Heating & Cooling Models DPS 003 – 028 3 to 28 Tons R-410A Refrigerant Energy Recovery Wheel 3–6 tons 7–15 tons Shown with Energy Recovery 16–28 tons Shown with Energy Recovery TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 3 Application Considerations . 16 Rebel, the most energy efficient packaged rooftop unit ..........3 Unit Location .......................................16 Agency Listed........................................3 Service Clearance ...................................16 Features and Options . 4 Curb Installation .....................................16 Cabinet, Casing, and Frame . 6 Acoustical Considerations ...............................21 Compressor . .6 Ductwork Considerations ................................21 Outdoor Coil .........................................7 Return Duct ........................................21 Indoor Coil . 7 Supply Duct . 21 Heat Pump Heating ...................................7 Duct High Limit ......................................21 Modulating Hot Gas Reheat .............................8 Vibration Isolation....................................21 Supply Fan ..........................................8 Smoke and Fire Protection...............................22 Variable Air Volume Control .............................8 Variable Air Volume Application ...........................22 Exhaust Fan .........................................8 Single Zone Variable Air Volume Application .................22 Filters . 8 Fan Operating Range...................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Dual Inverter Technogy in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning-A Review
    International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455 DUAL INVERTER TECHNOGY IN REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING-A REVIEW Dr.L.C. Singal1, Rajwinder Singh Gill2 1(Department of Mechanical Engineering,Chandigarh Engineering College Landran, Punjab, India) 2(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College Landran, Punjab, India) ABSTRACT From times immemorial, refrigeration and air conditioning applications are using fixed speed motor compressors irrespective of the variable cooling requirements during day and night time as well as during summer and winter. Such systems are running all the time at full load and are thus consuming more power than actually required. This gave birth to the idea of variable speed motors as per cooling requirements. Dual inverter technique fulfills this requirement. This consists of two inverters. First one converts the constant frequency AC voltage to DC voltage of 12 volts by using a rectifier and step down voltage transformer. The second inverter converts this DC voltage again to AC voltage of variable frequency by the use of a variable frequency drive. This variable frequency drive runs the motor at variable speed as per cooling requirements. Dual inverter technology is complex and costly. Its increased cost can be overcome over a period of 2 to 3 years in terms of power savings. Since the life of the refrigeration and conditioning units is 15 years or more, this changeover is necessary and requires immediate implementation. To one’s surprise there are numerous applications like hospitals, telecom, I.T. and chemical processing units which this have already put it to practical use.
    [Show full text]