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Paola Prestes Penney.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO – PUC‐SP Programa de Estudos Pós‐Graduados em Comunicação e Semiótica Paola Prestes Penney POESIA AUDIOVISUAL: Narrativas poéticas no cinema documentário de Werner Herzog MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA SÃO PAULO 2011 Paola Prestes Penney POESIA AUDIOVISUAL: Narrativas poéticas no cinema documentário de Werner Herzog MESTRADO EM COMUNICAÇÃO E SEMIÓTICA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação e Semiótica, sob a orientação da Prof.ª Dr.ª Lucia Isaltina Clemente Leão. SÃO PAULO 2011 Banca Examinadora: __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Ao apoio do meu círculo afetivo, Maria Adelaide Amaral, Meei‐huey Wang, Silvana Lagnado, Niki Pozzo di Borgo, Ana Estela de Sousa Pinto, Daniela Mattos, Matias Lancetti, Cássia Adduci, Flávia Dietrich, Denise Pollini, Luciana Chen e Juliana Kase. Aos meus filhos Stephen, Alexia e Barbara pela colaboração e incentivo. A Mauro Giorgetti, pela ajuda na pesquisa musical dos documentários de Werner Herzog. A Rainer Standke, pela longa entrevista sobre Lições da escuridão. A Eduardo Escorel, que pensa o cinema de maneira crítica e rigorosa sin perder la ternura. A Cida Bueno, da Secretaria do Programa de Estudos Pós‐Graduados em Comunicação e Semiótica da PUC. À CAPES, pela bolsa de estudos. Aos membros da banca, por sua pontual e valiosa contribuição, Arlindo Machado e Flávio Brito. À minha orientadora Lucia Isaltina Clemente Leão, pela orientação e postura generosa ao compartilhar seu conhecimento. Ao Ugo. RESUMO Este estudo investiga os processos de construção de narrativas poéticas em cinema documentário e seus resultados. Para tanto, será analisada a questão da poesia audiovisual que é construída por meio de imagens, sons e palavras. Esta análise servirá como base para se estabelecer a questão proposta neste estudo, a criação de linguagens poéticas e o mapeamento de novas fronteiras de comunicação e percepção sensíveis no contexto da produção de cinema documentário. Três documentários do cineasta alemão Werner Herzog são estudados: Fata Morgana, de 1971, Lições da escuridão, de 1992 e Além do azul selvagem, de 2005, que, no contexto desta dissertação, compõem uma trilogia poética do diretor. Com base nessas obras e material documental sobre o diretor, a pesquisa procura trazer um entendimento dos processos criativos de Herzog e as transformações desses processos, em cada etapa de realização dos filmes, da escolha de dispositivos à montagem, analisando comparativamente de que maneira são articulados texto, imagem e som. Para tanto, o estudo destas três obras está estruturado em dois momentos: a realização (análise técnica), e o resultado (análise da linguagem poética ou artística). A metodologia de análise adotada atende a critérios técnicos sensíveis. A fundamentação teórica engloba Gaston Bachelard, Arlindo Machado e Gilles Deleuze, com o objetivo de revelar os processos de criação de linguagem audiovisual em cinema documentário que transcende os limites do gênero. Palavras‐chave: documentário, poéticas, Werner Herzog, Lições da escuridão, Fata Morgana, Além do azul selvagem ABSTRACT This study investigates the processes through which poetic narratives are constructed in documentary cinema and their results. In order to do so, the question of the audiovisual poetry that is formed through images, sounds, and words will be analyzed. In its turn, this analysis will serve as the basis of the proposition of this study, the creation of poetic languages, and the mapping of new discernible frontiers of communication and perception in the context of the production of documentary cinema. Three documentaries by the German filmmaker Werner Herzog are analyzed – Fata Morgana (1971), Lessons of darkness (1992), and The wild blue yonder (2005) – which, in the context of this dissertation, constitute a poetic trilogy. Based on these works and documental material on the director, this project aims to elucidate Herzog’s creative processes and their transformations in each phase of realization of those films, from the choices in conceptual approach to the editing, by comparatively analyzing the way text, image, and sound are worked together. To this end, the study of these three works is founded in two moments: the realization (technical analysis) and the result (analysis of the poetic or artistic language). This methodology satisfies technical criteria as much as it does sensibility criteria, and when combined with Gaston Bachelard’s, Arlindo Machado’s, and Gilles Deleuze’s concepts of image, this study reveals the processes of audiovisual language creation in documentary cinema that transcend the limits of the genre. Key‐words: documentary, poetic, Werner Herzog, Lessons of darkness, Fata Morgana, The wild blue yonder SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS..........................................................................................................04 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................05 RESUMO...........................................................................................................................06 INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................................09 CAPÍTULO 1 ‐ O DOCUMENTÁRIO COMO EXPERIÊNCIA POÉTICA...................................13 1.1. A voz poética............................................................................................14 1.2. O olhar da maginação ..............................................................................16 1.3. Dispositivos criativos................................................................................18 1.4. A reinvenção do documentário ...............................................................20 CAPÍTULO 2 ‐ WERNER HERZOG, POETA AUDIOVISUAL .................................................25 2.1. Um epicentro poético ..............................................................................26 2.2. O êxtase da música e da palavra..............................................................29 2.3. Paisagens mentais e seus personagens ...................................................39 2.4. A articulação de sonhos...........................................................................59 CAPÍTULO 3 ‐ UMA TRILOGIA POÉTICA ...........................................................................68 3.1. Terra, céu e espaço..................................................................................69 3.2. Fata Morgana: deserto e danação...........................................................78 3.3. Lições da escuridão: o Apocalipse em treze quadros............................102 3.4. Além do azul selvagem: o círculo poético se fecha ...............................117 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS................................................................................................135 APÊNDICE.......................................................................................................................142 Entrevista com Rainer Standke, montador de Lições da escuridão................143 ANEXOS..........................................................................................................................159 1. Declaração de Minnesota ............................................................................160 2. Ficha técnica dos filmes estudados .............................................................163 3. Filmes de Werner Herzog ............................................................................165 4. Documentários sobre Werner Herzog e seus filmes citados ......................180 5. Filmes de outros diretores citados ..............................................................181 6. Óperas dirigidas por Werner Herzog...........................................................182 7. Índice iconográfico.......................................................................................184 FONTES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...............................................................................................187 1. Bibliografia...................................................................................................188 2. Artigos..........................................................................................................190 3. Teses e dissertações ....................................................................................190 4. Webgrafia ....................................................................................................190 9 INTRODUÇÃO 10 A escolha de um tema de pesquisa costuma ter diversos motivos e seu recorte uma miríade de implicações que, ao contrário de nos dispersar, representa o desafio de dever nos direcionar, para que possamos responder à questão que impulsiona a pesquisa. No caso deste estudo, a escolha do cinema documentário como tema está estreitamente ligada à minha atividade de documentarista, que me obriga a refletir sobre esse gênero de fazer cinematográfico todos os dias. Em primeiro lugar, no que tange o escopo do trabalho, tendo realizado documentários de linguagem experimental, decidi que me debruçaria – pela primeira vez por escrito – sobre o documentário como produção audiovisual poética, ou filme‐ ensaio. Para tanto, queria que a pesquisa fosse composta tanto por elementos que me são familiares
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