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Contemporary Perspectives on Natural Law

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Contemporary Perspectives on Natural Law 1 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL LAW 2 [Dedication/series information/blank page] 3 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL LAW NATURAL LAW AS A LIMITING CONCEPT 4 [Copyright information supplied by Ashgate] 5 CONTENTS Note on the sources and key to abbreviations and translations Introduction Part One The Concept of Natural Law 1. Ana Marta González. Natural Law as a Limiting Concept. A Reading of Thomas Aquinas Part Two Historical Studies 2. Russell Hittinger. Natural Law and the Human City 3. Juan Cruz. The Formal Foundation of Natural Law in the Golden Age. Vázquez and Suárez’s case 4. Knud Haakonssen. Natural Law without Metaphysics. A Protestant Tradition 5. Jeffrey Edwards. Natural Law and Obligation in Hutcheson and Kant 6. María Jesús Soto–Bruna. Spontaneity and the Law of Nature. Leibniz and the Precritical Kant 7. Alejandro Vigo. Kant’s Conception of Natural Right 8. Montserrat Herrero. The Right of Freedom Regarding Nature in G. W. F. Hegel’s Philosophy of Right 6 Part Three Controversial Issues about Natural Law 9. Alfredo Cruz. Natural Law and Practical Philosophy. The Presence of a Theological Concept in Moral Knowledge 10. Alejandro Llano. First Principles and Practical Philosophy 11. Christopher Martin. The Relativity of Goodness: a Prolegomenon to a Rapprochement between Virtue Ethics and Natural Law Theory 12. Urbano Ferrer. Does the Naturalistic Fallacy Reach Natural Law? 13. Carmelo Vigna. Human Universality and Natural Law Part Four Natural Law and Science 14. Richard Hassing. Difficulties for Natural Law Based on Modern Conceptions of Nature 15. John Deely. Evolution, Semiosis, and Ethics: Rethinking the Context of Natural Law 16. David S. Oderberg. Teleology: Inorganic and Organic 17. Robert Spaemann. The Unrelinquishability of Teleology 7 Key to Abbreviations Aristotle EE = Eudemian Ethics De An. = De anima Metaph. = Metaphysics NE = Nichomachean Ethics Phys. = Physics Thomas Aquinas De malo = Quaestiones disputatae de malo. Opera omnia, vol. 23 (Rome/Louvain: Leonine Commission/Editori de San Tommaso, 1976. De pot. = De potentia, in Quaestiones disputatae, vol. 2 ed. P. Pession (Rome and Turin: Marietti, 1953). De princ. Nat. = De principiis naturae ad Fratrem Sylvestrum. Opera omnia, vol. 43 (Rome: Leonine Commission/Editori di San Tommaso, 1976), pp. 1– 47. De ver. = Quaestiones disputatae de veritate. Opera omnia, vol. 22 (Rome: Leonine Commission/Editori di San Tommaso, 1970–1975). In Ethic = Sentenia libri Ethicorum. Opera omnia, vol. 47 (Rome: Leonine Commission, 1969). 8 In Phys. = In octos libros Physicorum Aristotelis expositio, ed. P.M. Maggiòlo (Turin and Rome: Marietti, 1965) [contains Leonine Commission text of 1884]. In Pol. = Sententia libri Politicorum. Opera omnia, vol. 48 (Rome: Leonine Commission, 1971). In Sent. = Commentum in quatuor libros Sententiarum Magistri Petri Lombardi. Opera omnia, vols. 6–7 (Parma: Typis Petri Fiaccadori, 1856–1858). In Trin. = Super Boetium De Trinitate. Opera omnia, vol. 50 (Rome and Paris: Leonine Commission and Les Éditions du Cerf, 1992), pp. 1–230. SCG = Summa contra gentiles sive De Veritate Catholicae Fidei contra errores Infidelium. Opera omnia, vols. 13–14 (Rome: Leonine Commission, 1926). ST = Summa theologiae. Opera omnia, vols. 4–7 (Rome: Leonine Commission, 1888–1892). Super II Cor. = Super Epistolas S. Pauli lectura, t. 1: Super secundam Epistolam ad Corinthios lectura, 8th edn. (Turin and Rome: Marietti, 1953), pp. 437–561. Ioannes Duns Scotus 9 Ox = Opus Oxoniense. Opera omnia, ed. Editio nova iuxta editionem Waddingi... recognita (26 vols. Paris: apud Ludovicum Vivés, 1893). Ord = Ordinatio. Opera omnia, ed. Commissionis Scotisticae ad fidem codicum edita (Civitas Vaticana: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1950 ff). William of Ockham Op. Theol. / Op. Philos. = Opera philosophica et theologica ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum edita, ed. Instituti Franciscani (10 vols., New York: St. Bonaventure University, 1980). Sum. Nat. Philos. = Summa Philosophiae Naturalis, in Opera philosophica et theologica ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum edita, ed. Instituti Franciscani (10 vols., New York: St. Bonaventure University, 1980), vol VI, ed. Stephanus Brown (New York: St. Bonaventure University, 1984), pp. 137–396. Francisco Suárez De legibus = Commentaria ac disputationes in primam secundae D. Thomae, de legibus seu legislatore Deo. Tractatus de legibus, utriusque form hominibus utilis, in decem libros dividitur quorum quinque ultimos in hoc tomo reperie, in R.P. Francisci Suarez e Societate Jesu opera omnia, ed. Nova a D. M. André (28 vols., Paris, Ludovicum Vivés, 1856–1878), vols. V and VI, ed. Carolo Berton (Paris, Ludovicum Vivés, 1856). 10 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz GP = Die philosophischen Schriften, ed. C. I. Gerhardt (7 vols, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1965). Grua= Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Textes inédits, d’àpres les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque provinciales de Hanovre, ed. Gaston Grua (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948). Francis Hutcheson IBV = An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, ed. Wolfgang Leidhold (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1725, 2004). Richard Cumberland DLN = De legibus naturae disquisitio philosophica (London: 1672). Immanuel Kant1 GMS = Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785, 2nd ed. 1786), in Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften (24 vols., Berlin, 1902– ), vol. IV, ed. Paul Menzer (Berlin, 1911), pp. 386–463. 1 Apart from the the Kritik der reinen Vernunft all references to Kant are to page number and volume of Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, edited by the Akademie der Wissenschaften: Immanuel Kant, Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften (24 vols, Berlin, 1902 ff.). References to the Kritik der reinen Vernunft are to the A and B pagination of the first and second editions. 11 KpV = Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788), in Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften (24 vols, Berlin, 1902– ), vol. V, ed. ed. Paul Natorp (Berlin, 1913), pp. 1–163. KrV = Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781, 2nd edn 1787), ed. Jens Timmerman (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1998). MdS = Metaphysik der Sitten (1797) in Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften (24 vols, Berlin, 1902– ), vol. VI, ed. Paul Natorp (Berlin, 1914), pp. 203–491. Rechtslehre = Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre (1797), Metaphysik der Sitten, Erster Teil, ed. Bernd Ludwig, 2nd rev. edn (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1998). Religion= Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft (1793), ), in Kant’s gesammelte Schriften, ed. Akademie der Wissenschaften (24 vols, Berlin, 1902– ), vol. VI, ed. Georg Wobbermin (Berlin, 1914), pp. 1–202. Tugendlehre = Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre (1797), ed. Bernd Ludwig (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1990). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Enzyklopädie = Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse (1830), Gesammelte Werke XX, (Hamburg: Meiner, 1992). Grundlinien = Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, (Hamburg: Meiner, 1995). For English quotes from this work by 12 Hegel, we have used the translation by H. B. Nisbet for Cambridge University Press, 1991. Philosophische Propädeutik = Philosophische Propädeutik, Gymnasialreden und Gutachten über den Philosophie–Unterricht, in Sämtliche Werke III, (Stuttgart: Frommann–Holzboog, 1961). Geschichte der Philosophie = Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie, in Sämtliche Werke XVIII (Stuttgart–Bad Cannstatt: Frommann, 1965) Glöckner–Ausg. System der Philosophie I = System der Philosophie I, in Sämtliche Werke VIII (Stuttgart–Bad Cannstatt: Frommann, 1964) Glöckner–Ausg. Other abreviations Other abreviations used (some already mentioned) are the following a. = article c. = corpus (body of an article or solution) cap. = capitulum (chapter) col. = column d. = distinction ll. = lines 13 INTRODUCTION In recent years, we have witnessed a new revival of the theory of natural law, together with increasing scholarship on modern natural law. It is true that, as Rommen put it, the theory of natural law is bound to come up again and again at the core of moral theory1, particularly in times of cultural crisis2. Among the factors explaining its periodic revival is that it seems to promise a clear moral criterion in a world affected by moral ambiguities and disagreement. That such promise is not a vain illusion of our reason, or a moral appeal without legal or political consequence, is part of the challenges natural law theorists should confront. As we know, natural law was first invoked by the Stoics as a means of providing people with a moral reference, at a moment marked by deep political transformation: the emergence of Alexander‘s Empire involved the decadence of the polis as a moral context for individual action, without providing an adequate political replacement; this meant that the relevance of individual actions had to be sought elsewhere. While Aristotle had still approached eudaimonia from the perspective of the citizen of the polis, Stoicism introduced a new, more universalistic approach, in which the moral relevant factor was not common citizenship but common human nature3. Of course, this 1 See Rommen, H., Die ewige wiederkehr des Naturrechts, Leipzig, Hegner, 1936. 2 ‗In moments of crisis, it is true, natural law flowers briefly. John Locke summoned natural law in defence of Whig interests against the claims of monarchy. So also did the American revolutionaries in their struggle against the crown. After World War II natural law emerged as
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