ResearcH

Entomology Information Sources A Review of Stored-Product David W. Hagstrum and Bhadriraju Subramanyam

ABSTRACT

multibillion Thedollar field grain, of stored-product food, and retail industries each deals year with through theirpests feeding, of raw and product processed adulteration, cereals, customer pulses, seeds, complaints, spices, productdried fruit rejection and nuts, at andthe timeother of dry, sale, durable and cost commodities. associated withThese their pests management. cause significant The reductionquantitative in theand number qualitative of stored-prod losses to the-

pests is making full use of the literature on stored-product more important. Use of nonchemical and reduced-risk pest uct entomologists at a time when regulations are reducing the number of chemicals available to manage stored-product insect

management methods requires a greater understanding of pest biology, behavior, ecology, and susceptibility to pest management methods. Stored-product entomology courses have been or are currently offered at land grant universities in four states in the United States and in at least nine other countries. Stored-product and urban entomology books cover the largest total numbers of stored-product insect (100–160 and 24–120, respectively); economic entomology books (17–34), and popular articles or extension Web sites (29–52) cover fewer numbers of stored-product insect species. A review of 582 popular articles, 182 extension bulletins, and 226 extension Web sites showed that some aspects of stored-product entomology are covered better than others. For example, articles and Web sites on trapping (4.6%) and detection (3.3%) were more common than those on ofsampling an insect commodities pest management (0.6%). program, Natural yetenemies sources and of biological insect infestations control together were the were subject the of subjects only 1.2% of only of articles 2.6% ofand articles Web sites. and Web sites. Locating and eliminating the source populations may be one of the least expensive and most productive components

Insect biology is often oversimplified in popular articles and Web sites; for example, developmental times are often characterized by a single number giving the typical number of days required to complete development from egg to adult, instead of describing how developmental times vary with temperature. Literature is available on the effects of temperature and other environmental factors on the developmental times of 106 species of stored-product insects. This article provides insights into the extent to which stored-product insects are covered in entomology books, entomology courses, popular articles, and extension bulletins and Web sites. Stored-product entomology books and courses are important because the coverage of stored-product insects is limited in urban and other entomology books and courses. In addition to failing to provide training on managing stored-product productinsect pests, insects the inlimited entomology coverage books of stored-product and courses, popular insects inliterature, many entomology and Web sites books to suggestsmeet the topest students management that they needs are of of less the economicgrain, food importance processing, than retail, is andthe case. pest Wemanagement hope that industries.this paper will encourage and facilitate more extensive coverage of stored-

Keywords: stored-product insects, popular articles, extension bulletins, Web sites

tored-product entomology emphasizes insect pests of raw and processed cereals, pulses, seeds, spices, dried fruit and nuts, and other dry, durable commodities. These pests cause entomology books, however, often provide more information on S fabric, library, and museum pests than stored-product pests. Several - lar grain, food, and retail industries each year through their feeding, agriculturaluniversities entomology,offer courses or in applied stored-product entomology or courses,urban entomology, and seed productsignificant adulteration, quantitative customerand qualitative complaints, losses to product the multibillion rejection dol at technologyand stored-product courses. Althoughinsects may many be popular briefly coveredarticles and in economic, extension the time of sale, and cost associated with their management. Urban

bulletins or Web sites are available for stored-product insects, many Disclaimer for first page. - This paper reports research results only. Mention of a proprietary aspects of stored-product insect biology are not covered adequately. product name does not constitute an endorsement for its use by Kansas insectsInterceptions and the of types stored-product of commodities insects infested. during quarantine inspec tionsRecently, provide the information number of onstored-product the distribution entomologists of stored-product has de- State University. 174 American Entomologist • Fall 2009 clined in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, year. We searched Web sites for the land grant colleges in the United and many other countries as a result of the closing of research insti- States for urban entomology courses and contacted instructors by tutions and a shift from commodity-oriented positions to discipline- e-mail for more information about their courses. We searched the table of contents for the trade magazine Pest Control, and Agricultural Research, a publication from USDA highlighting research by USDA tooriented manage positions. stored-product At the insectsame time,pests. pesticide Therefore, and managing environmental stored- scientists, for articles about stored-product insects. Regular columns regulationsproduct insect have pests reduced is becoming the number more of of chemicals a challenge. that Full are use available of the on stored-product insects by Linda Mason in Grain Journal, a trade literature on stored-product insects will be increasingly important magazine for the grain industry, and Bhadriraju Subramanyam in if the number of stored-product entomologists continues to decline, Milling Journal, a trade magazine for the milling industry, were also because management of insects using reduced-risk products and - considered. A literature search was done to find published extension nonchemicalIn 2006, wemethods described requires many more published knowledge stored-product and training in ento pest- insects.bulletins. These Specific were key often words listed were under used storedin various grain, internet kitchen, search pantry, en biology, behavior, ecology, and pest susceptibility to IPM methods. ginesor household to find Web pests. sites Extension with extension bulletins information or Web sites,on stored-product and popular articles from 55 other trade journals in our bibliographic database stored-productmology books, entomologyreviews, and written conference between proceedings 1951 and (Hagstrum 2006, and were also considered. We categorized all of these popular articles, and Subramanyam 2006), including 45 books and 13 reviews on and extension bulletins or Web sites by subject. industry21 conference Web sites proceedings where information published on between stored-product 1976 andprotection 2003. Urban and Other Entomology Books Fields and Maier (1999) summarized government, university, and We compared the numbers of insect species most commonly in- - cluded in urban entomology books with those included in economic is available. Web sites are increasingly important as a quick source of thatinformation. use of the Mankin Florida (2005) Web site showed “Feature that Creatures,” Web pages which with the includes high Pest Control and at extension Web est information content were accessed most frequently. He reported sitesor stored-product are also included entomology in Table 1. Thebooks two (Table stored-product 1). The numbersentomology of January 2002 and December 2004. booksspecies included covered 100in the and articles 160 species in and 24–120 species were in- severalIn this stored-product article, we expand insect the species, discussion increased of stored-product 6.3-fold between ento- included in the economic entomology books. The popular articles - cluded in the nine urban entomology books. Only 16–30 species were mologytomology information books, stored-product sources covered and urbanby Fields entomology and Maier courses, (1999) and Hagstrumpopular articles and Subramanyam in trade journals, (2006) extension to include bulletins, urban and and extension other en inand stored-product extension Web entomology sites reported books, 30 and and 52 economic species, respectively.entomology Urban entomology books included 24–61Pest control of the magazine species covered articles

Web sites. The available information sources are too numerous to ofbooks these included species. 16–30 of these species. be covered in a single paper, but we examined 29 entomology books included 30 of these species, and extension Web sites included 40 with some information on stored-product insects, 27 stored-product entomology books because they primarily focus on urban pests such entomology courses, 582 popular articles, 182 extension bulletins, as ants,The coverageroaches, and of stored-product wood-boring insects. insects The is often nine limited urban entomol in urban- and 226international extension journalsWeb sites. are We referenced excluded scientific in books journals and conference because ogy books together included 65 of the species and 19 of the families various aspects of stored-product entomology published in national these species are in the families and Tenebrionidae. Methodsproceedings for (Hagstrum Gathering and Information Subramanyam 2006). includedThe Handbook in stored-product of Pest Control entomology books (Table 2). One-third of We did a literature search for urban, agricultural, applied, and eco- chapters on clothes , hide and carpet , and stored-prod- nomic entomology books, and seed technology books and examined by Mallis (1945) included separate each book for information on stored-product insects. We contacted colleagues in 22 countries by e-mail and asked whether they knew uct insects. Some or all of these chapters were written by different of stored-product entomology courses taught in their country. They authors in the 6th (Okumura 1982), 7th (Parker 1990a,b;th edition, Walter the 1990),clothes 8thmoths (Katz and 1997, hide andHinderer carpet 1997; beetles Granovsky chapters were1997) combined and 9th information about the course instructor. The instructors were con- (Blackinto a chapter 2004; VanRyckeghem on fabric and museum 2004) editions.pests. Much In the of the 9 information weretacted asked for details about about the institution the number where of years the course the course was offeredwas taught and on insect biology has not been updated since 1945 (Wilbur and Mills and approximate numbers of students enrolled in the course each

1985). The compact disk by Faszulo et al. (2006) on pests in and Table 1. Number of stored-product insect species mentioned in different publications Type of publicationa U U U U U U U U U E E E W S S Year of publication 1914 1951 1996 2000 2004 2004 2006 PC Total no. species 26 120 60 61 61 24 52 160 100 1896 1931 1978 1997 1931 1985 1993 25 24 54 50 44 24 61 16 40 64 55 32 38 82 17 30 34 30 a No.Urban species entomology of > 1 books type (U 47 35 28 30 30 E ) include Howard and Marlatt (1896), Herrick (1914),S Patton (1931), Busvine (1951), Ebeling (1978), Hedges and Lacey (1996a, b), Bennett et magazineal. (1997), ( GoldPC (2000) and revision of MallisW (1945) edited by Moreland and Hedges (2004). Economic entomology books ( ) include Doane (1931), chapter by Wilbur and Mills (1985) and Metcalf and Metcalf (1993). Stored-product entomology books ( ) include Rees (2004) and Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006). Articles from Pest Control ) and extension Web sites ( ) are also included. American Entomologist • 175

Volume 55, Number 3 Table 2. Incidence of each stored-product insect species by publication type Type of publicationa Type of publicationa

Family Species U E W S Species U E W S Anobiidae Lasioderma serricorne 9 0 2 1 2 Niptus hololeucus 5 1 0 0 1 PC PC Stegobium paniceum 1 2 1 2 b Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus (F.) 6 0 0 0 2 Ptinus clavipes b 1 0 1 1 (L.) 8 Ptinus(Faldermann) fur b 1 0 1 1 Ptinus ocellus Brown Panzer 63 1 0 1 2 Bostrichidae (DeDinoderus Geer) minutus 0 0 0 2 Ptinus villager (L.) b 7 1 0 1 2 Prostephanus truncatus 1 0 2 0 2 b Rhyzopertha dominica (Horn) 63 0 2 1 2 Anagasta kuehniella (Reitter) 3 0 1 2 (Horn) Cadra cautella b 4 1 0 0 2 Bruchidae Acanthoscelides obtectus b 0 2 1 2 (Zeller) 7 3 (F.) Corcyra cephalonica 2 0 1 0 2 Callosobruchus maculatus 4 0 1 1 2 (Walker) (Say) 7 elutella b 5 0 1 0 2 Cleridae Necrobia rufipes 1 1 0 2 (Stainton) (F.) Plodia interpunctella 1 1 2 Curculionidae Sitophilus granarius 1 1 2 b (Hübner) (DeGeer) 7 Sitophilus oryzae 0 1 2 Pyralis farinalis L.b 48 1 03 0 2 (L.) 7 3 (Hübner) Dermestidae Anthrenus flavipes Leconteb 2 1 1 2 (L.) 8 3 Silvanidae Ahasverus advena 5 1 2 1 2 Anthrenus scrophulariae b 9 1 2 1 1 Cathartus quadricollis 4 0 1 0 2 b Anthrenus verbasci 67 1 0 1 2 Oryzaephilus mercator (Waltl) 0 0 1 2 Attagenus unicolor (L.)b 9 1 1 2 Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Guerin) 9 1 1 2 ater (L.) 6 1 0 1 1 (Fauvel) 7 (Brahm) L. 9 1 13 1 2 Tenebrionidae (L.) 5 0 30 1 2 DeGeer Degeer 1 0 1 2 Gnatocerus cornutus 6 0 1 0 2 Trogoderma granarium b 5 1 2 1 2 (Panzer) Trogoderma inclusum LeConteb 7 1 0 0 2 Gnatocerus maxillosus 6 0 1 0 2 (F.) Trogoderma variabile Ballion Evertsb 0 0 1 2 oryzae Waterhouse 5 0 1 0 2 (F.) 3 Palorus ratzeburgii 0 1 0 2 Gelechiidae Sitotroga cerealella b 0 1 2 3 Palorus subdepressus 0 1 0 2 (Wissmann) 3 Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Olivier) 47 0 13 1 2 Tenebrio molitor 3 0 1 2 (Wollaston) Cryptolestes pusillus 0 1 1 2 Tenebrio obscurus 6 0 0 1 (Stephens) Tribolium audax (L.) 7 0 03 0 2 (F.) 3 Cryptolestes turcicus 7 0 0 1 2 Tribolium castaneum 9 1 1 2 (Schonherr) Tribolium confusum Halstead 93 1 1 2 3 (Herbst) 3 Lophocateridae Lophocateres pusillus Klug 4 0 0 0 2 (Grouvelle) Tribolium destructor 0 03 0 2 Mycetophagidae Typhaea stercorea 0 1 1 2 UyttenboogaartJacquelin du Val

b 3 Nitidulidae Carpophilus dimidatus (L.) 35 0 1 1 2 Nemapogon granella 4 0 0 0 1 Carpophilus hemipterus 6 0 1 1 2 Tinea pellionella L. 1 2 1 2 (F.) Tineola bisselliella (L.) 2 2 1 2 Oecophoridae Endrosis sarcitrella (L.) 0 0 0 2 Trichophaga tapetzella 8 1 1 0 1 Hofmannophila 4 0 0 0 1 (Hummel) 8 Trogositidae Tenebroides mauritanicus 0 1 2 pseudospretella (L.) b 3 (L.) 8 aTypes of publications include urban entomology books (L.) (U Pest8 Control 3articles Ptinidae Gibbium psylloides (Stainton) 4 0 0 0 1 (PC E W entomology books (S ), Mezium americanum 4 1 0 1 1 bSpecies), economic that enter entomology diapause. books ( ), extension Web sites ( ) and stored-product (Czenpinski) ). (Laporte) around homes also has information on stored-product insect pests.

book; and Books on clothes moths (Austen and McKenny 1932), insect pests 5. a chapter covering stored-product insects in a book by Metcalf in libraries (Hickin 1985), and insect pests in museums (Pinniger Appliedand Metcalf entomology (1993). and agricultural entomology books by Abi- stored-product1994) also provide insects. information on many of these species. In addition, a workbook for urban entomology by Wilson et al. (1977) includes - vardi (2001a,b), Caswell (1962), Edwards and Heath (1964), Gupta- mologyCoverage books of are stored-products the following: insects in other entomology books (1967),ogy books Nayar did etnot al. include (1976), stored-productPradhan (1983) insects and Pruthi at all (1969) (Black have and was generally very limited. Five exceptions among economic ento some information on stored-product insects. Several seed technol 2. a chapter entitled “Insects infesting mills, store-rooms and houses” 1. a chapter on the rice weevil in the book by Wellhouse (1926); Bewley 2000, Copeland 1985, Desai 2004, Kelly 1988, McDonald and Kwong 2005). Others briefly covered stored-product insects in a book by Doane (1931); (Barton 1961, Basra 2006, Roberts 1972, Thomson 1979), and one 3. a chapter by Wilbur and Mills (1985) in the economic entomology had a full chapter (Howe 1972). Books on managing insect pests of book edited by Pfadt; specific crops such as cocoa (Entwistle 1972) and (Ordish 4.176 a chapter by Granovsky (1989) in an integrated pest management 1967) have chapters on stored-productAmerican insects. Entomologist A Crop Protection• Fall 2009 - common species of stored-product insects. For some of these species, informationCompendium was (CABI included 2005) on on the compact biology, disk commodities has information infested, on type 50 offers training on stored-product insects as part of their grain stor age training program in each province. Stored-product entomology pest management methods. courses evidently have been taught in Iran and Korea, but are not of damage, geographical distribution, natural enemies, and available currently available. “Fundamentals of Grain Storage” and “Food and - Feed Product Protection” are examples of two courses offered by the- More than 1,660 insect species in 120 families have been reported Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, speciesto be associated are cosmopolitan, with stored whereas products, others and are almost more restricted470 of these in their spe thatUrban provide entomology some information courses are on morestored-product common than entomology, stored-prod pri- geographicalcies are natural distribution. enemies (Hagstrum Many species and Subramanyam directly or indirectly 2009). causeSome marily on identification, biology, and management.

uct entomology courses in the United States and are offered at land extensive economic losses to stored commodities worldwide. The grant universities in 10 states (Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, impressionlimited coverage that they of stored-product are of less economic insects importanceand pest management than other Hawaii, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia). methods for these species in many entomology books gives the false courses.Books by Some Bennett instructors et al. (1997), use assigned Gold and readings Jones (2000), instead and of a Moreland textbook and Hedges (2004) are available as textbooks for urban entomology Stored-Productinsect pests associated and Urban with cropsEntomology and urban Courses environment. because some of the subjects covered in their course are not covered informationin available textbooks. on stored-product Economic insects, entomology but many in the insect United species States and are Stored-product entomology courses have been or are currently applied entomology courses in other countries may provide some offered at land grant universities in four states in the United States, to stored-product insect pests. and in at least nine other countries (Table 3 and text). At Kansas pests of field and orchard crops and quite often little time is devoted State University, Don Wilbur taught Milling Entomology course from Popular Articles and Extension Bulletins or Web Sites 1949–1968 in the Department of Grain Science and Industry, and later taught Insects of Stored Products course from 1960–1970 in- Web sites are sources of information on many aspects of stored- the Department of Entomology. Insects of Stored Products course productPopular entomology: articles, extension 49.0% bulletins,(n and more recently extension continues to be offered every even year in the entomology depart biology, and 51.0% (n ment. Phil Harein offered a stored-product entomology course at the = 486 on biology) covered insect University of Minnesota for 6 years between 1972 and 1978. The = 504 on management methods) were mainly taughtcourse forat Southwest more than University, 50 years. Chongqing,Other stored-product China, has beenentomology taught about insect pest management (Table 4). In ranked order, species since the 1940s. Courses at other Chinese universities have been of dermestids (7.3%), tenebrionids (3.4%), pyralids (3.4%) tineids (3.0%),Diapause and fabricoccurs pests in 46 (clothes stored-product moths andinsect carpet species beetles, in the 2.6%) fami- courses have been taught for 7–20 years. were the most frequently covered insects. BrazilTwo was stored-product started by Armando entomology Antunes courses de Almeida have beenand then offered taught in Brazil for 9 and 29 years. The course at Federal University of Paraná in lies Bruchidae, Dermestidae, Gelechiidae, Oecophoridae, Ptinidae, by a team of instructors. The stored-product entomology courses by susceptiblePyralidae and to Tineidae pest management (Bell 1994); and 20 makeof these predicting species are the included time of by Sonia Lazzari and Flavio Lazzari. The course in Portugal is taught- in urban entomology books (Table 2). Diapause can make insects less

Leda Faroni in Brazil, Noel White in Canada and Francis Fleurat-Les onlyadult one eclosion popular (larval article diapause) has been or reproductionpublished on (adultdiapause. reproductive Locating Wesard were in told that are mostoffered of the in engineering studentsdepartments taking because the course of the anddiapause) eliminating more difficultthe source (Hagstrum populations and Subramanyam may often be 2006).one of Yet,the extensivedo not continue work by to engineerswork on stored-product on grain aeration, insects. drying, The and courses quality. by

theleast subject expensive of only and 1.2% most of productive the articles. components of an insect pest Pasquale Trematerra in are taught at the undergraduate and management program; however, sources of insect infestations were graduate levels. Short courses and guest lectures covering stored- product insects are more common than university courses but often Pantry pests were more frequently the subject of extension Web- are much more limited in their coverage. sites compared with extension bulletins (49 and 15, respectively), hadStored-product from 11-250 students.entomology Entomologists courses are often working offered with only stored- every whereas grain pests were more frequently the subject of earlier ex other year and may have only 1–10 students, although others have tension bulletins compared with Web sites (24 and 19, respectively). , Uganda, and the United Kingdom indicated that they did Most extension Web sites were prepared after 1990; most extension product insects in Australia, , , Israel, , bulletins were prepared before 1990. VanDyk (2000) describes how- entomology. Stored-product entomology courses are taught in at the Internet has affected extension entomology. Web sites make it not know of a course currently being offered in stored-product possible to deliver extension information more quickly the user, facili - tates updating information more frequently than printed extension least two universities in India (Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural bulletins. Web addresses, however, are frequently changed, and the University, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu Agricul information available on the Internet is not well organized. tural University, Coimbatore), three universities in Thailand (Chiang Extension Web sites for stored-product insects were available Mai University, Kasetsart University, and Khon Kaen University), for 41 states. We did not find Web sites for Connecticut, Hawaii, and one other university in China (Zhengzhou Grain College, now Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, South Henan University of Grain Engineering Technology) for which we do Dakota, and Utah. These states must have had many of the same notAmerican have Entomologistinformation on• dates and numbers of students. China also problems as the other states, but they must not have assigned177 an

Volume 55, Number 3 Table 3. Stored-product entomology courses taught in different countries

— Longshu Li University Years No. students/year Instructor 60 Yongxue Deng 1. Southwest University, Chongqing, China 1940s–1988 1988–present 25 Don Wilbur — Bob Mills 2. Kansas State University, USA 1949–1970 1992–2000 — 1976–1990 2002–present Barry Dover 3–9 SongDavid Wei, Hagstrum Wang Mingjie China 3. Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, 1957–present 30–70 15–20

4. University of Minnesota 1972–1978 — PhillipLuciano Harein Süss 5. University of Milan, Italy 1973–1993 1993–present 80 Daria P. Locatelli 6. Federal University of Paraná, Brazil 1980–present 6–8 ArmandoFiorella Chiesa Antunes de Almeida, Sonia and Flavio Lazzari 7. University of Udine, Italy 1985–present 30— Constantin Buchelos 2005–present 250 Christos Athanassiou 8. Agricultural University of Athens, 1989–2005 1990–present 5–10 Leda Rita D’Antonio

9. Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil 1991–present 1–10 10. University of Manitoba, Canada 5–15 Noel D. G. White 11. High Agronomic Institute/ 1993–present Maria Otilia Carvalho, Anna Paula Pereira, Antonio Maia, Technical University, Lisbon, Portugal 11–16 FrancisAntonio Fluerat-Lessard Barbosa, Garca Barros, Antonio Mexia Bordeaux, France 12. High School of Agricultural Engineers, 1993–present — — Linda Mason

13. Purdue University 14. University of Molise, Italy 1993–present 30–40,— 20–28 Pasquale Trematerra 50 Antonio Martini 15. University of Bologna, Italy 1995–2003 Piero Baronio 2003–present — 50 16. University of Parma, Italy 1995–2003 Giorgio Domenichini 2003–present1995–present PaganiFabio Molinari Marco 17. University of Piacenza, Italy 1999–2006 30 2009–present 18. Oklahoma State University, USA 6–8 Thomas Phillips 1999–present 153 George Opit 2002–present Agatino Russo 19. University of Tuscia, Italy Adalgisa Guglielmino 20. University of Catania, Itay 70 extension entomologist to prepare a Web site for stored-product - Many publications on stored-product insect pest management tucky, Kansas, Virginia, Vermont, Florida, and South Carolina had grant universities who were supported by funds from USDA. insects. In ranked order, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa, Ken pestfocus managementon a single method; methods. fumigation Articles (6.3%) or Web and sitesthe use on of trapping extreme the most Web sites. Web sites generally covered insect biology temperatures (5.9%) were covered more often than other insect and pest management together (216 Web sites) rather than pest common than those on sampling commodities to estimate insect management alone (10). - (4.6%) and detection (3.3%) of stored-product insects were more Extension bulletins were published in 32 states, and these of stored-product insect pests. Detection methods are important in included extension bulletins for Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachu densities (0.6%). Traps are useful in locating source populations setts, North Carolina, Oregon and South Dakota (states for which bulletins.extension ExtensionWeb sites werebulletins not found).were more In ranked likely order, to focus Minnesota, on pest densitiesdetermining of stored-product whether commodities insect pests. are infested. The importance Pest management of insect California, Kansas, Michigan and Nebraska had the most extension- decisions, however, should be based upon accurate estimates of the in Pest Control - management alone (77) than Web sites, and many extension bul identificationphasized less forto effective grain pests insect because pest themanagement grain and foodwas emphasized industries letins covered both pest biology and management together (105). magazine articles. Insect identification may be em productThe United entomology States Department were prepared of Agriculture by extension (USDA) specialists prepared at 40%land together were the subjects of only 2.6% of articles and Web sites. of 182 extension bulletins. The later extension bulletins on stored- rely heavily on fumigants. Natural enemies and biological control 178 American Entomologist • Fall 2009 Similar popular articles and extension bulletins or Web sites are Table 4. Subjects of popular articles, and extension bulletins or Web sites covering stored-product insects. many popular articles published in Australia about stored-prod- Subject a MJ AR TJ EB EW Total % availableuct insects, in otherand extension countries. bulletins For example, for managing Champ (2003) stored-product reviewed Biology PC GJ www.agric. Anobiidae 2 — — — 5 1 25 2.5 Bostrichidae — 1 — — — 4 insect pests are available at the Web site, http:// 17 Bruchidae — — — — — 2 10 1.0 wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/INS/PP/SP/ 3 8 0.7 Cleridae — — — — — — 8 STOREDGRAIN_PUB.HTM. Curculionidae 1 1 — — — 4 9 0.9 extension bulletins, and on extension Web sites. For example, 3 3 0.3 Insect biology is often oversimplified in popular articles or Dermestids 1 — 4 3 — — — — — 2 5 0.4 23 8 13 23 72 7.3 developmental times cannot be well characterized by a single Laemophloeidae — — — — — — 1 1 0.1 Gelechiidae 3 Languriidae — — — — — 1 — 1 0.1 number giving the typical number of days required to complete Lophocateridae — — — — — 1 — 1 0.1 development from egg to adult. Developmental times vary with 1 — — — — — 4 5 0.5 temperature, relative humidity, and diet as shown in the studies 4 — — — — 1 2 for the 52 species cited in Table 5. Hagstrum and Subramanyam Nitidulidae 5 2 — 1 2 16 (2006) gave references to studies for another 54 species for which Ptinidae 7 0.7 temperatures. Many of the stored-product insect species in Table 1 — — — — 1 10 12 1.1 developmental times have been determined over a broad range of Pyralidae 7 33 3.4 5 are fabric pests or less common pests of stored products that Tenebrionidae 5 1 — 2 2 4 20 Silvanidae Tineidae — — — 11 34 3.4 Trogosidae — — — — — 1 1 2 0.2 13 3 3 30 3.0 were not covered by Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006). Table Cheese pests — — — — — 2 — 2 0.2 6 shows that some of the studies on the effects of temperature on Diapause — 1 — — — — — 1 0.1 - developmental times over a broad range of temperatures were not Dried fruit pests — — — — — 6 0.6 letins or Web sites need to include information from these studies — — — — — — available before 1950. Future popular articles, and extension bul 3 3 Fabric pests 10 — — — 1 26 2.6 Dried flower pests 3 3 0.3 Flour mill pests — — — — 2 2 4 0.4 about the effects of temperature and other environmental factors 8 7 Fungus beetles 1 — — — — 10 14 1.4 Quarantineon insect developmental Interceptions times. — 4 — — 4 24 19 51 5.2 3 Information on the redistribution of stored-product insects Library pests 1 — — — — — 6 Grain pests Mites — — — — — — 4 4 0.4 7 0.7 - — — — — 1 — 4 0.4 by commerce and the types of commodities infested is available — — — 1 15 49 Natural enemies 3 from insect interceptions during quarantine inspections. Quaran — — — — 2 — — 2 0.2 Pantry pests 7 72 7.3 tine interceptions have been reported for beetles (Aitken 1975, 4 — — — 1 — — 5 0.5 - pests Zimmerman 1990) and moths (Aitken 1984, Solis 1999), both Source infestation 2 — — 2 — — 12 1.2 ceptions Psocids Tobacco pests — — — — 5 5 — 10 1.0 (Olsen 1981) or other families (Aitken 1984). Quarantine inter 8 also have been reported for a single family (Scolytidae, Subtotal 96 16 0 11 42 105 216 486 49.0 Haack 2001), for empty cargo containers (Stanaway et al. 2001), Subject a MJ AR TJ EB EW Total % for specific commodities (Ratti and Rampini 1977), for souvenirs (Weidner 1967), and for imported seed (Bhalla et al. 2004; Gupta Management MethodsPC GJ et al. 2002, 2004, 2005). 21 61 156 Conclusions Aeration — — 2 — — 1 6 0.6 Stored-product entomology books and courses are important Pest management 38 17 3 13 3 15.8 Biological control 2 1 — 15 4 — — 22 2.2 3 Detection 12 — — 9 12 — — and other entomology books and courses. Stored-product entomol- Fumigation — 4 10 1 62 because the coverage of stored-product insects is limited in urban 33 3.3 ogy courses are less common than urban, economic, agricultural or 29 — — — 1 — — 33 7 7 6.3 Insecticide 2 1 2 1 Identification 30 3.0 textbooks for stored-product entomology courses has lagged behind Insecticide resistance 4 — — 1 — — — 5 0.5 13 13 7 39 3.9 applied entomology courses. The development of books suitable as 5 — — 2 — — 10 1.0 - 2 — — 5 4 — — 11 1.1 Packaging 3 the development of suitable textbooks for urban, economic, and ap Radiation 1 — — 5 — — 9 0.9 Physical control plied entomology courses. The Web site (Kansas State University) Sampling grain — 1 1 2 — 2 6 0.6 3 Sanitation 5 — — 1 — — andcited extension for appendicies bulletins to or thisWeb paper sites on (http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/ stored-product insects more Temperature 5 9 5 2 5.9 grsc_subi/speir) makes it possible to locate many popular articles 7 13 1.3 Trapping 22 4 11 5 — — 45 4.6 readings for courses. 7 23 7 58 Subtotal 173 41 18 98 87 77 10 504 51.0 readily. This Web site may be useful to instructors in finding assigned 3 In many cases, popular articles and extension bulletins or Web aTable summarizes articles in Pest Control (PC Grain Journal (GJ - Milling Journal (MJ ) by various authors from 1949–2006 sites give information for managing insect pests. Popular articles can (see Appendix 1); in Agricultural Research) by LindaMagazine Mason (AR from 1993–2006 try, but also what industry has learned from practical experiences. (see Appendix 2); in ) by Bh. SubramanyamTJ from 1999–2006 give a perspective on what scientists have communicated to indus bulletins(see Appendix (EB 3); in ) byEW various authors from 1953–2006 (see Appendix 4); other trade journals ( ) (see Appendix 5); extension to present information on stored-product entomology to industry ) (see Appendix 6); and extension Web sites ( ) (see Appendix 7). These articles provide entomology students with examples of how Appendixes 1–7 are available at http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/speir/ American Entomologist • 179

Volume 55, Number 3 Table 5. Stored-product insect species for which developmental Table 6. Years during which life history data for stored-product insects times are known for a broad range of temperatures. were collected. Insect Species Source 6 Amphibolus venator Time Period (Years) Frequency Amyelois transitella 1941–1950 19 (Klug) Nishi and Takahashi 2002 1930–1940 Wade 1961 1951–1960 (Walker) Sanderson et al. 1989, Anthrenus flavipes 33 Anthrenus sarnicus (Waterhouse) Ayyappa et al. 1957 1961–1970 28 25 (Mroczkowski) Armes 1990, 1991; Coombs 1971–1980 32 Anthrenus verbasci 1991–2000 16 and Woodroffe 1981 1981–1990 Apanteles scutellaris Muesebeck 2001– 12 (L.) Blake 1958, Griswold 1941 Apanteles subandinus Blanchard Cardona and Oatman 1975 Callosobruchus subinnotatus Cardona and Oatman 1975 Carpophilus humeralis James and Vogele 2000, Based on Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006) and Table 5. (Pic) Lale and Vidal 2003 and the general public. Communicating with nonentomologists (F.) Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson LindgrenJames and and Vogele Vincent 2000 1953 may be an important part of the career responsibilities of many Cephalonomia gallicola Ashmead entomologists.

Chelonus kellieae Marsh Momoi and Tanioka 1982, Yamasaki 1982 Chelonus phthorimaeae We would like to hear from readers about other courses covering Powers and Oatman 1984 Coelopalorus foveicollis stored-product insects that are currently or have been previously Gahan Powers and Oatman 1984 interested in hearing about other extension bulletins or Web sites Cryptolestes capensis offered so that we can update the present information. We are also (Blair) Halstead 1967 - Cryptolestes pusilloides (Waltl) Lefkovitch 1962 Cryptolestes ugandae (Steele and Howe) Lefkovitch 1964 incovering entomology stored-product books and insects. courses. We hope that this article will encour7 Cylas formicarius elegantulus age and facilitate more extensive coverage of stored-product insects Dasyses rugosella Stainton Steele and Howe Lefkovitch 1957 Degeer (Summers) Mullen 1981 Acknowledgments Iheagwam and Ezike 1989 Coombs 1981 Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kuster urban and stored-product entomology courses for this paper. (Kug.) Amos 1968, Howe 1953 Laporte de Castelnau We thank all of the scientists who provided information about Coombs 1979 Dinoderus minutus F. Experiment Station, Manhattan, and was partially supported Coombs 1979 Dufouriella ater This paper is Contribution 08–142–J of the Kansas Agricultural Garcia and Morrell 2009 Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Dufour) Arbogast 1984 Endrosis lactella by funds from USDA, CSREES (RAMP) under agreement number (Zeller) Cox 1976 Euzopherodes vapidella Mann Ashamo and Odeyemi 2001 2005–51101–02358. (Schiff) Woodroffe 1951b References Cited Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Abdella, M. M. H., M. F. S. 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