Foreign tourists visiting the Ming Tombs enjoy a souvenir photo of them• selves dressed in imperial clothing. These two tourists laugh it up as they pretend to be "emperor and empress of the Ming Dynasty." Photo by Shi Li R ^-jr' VOL. 33, NO. 30 JUtY 23-29,1990

.Intelleetuals Contribute to Modernization CONTENTS • Respecting knowledge and talent is the watchword in China, and the government makes it a point to raise the political and EVENTS/TRENDS 4-7 social status of intellectuals, improve their working and living Easing Sanctions Takes More Than conditions and encourage them to play their part in socialist Words modernization, (p. 13). Companies Slashed by One-Third Sino-CanadianTies: Dispelling Clouds Willingness to Ease Sanctions not Enougli Power Transition Without a Hitch Chinese Win IMO Title • Speaking at a recent State Council plenary meeting, Chinese Over 30,000 Back From Abroad Premier Li Peng said that a willingness on the part of the seven Anti-Drug War Makes Headway industrial nations to ease sanctions against China doesn't go Multi-Party Ties Stressed Again far enough. He also said that China's economy has generally China Launches Heavy Duty Rocket taken a turn for the better, and another record harvest of China Sets Up New Launching Pad summer grain has been reaped, (p. 4).

INTERNATIONAL Biased Economic Order Hurts Poor Countries Problems Surrounding German Unification 8 • North-South economic disparity, the result of an irrational Iran-Iraq Negotiations Take Favourable Turn 9 international economic order, has proved a major obstacle to Biased Economic Order Hurts Poor the development of economically backward countries. Only a Countries 10 shift in the current economic order can lift poor countries out Latin America Speeding Towards of abject poverty and boost the world economy on a sound Integration 11 basis, (p. 10). CHINA Intellectuals Contribute to Forest Protection Tightened Modernization 13 Protecting Consumer Rights 17 • Through legal, economic and technical means, China has Forest Protection Strengthened 22 achieved tangible results in its move to protect forest re• sources. There has been a crackdown on indiscriminate felling PICTORIAL Centrefold of trees; forest fire hot-spots are carefully watched; the out• Chinese Intellectuals break of a variety of diseases and insect pests is being prevent• 26 ed, (p. 22). BOOKS 27-29 BUSINESS/TRADE Safeguarding Consumer Rigltts 30-31 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS • Along with the rapid economic growth since 1979, violations 32-34 of consumer rights have become a common occurrance. To CULTURE/SCIENCE protect consumer rights, consumer organizations have been set COVERi Feng Changgen (second left), a professor of the mechanical engineering up to handle a wide range of complaints. On International department of the Beijing Institute of Consumer Day, March 15, various publicity activities were Science and Engineering, and his stu• organized as China demonstrated its determination to protect dents in the laboratory. consumer rights and interests (p. 17). Photo by Xn juncliao

General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rates (1 year): Tel; 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia A.$30.50 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of China New Zealand.. NZ.$40.50 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK.. £16.50 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA US$30.50 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada. Can.$30.50 EVENTS/TRENDS

marketing sector. Figures from 30 provinces Easing Sanctions Taices More Than Words and municipalities showed that 88.8 percent of all enter• hinese Premier Li Peng the premier said the economy prises affiliated with govern• told a recent State has generally taken a turn for ment or Party organizations C Council plenary meet• the better thanks to the effort were closed or merged, while ing that a willingness on the that began early this year to the rest were taken away from part of the seven industrial na• rectify the economy and dee• their original owners. tions to ease sanctions against pen the reform. Since March, The figures also indicate China doesn't go far enough. China's industrial production that 96.4 percent of all 49,300 "We have taken notice of has registered a gradual recov• the fact that the seven West• ery, Li said. Party and government offi• cials who currently held posts ern countries expressed will• He also noted that anoth• in the companies have given ingness at their recent econo• er record harvest of summer mic summit in Houston, the grain has been reaped. The to• up such posts, while the rest United States, to loosen their tal output is expected to reach will do so after they finish sanctions against China," Li 98 million tons, an increase of their contracted duties in said. "This step, however, is four million tons over 1989. foreign-related firms. not yet big enough." For the second half of this During the screening, 95,- Noting that China is a de• yeajr, Li said that interest rates 827 cases of criminal offences veloping country with a large on loans will be lowered to a were uncovered among the population, Li said his country moderate level at a suitable companies, and so far investi• is willing to develop friend• time in order to reduce the gations into more than 90 per• ly and co-operative relations burden of enterprises and cent of those cases have been with all countries on the bas• create a more relaxed environ• completed. is of the Five Principles of ment for them. At the same China first started screening Peaceful Coexistence, and im• time, it will be necessary to state-run companies in 1985, prove its relations with West• introduce differential rates in cutting the number of com• ern countries. order to effect a rational in• panies to 180,000 from 320,- What China has done over dustrial setup. The banks, he 000 in a year's time. the past year is testimony to added, will provide adequate The State Administration the world that it will never loans for industries to reno• for Industry and Commerce, barter away principles or yield vate and replace their equip• which oversees the screening to foreign pressure, the pre• ment. effort, issued a statement con• mier said. Any country at• Prices will remain basically cerning the liquidation and tempting to isolate China will stable, the premier said, with settlement of those companies harm not only China, but the the rate of increase staying be• closed or merged on July 6 country itself as well. low 10 percent for the entire requiring governments at all The reason China is able to year. • levels to publicize the names stand firm in a complicated and changeable world situa• of the closed or merged com• tion, Li said, is that it has Companies Siashed panies and the methods used. maintained its domestic politi• By One-Third The document also required cal, economic and social stabil• that companies to be closed or ity. hina's efforts to screen merged must, starting from "Only by running domestic its state-run companies the first day they are given affairs well can we further C since the second half of official notice, stop all ac• break the economic sanctions 1988 have yielded remarkable tivities except clearing and create a more favourable results. Nearly one-third of work, which is to be completed international environment for the nation's companies, or within three months. the country's modernization 102,177 to be exact, had been Foreign-funded and private drive," he said. closed or merged by the end of enterprises and companies will Reviewing the domestic eco• April, 1990. Of those compan• not be affected by the screen• nomic and reform situation. ies, 55.3 percent were in the ing work. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 EVENTS/TRENDS

Sino-Canadian Ties: inflation. Chinese Win He also said that it was ap• Dispelling Clouds propriate for China to give IMO Title priority to agricultural prod• n a meeting with former uction. • r»^he Chinese team took the Canadian prime minister I title in the 31st In- I Pierre Trudeau on July 10 ternational Mathemat• in Beijing, Chinese Premier Li Power Transition ics Olympiad (IMO) with a to• Peng said there are some dif• Without a Hitch tal score of 230. ficulties in the current Sino- Teams from 54 countries Canadian relations, but "the ounger and competent and regions, including China, dark clouds will soon be leaders fully supported the United States, the Soviet cleared away." Y by veteran revolutionar• Union, West Germany, Ger• Trudeau, who was on his ies are a guarantee of long- man Democratic Republic, eighth visit to China, arrived term stability and develop• Hungary and Romania, com• in Beijing on July 9 at the ment in China, said Chinese peted in this year's IMO in invitation of the Chinese Peo• Vice-President Wang Zhen. Beijing on July 11-12. The So• ple's Institute for Foreign Af• The vice-president made the viet team ranked second. fairs. comment during a meeting This is the first time an The Chinese premier ex• with a delegation from the De• Asian country hosted the pressed his appreciation of mocratic Union of Central worlds's highest-level maths Trudeau's contributions to the Africa's National Assembly competition. Sino-Canadian friendship both headed by its president, Mich• In 1985, China, for the first during his 16 years as prime el Docko. The incumbent Par• time, sent two high school stu• minister and after his retire• ty leaders, including General dents to participate in the ment from Canadian politics, Secretary Jiang Zemin and maths Olympiad, bringing and hoped he would make new Premier Li Peng, are in their home a bronze medal. contributions to restore and prime years; and they have Last year, China grabbed develop co-operative relations been chosen by the "second- four gold and two silver med• between the two countries. generation leadership" with als at the IMO, becoming the Trudeau said he was glad to Deng Xiaoping as its core, first Asian country to win the visit China as the two coun• Wang explained. overall championship. tries marked the 20th anniver• The new leadership has This time, however, two of sary of the establishment of proved to be competent and the six Chinese, competitors diplomatic ties. He said he has won respect from the peo• got the full score of 42. And shared Li's hope for new pro• ple, he added. mathematics experts said that gress in bilateral relations. "We veterans spare no ef• the questions for this year are During their talks, Li forts to support them in their the most difficult in IMO his• briefed Trudeau on China's work, along with their still- tory. • current economic situation younger subordinates at the and the economic retrench• provincial and lower levels," ment policies in an effort to Wang said. "This is an impor• Over 30,000 combine a planned economy tant guarantee for our long- Back From Abroad with market regulation. term stability and develop• Li noted that China would ment." bout 33,000 Chinese stu• emphasize the readjustment of "We are fully confident dents who went abroad the economic structure and an about building socialism with A for advanced studies increase in efficiency as the Chinese characteristics and had returned to China by the next step in economic develop• are bound to achieve our goal end of 1989, according to ment. to carry the cause pioneered Wang Zhongda, an official of Trudeau said he appreciated by the revolutionary veterans the State Education Commis• the progress China had made —Mao Zedong, , sion. in its 10-year reform and the Liu Shaoqi and Zhu De—to its Wang said last year saw a measures the Chinese govern• eventual success," Wang said. total of 1,000 Chinese scho• ment had taken in controlling lars back despite the turmoil

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1996 5 EVENTS/TRENDS

of last June. And the proper tive way to introduce into Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, assignment of work for them China advanced foreign know• Guangxi and Guangdong, but has been given top priority by ledge, science and technology indications are that the trend various government agencies and managerial experience is spreading towards the and departments. and as a way to train highly Chinese interior. "We hope our research qualified professionals. So far, at least 146 resi• achievements abroad will be Wang Zhongda reaffirmed dents in border areas of west• put into practice in China," that the Chinese government ern Yunnan have been tested said Zhang Hailan, a research• will continue to send talent• positive with Aids virus, due er at the Chinese Academy of ed people abroad in order to to communal use of contami• Sciences who finished his stu• promote China's economic de• nated syringes for intraven• dies in Britain. velopment. • ous drug injection, the public To Professor Hu Shaoxue health official said. of Qinghua University who The number of drug-related had been a visiting scholar in Anti-Drug War crimes, such as larceny and Oxford University and to 215 robbery, is also reportedly ris• other students who have re• Makes Headway ing in these areas. turned from Britain over the Gu told the conference that past two years, it was simply ast year, China seized a the Chinese government has a matter-of-course to go home total of 290 kilogrammes been taking drastic measures "because there is lots of work I of opium and 560 kilo• to crack down on drug abuse waiting for us to do." grammes of heroin in the fight and trafficking. These people had studied in against drug trafficking, ac• A national anti-narcotics co• Britain under the Sino-British cording to a public security of• ordinating committee com• Friendship Scholarship which, ficial. posed of officials from the founded in 1986, is provided Yu Lei, vice-minister of ministries of public health, to researchers in the fields of public security, told a confer• foreign affairs, public security science, technology, economics ence marking the third Inter• and the customs, was set up in and social sciences. Thanks to national Day Against Drug 1987. • their training abroad, all of Abuse and Trafficking on them have demonstrated their June 26, that a joint operation new talents and ability in their by his ministry and the prov• present work. Nearly half of incial authorities of Sichuan, Multi-Party Ties them have published high- Yunnan, Gansu and Guang• Stressed Again level papers. One-third of dong had busted an inter• them have added new courses national narcotics smuggling further measures are to university curricula and 14 ring, involving 10 suspects needed to ensure full percent have made achieve• from Hong Kong, Maco and F participation of the de• ments in scientific research. Myanmar and 41 from Chi• mocratic parties in state and At the annual meeting for na's mainland. The police government affairs, General the implementation of the seized 221.3 kilogrammes of Secretary Jiang Zemin of the scholarship programme on heroin and assorted firearms Communist Party of China July 5, the British side spoke in the case. (CPC) said at a forum held by highly of the Chinese students' Vice-Minister of Public the CPC Central Committee in diligence and talent. Health Gu Yingqi said at the Beijing on July 13. Talent-hungry China has meeting that the number of Attending the forum were sent more than 80,000 students drug addicts is increaing in also Li Peng and all the oth• to study in 70 countries and China as a result of growing er members of the Standing regions since 1978. That num• infiltration of international Committee of the Political ber includes 20,000 self- drug trafficking into this Bureau of the CPC Central funded students. Another 82 country. Committee, and leading mem• Chinese students will leave for Drug abuse and trafficking bers of the central committees Britain soon. cases have mostly taken place of the democratic parties and China views sending stu• in frontier provinces and au• the All-China Federation of dents abroad as a very effec• tonomous regions, such as Industry and Commerce along

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 EVENTS/TRENDS

with representatives of non• imental satellite for Pakistan. 1988. Chinese space scientists party persons. The figures and graphics and engineers, working in con• Jiang stressed that while co• trammitted from the Xian Sa• certed collaboration, complet• operating and working with tellite Monitoring Centre in ed the design and production democratic party and non• Shaanxi Province indicated of the new rocket within 18 party people, it is necessary for that the entire launching pro• months. the CPC to carry on a demo• cedure, from lift-off to the fin• The powerful carrier, fitted cratic style of work and streng• al rocket and satellite separa• with four boosters, is able to then mutual supervision. tion, went to a successful end. carry an 8.8-ton satellite into He said that on the one The launch operation, as near-earth orbit, 200 to 400 hand, it is necessary to recom• part of a programme to devel• kilometres above the earth. mend more democratic-party op China's space industry and Experts said the experiment and non-party persons for international space-technology has proved the rationality of leading posts in government services, indicated a major the new carrier's overall de• departments. On the other progress in China's carrier sign, the reliability of the new hand, governments at all lev• rocket manufacturing technol• launch facilities, and the sa• els should strengthen their ogy and launch facilities. tisfactory coordination of var• contacts with the various de• The decision to design and ious systems, including the mocratic parties. manufacture the "Long March carrier itself, the simulation Besides inviting some mem• 2E" carrier rocket was made satellite, communications and bers of democratic parties to at a State Council conference control, and the launch facih- governmental meetings, the chaired by Premier Li Peng in ties. • Party chief said, the govern• ment should also consult the democratic parties on special subjects so as to make the policy-making process more democratic and scientific. China Sets Up New Launching Pad He said in building up so• cialist democracy it is impera• ihe first phase of a new Province. The project is tive to adhere to and improve rocket-launching pad composed of a 74-metre- the People's Congress system, T has been completed high fixed launching pad the multi-party co-operation and put into operation in (left) and a mobile under the CPC's leadership Xichang, China's satellite 97-metre-high service tower and the political consultation launching base in Sichuan (right). KE XUAN system. •

China Launches Heavy Duty Roclcet

hina's newly-developed four-booster-reinforced C "Long March 2E" car• rier blasted off and successful• ly sent an simulation satellite into its planned orbit on July 16. The launching took place at the space centre of Xichang, where the AsiaSat-1 was suc• cessfully lauched on April 7 this year. The rocket, sent out from a new giant launch pad, also carried a small exper•

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-2?, im INTERNATIONAL Problems Surrounding German Unification

Wang Defeng and Na Fucai n July 1, the treaty creat• ing an economic, mone• O tary and social union be• tween the two Germanies went into effect. The day before, the official currency of Democratic Germany was withdrawn from circulation, making the West German deutsche mark the sole legitimate currency for both countries. ^^^^ ^ Although the two Germanies are rapidly moving towards un• ification, disagreements remain over the state treaty, the speed of unification, the post-unification army and bloc membership. Federal Germany, in particu• lar Chancellor Helmut Kohl, has spared no effort to seek early un• ification while Democratic Ger• XU RUYUAN many, though also in favour of British Prime Minister Maigaret Thatcher and West German Chancellor Helmnt early unification, has acted with Kohl hold a news cimlerence in London to discuss issues involving German more caution. unification and the European Community. Upon his return from a visit to tary union. In West Germany long term. In Democratic Ger• the United States on June 13, the increased demand for many some enterprises will close Democratic German Prime Min• deutsche marks will probably down, unemployment will in• ister Lothar de Maiziere told re• lead to inflation, affect the crease, the price of commodities porters the rapid process of stability of the currency and in• will rise and the standard of liv• Qerman unification, including crease financial burdens and so• ing will decline. Sixty percent of Bonn's scheduled all-German cial pressures. Karl Otto Pohl, the workers are worried about election, cannot keep pace with president of the Deutsche Bun• their jobs and 69 percent of European unification. Demo• desbank, pointed out that if the women are afraid of losing their cratic German citizens, he ad• government of West Germany jobs. ded, want unification to be car• does not protect the amount of On the question of a post- ried out step by step. money issued, the financial bur• unification German army, Fed• Although he favours Bonn's den will be shared by every per• eral German Defence Minister proposal to hold an all-German son in the country. One way to Gerhard Stoltenberg said a uni• election on December 9 this year, safeguard the money supply, he fied Germany should have one he said work must be done to said, would be to cut back on army, with the Federal German retain the five states of Demo• military spending. army as its backbone. cratic Germany, work out a se• West Germany agreed to De- However, his Democratic Ger• cond state treaty of the two piocratic Germany's use of the man counterpart, Rainer Eppel- Germanies and devise ways for deutsche mark on condition that mann, suggested establishing an• Democratic Germany to join Democratic Germany hand over other army on what is now East West Germany. its economic and monetary sov• German territory. This second The two Germanies will face ereignty. Therefore, West Ger• army, which would oversee East some problems with their mone- many will not suffer losses in the German territory only, would

8 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 INTERNATIONAL

not be controlled by a unified NATO to politicize it. It also ad• number of troops stationed in German defence ministry or be• vocates that the Warsaw Pact be Germany by 50 percent two long to any military bloc. Rath• changed from a military-political years prior to the withdrawal of er, this army would be com• alliance into a political alliance. all allied armed forces from manded jointly by the five states The country also supports the German territory, Shevardnadze of the former Democratic Geir- dissolution of the military blocs suggested. many. and the formation of a new Eu• The Soviet proposals were re• Regarding bloc membership of ropean security system which jected by West Germany, the a unified Germany, Democratic would be free from such blocs. United States, Britain and Germany, unlike Federal Ger• At the second round of the France. However, Democratic many and its Western allies who "two-plus-four" talks on June 22 Germany's Foreign Minister want an unconditional NATO in Berlin between the two Ger• Markus Meckel said he appre• membership for a unified Ger• manics and the four victors of ciated the Soviet proposals and many, wants to give more consi• World War II, Soviet Foreign supported the proposal to with• deration to the security concerns Minister Eduard Shevardnadze draw all troops of the four great of neighbouring countries, in proposed to pull out all allied powers from Berlin. particular the Soviet Union. troops from Berlin within six Democratic Germany's atti• The Soviet Union views a uni• months of German unification tude towards these issues will fied Germany as a member of and to end the city's special sta• probably make the West consider NATO as unacceptable. But, in tus. German unification more com• an effort to break the deadlock His proposals also included prehensively. However, both on the issue, Moscow has pro• the establishment of a three-year Meckel and Kohl have stressed posed a unified Germany belong• transition period following Ger• on different occasions that a un• ing to both NATO and the War• man unification and retainment ited Germany is an irreversible saw Pact. of troops to a maximum of trend. Although Democratic Ger• 200,000 to 250,000. It is expected that by the end many supports a unified Ger• The four victors — the Soviet of this year, there will be a com• many belonging to NATO, it has Union, the United States, Britain promised plan on German unifi• insisted on the reconstruction of and France — should reduce the cation acceptable to all sides. •

Iran-Iraq Negotiations Take Favourable Turn by Liu Shun ecent face-to-face talks be• talks as friendly, adding that settle their bitter conflict. tween the foreign minis• there was a possibility that a Over the past two years, the R ters of Iran and Iraq have summit meeting between the two foreign ministers have held broken a two-year-old stalemate presidents of the two countries several rounds of indirect talks. in peace negotiations, thus pav• would take place. He also said he Because of this, the UN ing the way for the two countries was considering visiting Iran and •secretary-general or his personal to hold a summit meeting. Iraq at a date to be decided upon representative had to shuttle be• The July 3 meeting at the Pa• later. tween the two delegations. Even lais des Nations in Geneva was At the conclusion of the Gene• if the two foreign ministers were the first time Iraqi Foreign Min• va talks the two sides issued a in the same room at the ister Tareq Aziz and his Iranian joint statement reaffirming that same time, they talked to the counterpart, Ali Akbar Velayati, they would continue to support secretary-general rather than ad• had spoken directly since August the secretary-general's role in the dressing each other. 1988, when a ceasefire was called implementation of United Na• With the United Nations me• in the Persian Gulf War. tions Resolution 598, the basis of diating, Iran and Iraq reached a United Nations Secretary- bilateral contacts. Perez de Cuel• ceasefire in their bloody eight- General Javier Perez de Cuellar lar called the direct talks a year-long war on August 20, was also at the historic meeting. breakthrough and a clear sign of 1988. Five days later, the two Afterwards, he described the the two countries' willingness to ministers, under the auspices of

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 9 INTERNATIONAL the United Nations, entered into ment stipulated that the central airplanes for rescue work, a ges• negotiations at UN headquarters line of the main passage of the ture which was welcomed by in Geneva and began the long Shatt al-Arab waterway was the Teheran. process towards a peaceful settle• boundary and that both coun• The war between Iran and ment of their conflicts. tries could use the waterway. Iraq, which had brought heavy But the peace talks have been Things have begun to change casualties and a tremendous pro• deadlocked for most of the two since the beginning of this year, perty loss to both countries, was years, bogging down in disputes however. In late April, Iraqi the result of national contradic• over the question of priorities: President Saddam Hussein sent tions, religious disputes and ter• whether Iraq should first with• a message to Iranian President ritorial conflicts, old issues that draw its troops from Iranian ter• Hashemi Rafsanjani calling for a cannot be resolved overnight. ritory or whether the issue of the summit meeting between them in Another sore point is who strategic Shatt al-Arab waterway Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Although started the war. Iran claims Iraqi on the southern border of the Rafsanjani categorically refused troops were the first to cross the two countries should be settled to attend talks in Saudi Arabia, border, provoking war on Sep• first. The disputes have ham• with which Iran has not main• tember 22, 1980. Iraq insists that pered the exchange of an esti• tained diplomatic ties since April on September 4, 1980, Iran heav• mated 100,000 captives held by 1988, he was favourable to the ily shelled its border cities, thus both sides. idea of a meeting under UN starting the war. Iraq has insisted that it has auspices. The devastating earth• Nevertheless, if the two sides exclusive sovereignty over the quake that shook the northwest• can preserve the momentum of Shatt al-Arab waterway. Iran, ern Iranian provinces of Gilan the current peace negotiations however, said the Algiers Agree• and Zanjan in June provided an• and promote an early meeting ment of 1975 which dictated the other opportunity for improved between the two heads of state, border between the two countries ties between the two countries. the possibility of realizing lasting was still in effect. That agree• Iraq through Egypt provided two peace looks bright indeed. •

Biased Economic Order Hurts Poor Countries by Yang Hexiang

Over the past decade, an unequal international economic order has widened the gap between developed and developing countries. The economic situation in developing countries has taken a turn for the worse.

ince the late 1970s, the in• and primary products of devel• technologies and key spare parts ternational division of la• oping countries. while transferring outdated tech• S bour has become unfavour• On the other hand, developing niques and industries to the de• able to the developing countries. countries largely relied on West• veloping countries. In this way, This is because, on the one hand, ern countries' technology and the developing countries were developed countries, hit twice by equipment for their industriali• forced to depend more heavily skyrocketing oil prices in the zation programmes. Most devel• on developed countries. 1970s and experiencing a revolu• oping countries are technologi• Technologically advanced tion in science and technology, cally backward and are capable countries have profited from the rapidly reorganized industries by of producing only a small num• worldwide exchange of products. introducing energy-saving tech• ber of products. They shifted some traditional in• nologies and new materials. Taking advantage of advanced dustries, such as metallurgy and Therefore, they reduced their de• technology, Western countries textiles, to the developing coun• pendence on the raw materials then monopolized sophisticated tries to take advantage of cheap to BEIJING KEVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 INTERNATIONAL labour and raw materials there. to US$1.3 trillion because of re• The developing countries were Unequal Monetary System duced exports, unequal ex• then forced to compete with each Since the beginning of the changes of goods and irrationally other over the selling of raw ma• 1980s, Western countries have high interest rates. terials and similar primary prod• been raising interest rates by a Developing countries have ucts. big margin. In 1981, commer• paid a high price for their for• cial loan interest rates on in• eign debt. Between 1979 and Protectionist Trading ternational monetary markets 1988, Latin American countries System climbed as high as 14 percent. annually repaid creditor nations Because of this, it cost more for 5 percent of their gross national The international trading sys• developing countries to borrow product (GNP), or US$289 bil• tem also hurts developing coun• money and increased the interest lion of capital plus interest. Afri• tries. Affected by long colonial on old debts. can countries repaid US$30 bil• rule, the national economies The International Monetary lion for their foreign debts an• and exports of many developing Fund estimated that by 1988 de• nually or 40 percent of their total countries have been dominated veloping countries' debts totalled export income. by one or two products. After US$1.2 trillion, half of which Since 1983, the amount of in• they successfully decreased their were the result of rising interest terest and profit repaid by the dependence on the products of rates between 1979 and 1986. developing countries to the cred• developing countries, developed Instead of using money for itor nations surpassed the countries followed a protection• economic progress, developing amount of money borrowed by ist trading policy that seriously countries sent large chunks of the developing countries. In weakened the developing coun• money to developed nations to 1987, US$29 billion of capital tries' position in international pay off their debts. was transferred from the de• trade. The export growth rate for veloping countries to developed developing countries dropped to During the 1980s, developed countries. 8 percent during the 1980s from countries also reduced indirect 13 percent in the 1970s. Further• investment in developing coun• The stagnation of the poor more, the damage that the de• tries — to US$1 billion in 1986 countries' economies and the dis• veloping countries suffered from from US$89 billion in 1981. parity of development between the exchange of goods on une• There was also a reduction in North and South have hampered qual terms increased. In 1988 direct investments by developed the co-ordinated development of nations. the world economy. Therefore, compared with 1979 the price of the concept of a new internation• manufactured goods on the in• al economic order based on ternational market rose by 33 Heavy Debt Burden equality and mutual benefits is percent while that of primary By 1989, the developing coun• drawing more and more support. products rose only 2.7 percent. tries' foreign debt had increased Latin America Speeding Towards Integration n May new steps were taken by tries musbyt Guastrengthen Yanzhonn regionag l inte• the integration process in the region. Latin American countries to ac• gration and rely on regional self- A summary issued by the summit I celerate regional integration. dependence to develop their econ• members said that by 1995 free The Latin American Economic omies. trade, and by the end of this century Commission held its 23rd ministeri• From May 22 to May 24, the An• the free flow of capital and person• al meeting on May 9 in Caracas to dean Pact countries held their third nel, can be expected to be realized discuss and draft Latin America's presidential summit in the ancient within the group. development strategy in the 1990s Inca city of Machu Picchu at which On May 25, Argentina, Brazil and and for the future. The meeting they decided to set up a presidential Chile agreed to set up a free trade stressed that Latin American coun• council to strengthen verification of zone beginning in June, which could

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 11 INTERNATIONAL be joined later by other members of pean Community and the five Cen• relations with other regional or• the Latin American Integration As• tral American countries held a min• ganizations while strengthening sociation. isterial meeting and signed a three- co-ordination within the group. These steps were taken to acceler• year financial agreement. The EC A comparatively practical and ate Latin American integration in also plans to increase its develop• feasible way at present is to increase order to strengthen the region's com• ment aid to the five nations by 50 to trade and economic co-operation petitiveness in the international eco• 60 percent in order to promote trade within the region in order to create nomic arena where several strong and economic integration in Central conditions for establishing a com- economic groups have appeared and America. ,mon market. According to the La• the European Community, which The changes in the world econo• tin America Integration Associa• has close relations with Latin Amer• mic pattern and the ever-widening tion, Latin America's exports last ica, is going to have a unified market gap between the North and the year were US$110 billion of which in 1992. South are unfavourable for the eco• trade within the region was 35 per• nomic development of Latin Ameri- cent, a sharp rise from previous <:an countries. After their severe years. At the end of last year, the Ties With the EC economic crises and internal diffi• eight-nation group decided to re• culties, most Latin American coun• move non-tariff barriers in mutual Latin American countries have tries have paid more attention to trade, and provide preferential tar• a profound historical relationship developing relations with West Eu• iffs for all goods, expand bilateral with Western Europe. After shaking ropean countries. Since it was set up trade agreements and reduce tariffs the colonial rule of Spain and Portu• in 1987, the Rio de Janeiro Group through negotiations. gal, most Latin American countries consisting of eight Latin American Later this year, the Latin Amer• again became spheres of influence countries, has held regular meetings ican Integration Association will competed for by Britain, France with the EC to discuss how to streng• hold the first round of trade talks to and Germany. After World War U, then bilateral relations. Although discuss the problem of gradually re• Western Europe's influence in Latin the EC is an important trading part• moving non-tariff barriers and re• America weakened sharply and was ner of Latin America, the propor• ducing tariff rates. replaced by that of the United tion of its trade with Latin America Latin American countries are also States. Since the 1960s, political and has fallen in recent years. In 1987, exploring more channels for trade economic relations between the Eu• Latin America's exports to the EC with foreign countries. Much con• ropean Community and Latin amounted to US$20 billion and im• cerned with the rapid flourishing of American countries have resumed. ports from the EC US$14 billion, or Asian-Pacific economies in recent In 1971, the European Community 21 percent and 18 percent respec• years, Latin America has begun to established dialogue at the ambas• tively of Latin America's total ex• pay more attention to developing re• sadorial level with Latin American ports and imports. lations with those countries while countries and signed trade and eco• maintaining economic and trade re• The slow development of trade be• nomic agreements with Argentina, lations with the United States and tween the two areas has been attri• Brazil and Mexico. Western Europe. buted to trade protectionism prac• Regional integration relies heavi• Since the 1980s, the European tised by the EC. After the European ly on the development of the econ• Community has strengthened econo• single market is set up in 1992, trade omies of the countries involved. mic relations and political dialogue protectionism may increase sharply Documents adopted recently by the with Latin American countries, and, as a result, will affect Latin Latin American Economic Commis• especially with Central American Ainerica's economic recovery and sion point out that Latin American nations. In November 1985, the Eu• development. ropean Community signed with the and Caribbean countries should seek reasonable production reform in or• five Central American countries and der to achieve economic growth, im• the Contadora Group an economic Self-Beliance prove people's livelihood and conso• co'operation agreement lasting five Harsh economic realities forced lidate the democratization process. years and a memorandum on regu• Latin American countries to explore In recent years, Brazil, Mexico, Ar• larizing political dialogue. In Fe• new ways of self-reliance and to ac• gentina and Chile have pursued an bruary 1987, the economic co• celerate integration towards setting export-oriented development strate• operation agreement went into up a regional common market. gy. They carried out economic struc• effect. In June 1987, the European They're looking at 1992 as well. tural reforms, made efforts to invi• Community for the first time draft• The Latin American Integration gorate the private sector, expanded ed a policy towards Latin America, Association, the Andean Group and foreign trade and improved export deciding to strengthen economic and the Central American Common structure. They also reduced res• technological co-operation with La• Market have jointly made efforts to trictions towards imports, raised the tin American countries, provide discuss and implement integration competitiveness of their products in them with financial aid and support measures. The Group-8, whose po• world markets and at the same time the Central American peace process. pulation and territories account for reduced the outflow of capital. Pri• Contacts between the two areas in• 80 percent of the Latin American vate foreign investment has also creased. In April this year the Euro• region, has also tried to build closer been encouraged. •

12 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 CHINA

InteUectuaJs Contribute to Modernization by Our Staff Reporter Yao Jianguo Respecting knowledge and respecting talents constitute one of China's basic policies. In the last few years China has improved the living conditions of the intellectuals, who are playing an important role in socialist modernization construction.—Ed. n China, the term "intellec• technology and over 180,000 in countries. Such a small technical tuals" refers to people with a health care technology. At the pool cannot meet all the needs of I secondary or higher educa• time, only 4,000-plus held a title Chiiia''s modernization drive and tional level as well as those who higher than engineer or lecturer. so it is necessary that the nation have a higher technical title than By 1989, however, the number of make the most of their talents assistant engineer. In 1989, there scientists and researchers had in• and at the same time train in• were 22.18 million intellectuals creased by more than 381 times, creasing numbers of people in in China, one-third of whom had that of engineering technical per• science and technology. received a college education. sonnel more than 31 times, agro- This stands in sharp contrast technicians close to 41 times, and Respect for Knowledge with the less than 1 million intel• people engaged in health care lectuals in China shortly after technology 15 times. The num• After the Third Plenary Ses• liberation in 1949. ber of professors, associate pro• sion of the 11th Party Central Along with this increase in the fessors, senior engineers, en• Committee held at the end of gineers and lecturers reached 1978, China moved to correct number of intellectuals there has past mistaken policies towards been a change in the structure some 2 million, more than 500 intellectuals. It was stipulated of various professions. In 1952, times that of 1952. As a percen• explicitly in the 1982 Constitu• there were only 900 people in• tage of the Chinese population of tion of the People's Republic of volved in scientific research, 1.1 billion, however, they com• China that "in building socialism 130,000 in engineering technolo• prise only 2 percent, a figure low• it is imperative to rely on the gy, more than 10,000 in agro- er than many other developing workers, peasants and intellec• YANC WUMIN tuals" and the Party also ap• UNESCO official (second right) set np a test lot Shi Fengsho (flnt left), whose proved the policy that both fast method of calcnlations has aionsed great interest in both Chinese and foreign knowledge and talents must be scholars. respected and, with regard to intellectuals, they should enjoy equal treatment and care in life. Such steps have contributed to improving the status of intellec• tuals in society. A Rise In Status. The political and social status previously enjoyed by the intel• lectuals has been reaffirmed dur• ing the last ten years because, like workers and farmers, they are also masters of the socialist country. A large number of pol-

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1996 13 CHINA itically sound and professional• ties and people's organizations, and units now provide physical ly competent intellectuals have and are actively involved in state examinations for intellectuals been promoted to various levels political activities. Through a and devote major efforts to solv• of leadership since 1982. Nation• variety of channels, they can cri• ing their housing problem. wide, more than 1 million techn• ticize and make proposals re• To redress the situatioft in ical personnel now hold impor• garding affairs of state. Today, which many intellectuals were tant, decision-making positions. the government and CPC Cen• paid low salaries, the state has The proportion of intellectual tral Committee regularly solicit raised the standard of wages for deputies to the National People's the opinions of intellectuals be• intellectuals to allow for higher Congress and intellectual mem• fore coming to a final policy de• pay rises and bonuses. These bers of the Chinese People's Pol• cision. measures have enabled a consi• itical Consultative Conference derable number of intellectuals (CPPCC) has increased. For ex• to increase their incomes and, ample, 63.5 percent of the depu• Academic Titles. currently, the total wages for the ties to the Seventh National Peo• Since China began issuing aca• intellectuals in such areas as ed• ple's Congress are intellectuals demic titles in 1985, some 6.3 ucation, scientific research and with an education above the se• million people have been em• public health are growing at a condary polytechnical level. Mo• ployed as senior professors, asso• rate faster than any other. reover, the overwhelming major• ciate professors and lecturers or To encourage this situation, ity of the CPPCC members are their equivalent. Of these people, the state has, three times since intellectuals. 930,000 were granted a degree 1984, selected and awarded In the ten years between 1979 equivalent to professor and asso• young and middle-aged scien• and 1989, some 2.75 million in• ciate professor and 5.36 million tists, technical workers and man• tellectuals have joined the Com• conferred a title equivalent to agers who have made outstand• munist Party of China, half the lecturer. Some 6 million techni• ing contribution in their field of total of their CPC membership. cal personnel have received pay work. Those chosen, 2,219 in Many other intellectuals have rises at an additional expense to all, receive special treatment in joined various democratic par- the state of 1.4 billion yuan. This wages, housing and health care. has helped to improve Compared with the intellectuals ZHU GUANGZHl the treatment justly in developed countries, however, Soil expert Ya Renpei (right) and his coUeagoes have due to intellectuals Chinese intellectuals still have developed a technology (bi the compiehensive treat• ment ol dronght, waterlogged, alkali-saline and poor and inspired them to poor working and living condi• (ertlUty soil. work harder. tions. The steps taken, though —Improvement in not changing the fundamentally working conditions poor situation, do demonstrate and life. the Chinese move towards im• Intellectuals have provement; they show society's seen improvement in recognition of the intellectuals' both their working wisdom and labour. conditions and life. According to statis• Outstanding Achievements tics, since 1983, close to I million intellec• China's intellectuals have a tuals who had not tradition of patriotism. Despite been able to put their the country's low level of econo• knowledge to work mic development and the con• suited to their special sequent low pay scale and poor training had been working conditions, they still properly placed. At work to the best of their abili• the same time, efforts ty for the rejuvenation of their were made to help the country. Some 1.4 million in• In the early 1950s, soon after tellectuals unite with the founding of New China, their spouses living in more than 2,500 experts, scholars other cities or in rur• and students, including geologist al areas. Many cities , physician Qian Xue-

14 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 CHINA sen, mathematician Hua planned to do research in Luogeng and bridge expert the United States. Howev• Mao Yisheng gave up the er, when his tutor advised comfortable working and him to remain in China be• living conditions abroad cause of the great amount and returned to China. To• of teaching and scientific gether with other scientif• research work to do at the ic and technical personnel, institute, he agreed. Over they succeeded in develop• the past several years, in ing such technical products addition to participating in as an artificial synthesis of two graduate study pro• insulin, the atomic bomb, grammes each term, he hydrogen bomb and satel• took part in 15 scientific lites. They also explored research projects, seven of and opened up new oil• which have been complet• fields in the face of an im• ed, five of which passed perialist blockade, remov• ministry-level test, three of ing once and for all the idea advanced international lev• that China was an oil-poor els and one of advanced country. The oil finds ful• domestic level. In 1988, his filled growing' domestic research won the 3rd class needs and provided the na• DENG YAPING award for national natural tion with a commodity to Foi senioi engineer Liang Zhenting's (right) great science achievements and, sell on the international contribution to the development ot the Dachang Tin in 1989, he won Fok Ying market. Mine, the largest o( its kind in China, he was offered Tung's () award In 1978, China opened its the Chinese geological fieM's highest prize, the U for "Young Teachers," first doors to the outside world. Signang Geological Science Prize. class. His name will appear Since then, in order to fill the ment research centre staffed by in Biographies of Contemporary gaps in science and technology six assistants. Since that time, he Famous Figures, compiled joint• between China and foreign coun• has concentrated all his energy ly by China, the United States, tries, more than 60,000 students on his work, successfully com• Japan and other countries. have been sent abroad to study pleting 78 experiments. As a re• Recalling his younger days, he the latest in scientific and tech• sult, the success rate of the ex• said with a deep feeling that nological developments. At the ternal fertilized test-tube goat "without the support of the state same time, visiting scholars and increased from the previous 45 and of the people, I never could postgraduate students have also percent to 95 percent. Following have achieved what I have today. been sent abroad in unprecedent• this achievement, he succeeded As a young intellectual, I can ed numbers. Those students who in test-tube fertilization of an ox, and will do a lot for my coun• have completed their studies and marking a giant leap of China's try." returned home have found work research in the field into the Since China instituted nation• based on their specialities stu• world's most advanced ranks. al awards for natural science died abroad, thus providing the There are many intellectuals achievements in 1956, more than opportunities for them to give in China like Xu Rigan and they 700 awards for excellence in full play to their talents. can often do a lot even if they scientific research have been giv• Xu Rigan, an expert of the have never studied abroad. en out. Of these, the proof for the Mongolian nationality, is praised Fu Huimin, now only 34 years Goldbach conjecture by math• internationally as the "father of old, is one of the youngest mem• ematician Chen Jingrun along test-tube goats" because he suc• bers of the school affairs com• with other achievements re• cessfully bred the world's first mittee of the Beijing Institute of ceived international recognition. externally fertilized test-tube Aeronautics and Astronautics. Over the past ten years, since goat while studying in Japan in He obtained his Master's degree state awards for inventions be• 1984. After he returned home, in engineering in 1984 and a gan, some 1,344 inventions the state helped him to continue Doctorate degree in engineering which have won public notice in his research by earmarking spe• a year ahead of schedule in this way generated an economic cial funds for an animal experi- 1986. After graduation, he had return of more than 32.8 billion

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 15 CHINA

ties and research in• search, including high technolo• stitutions since 1985 gy, the national natural science in Beijing, Shang• fund programmes, major scien• hai, Xian, Nanjing, tific and technological pro• Changchun, Harbin, grammes at the provincial and , ministerial levels and highly ex• and other cities. Some plorative frontier science pro• 76 of the stations are grammes. Most were successful used for science, 75 and 19 of them won science and for physics and eight technology awards from the state for agriculture, medi• and its ministries. More than ten cine and law. A to• programmes are being reviewed tal of 651 researchers by the relevant departments or who graduated from have been approved for a patent schools in China and by the state. About 748 research abroad are enrolled at papers were published in in- each station as post- house or external academic jour• doctorate research nals and international academic personnel. Some 206 conferences. of them obtained Guo Yiajun, a post-doctorate the doctorate degrees student of the Shanghai Institute abroad. of Biochemistry under the WANG PING In order to sup• Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chen Gnoda, a ptofestoi of Zhongnon Indnstiial port talented post- achieved outstanding results in University, was highly praised by Chinese and foreign doctorate research his research and comprehensive experts for the theory of geo-depression he had developed. He was included in a biography of the personnel, the state treatment of liver cancer. His world's oatstandlng people compiled in the United earmarked 20 mil• new method for the comprehen• States in 1988. lion yuan (including sive treatment of tumours re• US$2 million) to set duced the cancer recurrence rate yuan. In 1989, some 20,278 ma• up a science fund for which all in the liver and prolonged .the jor scientific and technological post-doctorates doing scientific life of patients suffering from achievements won awards desig• research can apply. After a six- middle and terminal stages of the nated higher than provincial and stage scfeening, some 304 doctors diseases. His research has been ministerial level. Of these, 777 have won access to the fund of highly valued by international were at the state level and 11 2.286 million yuan in Renminbi medical circles and, in 1989, he percent at international level. and US$360,500 in foreign ex• was selected one of the top ten change. They were able to buy scientists. Mobile Stations small apparatus and equipment, China's post-doctor mobile sta• experimental materials and tions have been instrumental in Those who hold a doctor's de• books with the money. Some of training high-level specialists, gree are the elite of the nation's them used the funds to hire assis• pushing scientific research for• 20 million intellectuals, and they tants while some 80 or so post- ward and promoting the con• enjoy special care by the state doctorates used the foreign ex• struction of the national econ• in their study and scientific re• change to participate in interna• omy and social development. search. tional academic symposiums or They have also provided a way Since the Regulations on Aca• go abroad for short-term joint out for those who earned a doc• demic Degrees came in force in research and experimental work torate degree abroad to get back 1981, China has trained some related to their speciality, thus to work in China before taking a 4,800 doctorates. In order to promoting the development of fixed post. Last year, 33 docto• provide them with necessary scientific work. rates returned from the United working conditions and bring During the "Seventh-Five- States, France, Britain, Japan, their ability and intelligence into Year Plan" period (1986-90), Australia and other countries full play, China has established some 261 post-doctors conducted and took up research work in the 157 post-doctorate mobile sta• a total of 414 programmes of key post-doctorate mobile stations ar• tions at 93 colleges and universi• scientific and technological re• ound China. •

16 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 CHINA

Protecting Consumer Rights

by Our Staff Reporter Liu Jianjun

nternational Consumer Day, mer associations in 25 provinces, ment leadership and co• March 15, was marked by municipalities and autonomous ordination. I various activities throughout regions throughout the country. The major tasks of the nation• the country as many mayors These associations in turn al association and of its branches gave TV speeches, consumer have also set up 18,000 branches, in various parts of the coun• protection organizations provid• supervision stations and liaison try are to expand their organi• ed advice and exhibited the stations in urban neighbour• zations, formulate laws and most common fake commodities hoods, rural towns, government regulations, handle coinplaints, found on the market and the offices, and industrial and com• supervise and check up on work news media broadcast several mercial enterprises with a total of commercial and industrial en• special programmes on the sub• of 24,600 full-time and volun• terprises, give publicity to their ject. Many consumers noticed tary personnel. movement, provide guidance for that the scale of activities sur• In addition, some provinces consumers and promote ex• passed those of previous years. and municipalities have set up changes with other countries. Since China introduced the industrial and other special asso• During a typical day in the policy of reform and opening up ciations such as the Elderly Con• association's office in Xiamen, in 1979, the rapid development sumers' Associations in Wuhan, Fujian Province, an energetic of production and the thriving Hubei Province, the Youth Con• and bustling atmosphere pre• market have enriched, improved sumers' Association in Beijing, vails from morning till night. and enhanced the level of con• and the Catering Trade Consu• Telephones, letters and con• sumer purchases. There was a mers' Association and the Com• sumers come in an endless change, as well, in the consump• mercial Consumers' Association stream. Some of the hard pressed tion pattern. At the same time, in Fujian Province. staff participate in a national many socialist enterprises, influ• These consumer protection or• conference, some travel to other enced by the changing value sys• ganizations are semi-official or• locations to prepare for the esta• tem which placed profit above gans. Positions of responsibility blishment of new branches and other social considerations and are held by government officials others, after receiving visitors, assisted by an imperfect legal while the council is staffed by then leave to investigate and system, disregarded their role of personages from all social strata, handle their complaints. At the serving the people. The result including consumer representa• end of the day, the staff often was the violation of consumer tives. They are therefore quite holds discussions with enterprise rights and the consequent reme• authoritative. , representatives seeking advice dial steps taken to spread a con• vice-chairman Of the Standing on consumer problems. The hard sumer rights movement. Committee of the Chinese Na• work of the organization has tional People's Congress and earned it a reputation as one of chairman of the legislature's the busiest organs in China. Consumer Organizations Financial and Economic Com• An association staff member Since the founding of the mittee, is the honorary chairman noted that they serve several China Consumers' Association of the Beijing-based China Con• hundred million consumers in in 1984, local organizations have sumers' Association, and senior more than 100 areas. "Our or• developed apace. According to government officials serve as its ganization," he said, "functions the latest statistics of the associa• chairman and vice-chairmen, both as a government agency tion, there are now 1,726 consu• thereby strengthening govern• and as a consumer protector, its

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 17 Chinese Intellectuals "Comrade Mao Zedong once said during the period of the new-democratic revolution, without the participation of the intellectuals, victory in the revolution is impossible. "Today, without the participation of the intellectuals, victory in the economic reform is all the more impossible." —Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. (Extracts from a speech "Patriotism and the Mission of China's Intellectuals" made at a rally held in the capital on May 3, 1990 to mark the May 4th Movement of 1919.)

10 15

11 12

13 14 16 17 13

p. 2-3 p. 4

1. CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin with the well-known physicist (right). 2. On April 7, 1990, the Chinese Long March III carrier rocket launched the AsiaSat-I into space, a symbol of China's entry into the business of international space technologies and a demonstration of China's scientific and technological level and the strength of its scientific and technological contingent. Professor Xie Guangxuan (right) was the general designer of the Long March III carrier rocket. 3. Professor Song Hongzhao (right) of the Beijing Union Medical College Hospital made a breakthrough in the study of choriocarcinoma treatment, increasing the rate of cure to 82.2 percent. His achievement won the first class honour of the national science and technology progress awards in 1985 and the Chen Jiageng Medical Award early this year. His research achievements are at advanced international level. 4. Qin Dahe, 43, the Chinese member of an international walk-across-the-Antarctic scientific exploratory team, returned to Beijing on April 5. Qin, together with other team members, travelled 5,984 kilometres on foot in 219 days from July 1989 to March 1990, completing the unparalleled feat of crossing the Antarctic continent without mechanical support. Qin Dahe, deputy director of the polar region and glacier research office and associate research fellow of the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciers and Cryopedology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, went to the Antarctica three times to conduct scientific research. 5. Doctor Chen Zhangliang, 28, in charge of the state genetic engineering office under Beijing University and a member of the biology/high technology expert committee, is one of the youngest professors in China. 6. Ning Hongbin, special-grade teacher of Beijing No. 80 Middle School, made outstanding achievements in the teaching of Chinese. His teaching method which combines listening, oral, reading and writing abilities has resulted in marked improvement in students' cognitive ability. 7. Chen Zhu, teacher of Shanghai No. 2 Medical Sciences University, and his wife Chen Saijuan both earned a Doctorate Degree in France. In September 1989, the two declined a request by the French to stay and returned to their original unit in China. They have had recent progress in their studies of the cell genetics of leukemia. 8. Shen Guojun (second left), president of the Beijing Stone Company and an entrepreneur in the scientific and technological field, was graduated from the Mathematics Department of Beijing University in 1959. The company, made up mainly of scientific and technical personnel, deals in a wide range of technical products and services. 9. Professor Zhang Qingqin of the Guizhou Agricultural College made an important contribution to the research of wheat anti-powdery mildew, three-rust disease and scab, winning him the title of a "state-level scientific and technological worker who made outstanding contributions." 10. Professor Xu Rigan (right) of Mongolian nationality, who taught at Inner Mongolia University, successfully carried out test-tube fertilization of goats, sheep and calves many times. 11. Qamba Chilei, a well-known Tibetan medical science expert, an astronomer, and president of the Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, won the title of state-level expert in 1987 for his outstanding academic contributions. 12. Professor Li Xuezhu (centre), a famous fruit tree growingjpxpert of the Chongqing Institute of Citrus under the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, examines citrus specimens together with tedfiiicians. 13. Medicinal researcher Zhao Zhangguang, originally a rural doctor, invented the "101" hair tonic which has cured many patients b(jth in China and abroad. In 1987, he entered his medicine in the Eureka World Inventions Fair in Brussels and was awarded a first-grade cavalier medal by the King of Belgium. In the 16th international exhibition of new technologies and inventions held in Geneva in 1988, Zhao won the only Oscar Gold Cup Award for personal invention. His "101" hair tonic won a gold medal award. Zhao Zhangguang (left picture) and (below right) his medicine production workshop. 14. China's young ballet dancers Li Ying and Pan Jiabin, several times international award winners, perform the ballet opeia flower festival. 15. Well-known physicist and his wife He Zehui appreciate flowers with their grandsons in Zhongshan Park, Beijing. 16. Wu Zuoren and his wife Xiao Shufang, both well-known painters in the traditional Chinese style, are also fond of growing flowers. 17. Veteran educator Wang Nianxian used to be a special-grade teacher in Beijing No. 1 Experimental Primary School before his retirement. He has dedicated his life to education and his former pupils are now found everywhere. Here, his pupils gather to celebrate his 84th birthday. •

18 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990

CHINA work involves the entire range of icipalities and autonomous re• ince purchased a shoddy prod• issues affecting consumer rights gions. Moreover, national and uct, and he did not know how and interests." special laws and regulations to deal with the situation for as The report of the 13th Nation• have been drafted and will be long as six months because he al Congress of the Chinese Com• promulgated upon approval of was unfamiliar with the rights munist Party held in October the National People's Congress. granted to consumers by the new 1987 and the report on the work The steps taken by Fujian laws. After reading about consu• of the government to the Na• Province to draft laws and regu• mer laws and regulations in the tional People's Congress held in lations are representative. After newspaper, however, he brought March 1989 emphasized protec• the establishment of the prov• his complaints to the consumer tion of the rights and interests of incial consumers' association in association and his problem was the consuiiiers and the role of 1988, the province began to for• quickly resolved. consumer associations. mulate China's first consumer Documents issued by the State protection regulations, based on Council have clear and defin• the opinions of consumers, prod• Handling Complaints itive stipulations on consumer ucers and various social depart• The handling of complaints is rights. For instance, the Regula• ments, and on an analysis of the routine work for consumer or• tions on Appraisals and Selec• experience of other countries. ganizations. tion of Quality Products of the The regulations are regarded According to statistics of the State stipulates that the Exami• as fairly complete and special to China Consumers' Association, nation and Approval Committee protect consumers, clearly defin• since 1984 the association has should solicit opinions from con• ing the rights and interests of handled 500,000 complaints, 80 sumer associations regarding the the consumer, the obligations of percent of which have been appraisal and selection of prod• consumer protection organiza• solved. The assistance of the as• ucts. Generally, other support tions and the legal responsibili• sociation has retrieved an eco• given by the state is evident. It is ty of enterprises, and stipulat• nomic loss of some 170 million unimaginable that without full ing the period of time within yuan for consumers. government backing consumer which complaints must be han• Complaints came from domes• associations would have been set dled. tic and foreign consumers as up so quickly in each county in The province has also drawn well as those from Hong Kong, Fujian, a southeast coastal prov• up relevant regulations and mea• Macao and Taiwan. Some com• ince. sures concerning how consumer plaints involved sums as high as The establishment of these rights' committees should make 10,000 yuan, some as small as consumer protection organiza• inquiries, handle complaints, ar• 0.3 yuan. The bulk of the cases tions provides consumers with bitrate disputes involving small in which every type of com• a channel to voice their com• amounts of money and bring a modity was represented includ• plaints to the local authorities or lawsuit. ed fake or shoddy goods, false directly to the regional consu• With this as the beginning, 25 advertisements and swindling. mer association. They are re• provinces, municipalities and An unfortunate example in• garded by the general public as autonomous regions have pro• volved a farmer in Fujian Prov• the "Home of the Consumers." mulgated and implemented spe• ince who died after receiving an cial laws and regulations, laying electric shock from a defective a foundation for the formulation motor. After accepting the com• Legislation of national laws and regulations. plaint, the consumers' associa• Along with the establishment Governments at all levels tion of the province, together of the associations, localities and consumer associations have with the public security and ju• have been active in drafting and energetically publicized these dicial organs and the quality in• publishing laws and regulations laws and regnlations. In addi• spection department, made a which offer legal guarantees to tion, 100 news agencies through• thorough investigation. They consumers. out the country have given them dealt firmly with the enterprise According to Li Yanshou, prominent coverage, thus streng• involved and the persoh most di• chairman of the China Consu• thening the public's awareness of rectly responsible, levying a fine mers' Association, local laws and consumer protection and mark• of 7,000 yuan. regulations to protect consumers ing the entry of consumer rights The quick handling of cases, have been promulgated and im• into the legal sphere. the general crackdown on and a plemented in 20 provinces, mun- A teacher in Guangdong Prov• halt to illegal acts which might

BEIJINGHEVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 19 CHINA seriously harm the life and 3,200 yuan for her. Following sumers' associations at various health of the consumers this, the association also inspect• levels have conducted 1,814 ap• have had strong repercussions ed 300 handicrafts shops in the praisals of fine-quality products, throughout society. city, took over 200 fake goods 2,106 quality tracking activi• A swindling case involving and imposed a fine of more than ties, 1,415 public appraisals and some 1 million yuan occurred 20,000 yuan on the violators. 1,449 appraisals of fine enter• in Nanjing, Province, prises and trustworthy shops. when a trade company which Supervision They have also held more than was supposed to sell colour TV 5,000 forums geared to solving sets instead swindled over 1 mil• In order to prevent infringe• particular problems and improv• lion yuan out of 1,196 consu• ments on consumers' interests, ing service and product quality. mers. After receiving the report, the consumers' associations and These activities have promoted the city's consumer association, some related departments often enterprises to improve their together with the industrial and check both retail and wholesale products' quality. The Wanbao commercial, and public security product quality. Electrical Appliance Group, the and quality inspection depart• In 1988, the Guangxi Consu• biggest in China, for example, ments, visited the consumers mers' Association, for example, has declared March as "quality" within one month. They man• evaluated 6,000 weight scales in month in order to solicit consu• aged to stop the swindle in good 30 counties and found that 800 mers' suggestions and criticisms time, recovering 800,000 yuan of them were inaccurate. This and establish a system of after- for the consumers. was in addition to 12,000 electr• sales services. A major fake advertising cam• ical products found to be sub• paign which swindled consumers standard. The scales were confis• Directing Consumption in 26 provinces and municipali• cated and the electric products ties was also investigated in destroyed. The association has Another daily activity of the Nanjing. The fakers and law• launched nearly 300 similar ac• consumers' associations is to breakers were ordered to publish tivities, and dealt with some help consumers with shopping accounts of the swindle in news• 1,300 illegal cases. plans, pass on consumption papers, their illegal income was According to statistics of the knowledge and improve the con• confiscated and they were given China Consumers' Association, sumption pattern. criminal sanctions. The associa• consumer protection agencies at Since 1986, all levels of the tion was also able to retrieve sev• all levels have conducted some consumers' association have car• eral hundred thousand yuan for 52,700 evaluations and examina• ried out dozens of investigations the consumers. tions over the past five years. In of expenditures for marriages, Cosumer organizations attach order to teach consumers to best young and old people's buying equal importance to minor cases. determine quality of a product, habits in more than 10 provinces For example, an 80-year-old re• many exhibitions of fake and and cities. tired worker in Quanzhou, Fuji- substandard products have been Discussions on consumer an Province, bought several doz• he^fl. problems are often published in en spokes for his bicycle, two of In addition to major inspec• newspapers and magazines and which, worth 0.3 yuan, were not tions, each consumers' associa• shown through televisions. In up to standards. The consumers' tion has set up many public su• each issue of Zhongguo Xia- association of the city accepted pervisory or liaison stations. The ofeizhe Bao (the China Consu• the case and on the same day Fujian Consumers' Association, mer News), there are such col• ordered the producer to make for instance, has established umns as consumer trends, mar• compensation. such stations in some urban en• ket information, food for child• The consumers' association terprises and shops. They often ren and fashion. has also accepted some 100 com• make checks on the quality of In 1988, the China Consu• plaints by foreign. Hong Kong, commodities and services. mers' Association held a na• Macao and Taiwan consumers. Consumers' associations also tional discussion and published For instance, in March 1988, make public comparison ap• more than 120 research papers Zhang Jing-hung from Taiwan praisals of the quality of dif• about consumer issues. complained that the necklace ferent products and the credit These activities have played she bought in Guilin was a fake. standing of enterprises. a positive role in guiding con• After an investigation, the According to statistics, over sumption and changing tradi• consumer association recovered the past few years the con• tional backward concepts and

20 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY »-29,1990 CHINA customs. Take Hebei's Renqiu Association visited four Ja• and lack a sense of rights. Thus, City for instance. Previously, panese cities including Tokyo the phenomenon in which con• city residents squandered a lot and Yokohama at the invitation sumers' rights and interests are of money on marriages, funerals of the Japanese consumers' asso• damaged is still quite common; and interments. The local consu• ciation. During their visit, menj- incidents of death, poisoning mers' association tried to show bers of the delegation participat• and injury caused by substan• the people how they could be ed in the 25th anniversary of the dard and fake products occur more frugal by holding collec• founding of the Japan Consu• from time to time and com• tive weddings and memorial mers' Association and held dis• plaints lodged increase year by meetings, and a major change cussions with 21 consumer pro• year. was brought about in spending tection organizations. Moreover, consumer protec• habits. As of now, the China Con• tion organizations need improve• sumers' Association has esta• ment, especially in the rural and International Exchange blished ties with its counterparts outlying areas. Special regu• in 15 countries and regions. lations concerning production In September 1987, the China and commodities need to be Consumers' Association joined worked out and consumer pro• the International Union of Con• Problems and Future tection organizations lack ade• sumers' Associations and attend• quate funds, personnel and adv• ed the 12th international con• Referring to the present issues sumers protection meeting in facing consumers, Li Yanshou anced technical equipment. Madrid. noted, "We've only taken the All levels of consumers' asso• Over the past five years, some first step; we have a long way to ciations, thus, need to continue members of the China Consu• go. The most important step we to perfect their organizational mers' Association and its local can take is to improve consumer network and to protect consu• branches have visited more than status." Under the present un• mers' rights and interests. They ten countries and regions, in• derdeveloped commodity econo• should strengthen supervision cluding the United States, the my, he said, the seller's market and examination over commodi• Federal Republic of Germany, still plays a leading role in China ties and services, promote self- Poland, Japan, Switzerland and and, because consumers are res• supervision by industrial and Hong Kong. tricted by the country's econo• commercial departments and ex• In September 1988, a delega• mic and cultural level, they have pand international exchanges tion of the China Consumers' few means to protect themselves and co-operation. •

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BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 21 CHINA

Forest Protection Strengthened

by Our Staff Reporter Han Guojian By legal, economic, scientific and technological means, China has continued to strengthen management of its forest resources. Tangible results have been achieved in stopping indiscriminate felling of trees, preventing and putting out forest fires, and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests.—Ed.

arly this year, a forest re• tion of the Forest Law. Chinese government has always sources supervisory sys• The Forest Law is another ma• paid attention to the manage• Etem was established in the jor weapon in the fight to save ment and protection of the na• provinces and autonomous re• China's forests. Promulgated in tion's forest resources, formu• gions of southwestern and north• 1984, the Forest Law, the prov• lating a series of policies and eastern China. Shi Binxiang, de• isions of which protect a wide regulations to protect and devel• puty head of the Forest Re• variety of forest resources, is op the natural resource. sources Administrative Depart• viewed by the public as the main A limit to felling of trees. Ac• ment under the Ministry of bulwark against destruction of cording to statistics, China has Forestry, considers the establish• natural forest resources. Its pub• 131 state-owned forestry bureaus ment of the system another signi• lication marked for the first and 4,000 forestry centres en• ficant measure in strengthening time that protection of forest re• gaged in the production of tim• forest resources management. sources was legally codified. ber, as well as a large number of According to Shi, all the counties village and township-run fores• in the country's forest areas will try centres and family farms. appoint supervisors by the end of Timbering Under Control Due to the shortage of forest re• the year who will have the power sources, however, the domestic China is not rich in forest re• supply of timber falls short of to put a halt to and report to sources. The forest area per cap• demand. Though the govern• higher authorities any local ac• ita is only 18 percent of the ment repeatedly called for an ap• tivity they deem to be in viola• world's average. As a result, the propriate amount of felling and the combination of felling with SUN ZHONGJING planting, some units and indivi• A balanced timber industry—newly planted trees in the Zengjia Forestry Centre, duals felled trees indiscriminate• Gnangynn County of Sichnan Province exceed the amount felled each year. ly in their rush for quick prof• its. The government thus decid• ed that the key to protection of forest resources was the strict control over the lumber industry. Thus, in 1985, in accordance with the Forest Law, the Ministry of Forestry ordered that each prov• ince, autonomous region and municipality set the amount of trees cut below the annual growth rate. In 1986, the State Council set annual limits to the felling of trees for the years between 1987

22 BEIJING KEVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 CHINA and 1990 for each province, au• hectares a year because they tonomous region and municipal• make it easier for farmers to ity, explicitly ordering that the manag? the land and reduced the felling amount can be lower but amount of indiscriminate felling. not higher than the stipulated Each village has formulated ap• quota. The annual average fell• propriate rules and regulations ing allowed was 126 million cu• to protect forests. According to bic metres, much lower than the Shi Binxiang, the task of issuing annual average growth rate. In lumbering hcenses will be com• order to control lumbering, ap• pleted by the end of July. propriate measures were adopted Forestry funds. In order to en• by each locale. Chenzhou Prefec• sure adequate funds for affores• ture of Hunan Province, for ex• tation, in addition to funds prov• ample, linked the felling target ided by the state, tree cutters with the afforestation schedule. are asked to use some 10-15 per The felling license system, thousand of their yearly timber adopted nationwide in 1987, is income to develop forest re• another measure designed to sources. Since 1981, the propor• control felling. Except for the tion has been increased in some small number of privately-owned areas. In Fujian Province, for ex• trees in front or at the back of ample, it is now 20-50 per thou• houses in rural areas, the system sand. stipulates that any unit or indivi• Forest management. Over the DM 5HUNQING dual must apply in advance to past few years, forest adminis• Forest rangen in Hellongjiang Provliice the local department in charge of trative and judicial departments with wind-powered (ire extinguishers. forestry for a felling license. have been strengthened. Accord• Contract system. During the ing to statistics, China's forest past decade, local authorities services now has 55,000 adminis• Province have suffered from ille• have made great efforts to im• trative, personnel and a contin• gal fellings. In a forestry centre plement the policies on farmers' gent of around 1 million of of Guangxi Zhuang Autonom• right to use of mountains and to security personnel; and 29 prov• ous Region, there was around own trees they planted, on divi• inces, autonomous regions and 1,000 violations each day and, as sion of hillsides for personal use municipalities have set up forest a result, about 2,000 hectares of over a fixed period of time and security bureaus, under which forest was destroyed, a loss of the establishment of the contract there are 3,355 branches with some 210,000 cubic metres of system of responsibility in forest 40,000 policemen. In addition, wood. Public security and pro- production. These policies are 13 provinces, autonomous re• curatorial organs and courts in the most important forestry re• gions and municipalities have forest areas, however, dealt the form measure since 1981. By the established forest procuratorates violators a crushing blow. Ac• end of 1987, more than 50 mil• and courts. cording to available statistics, be• lion farmers from 80 percent of Crack down on theft. In order tween 1985 and 1987 the judi• the nation's counties received to adjust up the planned price of cial departments of 11 southern certificates giving them the right timber and increase the income provinces and autonomous re• to use mountain and forest areas. of forest farmers, China opened gions investigated and dealt with Some 60 million hectares of hilly up a timber market in southern 32,100 cases including 550 ser• area was shared out or contract• China. In some areas, however, ious ones, arrested 2,026 persons ed. Within their assigned areas, illegal fellings occurred. In state and sentenced 419 of them. farmers can pass on to descen• forest and natural reserves in They also recovered 150,000 cu• dants trees which belong to them. Fujian, Hubei, Guangdong, bic metres of timber, preventing The length of time for use of the Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan, a loss of 30 million yuan. As a land or term of the contract is 30 for instance, the amount of ille• result of the crackdown, there to 50 years. Such measures have gally removed forest resources have been no major cases of ille• aroused the enthusiasm of farm• reached 1.02 million cubic gal fellings since 1987. ers and brought about newly metres and was worth 100 mil• Responsibility system. During added forest areas throughout lion yuan. Sixty-six of the 88 their term of office, county mag• the country of some 6 million state forestry centres in Guizhou istrates and secretaries of county

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 23 CHINA Party committees who don't do several areas. For example, vast extinguishing bombs, artificial their utmost to protect forest re• stretches of forests were cut for rain, infrared fire detectors and sources must be called to ac• firewood. There was an increase fire engines are also widely used count, while those who do well in felling outside the plan, espe• to fight fires. In addition, satel• are cited and rewarded. The re• cially in Hainan, Yunnan and lites and computers have begun sults of the system have been Guangxi. In Hainan, for in• to be utilized in order to more particularly evident in Guang• stance, 70 percent of the area's accurately forecast forest fires. dong where, since the implemen• annual timber output was used In 1986, scientists, using the me• tation of the responsibility sys• as firewood. The result is that the teorological satellite, correctly tem in afforestation throughout primeval forest has been serious• fixed the location of fires in the the province in 1986, all of the ly destroyed and the total forest northeastern forestry centres and area's barren hills have been area reduced year by year. As of sketched a colour map of fire transformed into green areas. now, the local officials still take distribution and trends, a re• Poor management is evident in a laissez-faire attitude towards warding job for fire prevention the problem. Unfortunately, statistics show that 80 percent of all fires are Fire Prevention man-made and, although the losses caused by fires have been The climate in China is condu• reduced annually, they number cive to forest fires and so the in the tens of thousands nation• government has paid much at• wide. Consequently, some ex• tention to its prevention. Not perts consider strengthening the long after the founding of the public's sense of fire prevention People's Republic of China, the as the country's major task. government put forward a policy of prevention first in a strategy to actively wipe out the dan• Expanded Pest-Control HAN GUOJIAN ger; it strengthened organiza• There is a variety of forest in• A tnidk load of Umber inspected at a tions and fire prevention facili• sects in China. According to re• check point in Guangdong Province. ties at various levels to deal with search conducted in the early forest fires. As a result, the num• 1980s, there were 5,600 kinds of ber of fire has been reduced year forest insects and 1,000 kinds of by year. In 1988, the rate of loss forest diseases. Some 170 insects caused by conflagrations went and more than 60 kinds of di• down from the previous 18.8 seases can cause serious damage per thousand hectares to 0.6 per to forests. There are 20 common thousand hectares, a rate lower insects, for example, which than the world average of 1 per cause injury. These include pine thousand hectares. moths, gathay poplar longicorn China now has 240,000 full- and bamboo locust. There are time and 430,000 part-time forest also 15 common diseases such as rangers. Moreover, the key fores• chestnut blight which are of con• try centres in the northeastern, cern. The affected area of insect southwestern and southern prov• pests and diseases cover 8 million inces and autonomous regions hectares and cause an annual have established fire brigades loss of at least 10 million cubic with a total membership of some metres of timber. 10,000, built 300,000 kilometres It is no wonder then that of separation belts, 3,900 watch China attaches great importance towers and 9 air forest protection to the prevention and control of stations. These areas also have 30 forest diseases and insect pests. aircrafts, 30,000 wind-powered The government has adopted fire extinguishers, 6,400 sets of many measures and achieved radios and 14,000 walkie- tangible results over the past talkies. High-efficiency fire- years. The prior situation in old DAI SHUNQINC extinguishing chemicals, fire- China in which forest diseases

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 CHINA and insect pests spread quickly tame and lure birds and other an ecologically balanced envi• and dead trees were left scattered animals as a method of prev• ronment which can control the about the forest has been put to ention and control. During the spread of forest disease and in• an end. 1980s, progress was made in the sect pests. Thus, efforts for ar• Currently, a forest disease and popularization and use of chem• tificial prevention and control insect pest control network has icals and animals as a compre• have had to be increased. At pre• taken shape across China. The hensive prevention and control sent, the area affected by forest Ministry of Forestry has set up technology. In the 1950s, the diseases and insect pests exceeds plant quarantine centres in Ji- area of forest diseases and insects 10 million hectares nationwide. angxi Province in the south and needing prevention and control Only 30 percent of this area has Liaoning Province in the north covered only 130,000 hectares, been brought under control and and provincial-level forest di• and it expanded to 2.7 million major insects such as pine moths sease and insect pest control sta• hectares during the 1980s. With and the US white moths are still tions, quarantine stations or improvement in techniques dur• a problem in forest areas. So forest protection centres have ing the early 1960s, China was far, however, no effective meth• been established in 24 of the basically able to control the od has been found for their prev• country's provinces, prefectures harm caused by ceracris kiang- ention and control. and cities where forests are com• su and, in the beginning of the paratively concentrated. Fores• 1980s, such forest diseases and Natural Reserves try animal disease prevention insects as pine moth and loopers and control centres have also were brought under control in Establishing natural reserves is been set up in Anhui and Jilin some regions. an important means by which provinces and more than 1,400 It is worth mentioning that forest resources and wild animals insect pests prevention and con• China is now publicizing a sys• can be protected. China began to trol stations have been esta- tem engineering project for com• estabhsh natural reserves during bhshed by forestry departments prehensively preventing and con• the 1950s. The more than 400 in various places, employing a trolling forest diseases and insect natural reserves throughout the total of 6,000 professionals. Some pests in 21 provinces, prefectures country cover a total area of 22 3,000 centres have been set up and cities. Proceeding from the million hectares. Ecological sys• in state-owned and collectively need to maintain the ecological tems in these reserves, such as owned tree farms with more than balance of the forest areas and, tropical forests, mangroves, sub• 6,000 full- or part-time analysts. geared to the different pest or tropical ever-green broad-leaf In order to strengthen overall ex• disease being dealt with, refores• trees, Korean pine forests, the perimentation and research, the tation, chemical, biological and frigid and temperate zones' coni• China Forestry Scientific Re• physical prevention and control ferous trees and water forest as search Institute and forestry re• measures are used in a reason• well as a variety of rare trees, are search units in various provinces, able and co-ordinated way so as well preserved. Also, some ani• prefectures and cities have esta• to achieve the long-term goal of mals in the preserves have taken blished forest protection or forest preventing forest diseases and in• a rebound, back from the brink disease and insect pest preven• sects. of extinction, and increased in tion and control offices. According to an official from number quite rapidly such With the increase in the num• the Ministry of Forestry, China as Chinese alligators and the ber of forest disease and insect currently spends an annual sum Hainan slopy deer. pest control organizations and of 50 million yuan in preventing There are 56 natural reserves personnel, China's ability to and controlling forest diseases at the state level. Of these, six prevent and control forest insect and insect pests. Nevertheless, —the Changbai Mountains in pests has increased. During the forest diseases and insect pests northeast China, the Dinghu 1950s, forest insects were caught remain a formidable enemy Mountain in Guangdong, the and exterminated mainly by which threatens China's forests. Fanjing Mountain in Guizhou, hand or mechanically. During Statistics indicate that in 1989 the Wuyi Mountain in east the 1960s, China began to use the damage caused by diseases China, and Xilin Gol in Inner chemicals and mechanics on a and insect pests to China's forests Mongolia—have been included large scale for insect prevention exceeded that caused by forest by UNESCO in the world's Man and control and following this, in fire. Moreover, the large areas of and Biosphere research plan be• the 1970s, it used rricho-gramma forests artificially cultivated in cause of their unique ecological in a large area to artificially recent years have failed to form environment. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUIY 23-29, 1990 25 BOOKS

tural circles. He has also at• tacked the trend of putting Deng Xiaoping on Literature and Art money first in everything, all kinds of decadent thoughts, bourgeois life styles and porno• dited by the Propaganda development. But in his opinion, graphic and obscene films and Department of the CPC before they set out to educate publications. ECentral Committee and the people, writers should sub• As Li Ruihuan, member of the published by the People's Litera• ject themselves to the education Standing Committee of the Polit• ture Publishing House, the two- from the people, because "the ical Bureau of the CPC Central part, 73,000-character book Deng people are the mothers of literal Committee, puts it, the publica• Xiaoping On Literature and Art and art workers." tion of the book will give a boost is a collection of Deng's articles In addition, Deng discusses to the work of eliminating the and speeches on »the subject be• such subjects as the study of influence of bourgeois liberaliza• tween 1975 and 1989. Marxism, the social effects of lit• tion, particularly on China's cul• Proceeding from China's na• erary products, the source of the tural front, and upholding the tional conditions at the primary themes, motifs, context and lan• Marxist line. stage of socialism, Deng firmly guage, techniques and the adheres to fundamental princi- moulding of a new socialist fi• •ples of Mao Zedong Thought gure. As China is striving to Who's Wiio of and boldly gives up some outdat• achieve four modernizations, he Chinese Experts ed conclusions. He also makes believes that the scope for liter• new summarization in the light ary and artistic creations has wi• This publication introduces of fundamental principles of dened. In this field, criticism and Marxist literary theory. His counter-criticism should be en• the achievements of Chinese in• thoughts on literature and art are couraged and carried out in a tellectuals. The the first volume a component of the theoretical reasonable way. of Who's Who of Chinese Ex• perts has been recently published framework of the construction In the book, readers can easily by the China Urban Economic of socialism with Chinese char• find Deng's clear-cut and consis• and Social Publishing House and acteristics. tent policy of upholding the four is earmarked for domestic and In the book, Deng clearly de• cardinal principles (adherence to foreign distribution. fines the status, role and histori• the socialist road, to the leader• cal mission of literature and art ship of the Communist Party of According to official statistics, in the great and systematic pro• China, to the people's democrat• there are more than 6 million ject of building a Chinese-type ic dictatorship, and to Marx• senior and middle level profes• socialism. ism, Leninism and Mao Zedong sionals in China; they are the "We must insist on Comrade Thought) and opposing bour• main force of the country's mod• Mao Zedong's proposition that geois liberalization. ernization drive. literature and art must serve the Early in the late 1970s, when Jiang Zemin, general secretary broad masses of people, particu• the trend of bourgeois liberali• of the CPC Central Committee larly workers, peasants and sol• zation emerged soon after the and chairman of the Central Mil• diers and uphold the principles downfall of the "gang of four," itary Commission noted, "With• of letting a hundred flowers blos• Deng put forward the four cardi• out knowledge and intellectuals, som, weeding through the old to nal principles and criticized the it would be impossible to build bring forth the new, and making harmful trend. Afterwards, he socialism." The publication of foreign things serve China and repeatedly pointed out, "In our the book is part of the nation's the past serve present," he points country, to advocate bourgeois effort to "respect knowledge and out. liberalization is to advocate cap• the talented." He says the slogan that litera• italist road," and spiritual pollu• The 3.7 million-character first ture and art are subject to poli• tion " will lead to nothing but volume contains entries on 20,- tics is no longer used but they are calamity for the country and 778 experts who are active in 29 inseparable from politics by na• the people." He has opposed so- specialities in higher education, ture. He urges the Party to help called "democrats," and ultra- natural sciences, engineering and writers and artists acquire condi• individualism, national nihilism, technological institutions. tions to boost literature and art abstract humanitarianism and The second and third volume accordiiig to their own natures human value, and socialist alien• are both at the editing stage. and principles and their law of ation in the ideological and cul• by Lou Xinyue

2C BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 BUSINESS/TRADE

ment in energy and transporta• the export of cereals, eggs, fila• Guangdong's tion can receive comprehensive ture silk, cotton, cotton yarns, New Policy compensation. cashmere, tungsten ores and Those foreign-funded items others. In order to attract foreign with a sattirated domestic mar• In the first half of this year, investment and improve the in• ket and limited foreign market, China saw an increase in the dustrial structure, Guangdong, products which are mainly for import of chemical fertilizers, China's first province opened domestic sale and for which pesticides, crude oil, vegetable to foreign economic involve• a foreign-exchange balance is oil, copper, and copper alloy, ment, listed on June 26 three difficult to achieve, will be and a decrease in natural rub• kinds of foreign-funded pro• restricted. They include such ber, logs, paper pulp, synthetic jects to be encouraged, restrict• items as assembly lines and fibres, wool, iron ore sand, ce• ed or forbidden. imported parts which produce ment, rolled steel, aluminum, For a limited time, Guang• only for the Chinese market and aluminum alloy. The im• dong Province will encourage and which make a profit sole• ports of cigarettes and high- foreign investment in the fol• ly on the differencials between grade consumer durables lowing areas: power industry, foreign and domestic prices. dropped considerably. For ex• ports, railway, highway, air• Investment projects which ample, the import of cars in the port and telecommunication; concern the sovereignty, safety first six months was 46.2 per• the industry of raw material and interests of the state as well cent less than the correspond• for which the province has re• as those which pollute the en• ing period last year. lied on imports for a long time; vironment, destroy natural re• In the first six months of the the production of spare parts sources and damage health are year, China was ranked among for automobiles, electronics forbidden. the top ten trade partners of and electronic appliances, pre• All other projects not listed the following countries and re• cision mould manufacturing in the category whose raw ma• gions: Hong Kong, Japan, the and surface heat treatment; terials are mainly imported United States, Federal Ger• new technological industries while all or most of its products many, the Soviet Union, Singa• such as electronic informa• are exported, are allowed to re• pore, Britain, Canada, Taiwan tion, new materials and ceive foreign investments. • and France. In general, China bio-engineering; agro- has increased its exports to var• technological industry; and the ying degrees to all countries introduction of new seedling Import and and regions, excluding Japan and their breeding technology, and the United States. • agricultural products process• Export Perk Up ing items and export processing projected with a big margin of According to Customs statis• Yantai*s Zone in value added. tics, China's export volume in Guangdong Province will the first half of this year Good Sliape give the above items favour• reached US$25.65 billion, an able treatment by putting them increase of 15.4 percent over At the end of 1989, the Yan- into the category of fixed asset the corresponding period of tai Economic and Technologi• investments and arranging for 1989. Of the US$23.09 billion cal Development Zone which the needed funding and supply imports, import of high-grade opened in March 1985 had 52 of materials; give them exemp• consumer goods was down be• industrial enterprises under op• tion or reduction on local in• cause of restrictions. eration, 88 percent of which come tax for a certain per• Since January, China has are currently running well. The iod; for co-operatively man• seen a considerable increase in Sino-US Fulai Food Process• aged projects, the depreciation the export of textiles, clothes, ing and Freezing Co. Ltd., the rate can be accelerated; the machinery, electric products, China-Hong Kong Yadong maximum term of 50 years for cement, coal, finished oil, Standard Parts Co. Ltd. and land use rights can be pro• household ceramic wares, toys, the Hualain Co. Ltd. are some longed if need be; some prod• fireworks and firecrackers, of the companies which have ucts which originally depended medicines, medicinal herbs, already recovered their capital on imports can be designated as aquatic products and pork. outlay. Last year, the 52 enter• import-substitutes; and invest• There's been some reduction in prises realized a total output

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 2>M, 1990 . 127 BUSINESS/TRADE value of 182 million yuan, a pacity of 300 tons and its prod• 36.8 percent increase over the ucts can substitute for imports. Hebei Beckons on previous year. Among them, 13 The China Resources (Hold• Taiwan Investors joint ventures generated for• ing) Group of Hong Kong has eign exchange earnings 3.6 invested US$31.86 million to Hebei Province formulated times as much as the previous build a polyamide fibre factory "Regulations on Taiwan In• year. From January to May in the zone. The frame-work of vestment" last month to en• this year, the total volume of the project, begun being con• courage Taiwan compatriots to earnings for all industrial en• structed in June of last year, invest in the province, set up terprises in the zone was has been basically completed enterprises and hold economic US$14,875 million, a 59.8 per• and most of the production and technological co-operation. cent increase over the corres• equiprnent has been shipped to Under the regulations, Tai• ponding period of last year. the work site for installation. wan investors can establish Among them, foreign exchange The first phase of the project is wholly Taiwan-funded, jointly earnings generated by joint expected to be completed at the funded and co-operative enter• ventures increased by 141.5 end of this year. This factory prises in the province, carry percent. involving 110 million yuan in out materials processing and After five years of construc• investment will be the second parts assembling, and compen• tion, the starting area of two largest Sino-foreign joint ven• sation trade; purchase the pro• square kilometres has formed ture in China's textile sector. perty and stock rights of small an initial investment environ• With Italian and Federal Ger• state-owned enterprises, and ment. Infrastructures, living contract to operate small state- quarters and service facilities man highly automatic equip• owned and collectively run en• are set up. Based on its natural ment of the advanced 1980s terprises; legally obtain the resources, the zone has mainly standards, the factory will have right to use the land, and, developed food, light industry, an annual production capacity transfer, sublease, mortage or electronic products, textiles, of 2,668 tons of polyamide fila• exchange land within the use machinery, chemical industry ment, thus becoming the larg• period. In addition, the Taiwan and new materials. The zone is est polyamide filament prod• businessmen who invest in also encouraging overseas busi• ucer in China. In addition, the coastal open Qinhuangdao- nessmen to run scientific re• projects for production of air -Cangzhou area are search undertakings. conditioners used in cars and provided with many services By the end of May, the zone buses and English-system cir• and convenience. had signed 117 contracts with cular cone bearings are un• According to the regula• foreign and Chinese business• der construction. Equipment is tions, Taiwan-funded enter• men involving 961 million being installed for plane brake prises which operate for more yuan. Out of these projects, 42 devices, triple electroplating than ten years can receive ex• are foreign-funded enterprises and quartz crystals. emption from income tax dur• with contracted foreign invest• From 1991 to 1995, Yantai ing the first three profit- ment totalling US$49.78 mil• Development Zone will em• making years. Beginning in the lion. Investors came from the phasize imports of large fourth year, they are exempt United States, Hong Kong, Ja• amounts of foreign capital and from half of the income tax pan, France, Norway and other advanced technologies for due. After the exemption per• countries. About 80 percent of the development of precision iod expires, the tax rate can be these enterprises dre export- machinery, electronic instru• reduced by 20 percent based on oriented and through product ments and metres, electronics, the then current tax law. sales in the international mar• new materials and other high• Export-oriented enterprises kets. Seventeen kinds of their tech projects. At the same time, and enterprises with advanced products have already made efforts will be made to set up technology, and projects prov• their way into foreign markets. various scientific research in• iding technical upgrading for About one-third of all the en• stitutions and schools of higher enterprises, or investing in the terprises in the zone are learning. By the year 2000, fields of energy resources, com• equipped with advanced tech• the development zone will be munication, harbour develop• nologies. The newly built span- turned into new scientific and ment, raw materials and agri• dex factory, for example, now industrial area. culture, and in remote, poor has an annual production ca• by Lu Yun areas can receive exemptions

28 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 BUSINESS/TRADE

from local income tax for sev• arrange for relatives to settle in communications manufactur• en years. Enterprises which en• the location where enterprises er. Motorola developed the counter tax-payment difficul• are located and be guaranteed first mobile-phone system in ties in their initial period of food supply. the world. Lai noted that poor operation can receive exemp• Apart from these regula• communications infrastructure tion from industrial and com• tions, Taiwan-funded enter• has hindered China's econo• mercial consolidated duties for prises enjoy treatment similar mic development. He expect• one year. to foreign-funded enterprises ed further co-operation with Any. Taiwan businessman operating under related econo• China and expressed full con• who reinvests his share of prof• mic laws and regulations the fidence for future co• it for five years and more may state and the province have operation. • receive a refund of 50 percent promulgated. of the income tax already paid by Kou Zhengling on the reinvested portion; Jianlibao in those who invest in the export- oriented enterprises and enter• Motorola to Soviet Union prises with advanced technolo• gy can take back all income tax Invest More Deng Qiao, deputy general paid. manager of Guangdong Jianii- Taiwan-funded enterprises Chi-Sun Lai, corporate vice- bao Group Co. Ltd, recently can receive exemptions from president of Motorola, an• announced that his company land use fees during the con• nounced that his firm plans to will send experts to advise the struction period and within increase investment in China Sino-Soviet venture Jianlibao five years after the operation. in order to strengthen co• Drink Factory in the Soviet During the same period, they operation in the field of the Union. are exempt from property tax telecommunications. The contract, signed this and license plate tax for cars Chi-Sun Lai said his com• June during China's first trade and ships. pany has signed an agreement talk with the Soviet Union and Moreover, Taiwan-funded with the development zone in East Europe, has a total invest• enterprises can receive exemp• east China's port city Tianjin ment of 9 million Swiss francs tions from import tax and in• for a solely owned venture, with 40 percent coming from dustrial and commercial conso• the construction for which is China and 60 percent from the lidated duties and exemption scheduled to begin at the end Soviet Union. from import licensing when of the year. Total investment in That is the first time China's they import machines and the Motorola subsidiary, which famous drink producer has un• equipment, cars and office fa• will produce such telecommun• dertaken a co-operative ven• cilities, and raw materials and ications facilities as walkie- ture with the Soviet Union. fuel for production within talkies and telephones, is esti• The contract prescribes that their total investment volume. mated at US$300 million to the Soviet partner should prov• Regulations indicate that the 400 million, of which US$20 ide all the data needed for the investment, interest and profit million will be made in 1991. construction of the factory netted by Taiwan compatriots He said Motorola will also and other facilities while the can be transferred and inherit• increase investment in other Chinese side is responsible for ed. The products of Taiwan- manufacturing projects involv• the overall design and the prov• funded enterprises which can ing auto electronics, telephones ision of drink processing equip• be used as import-substitutes and semiconductors. He said ment and installation technol• can be sold in domestic mar• more customer service and ogy. kets for foreign currency. Tai• products maintenance facilities Deng noted that the con• wan businessmen and the man• are also planned for China. struction of this joint venture agerial and technical personnel In addition to the two Moto• is a new experiment on forms they invite can apply for mul• rola mobile-phone systems al• of co-operation between China tiple exit and entry permits and ready installed in Beijing and on the one hand and the Soviet apply for permanent residence. Shanghai, three more are ex• Union and East Europe on the In addition, Taiwan investors pected to go into operation in other. He believes it will be a can ask their mainland re• Xiamen, Fuzhou and Jinan. success. latives to act as their agents, A major international tele• by Li Ming

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 29 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS through technical transforma• the government institutions, lo• Agriculture: tion a'nd scientific farming. Ac• cal Communist Party and gov• Experience cording to international econo• ernment leaders and even the un• mists, about 20 percent of the its of their sponsors. KEJI RIBAO increase in farm production ear• (3) Their sponsors are usually (Science and Technology Daily) ly in the 20th century was the highly talented people from units f the world's 1.373 billion result of scientific farming. To• with public ownership, who re• hectares of land under day, that has increased to 70-80 main with the unit after joining O cultivation, China has percent in developed countries. the enterprise but are no longer only 100 million hectares or 7 In China, between 1981 and paid by it. percent. Out of a global popula• 1985, it was 35 percent. (4) Internally, there is a dis• tion of 5 billion, 1.1 billion or 22 — Strengthening agricultural tinction between ordinary mem• percent live in China. However, regional development and setting bers or labourers and the lead• China has since its founding in up commodities production bas• ing group, which is composed of 1949 succeeded in solving the es. This is deemed as an impor• owners and managers. problem of feeding its huge tant strategic measure for sus• (5) In income distribution, population. This remarkable tained growth in farm produc• there is an obvious income dif• achievement has attracted world• tion. ference between the leading wide attention. (May 13, 1990) group and their employees. But In 1949, China's grain output the majority of the profit is put was 113.2 billion kg. By 1988, the towards further development. figure shot up to 394 billion kg, The above shows that these en• registering an annual increase of terprises follow a small collective 3.3 percent. Between 1949 and Non-Government ownership, which is somewhere 1988, however, the world's grain between collective ownership output increased at an average Enterprises and private ownership. rate of 2.4 percent a year. During JINGJI ZHONGHENG (Issue No.4, 1990) the same period, the grain output (Across the Economic World) increased at an annual rate of 0.9 in the United States, 2.5 percent hina's non-governmental in France and 2.4 percent in the scientific and technolog• Soviet Union. The increase rate Cical enterprises are not pri• in China is obviously higher than vately owned. They are not Who Run all developed countries in the owned by socialist groups eith• world, with the per-hectare yield er. Socialist groups operate un• increasing by 69 kg every year or der their respective sponsors, Cliina's Factories? amounting to 151 percent over while the non-governmental ZHONGGUO QIYEJIA 40 years ago. During the same scientific and technological en• (Chinese Entrepreneurs) period, the per-hectare grain terprises are completely indepen• S an integral part of China's yield of the world increased by dent. society, Chinese factory di• 121 percent. Such enterprises do not fit into Arectors must abide by cer• There are several policies that the mixed ownership system. tain rules in the operation of have helped China achieve suc• Some, however, may employ a their firms. Guidelines to be ad• cess in its agricultural produc• shareholding system in the fu• hered to include the following: tion. They include: ture but will not become joint- Position. Chinese factory direc• — Adhering to the principle stock companies. tors are in a position between that "agriculture is the base of The following are character• administrative officials and en• the national economy, and grain istics of the non-governmental trepreneurs, but leaning more to• is the core of the base." This scientific and technological en• wards the entrepreneurial side. principle conforms with China's terprises: Their political position depends actual conditions. (1) Funds needed for their es• on their rank within the en• — Improving farm production tablishment and operation are terprise administration whether conditions by continuously in• not allocated by the state, but they are at the bureau, depart• creasing the supply of chemical raise by themselves from banks ment or section level; their scale fertilizers, water conservancy fa• and individuals. of production; managerial situa• cilities, farm machinery, etc. (2) Their establishment re• tion, and their enterprises' type — Developing agriculture ceives support from the society. of ownership. Their economic status depends mainly on their BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS managerial situation, what con• their workers and staff to main• tion Department of the county tract relations their enterprises tain the interests of the state. Party committee and deputy have established with the state Qualities. Above all, factory di• county magistrate. But Cao nev• and the managerial ability of the rectors should be professionally er used her husband's status to factory directors themselves. qualified to be factory directors. change her job and remains a Predicament. Chinese factory di• They should have high political street cleaner. rectors must not only abide by standards. They need to be adept Cao works hard, vying with the ethics of administrative offi• at co-ordinating human rela• her colleagues for the more dif• cials, but must conform to en• tions. And they should have an ficult jobs such as sweeping terprise managerial behaviour in over-all point of view and be cap• streets, carrying garbage, mak• the commodity economy in han• able of adjusting themselves to a ing brooms and repairing gar• dling their affairs. They not only changing environment. Factory bage containers. Cao and her col• need to make a good impression directors should also be broad- leagues clean five kilometres of with the authorities, but also minded and devoted. street every day and more than need to use every method to ob• (Issue No.2. 1990) 150 underground neigbourhood tain favourable economic results garbage cellars every five days. in their enterprises in order to But she never complains about enjoy the trust of their colleagues the hard work. and workers. Therefore, factory On the eve of the 1989 Spring directors are the representatives Official's Wife Festival, a clear day after several of the state, enterprise and work• Sweeps Streets days of rain, people were hurry• ers. When dealing with a conflict ing home for the traditional fam• of interest among the state, en• RENMIN RIBAO HAIWAI BAN terprise and workers, the factory (People's Daily, Overseas Edition) ily reunion. Cao, however, could director must become the media• still be seen loading rain- tor. hatever the weather a drenched garbage spade by spade State of Mind. The position and 50-year-old woman can and then carrying it to the out• the plight of the factory director W be seen sweeping the skirts of the county. When fire• often puts him in a state of con• streets every day in Wannian crackers went off at midnight, flict and confusion. Factory di• County in southern China's Ji- she returned home, exhausted rectors hope to be promoted to a angxi Province. She is Cao Yu- and covered in dust and sweat. higher administrative rank, but zhi, wife of Ye Lianghe, the de• Her husband was waiting for her at the same time they want to be puty county magistrate. with the family reunion dinner rid of interference from higher For the past seven years, Cao already prepared. authorities to run their enterpris• has been working with the Coun• As a street cleaner, Cao has the es. Factory directors often have ty Environment and Hygiene support of her husband. In the inner conflicts: legal versus ille• Administration as a sanitation evening, he carries her sweeping gal; for the public purpose or his worker. tools upstairs for her and back own purpose; taking the initia• Ye Lianghe has served succes• down again in the morning. For tive or remaining passive; mak• sively as a member of the CPC seven years running, Cao has ing money versus conscience; Standing Committee of Wannian been chosen a model worker. material interests and morality; County, head of the Organiza- (April 16, 1990) individual interests as opposed to state interests. Sometimes, facto• ry directors are caught in awk• ward situations thinking one way but behaving in another. Behayiour. In their daily words and actions, factory directors gradually become better mana• gers. In dealing with state depart• ments and higher authorities, they often stand by their work• ers and staff to maintain the interests of the enterprise. But within the enterprise, they often represent the state to educate Soccess depends on how much yon

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE

Traditional Folk Dance Loved by Farmers n contrast to the people in big A flower-drum dance festival the youngest only four. Their cities, who are fond of disco recently held in Bengbu, Anhui dances were of different schools I and break dancing, farmers Province, demonstrated the local and styles but all won the admir• in the Huaihe River area of dance craze. More than 1,000 ation of the spectators. southern China show more en• people from 38 local performing The flower-drum dance, thusiasm for a local folk dance teams took part in the five-day named after the chief musical in• strument that accompanies the called huagudeng (flower-drum festival. The performers came dance, has been popular in the dance). Historical records indi• from various walks of life, in• Huaihe River area for centuries. cate that the origin of the dance cluding farmers, workers, cadres, It is actually a comprehensive dates back more than 1,000 teachers and owners of private performing art, including dance years. businesses. The oldest was 78 and and singing and snatches of local opera. Most of the dances, which reflect daily life, combine with elements of classical dances, ac• robatics, martial arts and Peking Opera. The dance can be divided into solo,'duet and ensemble per• formances, usually accompanied by a drum-and-gong team of sev• en to nine players. Dancers can also be accompan• ied by solo or antiphonal singing. Most of the songs are local tunes, very enchanting and with strong local flavour. There are also different styles of flower-drum dance. Some are characterized by simple and honest movements, strict com• A flower-dram dmice performed by a dance team from Fengyang Coonty, Anhoi position and a slow pace, while Province. others are light and vigorous. Traditional flower-drum danc• ing does not require a stage. The props are simple everyday things, such as umbrellas, hand• kerchiefs or hip drum. Ordinary farmers use the props to per• form dances of varying tempi and movements to show their emotions and feelings. Now the traditional dance is facing the challenges of the mod• ern world. Relevant departments in Anhui Province are working hard to preserve this part of the country's cultural heritage. Many measures have been taken, including opening flower-drum courses in arts schools and allo• cation of special funds. PholK hy CHEN TIEZHONG Through these efforts, the Two eUerly farmers give Iheli performance. traditional dance has flourished.

32 BEIJI^,G REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 CULTURE/SCIENCE It is not an unimportant form of tional day, the flower-drum golds at various world diving entertainment but a serious art. dance impressed Beijing viewers competitions. The recent World At the National Dance and Mu• with its exciting emotion and Cup showed that China has no sic Competition in 1986, the elegant and graceful movements. lack of diving talent. flower-drum dance performed by As the late premier Zhou Enlai The China Open featured per• farmers from Huaiyuan County said, the flower-drum dance is formances of highly difficult won top prize. At the celebra• the Orient's ballet. moves, including Chinese diver tion marking China's 40th na- by Zhang Xiaodong. Wu Feilong's four and a half for• ward somersaults in the men's platform event and Chen Xiao- dan's one and a half reverse so• Chinese Divers Sweep Golds mersaults and three and a half twists. Generally speaking, div• At Beijing Meet ers from the United States and Europe performed better in twist espite the presence of such Yu Xiaoling. manoeuvres but the Chinese diving powers as the Un• In the men's 10-metre plat• were better at somersaults. Dited States, the Soviet form, 14-year-old Sun Shuwei The Democratic People's Re• Union and German Democratic ranked second with a score only public of Korea displayed the Republic, Chinese competitors 0.87 less than winner Xiong Ni, unexpected progress it has made swept all six gold medals at a runner-up at Seoul. Zhu Jin- over the past two years. Kim the three-day China Open June hong, also 14, finished second in Chun Ok finished seventh in the 15-17 in Beijing. the women's 10-metre platform, women's 10-metre platform and Nearly 100 divers from 17 ahead of Williams. Song Yong II ranked sixth in the countries and regions took part Several years ago, Xu Yiming, men's 10-metre platform. in the event, the largest of its coach of China's diving team, be• In an interview, Gao Min ex• kind held in China. It was held gan to train young divers ranging pressed the same hope as her at the Indoor Swimming Pool in age from 12 to 16. This ap• in the National Olympic Sports coach Xu Yiming that the Centre in northern Beijing, proach has proved effective in Chinese team would capture all which was built for the upcom• building reserve forces for the the diving golds at the Asian ing Uth Asian Games. national team. Games. The competitors included such Since 1979, China has won 29 by Lou Linwei luminaries as Americans Wendy Williams, last year's World Cup champion in the women's International Ceramic Festival 10-metre platform event, and Mark Bradshaw, springboard To Be Held in Jingdezhen titlist in the 1990 US champion• ships, and Irina Lashko of the rrihe International Ceramic dezhen were listed as imperial Soviet Union, who was among I Festival will be held in kilns and their products, known the top six finishers at the Seoul Jingdezhen of Jiangxi for exquisite craftsmanship, were Olympics. Some news agencies Province, porcelain capital of sent directly to the imperial pa• considered the quality of the China, on October 11-14. The laces. After the Ming Dynasty competitors at the China Open to festival is aimed at promoting (1368-1644) the porcelain prod• be on a par with the Olympics. economic, technological and aca• ucts of Jingdezhen began to en• But Chinese veterans Tan demic exchanges between China joy international fames and were Liangde and Xu Yanmei easily and foreign countries in the cer• exported to European countries, captured the men's three- amic industry. where they were regarded as ar• metre springboard and women's Jingdezhen is one of China's tistic rarities. 10-metre platform events. "Div• best known manufacturers of Since the implementation of ing Queen" Gao Min defeated porcelain. Due to its rich porce• the reform and open-door poli• Lashko to take the gold in the lain clay resources, Jingdezhen cy, Jingdezhen's ceramics indus• women's three-metre spring• began pottery production in the try has entered a new phase of board. The men's and women's first century and porcelain prod• development. The kilns now can one-metre springboard were won uction in the fifth century. By produce 20 categories, 200 series | respectively by Wang Yijie and the Uth century, kilns at Jing- and more than 1,000 kinds of

BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29,1990 35 CULTURE/SCIENCE porcelain products. Jingdezhen's winners. Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties porcelain products have won Master craftsmen and experts (1271-1911). Also scheduled are four gold medals at international using unique technology will be exhibitions of ancient ceramics exhibitions and six national gold invited to give demonstrations. and an on-the-spot investigation medals. Their products will, go on sale During the festival, the Jing- when finished. Auction activities of the ancient kilns. "dezhen Cup International Cer• will also be arranged. An international symposium amic Competition will be held to Archaeologists from home and on ceramics will be held at the attract the world's best ceramic abroad'will be invited to partici• Jingdezhen Institute of Ceramics products. A panel of experts will pate in a symposium and give and an exhibition fair and trade serve as judges and gold and sil• lectures on their research con• talks are also planned. ver awards will be given to the cerning the imperial kilns of the by Wei Liming Ding Jie's Dancing Party Ding Jie, 23, a leading actress turn of Mu Lan. The dance, in• heroine in a Chinese legend who of the Beijing Institute of Danc• tegrating classical dance, folk combats in the disguise of a man. ing, held a one-person dancing dance and jazz, reveals the by Feng Jing and Xu Xiangjun party recently. heroine's happiness in reunion Here is a scene from The Re• with her family. Mu Lan is a

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JULY 23-29, 1990 Spring.

Engravings by Yu Husheng

Yu Husheng, bom in Shanghai in 1934, now teaches at the Zhuzhou Engineering Institute in Munan Province. His simple but vivid works show his rich engraving skill.

A Rural Woman.

ART PAQE Chinese Trumpet Creeper: Trueran Gauze

Cloth woven and made by good-quality trueran and natural cotton yam: Pure terylene products include two-ply, three-ply and four-ply skein and cheese; Trueran blended gauze has a variety of mixed ratios: Trueran yam includes varied counts of carded, combed single-ply and two-ply as well as the waxed-cheese; Trueran yam includes grey cotton, bleached cloth, dyed cloth printed or dyed shirting. Our variety of fabrics include fine cloth, fine spun, poplin, voile, seersucker, linen, Oxford spun, yam spun fabric, drills, khaki drills, jacquard, brocade and corduroy. The printed and dyed products made from trueran are rich in cokxjr, bright, original and beautiful in style. Through resin finishing, they are durable, crease-resistant, waterproof and have as beautiful imitation silk treatment. Being smooth, soft and comfortable to wear, they are a favourite with customers and sell well throughout the woHd.

ZHEJIANG TEXTILES IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION Address: 102 Fengqi Road, Hangzhou, China Tel: 557532 Cable: TEXTILES HANGZHOU Telex: 35026 TEX CN Fax: 554046, 551347