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The Migration and Integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian Migrants in Italy — Policies and Measures

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The Migration and Integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian Migrants in Italy — Policies and Measures INTERACT – RESearcHING THIRD COUNTRY NatiONALS’ INTEGratiON AS A THREE-WAY PROCESS - IMMIGrantS, COUNTRIES OF EMIGratiON AND COUNTRIES OF IMMIGratiON AS ActORS OF INTEGratiON The Migration and Integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants in Italy — Policies and Measures Anna Di Bartolomeo Giuseppe Gabrielli Salvatore Strozza INTERACT Research Report 2015/08 CEDEM INTERACT Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration Research Report Corridor Report INTERACT RR2015/08 The Migration and Integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants in Italy – Policies and Measures Anna Di Bartolomeo * Giuseppe Gabrielli ** Salvatore Strozza ** * Migration Policy Centre, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute ** Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II” This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: Anna Di Bartolomeo, Giuseppe Gabrielli, Salvatore Strozza, The Migration and Integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants in Italy: Policies and Measures, INTERACT RR 2015/08, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2015. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission or of the European University Institute. © 2015, European University Institute ISBN: 978-92-9084-280-4 doi:10.2870/870237 Catalogue Number: QM-04-15-274-EN-N European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ http://interact-project.eu/publications/ http://cadmus.eui.eu INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals’ Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration In 2013 (Jan. 1st), around 34 million persons born in a third country (TCNs) were currently living in the European Union (EU), representing 7% of its total population. Integrating immigrants, i.e. allowing them to participate in the host society at the same level as natives, is an active, not a passive, process that involves two parties, the host society and the immigrants, working together to build a cohesive society. Policy-making on integration is commonly regarded as primarily a matter of concern for the receiving state, with general disregard for the role of the sending state. However, migrants belong to two places: first, where they come and second, where they now live. While integration takes place in the latter, migrants maintain a variety of links with the former. New means of communication facilitating contact between migrants and their homes, globalisation bringing greater cultural diversity to host countries, and nation-building in source countries seeing expatriate nationals as a strategic resource have all transformed the way migrants interact with their home country. INTERACT project looks at the ways governments and non-governmental institutions in origin countries, including the media, make transnational bonds a reality, and have developed tools that operate economically (to boost financial transfers and investments); culturally (to maintain or revive cultural heritage); politically (to expand the constituency); legally (to support their rights). INTERACT project explores several important questions: To what extent do policies pursued by EU member states to integrate immigrants, and policies pursued by governments and non-state actors in origin countries regarding expatriates, complement or contradict each other? What effective contribution do they make to the successful integration of migrants and what obstacles do they put in their way? A considerable amount of high-quality research on the integration of migrants has been produced in the EU. Building on existing research to investigate the impact of origin countries on the integration of migrants in the host country remains to be done. INTERACT is co-financed by the European Union and is implemented by a consortium built by CEDEM, UPF and MPI Europe. For more information: INTERACT Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (EUI) Villa Malafrasca Via Boccaccio 151 50133 Florence Italy Tel: +39 055 46 85 817/892 Fax: + 39 055 46 85 755 Email: [email protected] Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ Abstract The present report looks at the integration of Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants living in Italy. Beyond being quantitatively important in the Italian context, these two groups differ largely in terms of demographic characteristics, migration patterns and insertion modalities but also with respect to emigration and diaspora policies. Two core aspects of integration are emphasized in this report. First, integration processes are evaluated from a multi-dimensional perspective. Second, the role played by origin (and destination) country determinants in facilitating or constraining integration is investigated. Origin determinants include the ties between migrants and their country of origin, country-fixed characteristics, diaspora and emigration policies at origin and the engagement and role of non-state organisations. To this aim, three sets of data have been employed, making this report largely multi- disciplinary: an in-depth analytical description of the legal and political frameworks at origin and destination, a quantitative analysis and an explorative qualitative survey. This report finds evidence that integration levels, determinants and, specifically, the role of origin factors vary largely across dimensions. In the labour market, both Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants living in Italy show high levels of integration. These extremely positive performances seem due more to destination than origin factors – namely Italy’s labour market specificities and migration history. Conversely, origin determinants presumably have a lower impact. In addition, the role played by NGOs appears relevant in helping migrants find employment – not good employment or well-remunerated employment but just employment. In the education dimension, things differ. At an international level, Ukrainians living in Italy show good levels of integration once controlled for natives’ performance. Origin determinants – in terms of conditions at home – thus seem to prevail here. Not surprisingly, the degree of integration in the “access to citizenship” dimension is connected to the degree of openness/restrictiveness of host citizenship laws and, accordingly, to the length of presence in the country. Our results confirm that Italy is still one of the countries where getting citizenship is one of the main constraints for migrants in both recent communities (Ukrainians) and well-established ones (Moroccans). Finally, cultural integration is a main obstacle to Moroccan integration, while Ukrainians are also found to be in a difficult position with respect to social and political integration. In terms of ties between migrants and their country of origin, a micro-level analysis confirms a very clear pattern: the lower the (cultural, economic, political, social) ties, the higher the level of integration. This applies – to a different extent – to all dimensions and types of ties. Key words: Integration of migrants, Italy, Ukrainian and Moroccan migrants, role of origin determinants, composite indicators Table of contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Immigration trends and characteristics of Moroccan and Ukrainian migrants in Italy ....................... 8 2.1 Brief considerations on data sources and stock figures ........................................................... 8 2.2 Trends and characteristics of inflows of Moroccan and Ukrainian immigrants ..................... 9 2.3 Demographic and spatial characteristics of Moroccan and Ukrainian populations .............. 12 3. Institutional and policy framework ................................................................................................... 15 3.1 An overview of Italian integration policies ........................................................................... 15 3.2 Institutional and policy framework of emigration/diaspora policies of Morocco and Ukraine .... 19 4. Integration trends of Ukrainian and Moroccan migrants in Italy ...................................................... 25 4.1 Complementary findings from the ISMU sample survey ..................................................... 28 5. The role of organisations supporting migrants’ integration in Italy: results of the INTERACT qualitative survey .................................................................................................................................. 33 6. Conclusions on integration levels and the role of origin determinants ............................................. 36 References ............................................................................................................................................. 38 INTERACT RR2015/08 1. Introduction The present report looks at the integration of Moroccan
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