DOCSLIB.ORG

Universidad De Castilla-La Mancha / Facultad De Humanidades De Toledo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Universidad De Castilla-La Mancha / Facultad De Humanidades De Toledo Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha / Facultad de Humanidades de Toledo GRADO EN HUMANIDADES Y PATRIMONIO Curso Académico: 2017-2018 CRIMEN Y VIOLENCIA EN EL OESTE AMERICANO DEL SIGLO XIX Trabajo de Fin de Grado realizado por: JORGE PÉREZ BURGUEÑO Dirigido por: GERARDO FERNÁNDEZ JUÁREZ 1 Crimen y violencia en el Oeste Americano del siglo XIX 2 Crimen y violencia en el Oeste Americano del siglo XIX Índice Introducción........................................................................................................ 5 1. El Salvaje Oeste, un horizonte de promesas y peligros ........................... 7 2. La vida más allá de la Frontera................................................................ 14 3. Cuantificación del crimen y la violencia en el Oeste Americano: una aproximación a la metodología académica .................................................... 21 4. Crimen y castigo en el Salvaje Oeste ...................................................... 29 4.1. El crimen y sus consecuencias ........................................................ 33 4.1.1. Crímenes menores .................................................................... 38 4.1.2. Crímenes mayores .................................................................... 39 4.2. Los agentes de la ley y alternativas a las fuerzas oficiales ............. 43 Conclusiones ................................................................................................... 45 Bibliografía y fuentes históricas consultadas .................................................. 49 3 Crimen y violencia en el Oeste Americano del siglo XIX 4 Crimen y violencia en el Oeste Americano del siglo XIX Introducción El Lejano Oeste ha logrado convertirse en uno de los tópicos más extendidos en la cultura popular de los Estados Unidos de América. ¿Quién no ha oído hablar alguna vez de las violentas luchas entre el hombre blanco y los indios, de los disturbios que ocasionaban los cowboys norteamericanos en las calles de las ciudades ganaderas, de la galantería de los oficiales de la ley o de la peligrosidad de los más rudos malhechores y asaltantes? Gracias a la literatura, el cine y la televisión, hemos recibido una amplia panorámica del que probablemente fue uno de los periodos más extraordinarios que nos ha ofrecido la historia de Norteamérica. Pero del mismo modo que no es oro todo lo que reluce, no todo lo que hemos aprendido a través de dichos medios es completamente fidedigno a la realidad. Desde el primer momento en el que comencé a barajar este tema como posible opción de cara al Trabajo Fin de Grado de Humanidades y Patrimonio, sabía que la tarea que se avecinaba no sería para nada sencilla. El debate en torno a la cuestión de si el Oeste era un lugar violento, o si por el contrario era uno mucho más pacífico de lo que se piensa, es uno que aún sigue vigente a día de hoy, pues los historiadores no han podido llegar a un consenso que permita cerrar de una vez por todas los interrogantes que llevan algo más de un siglo sin respuesta. La comunidad académica está ampliamente dividida y son muchas las contradicciones que podemos encontrarnos al analizar toda esta cuestión, algo que complica enormemente la realización del trabajo. Algunos autores como Robert V. Hine, Mack Faragher, Dee Brown, Lillian Schlissel o Richard A. Barlett facilitan en buena medida esta tarea, abriéndonos las puertas a un Oeste casi desconocido para la mayoría de los historiadores, uno que cada vez queda más al descubierto, permitiendo así que las generaciones futuras se centren en determinados aspectos que durante tanto tiempo se han mantenido sesgados por el mito del Oeste. Precisamente por esto, en los últimos años, el debate que vengo adelantando se ha intensificado, principalmente de la mano de Robert R. Dykstra, Randolph Roth, Roger D. McGrath, David Peterson del Mar o Clare V. McKanna, entre otros tantos autores que han dedicado todos sus esfuerzos a investigar los niveles de violencia en una determinada ciudad o condado de la región. Durante mucho tiempo, el verdadero Oeste Americano del siglo XIX se ha mantenido oculto tras el velo opaco de un proceso de mitificación que dio comienzo 5 Introducción desde el mismo instante en el que surgió la idea de una Frontera que separaba dos realidades muy distintas, una línea imaginaria que marcaba el fin de la civilización y el comienzo de un mundo totalmente desconocido y salvaje. De la mano de viajeros como Frederick Jackson Turner, las noticias se extendieron como la pólvora por todo el continente, noticias que hablaban de un lugar como ningún otro, uno donde prosperar, ganar una pequeña fortuna o hacer lo que a cada cual le pareciese mejor, pues las garras del Estado no se habían posado aún en muchos de los territorios vírgenes del Oeste. Los más atrevidos hablaban de un lugar sumido en el más absoluto caos, donde los excesos de los sentidos, la violencia y el crimen estaban al orden del día. ¿Pero hasta qué punto debemos creernos todas esas afirmaciones? ¿Debemos pensar que el Oeste era una región donde el crimen prosperaba, o por el contrario sería más cauto inclinarse por la alternativa? En el presente estudio trataré de arrojar algo más de luz sobre todas estas cuestiones que, con el tiempo, han llegado a constituirse en uno de los aspectos más confusos de la historia de Norteamérica. Para ello, he creído conveniente hacer un breve recorrido que trasladará al lector a las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII, asistiendo así al nacimiento de la que será una de las principales potencias del mundo contemporáneo. En este trayecto, analizaremos las ansias expansionistas que motivarán la difusión de la creencia en el Destino Manifiesto, así como los principales motivos que llevaban a los estadounidenses a iniciar un viaje de muchos riesgos y de pocas garantías. En el primer y segundo capítulo analizaré con mayor detalle todas estas cuestiones, que nos servirán a modo de prólogo de las dos secciones que vendrán después y que a su vez nos permitirán analizar, por un lado, el debate que tanto divide a los académicos de la Frontera, y por otro, los crímenes y formas de violencia que tan presentes estaban en las vidas de muchos de los habitantes de la región. No se trata tanto de una cruzada por desmontar el mito, sino más bien de mostrar los hechos tal y como sucedieron y quedaron debidamente recogidos en los registros de la historia, una en la que todos son los protagonistas y no solo las bandas de criminales y los bandidos más famosos a los que la televisión y el cine nos tienen tan acostumbrados. El recorrido hasta llegar aquí ha sido largo y difícil, sin ninguna duda, pero tan solo por la enorme cantidad de información que he podido aprender y por todos los nuevos horizontes que he descubierto en la elaboración de este trabajo, sólo por eso, ha merecido la pena. Espero que el lector disfrute de este viaje, tanto como yo lo he hecho elaborando cada una de las paradas del breve trayecto que está a punto de comenzar. Sin más preámbulos, sea bienvenido al Oeste Americano del siglo XIX. 6 Crimen y violencia en el Oeste Americano del siglo XIX 1. El Salvaje Oeste, un horizonte de promesas y peligros “I was born in the Allegheny Mountains –Greeg County, Pa., to be exact– Feb. 28, 1860. When I was seven years old, my parents loaded us on a boat at Wheeling W. Va., The 'go West young man' fever had them”1. Entrevista de Effie L. Jackson a Sherman Ackley. 1849-1850. La Historia de los Estados Unidos como tal, tiene sus orígenes en el siglo XVIII, cuando se produce la sublevación de las Trece Colonias, un hecho que se extenderá desde 1775 hasta 1783, cuando estas consiguen finalmente la ansiada independencia de la metrópoli británica. En 1787 redactan su propia constitución y en 1791 aprueban la célebre Carta de Derechos o Bill of Rights, garantizando de esta manera una serie de derechos y libertades, así como un amplio respaldo de protecciones legales para los ciudadanos estadounidenses. En realidad, estamos asistiendo al nacimiento de lo que más tarde será una de las principales potencias del mundo contemporáneo. Una potencia que, durante este momento, contaba con trece estados y algo más de un millón de kilómetros cuadrados de extensión. El deseo de expandir las fronteras pronto se convertirá en necesidad y la necesidad, en obsesión. Estas ideas, acabarán materializándose en lo que por entonces se denominó Destino Manifiesto, una creencia popular según la cual, la Divina Providencia eligió a Estados Unidos sobre el resto de países para que alcanzase un desarrollo sin igual, al tiempo que ampliaba sus territorios a lo largo y ancho de Norteamérica2. Este hecho, que respondía más bien a las propias circunstancias sociopolíticas del momento, caló hondo en las mentalidades de la época. Así, un gran número de personas no dudaron en aportar su grano de arena trasladándose al desconocido y lejano Oeste en busca de nuevas oportunidades. Estos individuos recibieron el nombre de pioneros, es decir, las primeras personas en establecerse en el territorio que iba más allá del río Mississippi y las Grandes Llanuras, por motivos distintos a los comerciales o militares. A ellos no solo se les puede atribuir la fundación de algunas de las ciudades y campamentos más representativos del Oeste, sino que también podemos considerarles iniciadores de esos procesos constantes de 1 S. Ackley, What an old pioneer told, reproducción en formato electrónico, Vol. 1, Western History Collections, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, p. 1. Recuperado de https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/cdm/ref/collection/indianpp/id/2960
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mining Wars: Corporate Expansion and Labor Violence in the Western Desert, 1876-1920
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2009 Mining wars: Corporate expansion and labor violence in the Western desert, 1876-1920 Kenneth Dale Underwood University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Latin American History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Underwood, Kenneth Dale, "Mining wars: Corporate expansion and labor violence in the Western desert, 1876-1920" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1377091 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MINING WARS: CORPORATE EXPANSION AND LABOR VIOLENCE IN THE WESTERN DESERT, 1876-1920 by Kenneth Dale Underwood Bachelor of Arts University of Southern California 1992 Master
    [Show full text]
  • Cause for Mormon Gentile Conflict
    the political kingdom of god as a cause for mormon gentile conflict KLAUS HANSEN the afternoon of october 30 1838 saw one of the most brutal butcheriesbutcheries of men and children ever to occur in the annals of the state of missouri at about four 0 clock relates joseph young one of the eyewitnesses a large company of armed men on horses advanced towards a mill on shoal creek where about thirty mormon families had gathered for refuge defensel- ess the saints scattered some into the woods others into a blacksmith shop overtaken by the mob nineteen men and boys were killed a dozen wounded one nine year old boy had found refuge under the bellows discovered by a mobster the child was killed by a gun blast in the head boasted the butcher after- wards aitsnits will make lice and if he had lived he would have become a mormon the shots of the haun s mill massacre were to keep ringing in the ears of the saints reminding them that satan was fighting with real bullets against the kingdom of god a kingdom that if it was not of this world nevertheless marched vigorously and militantly in it persecution then was to be expected it had been with the church from the publication of joseph smith s first revelation it was to continue throughout the history of the church in the nineteenth century joseph himself was to sealseat his testimony with his blood even the exodus to the rocky mountains would not silence the voice of persecution not until the saints had submitted to the government demands for the abolition of plural marriage was the conflict between
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Mormon History Vol. 13, 1986
    Journal of Mormon History Volume 13 Issue 1 Article 1 1986 Journal of Mormon History Vol. 13, 1986 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/mormonhistory Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation (1986) "Journal of Mormon History Vol. 13, 1986," Journal of Mormon History: Vol. 13 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/mormonhistory/vol13/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Mormon History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Mormon History Vol. 13, 1986 Table of Contents • --Mormon Women, Other Women: Paradoxes and Challenges Anne Firor Scott, 3 • --Strangers in a Strange Land: Heber J. Grant and the Opening of the Japanese Mission Ronald W. Walker, 21 • --Lamanism, Lymanism, and Cornfields Richard E. Bennett, 45 • --Mormon Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Polynesia Carol Cornwall Madsen, 61 • --The Federal Bench and Priesthood Authority: The Rise and Fall of John Fitch Kinney's Early Relationship with the Mormons Michael W. Homer, 89 • --The 1903 Dedication of Russia for Missionary Work Kahlile Mehr, 111 • --Between Two Cultures: The Mormon Settlement of Star Valley, Wyoming Dean L.May, 125 Keywords 1986-1987 This full issue is available in Journal of Mormon History: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/mormonhistory/vol13/iss1/ 1 Journal of Mormon History Editorial Staff LEONARD J. ARRINGTON, Editor LOWELL M. DURHAM, Jr., Assistant Editor ELEANOR KNOWLES, Assistant Editor FRANK McENTIRE, Assistant Editor MARTHA ELIZABETH BRADLEY, Assistant Editor JILL MULVAY DERR, Assistant Editor Board of Editors MARIO DE PILLIS (1988), University of Massachusetts PAUL M.
    [Show full text]
  • Political History of Nevada: Chapter 3
    Political History of Nevada Chapter 3 Historical and Political Data 91 CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL DATA Historical and Political Data: Territorial Governments Through Statehood Reviewed and Updated by ART PALMER Former Research Director of the Legislative Counsel Bureau (LCB) and Former Director of the LCB GUY ROCHA Former Nevada State Archivist ROBERT E. ERICKSON Former Research Director of the LCB In the beginning, the region now occupied by the State of Nevada was held by Data Historical the Goshute, Mojave, Paiute, Shoshone and Washoe Indians and claimed by the Spanish Empire until the early 1800s. Th e northern extent of the Spanish claim was defi ned as the 42nd parallel in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain. Th is north latitude line serves currently as Nevada’s northern boundary with Oregon and Idaho. Spanish explorations into this region have never been documented clearly enough to establish any European party constituting the earliest expedition into Nevada. If in fact there was some penetration, it must have been by the Spanish in the southernmost portion of our state, possibly as early as 1776. In 1821 Mexico won its war of independence from Spain and gained control over all the former Spanish territory in the area of what is now our “South-West.” Spain had done nothing to occupy or control what is now Nevada, a vast region virtually “terra incognita,” having no permanent non-Indian population and considered barren, arid and inhospitable. Quite understandably, the Spanish concentrated on settlements and nominal control in the more accessible and better-known coastal regions of the Californias and New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Teachers' Guide
    BECOMING UTAH: A PEOPLES’ JOURNEY A Guide for Educators with Supplemental Resources Emma Moss | Cassandra Clark | Wendy Rex-Atzet Utah Division of State History | December 2020 > history.utah.gov OVERVIEW: On January 4, 1896, after a forty-eight-year struggle, Utah became the 45th state to enter the Union. Utah’s path to statehood was complicated and often controversial, which makes its journey an important American story. Utah’s leaders applied for statehood seven times—and failed six times—over five decades. To achieve the political status of statehood, Utahns had to confront weighty cultural, political, and social issues and overcome differences among the state’s diverse communities. While statehood marks an important moment, it is Utah’s people who have defined this place. Long before 1896, diverse peoples shaped what the state became by working to build its towns, industries, economies, and communities. Not all Utahns were represented politically before, or after, 1896. However, Utah’s people worked toward equality and legal representation. Utah’s journey to statehood and beyond shows how many groups contributed to building Utah, and also how they raised their voices to secure political, legal, religious, social, and cultural rights. CONNECTIONS TO STATE STANDARDS: 4th Grade Social Studies Standards Standard 2 - Objective 2 - Describe ways that Utah has changed over time. a. Identify key events and trends in Utah history and their significance (e.g. American Indian settlement, European exploration, Mormon settlement, westward expansion, American Indian relocation, statehood, development of industry, World War I and II). b. Compare the experiences faced by today’s immigrants with those faced by immigrants in Utah’s history.
    [Show full text]
  • Mormons: Brigham Young, Salt Lake City Teaching
    CK_5_TH_HG_P231_324.QXD 2/13/06 1:55 PM Page 247 prairie schooners, were small, four-wheeled vehicles with canvas tops and wood- en bodies. They were light enough so that they would not sink easily into the soft prairie sod. Teams of oxen, rather than horses, often pulled the wagons. Horses were faster but not as strong or hardy as oxen. Some pioneers, including women, traveled west alone. Others traveled in small groups, either on foot or on horseback. The most common arrangement was for several families to travel together in an organized wagon train. An experienced Teaching Idea leader, or an elected head assisted by guides, would take command of the group. Create an overhead of Instructional Land Routes: Santa Fe Trail and Oregon Trail Master 32, Going West. Have students Between 1840 and 1860, more than 250,000 people went west. Most settlers identify the states through which went to the Oregon Territory and California. The most famous route was the each trail passed. If necessary, have Oregon Trail, which began in Independence, Missouri, and crossed 2,000 miles of students use the map on Instructional plains, mountains, and rivers. In southern Idaho, the trail diverged. Those want- Master 31, The Lewis and Clark ing to go to California followed the California Trail through northern Nevada into Expedition. California’s Sacramento Valley. The ruts cut by thousands of wagon wheels can Have students relate the areas still be seen along parts of the Oregon Trail. 50 that the trails passed through to the Louisiana Territory and to Zebulon The even older Santa Fe Trail went from Independence, Missouri, to the former Pike’s explorations.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSTITUTIONS of the STATE of FRANKLIN, the INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC and the STATE of DESERET Edwin R
    [Vol. 101 THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE OF FRANKLIN, THE INDIAN STREAM REPUBLIC AND THE STATE OF DESERET Edwin R. Keedy t STATE OF FRANKLIN North Carolina adopted its first Constitution in 1776. At that time its territory extended westward to the Mississippi River. In June, 1784, the General Assembly voted to cede the territory west of the Cumberland Mountains to the Continental Congress.' As a direct and immediate result of this action 2 delegates from three counties west of the mountains,3 at a convention held in Jonesborough on August 23, 1784, declared these counties to be independent of North Carolina ' and voted for the creation of a new state, the State of Franklin.' In De- cember of the same year a convention, also held at Jonesborough, adopted a formal Declaration of Independence ' and a provisional Con- t Professor of Law Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania. 1. HAYWOOD, CIVIL AND PoLITrcAL HIsToRY OF TENNESSEE 148 (1823). The Continental Congress had urged Virginia and North Carolina to cede their western lands, but it is generally agreed that the cession by North Carolina was for the benefit of land speculators. ABERNETHY, FROM FRONTIER TO PLANTATION IN TENNESSEE 67 (1932). 2. ABERNETHY, op. cit. supra note 1, at 57. 3. Washington, Sullivan and Greene. 4. WiLaiAms, THE LOST STATE OF FRANKLIN 29 (1924). 5. AmmNTr Y, op. cit. mipra note 1, at 69. The North Carolina Assembly re- pealed the act of cession in November, 1784. RAmsEY, ANNALS OF TENNESSEE 290 (1853). 6. DEcLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE "Your committee appointed to collect and adjust the reason which impels us to declare ourselves Independent of North Carolina Report as follows (to wit) Whereas we the freedmen inhabitants of part of the Country included in the limits of an Act of North Carolina Ceding certain vacant Territory to Congress; have declared ourselves Independent of North Carolina a decent respect to the opinions of mankind make it proper that we should manifest to the world the reasons which Induced us to a declaration, which are as follows.- "First.
    [Show full text]
  • Governors of Utah from the Journal of Andrew Fjeld
    Governors of Utah From the Journal of Andrew Fjeld Utah has been ruled under four Governments: Ecclesiastical in its first years, Provisional, Territorial and State. Ecclesiastical After leading the original Pioneers into the valley, Brigham Young remained but a short time before going back to Winter Quarters where he remained during the winter. Before leaving the valley he organized a High Council with Uncle John Smith as Stake President. Uncle John was on the plains and had not arrived in the valley when this action was taken. On his arrival, Uncle John, as he was generally called, immediately assumed his duties as the presiding authority of the little fast growing colony in the valley. During the Winter of 1847 and 8, all matters civil, religious, or otherwise were handled in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, by this High Council with Uncle John Smith at the head. On his second trip across the plains, Brigham Young led a company consisting of over six hundred wagons and nearly two thousand souls, with their accompanying goods and chattels. He arrived in the valley in September 1848. When Brigham Young came into the valley this time he came as the duly chosen President of the Church with Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards as his Counselors. He now presided over all matters in the valley as well as the whole western region. This form of government continued up until the 12th of March, 1849. A period of one year and eight months. Provisional In February 1849, a call was issued for a political convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Wyoming Pre-Statehood Legal Materials: an Annotated Bibliography - Part II
    Wyoming Law Review Volume 7 Number 2 Wyoming Energy Symposium Article 4 January 2007 Wyoming Pre-Statehood Legal Materials: An Annotated Bibliography - Part II Debora A. Person Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr Recommended Citation Person, Debora A. (2007) "Wyoming Pre-Statehood Legal Materials: An Annotated Bibliography - Part II," Wyoming Law Review: Vol. 7 : No. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr/vol7/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wyoming Law Review by an authorized editor of Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. Person: Wyoming Pre-Statehood Legal Materials: An Annotated Bibliography WYOMING LAW REVIEW VOLUME 7 2007 NUMBER 2 WYOMING PRE-STATEHOOD LEGAL MATERIALS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY-PART II DeboraA. Person* INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 334 1. FOREIGN SOVEREIGNTIES ................................................................... 334 General Reference Sources .....................................................................339 II. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL LAw ........................................................... 339 England ..............................................................................................340 France ................................................................................................341 Spain ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost State of Franklin: America's First Secession
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 2009 The Lost State of Franklin: America's First Secession Kevin T. Barksdale Marshall University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Barksdale, Kevin T., "The Lost State of Franklin: America's First Secession" (2009). United States History. 30. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/30 Th e Lost State of Fra nk lin NEW DIRECTIONS IN SOUTHERN HISTORY SERIES EDITORS Peter S. Carmichael, West Virginia University Michele Gillespie, Wake Forest University William A. Link, University of Florida Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina Mark L. Bradley Becoming Bourgeois: Merchant Culture in the South, 1820 –1865 Frank J. Byrne Lum and Abner: Rural America and the Golden Age of Radio Randal L. Hall Entangled by White Supremacy: Reform in World War I–era South Carolina Janet G. Hudson Th e View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers edited by Aaron Sheehan-Dean Southern Farmers and Th eir Stories: Memory and Meaning in Oral History Melissa Walker Th e Lost State of Frank lin America’s First Secession Kevin T. Bark sda le The University Press of Kentucky Copyright © 2009 by Th e University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2010 Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Th e Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Utah Black Hawk War 1865-1871
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-1969 The Utah Black Hawk War 1865-1871 Deloy J. Spencer Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Spencer, Deloy J., "The Utah Black Hawk War 1865-1871" (1969). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 600. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/600 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UTAH BLACK HAWK WAR 1865-1871 by DeJoy J Spencer A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Social Science Plan B UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1969 Black Hawk and his redskin band, Was a terror in the land, Proud he was the Indian chief, Who could live on Mormon beef. F. Christensen PREFACE From 1865 until 1871 the Territory of Utah was the scene of a little­ known war. The Ute and Piute Indians responding to pressure of white settlers devastated much of Utah south of Spanish Fork. During the first three years of warfare the Mormon Settlements south of the Utah Valley struggled to exist. The next three years saw improving conditions but a continuation of raids by the Navaho in the south. This was a private war.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Utah
    HISTORY OF UT A H Ellie I. Leydsman McGinty Numic- or Shoshonean- speaking cultures of the Uto-Az- tecan language family began to enter the Great Basin re- NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS gion from Death Valley sometime after A.D. 1000. They Prior to Euro-American settlement, the Great Basin-Colo- evolved into four distinct groups: the Northern Shoshone, rado Plateau region was inhabited by Native American In- Goshute or Western Shoshone, Southern Paiute, and Ute dians. Anthropologists, archeologists, and historians have (Lewis, 1994a). The Northern Shoshone, a culture that identified several Indian cultures, including the Desert, occupied northern Utah, southern Idaho, and Wyoming, Basket Maker, Pueblo, Fremont, Ute, Paiute, Goshute, were hunter-gatherers who adopted many traits of the no- Shoshoni, and Navajo (Tyler, 1989). The earliest known madic Plains Indians through trade (Tyler, 1989). Their inhabitants were primitive nomadic hunter-gatherers of diet consisted of fish and waterfowl found in the Bear, the Desert Culture who occupied the region between Weber, and Snake river drainages, as well as grouse, large 10,000 B.C. and A.D. 400 (Lewis, 1994a). game, beavers, badgers, and rabbits (Rogers, 2000). The Goshute (Kusiutta) inhabited the arid and formidable Beginning in A.D. 400, the Anasazi Culture began to desert regions to the southwest of the Great Salt Lake. The move into present-day southeastern Utah from south of Goshute were proficient and adaptive hunter-gatherers, as the Colorado River. Anasazi, a Navajo word which means they had an understanding of growing cycles, variations “the ancient ones,” refers to the early Anasazi period Bas- in climate, and animal distribution patterns.
    [Show full text]