Internal Groupoids and Exponentiability
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A Small Complete Category
Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 40 (1988) 135-165 135 North-Holland A SMALL COMPLETE CATEGORY J.M.E. HYLAND Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statktics, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 ISB, England Communicated by D. van Dalen Received 14 October 1987 0. Introduction This paper is concerned with a remarkable fact. The effective topos contains a small complete subcategory, essentially the familiar category of partial equiv- alence realtions. This is in contrast to the category of sets (indeed to all Grothendieck toposes) where any small complete category is equivalent to a (complete) poset. Note at once that the phrase ‘a small complete subcategory of a topos’ is misleading. It is not the subcategory but the internal (small) category which matters. Indeed for any ordinary subcategory of a topos there may be a number of internal categories with global sections equivalent to the given subcategory. The appropriate notion of subcategory is an indexed (or better fibred) one, see 0.1. Another point that needs attention is the definition of completeness (see 0.2). In my talk at the Church’s Thesis meeting, and in the first draft of this paper, I claimed too strong a form of completeness for the internal category. (The elementary oversight is described in 2.7.) Fortunately during the writing of [13] my collaborators Edmund Robinson and Giuseppe Rosolini noticed the mistake. Again one needs to pay careful attention to the ideas of indexed (or fibred) categories. The idea that small (sufficiently) complete categories in toposes might exist, and would provide the right setting in which to discuss models for strong polymorphism (quantification over types), was suggested to me by Eugenio Moggi. -
Groupoids and Local Cartesian Closure
Groupoids and local cartesian closure Erik Palmgren∗ Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University July 2, 2003 Abstract The 2-category of groupoids, functors and natural isomorphisms is shown to be locally cartesian closed in a weak sense of a pseudo- adjunction. Key words: groupoids, 2-categories, local cartesian closure. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 18B40, 18D05, 18A40. 1 Introduction A groupoid is a category in which each morphism is invertible. The notion may be considered as a common generalisation of the notions of group and equivalence relation. A group is a one-object groupoid. Every equivalence relation on a set, viewed as a directed graph, is a groupoid. A recent indepen- dence proof in logic used groupoids. Hofmann and Streicher [8] showed that groupoids arise from a construction in Martin-Löf type theory. This is the so-called identity type construction, which applied to a type gives a groupoid turning the type into a projective object, in the category of types with equiv- alence relations. As a consequence there are plenty of choice objects in this category: every object has a projective cover [12] — a property which seems essential for doing constructive mathematics according to Bishop [1] inter- nally to the category. For some time the groupoids associated with types were believed to be discrete. However, in [8] a model of type theory was given using fibrations over groupoids, showing that this need not be the case. The purpose of this article is to draw some further conclusions for group- oids from the idea of Hofmann and Streicher. Since type theory has a Π- construction, one could expect that some kind of (weak) local cartesian clo- sure should hold for groupoids. -
Algebraic Cocompleteness and Finitary Functors
Logical Methods in Computer Science Volume 17, Issue 2, 2021, pp. 23:1–23:30 Submitted Feb. 27, 2020 https://lmcs.episciences.org/ Published May 28, 2021 ALGEBRAIC COCOMPLETENESS AND FINITARY FUNCTORS JIRˇ´I ADAMEK´ ∗ Department of Mathematics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Technical University Braunschweig, Germany e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract. A number of categories is presented that are algebraically complete and cocomplete, i.e., every endofunctor has an initial algebra and a terminal coalgebra. Example: assuming GCH, the category Set≤λ of sets of power at most λ has that property, whenever λ is an uncountable regular cardinal. For all finitary (and, more generally, all precontinuous) set functors the initial algebra and terminal coalgebra are proved to carry a canonical partial order with the same ideal completion. And they also both carry a canonical ultrametric with the same Cauchy completion. Finally, all endofunctors of the category Set≤λ are finitary if λ has countable cofinality and there are no measurable cardinals µ ≤ λ. 1. Introduction The importance of terminal coalgebras for an endofunctor F was clearly demonstrated by Rutten [Rut00]: for state-based systems whose state-objects lie in a category K and whose dynamics are described by F , the terminal coalgebra νF collects behaviors of individual states. And given a system A the unique coalgebra homomorphism from A to νF assigns to every state its behavior. However, not every endofunctor has a terminal coalgebra. Analogously, an initial algebra µF need not exist. Freyd [Fre70] introduced the concept of an algebraically complete category: this means that every endofunctor has an initial algebra. -
Correspondences and Groupoids 1 Introduction
Proceedings of the IX Fall Workshop on Geometry and Physics, Vilanova i la Geltr´u, 2000 Publicaciones de la RSME, vol. X, pp. 1–6. Correspondences and groupoids 1Marta Macho-Stadler and 2Moto O’uchi 1Departamento de Matem´aticas, Universidad del Pa´ıs Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea 2Department of Applied Mathematics, Osaka Women’s University emails: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Our definition of correspondence between groupoids (which generali- zes the notion of homomorphism) is obtained by weakening the conditions in the definition of equivalence of groupoids in [5]. We prove that such a correspondence induces another one between the associated C*-algebras, and in some cases besides a Kasparov element. We wish to apply the results obtained in the particular case of K-oriented maps of leaf spaces in the sense of [3]. Key words: Groupoid, C*-algebra, correspondence, KK-group. MSC 2000: 46L80, 46L89 1Introduction A. Connes introduced in [1] the notion of correspondence in the theory of Von Neumann algebras. It is a concept of morphism, which gives the well known notion of correspondence of C*-algebras. In [5], P.S. Mulhy, J.N. Re- nault and D. Williams defined the notion of equivalence of groupoids and showed that if two groupoids are equivalent, then the associated C*-algebras are Morita-equivalent. But, this notion is too strong: here we give a definition of correspondence of groupoids,byweakening the conditions of equivalence in [5]. We prove that such a correspondence induces another one (in the sense of A. Connes) between the associated reduced C*-algebras. -
GROUPOID SCHEMES 022L Contents 1. Introduction 1 2
GROUPOID SCHEMES 022L Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Notation 1 3. Equivalence relations 2 4. Group schemes 4 5. Examples of group schemes 5 6. Properties of group schemes 7 7. Properties of group schemes over a field 8 8. Properties of algebraic group schemes 14 9. Abelian varieties 18 10. Actions of group schemes 21 11. Principal homogeneous spaces 22 12. Equivariant quasi-coherent sheaves 23 13. Groupoids 25 14. Quasi-coherent sheaves on groupoids 27 15. Colimits of quasi-coherent modules 29 16. Groupoids and group schemes 34 17. The stabilizer group scheme 34 18. Restricting groupoids 35 19. Invariant subschemes 36 20. Quotient sheaves 38 21. Descent in terms of groupoids 41 22. Separation conditions 42 23. Finite flat groupoids, affine case 43 24. Finite flat groupoids 50 25. Descending quasi-projective schemes 51 26. Other chapters 52 References 54 1. Introduction 022M This chapter is devoted to generalities concerning groupoid schemes. See for exam- ple the beautiful paper [KM97] by Keel and Mori. 2. Notation 022N Let S be a scheme. If U, T are schemes over S we denote U(T ) for the set of T -valued points of U over S. In a formula: U(T ) = MorS(T,U). We try to reserve This is a chapter of the Stacks Project, version fac02ecd, compiled on Sep 14, 2021. 1 GROUPOID SCHEMES 2 the letter T to denote a “test scheme” over S, as in the discussion that follows. Suppose we are given schemes X, Y over S and a morphism of schemes f : X → Y over S. -
On Groupoids and Stuff
On Groupoids and Stuff Simon Byrne November 17, 2005 Contents 1 Groupoids 3 1.1 An introduction . 3 1.2 Category of groupoids . 5 1.3 Weak quotient . 6 1.4 Colouring . 8 2 Stuff types 12 2.1 Stuff types . 12 2.1.1 Structure types . 13 2.1.2 Examples . 16 2.2 Generating functions . 16 2.2.1 A categorical view . 18 2.3 The 2-category of stuff types . 21 3 Operations on stuff types 27 3.1 Addition . 27 3.2 Multiplication . 29 3.3 Composition . 31 3.4 Pointing . 33 3.5 Derivative . 34 3.6 Cartesian product . 37 3.7 Inner product . 39 3.8 Stuff operator . 42 1 Introduction The theory of combinatorial species developed by Andr´eJoyal [3] is a method for analysis of finite structures using generating functions. A combinatorial species can be thought of as a map assigning to each finite set the set of structures of the species which exist on that set. A structure type works in the opposite direction, assigning to a structure its underlying set. However the collection of structures is not a set, but a groupoid. This mapping “forgets” the structure, and so its fibre (or inverse) will rebuild it, becoming a species. A stuff type is a generalisation of a structure type, and in the same context can be thought of as mapping a structure to some subset of its underlying set. This mapping forgets not only structure, but extra “stuff”. The advantage of such an approach is two-fold. Firstly it provides a categorical underpinning to the concept of a generating function, giving an explanation as to the form of the power series. -
Nakayama Categories and Groupoid Quantization
NAKAYAMA CATEGORIES AND GROUPOID QUANTIZATION FABIO TROVA Abstract. We provide a precise description, albeit in the situation of standard categories, of the quantization functor Sum proposed by D.S. Freed, M.J. Hopkins, J. Lurie, and C. Teleman in a way enough abstract and flexible to suggest that an extension of the construction to the general context of (1; n)-categories should indeed be possible. Our method is in fact based primarily on dualizability and adjunction data, and is well suited for the homotopical setting. The construction also sheds light on the need of certain rescaling automorphisms, and in particular on the nature and properties of the Nakayama isomorphism. Contents 1. Introduction1 1.1. Conventions4 2. Preliminaries4 2.1. Duals4 2.2. Mates and Beck-Chevalley condition5 3. A comparison map between adjoints7 3.1. Projection formulas8 3.2. Pre-Nakayama map 10 3.3. Tensoring Kan extensions and pre-Nakayama maps 13 4. Nakayama Categories 20 4.1. Weights and the Nakayama map 22 4.2. Nakayama Categories 25 5. Quantization 26 5.1. A monoidal category of local systems 26 5.2. The quantization functors 28 5.3. Siamese twins 30 6. Linear representations of groupoids 31 References 33 arXiv:1602.01019v1 [math.CT] 2 Feb 2016 1. Introduction A k-extended n-dimensional C-valued topological quantum field theory n−k (TQFT for short) is a symmetric monoidal functor Z : Bordn !C, from the (1; k)-category of n-cobordisms extended down to codimension k [CS, Lu1] to a symmetric monoidal (1; k)-category C. For k = 1 one recovers the classical TQFT's as introduced in [At], while k = n gives rise to fully Date: October 22, 2018. -
Virtual Groups 45 Years Later
VIRTUAL GROUPS 45 YEARS LATER by Calvin C. Moore Dedicated to the memory of George W. Mackey Abstract In 1961 George Mackey introduced the concept of a virtual group as an equivalence class under similarity of ergodic measured groupoids, and he developed this circle of ideas in subsequent papers in 1963 and 1966. The goal here is first to explain these ideas, place them in a larger context, and then to show how they have influenced and helped to shape developments in four different but related areas of research over the following 45 years. These areas include first the general area and the connections between ergodic group actions, von Neumann algebras, measurable group theory and rigidity theorems. Then we turn to the second area concerning topological groupoids, C∗-algebras, K-theory and cyclic homology, or as it is now termed non-commutative geometry. We briefly discuss some aspects of Lie groupoids, and finally we shall turn attention to the fourth area of Borel equivalence relations seen as a part of descriptive set theory. In each case we trace the influence that Mackey’s ideas have had in shaping each of these four areas of research. 1. Introduction. In his 1961 American Mathematical Society Colloquium Lectures, George Mackey introduced his concept of a virtual group. He briefly described this on pages 651–654 in his Bulletin article [Ma63a] that was based on his Colloquium lectures, and then discussed it again in a research announcement in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science [Ma63b] and then more fully in [Ma66]. His concept of virtual groups was also a theme in some of his subsequent integrative and expository articles and books. -
Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve
Groupoids, the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and the Jordan Curve Theorem Ronald Brown University of Wales, Bangor∗ February 2, 2008 Abstract We publicise a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem which relates it to the Phragmen-Brouwer Property, and whose proof uses the van Kampen theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points. 1 Introduction This article extracts from [Bro88] a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem based on the use of groupoids, the van Kampen Theorem for the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points, and the use of the Phragmen-Brouwer Property. In the process, we give short proofs of two results on the Phragmen- Brouwer Property (Propositions 4.1, 4.3). There is a renewed interest in such classical results1, as shown in the article [Sie] which revisits proofs of the Schoenflies Theorem. There are many books containing a further discussion of this area. For more on the Phragmen- Brouwer property, see [Why42] and [Wil49]. Wilder lists five other properties which he shows for a connected and locally connected metric space are each equivalent to the PBP. The proof we give of the Jordan Curve Theorem is adapted from [Mun75]. Because he does not have our van Kampen theorem for non-connected spaces, he is forced into rather special covering space arguments to prove his replacements for Corollary 3.5 (which is originally due to Eilenberg [Eil37]), and for Proposition arXiv:math/0607229v1 [math.AT] 9 Jul 2006 4.1. The intention is to make these methods more widely available, since the 1988 edition of the book [Bro88] has been out of print for at least ten years, and the new edition is only just now available. -
LIE GROUPOIDS and LIE ALGEBROIDS LECTURE NOTES, FALL 2017 Contents 1. Lie Groupoids 4 1.1. Definitions 4 1.2. Examples 6 1.3. Ex
LIE GROUPOIDS AND LIE ALGEBROIDS LECTURE NOTES, FALL 2017 ECKHARD MEINRENKEN Abstract. These notes are under construction. They contain errors and omissions, and the references are very incomplete. Apologies! Contents 1. Lie groupoids 4 1.1. Definitions 4 1.2. Examples 6 1.3. Exercises 9 2. Foliation groupoids 10 2.1. Definition, examples 10 2.2. Monodromy and holonomy 12 2.3. The monodromy and holonomy groupoids 12 2.4. Appendix: Haefliger’s approach 14 3. Properties of Lie groupoids 14 3.1. Orbits and isotropy groups 14 3.2. Bisections 15 3.3. Local bisections 17 3.4. Transitive Lie groupoids 18 4. More constructions with groupoids 19 4.1. Vector bundles in terms of scalar multiplication 20 4.2. Relations 20 4.3. Groupoid structures as relations 22 4.4. Tangent groupoid, cotangent groupoid 22 4.5. Prolongations of groupoids 24 4.6. Pull-backs and restrictions of groupoids 24 4.7. A result on subgroupoids 25 4.8. Clean intersection of submanifolds and maps 26 4.9. Intersections of Lie subgroupoids, fiber products 28 4.10. The universal covering groupoid 29 5. Groupoid actions, groupoid representations 30 5.1. Actions of Lie groupoids 30 5.2. Principal actions 31 5.3. Representations of Lie groupoids 33 6. Lie algebroids 33 1 2 ECKHARD MEINRENKEN 6.1. Definitions 33 6.2. Examples 34 6.3. Lie subalgebroids 36 6.4. Intersections of Lie subalgebroids 37 6.5. Direct products of Lie algebroids 38 7. Morphisms of Lie algebroids 38 7.1. Definition of morphisms 38 7.2. -
Fundamental Groupoids As Generalised Pushouts of Codiscrete Groupoids
FUNDAMENTAL GROUPOIDS AS GENERALISED PUSHOUTS OF CODISCRETE GROUPOIDS ETTORE CARLETTI AND MARCO GRANDIS Abstract. Every differentiable manifold X has a `good cover', where all open sets and their finite intersections are 1-connected (and even contractible). Using a generalised van Kampen theorem for open covers we deduce that the fundamental groupoid of X (or any space admitting such an open cover) is a `generalised pushout' of codiscrete groupoids and inclusions. This fact motivates the present brief study of generalised pushouts. In particular, we show that every groupoid is, up to equivalence, a generalised pushout of codiscrete subgroupoids; moreover, in any category, generalised pushouts amount to connected colimits, and - in the finite case - to ordinary pushouts and coequalisers. 1. Introduction This article starts from two facts. (a) A well-known groupoid-version of the van Kampen theorem, by R. Brown [Bw1, Bw2], determines the fundamental groupoid of a space X as a pushout of fundamental groupoids of (convenient) subspaces X1;X2; the latter (and their intersection!) are not supposed to be path-connected - a crucial advantage with respect to the classical formulation for the fundamental group. This groupoid version can be easily extended to an open cover (Xi)i2I of the space X: then the fundamental groupoid π1X is the `gluing' of the fundamental groupoids π1Xi `over' the groupoids π1(Xi \ Xj) - a colimit of a particular form, that is called here a `generalised pushout' (see Sections 2 to 4). We readily note that generalised pushouts are connected, non simply connected colimits and therefore cannot be reduced to ordinary pushouts (see R. -
Monoid and Topological Groupoid 0.Introduction 1.Preliminaries
Monoid and Topological groupoid Mohammad Qasim Mann'a Department of Mathematics College of Science, Al-Qassim University P.O. Box: 6644-Buraidah: 51452, Saudi Arabia e-mail:[email protected] Abstract., Here we introduce some new results which is relative to the concept of topological monoid-groupoid and prove that the category of topological monoid coverings of X is equivalent to the category covering groupoids of the monoid- groupoid 1 X . Also, show that the monoid structure of monoid-groupoid lifts to a universal covering groupoid. Keywords. Fundamental groupoid, covering groupoids, topological groupoid, topological semigroup and monoid. Mathematical Subject Classification 2010: 22A05, 20L05, 22A22, 22A15, 06F05. 0.Introduction The groupoid is one of important subjects of category theory. In this work we introduced the concepts of topological monoid-groupoids and discuss some properties which relative to this concept. Also we find the fundamental groupoid of topological monoid whose underlying space has a universal covering is a topological monoid-groupoid. Moreover, we show that the category of topological monoid covering of X is equivalent to the category of covering groupoids of monoid-groupoids. Further, let G be monoid-groupoid ~ ~ and G be a groupoid and p : G G be a universal covering on the underlying ~ ~ groupoids such that G and G are transitive groupoids such that OP (e) e , then the monoid structure of G lifts. 1.Preliminaries A groupoid [1, 2, 7]G is small category consists of two sets G andOG , called respectively the set of elements (or arrows) and the set of objects (or vertices) , of the groupoid, together with, two maps : G OG , called respectively the source and target maps, the map :OG G, written as (x)= 1 x , where O 1x is called the identity element at x in G , and is called the object map and G G G the partial multiplication map; : , (g, h) g h, where G G (g, h)G G :(g) (h) .