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Domitian's Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome
Rising from the Ashes: Domitian’s Arae Incendii Neroniani in New Flavian Rome Lea K. Cline In the August 1888 edition of the Notizie degli Scavi, profes- on a base of two steps; it is a long, solid rectangle, 6.25 m sors Guliermo Gatti and Rodolfo Lanciani announced the deep, 3.25 m wide, and 1.26 m high (lacking its crown). rediscovery of a Domitianic altar on the Quirinal hill during These dimensions make it the second largest public altar to the construction of the Casa Reale (Figures 1 and 2).1 This survive in the ancient capital. Built of travertine and revet- altar, found in situ on the southeast side of the Alta Semita ted in marble, this altar lacks sculptural decoration. Only its (an important northern thoroughfare) adjacent to the church inscription identifies it as an Ara Incendii Neroniani, an altar of San Andrea al Quirinale, was not unknown to scholars.2 erected in fulfillment of a vow made after the great fire of The site was discovered, but not excavated, in 1644 when Nero (A.D. 64).7 Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) and Gianlorenzo Bernini Archaeological evidence attests to two other altars, laid the foundations of San Andrea al Quirinale; at that time, bearing identical inscriptions, excavated in the sixteenth the inscription was removed to the Vatican, and then the and seventeenth centuries; the Ara Incendii Neroniani found altar was essentially forgotten.3 Lanciani’s notes from May on the Quirinal was the last of the three to be discovered.8 22, 1889, describe a fairly intact structure—a travertine block Little is known of the two other altars; one, presumably altar with remnants of a marble base molding on two sides.4 found on the Vatican plain, was reportedly used as building Although the altar’s inscription was not in situ, Lanciani refers material for the basilica of St.
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Domitian and the Vestals As Emperor and High Priest of Rome
Domitian and the Vestals As emperor and high priest of Rome, Domitian involved himself with moral and religious matters. Unfortunately, at least one group paid the price for his religious zeal—the Vestal Virgins. During his reign Domitian convicted four priestesses of incestum (broken vows of chastity) along with numerous alleged male conspirators. Concentrated attacks on this priesthood had not happened since 114/113 BCE and a Vestal had not been condemned for many generations. Domitian’s first assault against the Vestal Virgins occurred shortly after his accession. The year of the trial is uncertain, but 81-82 BCE seems likely (Southern, Domitian, 79) although 83 BCE is also proposed (Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome, 93). On this occasion the Emperor found guilty three of the six priestesses, the Oculata sisters and Varronilla. Remarkably, Domitian did not rely on the traditional punishment of inhumation for Vestals convicted of incestum, but instead let them choose the manner of their deaths. Moreover, their lovers were merely exiled and not beaten to death which was the standard punishment for violating a Vestal Virgin. These events must be compared with the trial of the chief Vestal at the time, Cornelia. Although she was not part of the case mentioned above, we are told that Cornelia had been accused and acquitted of breaking her vows once before (Suetonius, Dom., 8). During her second trial in 91 BCE she was found guilty. However, this time Domitian reverted to the customary punishment and ordered that Cornelia be buried alive. Likewise, her alleged lovers were beaten to death with the exception of Valerius Licinianus who admitted his crime and was instead exiled.
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Gods of Cultivation and Food Supply in the Imperial Iconography of Septimius Severus
Jussi Rantala a hundred years.1 The result of this was that a new emperor without any direct connection to the earlier dynasty had risen to the throne. This situation provided a tough challenge for Severus. He had to demonstrate that he was the true and legitimate emperor and he had to keep the empire and especially the capital calm Gods of Cultivation and Food after a period of crisis.2 The task was not made easier by the fact that Severus was not connected with the traditional elites of the capital; he can be considered an Supply in the Imperial Iconography outsider, for some scholars even an “alien”. of Septimius Severus Severus was a native of Lepcis Magna, North Africa. His “Africanness” has been a debated issue among modern researchers. Severus’ Punic roots are Jussi Rantala highlighted especially by Anthony Birley, and the emperor’s interest towards the cult of Serapis is also considered a sign of African identity.3 These ideas are University of Tampere nowadays somewhat disputed. Lepcis Magna was more or less Romanized long This article deals with the question of the role of gods involved with cultivation, grain before the birth of Severus, and the two families (the Fulvii and the Septimii) from and food supply in the Roman imperial iconography during the reign of Septimius which the family of Severus descended, were very much of Italian origin. Moreover, Severus. By evaluating numismatic and written evidence, as well as inscriptions, the the Severan interest in Serapis can hardly be considered an African feature: the article discusses which gods related to grain and cultivation received most attention same god was given attention already by Vespasian (who was definitely not an from Septimius Severus, and how their use helped the emperor to stabilize his rule.
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Did Domitian Persecute Christians?
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The Imperial Cult During the Reign of Domitian
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1. the Flavian Triumph and the Arch of Titus: the Jewish God in Flavian Rome1
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Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus Born: April A.D
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