Letter[rom theLxecutiue Director, Walter Hook A ClimateChange in Global Transport,or "SmartPlugs?"

'Smart asr year, Sovernmenrs ject,called Plugs',Bivrs from around the world emissionsreduction credits to the met in Kyoto .1nd U.S.for every'smart plug' that .r signed an agreement to reduce U.S. firm sellsoverseas. Thesc 'smart greenhouse gas emissions. pluBs' apparently reduce Developed countries agreed tcr transportsector emissions in th(' concretec'missions targets; deYel- vehiclesthat usethem. Of course, 'sm.rt oping countries agreed to develop the firm is trying to sell its plans to minimize emissions.A plugs'anyway,so what exactlvis 'clean neu', development mecha- the U.5. taking credit for? Bt'the nism,'was set up to help develop- sametoken, couldn't the U.S. Lrkc ing countries address the issue of emissioncredits for every CM car climate change, and 'Joint- it sells overseasif the GM car pol- Implementation' (Jl) was accepted lutes lessthan a domesticall\'- as a way for developed countries availablealternative? We seeseri- to meet their climate change tar- ous problemshere. gets, complementing the Clobal Since 199,1,the World Bank Environmcntal Facility (CEF) has spent$3.12 billion on neu which was set up to implement highways in China, and the Asian the goals of Agenda 21 and the cli- DevelopmentBank another $1.012 mate change treahes. billion. The new Manila transport Since then, however, little has master plan sponsoredby Japan's happened. Governments and International Cooperation international agencies have been Agency,calls for wasting $6 bil- unable to come to grips with the lion on new urban highwavs. dramatic increase in transport sec- Balancingthis intemational activi- tor CO2 emissions resulting from ty, we are offered'smartplugs' !!rowing use in motor vehicles and hydrogen fuel celled vehicles globallv. Transport CO2 emissions that aren't operationalany*here are growing at 2.5'1,a Vear, and Katu' Oltrtrr llr4)arcs in the world. This is a recipefor a are projected to double bv the year bikt shipnort.forSouth Africa climatechange disaster. 2020. Transport is responsible for Today's traffic nightmare is rr,ughlv15"., r'f t,rtalCrccnhrru'e g,t. insteadon convertingcoal-fired power not a problemthat will be solvedby 'smart emissions,and the shareis growing. In plantsto (ril.The GEF's draft operational plugs.' The low-costCuritiba bus the EU transport accountsfor 32o1,of directive for transport, releasedlast year system is not technicallycomplicated to CO2 emissions,and is the larfiest single after more than 2 vearsof delays,decid- implement,but it is politicallydifficult to source.While today developedcountries ed to focus its support entirely on the implement. The extensivebike networks are responsiblefor 57'l. of theseemrs- promotion of hydrogen fuel-celledpub- of the Netherlandsand China offer sions,by the vear2015 dcveloping coun- lic transitvehiclcs in developingcoun- another low-cost approachthat has also tries will be responsiblefor over half. tries,an unproven technologywhich has not been replicated.Bicycles generate Catalyticconverters do nothing to vet h' be inlroduled.ucces.fullveven in even lesspollution than a hvdrogen fuel- reduceCO2 emissions.Compressed nat- the U.S.or Europe.Thanks to quick cell bus. The differenceis that over 90"1, ural gasmav rcduceemissions by 10')1,,a interventionby ITDP, SUSTRAN,and of the world's populationcan afford a marginal improvement. Electricvehicles other environmentalgroups, the GEF's bicycle.The problem is not a technology mav or mav not reduceCO2 emissrons operationaldirective is beingrevised problem,it's a governanceproblem. depcndingon how the poweris generat- and the guidelinesbroadened. Environmentalists,public transitusers, ed. Thev have their advantages,but not Up to this time, there has onlv been bicyclists,and pedestriansare not as much for CO2. one U.S.JI projectin transport,and if it is well organizedor as well funded as Heretofore,the GEF has done next anv indication of what we can expect,JI motor vehicle interests, and tend to be to nothing to reduceCO2 emissions does not offer much hope to resolvin8 excludedfrom the transportationdeci- from the tran.port\ector. l')cu\ing the global motorizationcrisis. The pro- sion-makingprocess.

2 SusninobleTrcntpott 9 t t tmnsport rsa pub cdton of Tht lnrtitutc for Articles Features?ranlpo.trtion and Dcvelopr|Gnl Policy 115W 30thSt., Surte 1205 NewYork, NY 10001 WillJoining the EUWreck Letterfrom ITDP's Te (212b298(rc1.Fax (212ts99 8033 emdr, [email protected] HungarianRailroads? ExecutiveDirector www. tdp o€ EditoE walterf+oo( PaulS V/brte SUSTMN:Asian Transport NewsBriefs Art Dircctioi: CliffH s 8o.rd ot DiJCCtgrg: AdvocacyTakes Off Dr. V, Sctty Pcndaku,, Presdent Chdlrman,NMT Commrttee NewTitles TransportalonResearch 8odrd, Mozambique: Professor,Unrv of BrnshColumba RoadsWashed Away, |{.tt"o }rtr.tlgnonl,Vrce Presrdent BulletinBoard Interndtondl Human Powered Redlnk Remains Vehcle Assocrdtron Kcith Obcrg, Secretdry Inter-AmeticanFounddt on Reincarnatingthe Jon Orcutt, Treasurer lndianCycle Rickshaw Tn StdteTrdnsportatron Campdrgn Wrllcr Hoo* ExecutrveD rector,ITDP SaoPaulo Curbing Car Use ^{ich.cl Rcplogle EnvrronmentDet€l €nseFund Kiran Ovarton U.S.Transport Funding Fight Recyce-A-B cycle Endsin Pork-Fest John Hoea Professor,IHE Delft Prul Gui{nk SpecralConsultdnt to WorldBank on NMT Btrt.r. LheI'r,'hlenr. .r, ll('.rlrr! scrve 11\rr nroclelfLrr othr,r rtgionnl sus- up,'the clim.rtc is bcginrlirlg kr chnngr. t.rinnLrl('tr.rn\f ort .(r.rIitilrns in Atn.,l A'ildra Dcloo-Scott Sustainabletrnnsport cnmpaignsN arr rrr,l ,r'r \rrr,| , | | ,, ,rl.r'.1 r",r''rrr'l Specrdized rcccntlv initi.rted in Ronrani.r,Btrlg.r r.r, nrll'rlr. I'i .nl..tlt,,(n- .il,.r'. Elliotl SRickshaws" nnce ns UNDP's Asia Rcgion;l Offict, neouslv ret.rining th. .rL,sthctics()f trildi- corltinucsto threat('nto closc th('Asin tiol'r.rlIndi.rn riesign.Thr thrce-r'c:rrpro- I'acific2000 progr:rnr. j(,ct,onlv ir'rits trrlr'phascs, h.rs.rlrc.rdv fpr$[r ITDI'hopt's that SUSTRAN can ao,/fi, /r,./r),r l). l.l MalaysianStud €ntsProt €st Expressway KUALA LUMPUR. In Ku:rl;r IFCFunds Disastlous Coastal Lumpur in February, dbout 2,000 upper-respiratorvdeaths annually-is University of Malav studentsand mcn) Highway one of the most polluted citiesin the bers of the public protestedthe con- I'ANAMA CITY. On June 25, the world. A recentWorld Bank report struction of the Kerinci Link World Bank's Board of Director's puts five Chinesecities among the Expressway.The demonstrators,rvho approved a loan from its private-sector world's dirtiesttop ten. Beijing's1.3 converged at the main entranceto the lending arm, the lnternational Finance million registeredcars (up from 200,000 universitv,were up in arms about the Corporation, for a private companv to onlv ten years ago), which on average impactof the proposedroad, which con\lruct thc tli:.rstrou: Corridor sur emit l0 to 15 timesmore exhaustthan would cut throughtheir belovedcam- toll highway in Panama City, despite their American counterparts,are a pus. Nearbyresidents haYe also taken the'no' vote by the U.S. Executrve growing part of the problem. Beijing their concemsto the press. The Kenncr Director. The loan approval process recentlvbanned leadedgasoline, began Link is a componentof the Sprint made a mockery of the environmcntal tailpipe spot checks,and next year will Expresswaynetwork, a RM1.3bilhon revlew Process, as construcuon on trre require that all new cars come proiectthat is scheduledto be complet- highway began five months before the equipped with catalyticconverters. ed by the year 2000.Residents of Environmental I mpact Assessment -New York Times, International, KampungSungai Pencala, a Malay vil (EIA) was completed. The EIA itself Sunday,June 14, 1998. lage settlementon the outskirts of rvas a sham, as it ignored the effects of Kuala Lumpur, have expressedsimilar development .rlong the costal zone. concemsover the Pencalalink, another including threats to mangroves, a link road in the network which would shrimp industry, and the habitat of sev- pare as muchas 38 hectares(rf their eral endangcred species even though wildlifereserve land. 'Environmenrar the World Bank's own -TheSun, Berita Harian and Utusdn Sourcebook' states that serious environ- Malaysia(Malaysian Newspapers) mental impacts of induced land devel- opment must be addressed in the EIA. BudapestNixes Free Parking The justification for World Bank involvement in this private toll road, BUDAPEST.Two out of three which primarilv benefits high income Budapestresident* still commutevia air travelers and real estate speculators, public transport,but traffic in down- town Budapesthas been increasing9'X, per year since1991. ln response,the PuertoRicans Rcaist Route 66 MunicipalitVis gradually eliminating free parking downtown. Attila Pocs, Severewater shortagesin'9,1 and program director ol the I'arking 'q5, cau:t.dhv theJestruction L,f ripari- Alliance the newly-formedbody that an (water feeder)areas by highu'ay pro- will line Budapest'sstreets with park- jectsthroughout the country, havestim- in8 metersand hire a squadof meter ulatedangry protestsagainst Highwav maids to patrol them is determined 66, a plannedexpressway that would Cyclistland Pedestrians to stem the increasingdroves of dri- conneclnorthed.t l'uerhr Ric(r wrth Sdn vers.'lcome to wlrrLbv subwayevery fuan. Thc expressn'aywould cut a huge 8r€atheEasier than Drivers day. I wish evervbody would follow swathestraight through,l00 acresof Car driversbreathe air that is as my exampleand make this city a undevelopedland. Other protestorsare much as five times morc polluted than healthierplace to livein," he said. fighting the rvidening of Piero Avenue air breathedby nearby pedestriansand -BudapestBusiness.loumal in SanJuan, another project that would cvclists,according to the UK-based eliminatehundreds of trees.To reparr Environmentalfran\p()rt A.sociation EuropcanCommission Claims someof the damagc,thc Departmentof Trust (ETA). Further, ETA researchers Eco-Tar6on Roads Environmentis planning to plant 1 mil- found that car ventilation systemshave area llade lion trees. little impact on air pollution level. A EanieriActMsts Protest. -The New York Times similar Australianstudy found that SCHONBERC,Austria. While the benzene levels in cars exceedambient EuropeanCommission just signedits ChinaExposed to Acrid Skies levels by up to 1l times. For older cars new White Paperon Fair and Efficient BEIJINC.Aftcr yearsof silence, lackin8 catalyticconverters, driver fricing,it rscontinuinB legal actron forty Chinesecities recently began issu- exposureto benzenewas up to 27 times againstAustria for enactingenviron- ing neellr rt.prrrtrdisclosing their air greaterduring typical commuting trips. ment-relatedtoll increaseson the pollution levels.The data shows that -Air Quality Issues,Vol. 3. Issue3, Brennermotorway - the vital north- Beiiing with over 178,000pr.'mature January1998. southtransalpine molorway connecting

4 Sustoinobletranspoag Austria and ltaly. The EC claimssuch much spaceas a car. To subsc be to eco-taxesconstitute a trade barrier and Car Bustert contactl thus violate the EurovignetteDirective, CAR BUSTERS Magazine & despitethe fact that the Directivehas ResourceCentre, 44 rue Burdeau,69001 alreadv been revised to allow the eco- Lyon, France,tel.: +(33) 4 72 00 23 57; chargesand is only awaiting the fax: +(33) 17a 28 57 78, carbusters@ Commission'ssignature. Outraged. wanadoo.fr environmentalactivists blocked the motorway for two days in mid-June. CyclingDochrorkers of The activistsnow facelegal action from SantosLeft Out of lUnnel the International Road Transport Union, who are also lodging com- Deaelopment plaintsagainst the Austrianauthorities A 200 million dollar tunnel project for allowing the action. has been proposed to connectthe port fii city of Santos,Brazil, to its neighbor, "Fora WorldWithout Cars": Guaruja'. The proposed tunnel design CalBusters l{agazine Debuts excludesprovisions for cyclists,who comprisehalf of the traffic crossingthe A new Intcmational magazine,Car bay. tf the project goes through, thou- Busters, hit the newstands in the U.5. sandsof bicyclingdockworkers who and Western Europe. Seeking to cuitr- orrently bring their bicyclesacross on "rides" vate what one Amsterdam activist picks up her bike and it over the ferrieswill be forced onto the slow- "a called. Blobal action fee)ing",Car the cars,if possibleleaving muddy er moving yet more expensivebuses. Busters, published in five langua6les, tracks to show what had happened. Aaron Colub of ITDP is currently 'how'to" leature! article5about tactic\ This causesno damageto the car,but doing a study of the project. being employed by activists throughout gives the driver a clear messa8ethat Additionally, several community the movement. Randy Ghent, co-editor, bike lanesare for bikes." Also featured groups,including the dockworkers "... summarized one such article: a are an e\poseon Ford's collaboration union, are organizingand advocating Budapest activist founded a tactic that with the Nazis, recent torture of for bicycle provisions to be included In I've dubbed "car-bikinp;": When cars Ar8entine Ford workers,and articleson the tunnel desi€F. block her path in the bike lane, she how to make vour bike take up as aftaat Will Joiningthe EUWreck HungarianRailroads?

he fateof HungarianNational Railways (MAV) may by WalterHook be decidedin the next year.MAV facestwo threats. First, with a new govemrnentin powet MAV faces further cutbacksin public support. Second,Hungary's negotiationsfor joining the EuropeanUnion begin in eamestthis fall. While intemationaltransport issues are high on the agenda,rail intercstsar € virhrally absentfrom the talks. If Hungarydecides to join theEU, by 2002MAV will facecompehtion from recentlyderegulated Westem Europeanrail carrierson all of its internationalroutes; competitionfor whichit is ill-prepared. If MAV is unableto modernize,it the EuropeanUnion- is likely to pass Until MAV's managementis able to will be'unableto competewith both road revisions of the 1989 Eurovignette lobby on its own behalfand implement travel and WesternEuropean rail compa- Directive, increasingallou,able trucking the sorts of changesrequired to make it nies. The Srowing traffic between feesbecause of the extensiveroad dam- morc entrcpreneurialand competitive,it WesternEurope and both Turkey and age and ecologicaldamage they cause. will neverbe able to competewith the the former SovietUnion will switch from Coupled with growing traffic congestion army of highway lobbvists. rail to roads,and Hungarv will lose a and rail deregulation,these changes have strateBicsector to foreign-dominated industrv expertspredicting a renaissance Engineeringa MAV Comeback firms. fr'rrEuropean rail. Modernizingits staff is key to a Unf'rrtunatelv,MAV is prrorlvposi- MAV comeback.Scnior bureaucrats Major Cutbacksand Layoffs Likely tioned to compete.While Hungariansub- withoutthe nece\carv 5lills to modemjze This spring,a center-rightcoalition sidiesto road usershave increasedbv l?u the companvneed to be replacedwith betweenthe voung Fideszpartv and the of CNP since1989, subsidies to the rail- personneltrained in marketinfi telecom- rural SmallholdersPartv, came to power. road have fallen bv l'7i, of CNP. Politicalunknowns. thev have few ties to Today, government revenue MAV or its unions. They are likelv to support of MAV is only 28'1,, decidewhether or not to cut rail linesat compared to the EU average of the beginningof their term in office. 46')1,.While Hu ngarian road Ilhile MAV's current deficits, at l2'X, of users cover onlv 80'lu of govem- 'man- operatingcosts. are considered ment expenditures through road agable'bythe EBRD,this was achieved user fees like gas taxes, the mainlv through massivedebt write-offs Western European averagc is bv the Governmentin 199.1and 1995. 200"f,.Losing business to more Expertsdisagree about the financialben heavilv subsidized road travcl, e'fitof cuttingbranch lines, and an out- MAV's m.rinten.tncehas dt'terio- moded ticketin!! systemmakes it impos- rated. There.tre norr'speecl sible to know which lines are profitable. restrictions on J0'1, of the net- In 1997,MAV'S managementtried to u'ork, up from 7",, in 1990,and push through the closingof 1480kilome- the rollinS stock is 20'1, older ters of branchlines ..rnd70 out of 1,100 than in 1990. MAV's locomotives.rrc municationsand logistics,toudst promo- sl,ttion.,and the reducti,rn,rf.taff irom mostly inefficient diesel engines from the tion, real estatedevelopment, advertis- 58,000to.19,000 bv the vear2001, but 1960s or electric engines from the 1970s. ing, and

7 $lIlIiAIl ugtet Aslannampon echlocxl lllrcs Ofl

Fron lunt 2-5, ITDP, UNCHS, Jakartacalled for total UNDP Asia Pnctfic 2000 Program,and tht eliminationof the becak Crccn Forun Phililipirs hosted the 2td by July31, 1998. Cetrt'ralAssctrrltlV of thc Sustninable The RegionalGovem- Tfifispt,rt Actiotr Nettuorkfor Asia and tne ment of Jakartaoriginally Pacific (SUSTRAN). Follou,in1are ltrest'n implementedOperation tations gittttl ht1 tlrt" SUSTRAN nembers BecakElimination from i, atte da ct. Thc Iakarta and Calcutta 1989to 1992,when mili- articles u.er. tltdatcd by lht: iuthors to tary personnelused vio- ao7,(trcatrrt t:lttrt s. lence,intimidation, deten- tions, and arreststo d ve JAKARTASCYCLE RIC KSHAWS becaksfrorn the streets. RETURN,ERIEFIY Although government officials have contended Bv Mr. Abdul Hakinr attd Mr. that the becakscreated Darntanirgtyas, LP IST lndonesia congeslon, were a source There rvas a week of optimism. ln of criminalitv, and were responseto suggestionsfrom NGOs inhuman,the ban in 1992 lile the IndonesianConsumers Union had no affecton traffic congestionor the profits of biggerbusinessmen. and LPIST,on June 23th, 1998the criminalitv, and was opposedby the A random survey conductedby Covernor of Jakarta,Sutiyoso, told the becakdrivers themselves who haveno LPISTand UCP found that 86% of pressthat, in order to help alleviatethe alternativesource of emplovment. Jakarta residentssupported the opera- economiccrisis, he would allow the tion of becaksin Jakarta,mainly due to cvclerickshaw (becak) to operatein res- Public Uproar their affordability,while only 1,1'l. identialand commercialareas of The Covernor's retractionaroused believed they should be banned, most Jakartaonce again. Becak drivers oppositionfrom a host of becaksup- siting their inhumanity.The 15%who demonstratedtheir support for the new porters:becak drivers; NCO activists; felt becaksshould be illegal used the policy in the streets.Only three days consumers;and massmedia. On July following modesfor commuting:37.7% after the statement,there were 4,000 7th, more than 2,000becal' driver* - used motorcvcletaxis (ojek),35% used becaksin Jakarta,many coming from abngsidetheirbecaks demonstrated microlet collectivecar taxis, 15.7%used surroundinS;cities, such as: Tangerang, in front of the Governor'smansion. private cars,and 15.7%used motorized Bekasi,Sumedang, Cirebon (West Two days later,300students, house- rickshaw (bajaj) all vehiclesdispropor- fava),Pekalongan, Tegal, Brebes, and wi',cs, and NCO activistsorganized tionately responsiblefor Jakartahaving Semarang(Central Java). their own denronstr.rtionin suppo of the 3rd worst air pollution in the world. Unfortunately,regional parliament the becak,directed at their regionalpar- memler. opposed to the new policy liament members.These events were PTANNEDOBSOITSCENCE: reacted quickly, especially the followed bv two other demonstrations CALCUTTAS TRArV{WAYS FAC E DevelopmentUnity (PPP,the Islamrc on July 23rd and fuly 29th 1998. party). The Governor, they claimed, A riot brole out n lulv 2{th in PHASE.OUT had lifted the ban in violation of Taman Sari,West Jakarta, and Regional Bu Dthn,i'1tBhallarltaruva Iulian RegionalLegislation no. l1l1998, and Parliamentmembers blamed the becak IfistituteofTech ologll,Calcutta calledon the Covernor to reimposethe driversfor thi\'crimrndlrty.'Sujimjn In a move that beliesits moniker, ban. They were joined by a group of Suseno,a becakdriver in JoharBaru, CalcuttaTramways Company (CTC), "Do lawvers who took issuewith the viola- Central Jakarta,asked, you really citing an insurmou ntable operating tion of the )aw, and by the highway think that criminality will disappear deficit,has plans to fold its extensrve lrrbbvThe Ctrvemor, despite nen opin- upon banning,the becak?'Julimin. network of classone tramwaysand ion polls showinS that the public anotherbecak driver, speculatedthat beginoperating diesel buses. The deci- favored the reintroductionof becaksby oppositionfrom thebusiness communi- sion, made entirely without public over 7 to l, gave in to pressure.Not ty was partly becausethe low cost of input, comesafter widespreadmisman- only was the ban reimposed,but the the vehicle made it possible for becak agementand neglectof the trams,amid Covernor and the five Mayors of drivers to live debt free,which cuts into rumors of tram shedsand tram cars

8 Susninoblefronspon 9 b€ing unilaterally dismantled and sold tially reduced if thc tracks were marn- STN grew out of the Sustainable to scrap iron dealers,and at a ttme tained propcrlv, vet hundreds of idle Transport Forum, which held a con{er- when auto-induced air pollution and qlrllqr' grrrsipanJ 'mole rrhilr.rn enceon Transport and Environment congestion are rising dramatically. unif()rm. Timet.rbles are also misman- last December. The STN'S first effort The move will only hasten motor- aged. Tr;rms stop frequently on lines will be to comment on and facilitate ization in Calcutta. The motor vehicle \{ith little ridership, u'hile str.rnding public participation in the Metro fleet in Calcutta lose from 310,531in hundreds of waitinll passengers on the Manila TransportationMaster Plan. 1985to 640,915in 197. Roughly 48%of most popular lincs. Lack oi pcdcstrian Currently, the Master Plan calls for the vehicles are motorcycles,45olo are facilities on congested road$'aYs alstr over $6 billion in new road construc- cars and jeepneys, and only 1.2% are discouragesridershipr. The cost of a ride tion, which will cost the Philippines buses. This rapid increase in the num- is also an obscurc, unrouncied figure, roughly a quarter of their CNP iust to ber of motorcycleshas led to levels of requirrng crrrn.rge.el.jom foun.l in cir- meet the interest payments. suspended particulate matter more culation. The recent construction of the than 15 times higher than World Health Re! iving thc CTC trams would CircumJerential Road #5 (C5) displaced Organization- recommended levels in cost roughlr $15 . $1i mrllion. ,rr 52q roughly 5,000 urban poor families who winter months, dnd carcinogenic per passenger, but the agencv hasn't were evicted.Urban poor groups were Benzenelevels 10 times those of mosr even requested the money. Bv contr.rst, actively involved in the resettlement EuroDeancities. conflicts. They complained to Japan's Mi"-unageme.tt of the tram sys- OECF, the funder of the project, and tem has led to deficits and sharP OECF forced some improvementsin declinesin public transit use, toda)' the resettlement. To the south of accounting for only 1/3 of total travel Manila, groups are fighting the pro- demand.Calcutta trams, in their prime, posed South Luzon Tollway Extension. carried passengersat 200-300'/"caPaci- The farmers opposed it, and organized ty. Subsidieskept the tlams the most to prevent the road from being built. It 'sacred affordable mode of transport. Subsidies was rerouted through a moun- cannot be blamed for the deficiu mis- tain'area,which is also meehngresis- management lies at the root of the tance, problem, Often there are shortagesof drivers, yet the tram to crew ratio is PEDEsTRIANSWIN THEIR 1:30. Efforts to eliminate deficits RIGHTSin SEOULKOREA instead cut vital tram operations. Consequently, maintenanceof cars Crl/.r/irr'slfdrrs -By Mr. Lim Sornji , Diector, Network deterioratedand dership waned,lead- for GreerrTrnnsport (NCT) ing to further drops in eamings. CTC l.rf-.rn's()ECl:lr.rs.rgreerl kr iund a scc- NGT, which rose out of the democ- lost ridership to unregulatedPrivate ond linc on thc Cnlcutt.r mctro, \\'hiah ratic movement and the transport labor bus and paratransit services, and other has onlr abotrt 2()0,00t)dailv passen- uniont started a campaign to improve more polluting modes. gers, ancl costs 5186t)pcr Passeng('r, pedestrian's rights in the early 190s. lnstead of remedying the misnan- and highwav tl\'()versit sevcr.rldown- They held a March for Pedestriansin agement of CTC trams, the CTC bought toh'n intcrsections,costing the munlcr 1993,a March for DisabledAccess in 300 buses to reDlacetram services,even palilv $128 per motorist. In a poor cilv 1994,and an Earth Day Bike Paradein though there were already four state like Calcutta, where an insiSnificant 1995. Thev demanded that the bus companiesin operation under the proportion of the population depend Govemmeni collect data on pedestrian Calcutta State Transport Corporation on prilatelv orrnt'd vehicles, this is a trips. It turned out that 30% of total (CSTC) all of which have an evenhigh- serious mis-allocation of sc;rrcepublic trips in Seoul are pedestrian trips, and er deficit and higher subsidy per pas- funds. 47% of the 15,000traffic fatalities a year senger than the tram system. The aver- ISome supple ment.rrv nr:tterial are pedestrians. Armed with this data, age life of a statebus in Calotta is just from Prof.John l\hitt'leggl NGT's head, Samjin Lim, previously 5.4 years,versus 50-70years for the the MC on an environmental talk show, trams. |{ANILANGOs PUSH for REVISION was able to popularized the notion of Widespread protests stopped the Of,'TANII.A I"iA5TER PIAN Pedestrian Rights through the media tram system from being totally disman- TheD in 1992 they got the Act for tled, but maintenance and management Bv Philillltot.s -StrslnirralllcTrttttslort Pedestrian Rights passed for the Seoul of the system remains poor. There are Metro Area. The new law requires the 5000 bad track ioints in the n€twork, After the General Assembly of city to make a pedestrian master Plan with gaps as wide as six inchesand SUSTRAN, sevcral Philippino NCOs every 5 years, and allows for the cre- Zones,' i numerous missing rails that take as formed a coalition called the ation of'Pedestrian Only (STN) were created.Now ,10organiza- i long as six months to repair. Welding SustainableTransport Network, Several j failures appear even in newly replaced \4'hich will advocate for more sustarn- tions frorn 25 cities are working to pass antinuedon o.'18 t aacks within days of installation. Tram able transport policies in Manila, no$' 3 car maintenance costs could be substan- the world's,lth most polluted citv. The Mozambique: RoadsWashed Redlnk Remains

EditedbV Luis Flores M.

n Thursday, luly 16th, Mozanbique'sMitlister of PublicWorks and Housing, Robetto White, adnitted duting Parliamentaryheaings in Mdputo that lhe $l billion Roadi and Coaslal (ROCSt. Shippingproject lorgelylunclert bv the WorldBank, u,os u,tsuslanable. PhostsI and Il (ROCSI and ROCS1,,, are nearlytompletctl. $400 millrcn i; alrutly 5pr,r1or (ommittctl.and ROCS lll is alreadyheing planued. Alrcatly, manyof the rcadsbuilt tL,iththest' loat$ hau. uirtuallydtsapycarcd. hut lh,'d,'ht remoms.Ironically. n l9qo. WorlJ Bn k PrysidentWolfcnsoh ?a/:: lh. t.(h ttal crcellenceaward lo the AfricntrRoads Program,with theMozambican Directot ol Roatl'and Bridge:recetztng an hon- orur! certificote.The follou,ing is taken from an intenielo bVjournalists Carlos Cardoso and was it to be financed,and what about the financ- losephHanlon uith RobertoChaoez, then World Bank ing of the routine and periodic maintenance? ResidentRepresentatiT'e to Mozanbique.The inter- The technologyadopted was very capital- lieu, con.lucte.lin Noztemberof 1997,apltearcd it the int€nsive. There's a basic indicator used in road Mozambic an do ilv Metical. engineering,the roughnessindex. They told us that they were going for a roughnessindex of 2o/", Chavez: In 1988-89there was a World Bank con- n'hich is more or lessas smooth as a baby's bot- sultant here who had vast experiincein the tom, and that asphaltwas the only way to get Middle Eastand Latin America, but in Africa, there. The Government had to pay in foreign zero. He cameto Mozambique,saw the condition exchange,but didn't have any. It had to borrow to of the roads,did a lot of studiesand concluded buy expensiveequipment and spareparts. The that in sevenyears a rehabilitationprogram could raw material - asphalt - was imported. Asphalt is provide a decentroad network, and that in ten very maintenance-intensive,which is fine in yearsthe systemwould be ready.As he had economieswith large traffic volumes.ln other worked in much more advancedcount es than words, we are transferring a technology which Mozambique,he chosea technologyused in those dependson having oil and the resourcesto tustify countries,namely asphalt.And he brought in asphalt.It's already apparentthat the Nacalaroad some English consultants.So then we had this needsresurfacing after 4 years.Personally, what I unfortunate triangle: a Latin American specialist find unforgivable is that the Bank was not more who did not know Africa, an English road compa- skeptical and better prepared before getting into ny also ignorant of Africa, and the (Mozambican) all of this. .: Directorof DNEP (Roadsand Bridges),who Q: In ROCS I, was there some awarenesslthat knows Africa very well but who bowed to the there were problems?l opinion of outside experts.So they designeda Chavez:There was no awareness.lt's only begin- proiect that was technically consistent;but how ning now, with Minister of Financeand Plannin&

10 SustoinoblerrcnrDott I Tomaz Salomao,because others still replied can you do that? Is some inspeitor don't acknowledgeany problems.This Shecalled the Director of Roadsand going to be on every road measuring blew up in lune 1997,at a meetingto dis- Bridges and asked him to explain why rainJall and truck weights? My problem cuss the restructuringof the program they hadn't been able to make the sys- is that they won't admit that there'sany "The with the Bank...bywhich time ROCSI tem work. problem is this: we send other approach,but there is. was far along,ROCS II was halfway, and the grader out, but after the first rain, Sometime back I was with Minister we are already thinking about ROCSm. when a truck goes by, the road falls White and asked him "Why don't you "It's And Salomao, with a map of apart. We would need major national cancelthose contracts?" very com- Mozambiquein front of him, saysto the and e\temal resourcesjust to maintain - plicated" he said. On some secondary "l "So Country Director (CD): think we have more or less - the system". what's roads we will have the same problems. a problem with the the answer?" We will soon have problemson the "Very roads. Recently, I sim- Quelimane-Mocubaroad. Some roads went overland from ple," he said, have already disappeared,but the debt Pembato Maputo; "A presiden- remalns. on that stretchthe tial decree But let me stressone thing: the road doesn't exist. closing the ROCS has been a very good training and From here to here roads during capacity building tool in Mozambique. you can make some the rainy sea- The Director of Roadsand Bridgestakes progress;from here son." the students from the university and to here the mainte- I thought gives them a scholarship at the engineer- nance is appalling; he was jok- ing school;they do practical training in from here to Sofala, ing; during the ROCSduring their vacationsand folget it; from the cashew then go straight into the ROCS program Zambeziato Sofala, marketing to repldcethe expatriates.And the engi- quite impossible, and then in season,you're going to closethe roads? neersalso get retrained.That should def- Inhambane..."He did the whole triD Now he's discussingthe idea with initely be recognized. The problem is the from north to south. The CD had never Minister White, and he wants to control wrong technology. heard or even imagined what the status the traffic on the roads during the rainy [For example,the heavily traveled 8 of the national road program might be; season;for example,no trucks for 48 km Avenue Lenin extension in Maputo she had to hear it from the minister. She hours after a downpour, and no pick-up was built using concretepavers on sand "We said, need more money for mainte- trucks for 12 hours. A totally bureaucrat- with labor-intensivemethods. The marn- "Madam, nance." to maintain what?" he ic solution, in other words; how on earth continuedon p.19

atflve

tl Rcincarnatingthe IndianCyelc Riskshaw byPauI S.IMite

T/rf .1011d?r,ir.(rrcou,ilt rtcttlt dtulop- work on the projcct,and we would tlr\tts it ITDP s CVc/t' Rrcks/rnzr'll4rrort' work out of his shop until a new shop t,ttr! Prrttt I 71ttortlntnl l,/',,.iLl(./.9,t couldbe setup. ims rrporltd in The Cvclc Rickslra.{' .d, Unfortunately,Mr. Bhatn.rgarand Sai,t thr: Taj Mahal; Tht Taj Mahtl can Satt AITD ran into somesort of contractual tht lttdian Cycle RickshatL,"(ST#7) dispute, and Mr. Bhatnagar!r'as no longer willing to $'ork on the proiect. "lt Will Never Work" Consequentlv,Mr. Miller had to spend BBC reporter Paul Shuttlesworth his firstweeks working with AITD's Mr. \r'anted to shoot lTDI"s lndian Cvcle Mehta finding and setting up a shop. Rickshaw Improvement Project. I bld Karl then had to do the dcsignwork him to call back in October, when our more or lessbv himself,although Mr. prototypes n'oulcl be better developed. R.P.Cupta 0t ShrratrCvclc<, an a.soci. Yes, \{ (r wcrc a little bchind schedule. ate of Mr. Bhatnagar's,provided some "Well," "l Mr. Shuttles* orth replied, kev help. Karl then lost some trme rt'allv nced sonle information no$,, developinga vehiclen'hich Dr. Anand becauseue're leaving for Delhi tomor- pointed out rvastoo wide to complv rorv." Lnter, rr'e leanred that he w.rntt'd thc material for his science shou' called "lt Will Never Work." Creat. When I arrived in Delhi on Ma\' ;[, ITDP consultant Karl Miller had been in countrv for tu'o mon th s, swelte ring in 115 degree heat, developing three pro- totvpes. Contrary to ()ur hopes, thev \,/eren't ready. K;rrl, u'ho'd clcvelopecl an -\\'in a\\'n rd n in I h u n1an- porvt'rt'ri rlu.rdracvcle in China, ha,.1run into sonle Proolams. \\'e'd clecidccito clo thc design rlork in-countr\, s() thnt \\c could coopcr.rte with Mr. C.l'. Bhatnagar,an lndian engineer !\'ith ties to the local bikc indust\', ttho had devel- u'ith Indian traffic la$'s,u'hich set the oped neu ricksh.r* designs of his own. ma\imu m h iJth ot riclshaws at J5 Our project p.lrtners,the Asian Instrtute inches. for Transport Dt'r'elopment, (AITD), Then the bombswent off. My trrst agreed to co-()peratervith ITDP on the thoughtwas: thermonuclear war, oh, protect,.rs AITD's Dr. Anand, the no, there goesthe cycle rickshau'pro- Director of the National Candhi jectlThe politicalfallout from India's Museum, had just published a book on nucleartests U.S.sanctions-threatened cvcle rickshaws in India, and supported our USAID funding for months,and their development as consistentb'ith casta spectreof doom or'er Karl's final Gandhian development theorv. The,v !r'eek. I was beginning to think the BBC were going to bring in Mr. Bhatnagar to was right.

12 Sustonoblerrcnspoa9 It Probably Won't Work The First frame,maximizing stabilitv, travel com- take stock of my n()tes, video recordings Plototypes Are Developed fort, speed,and safety.The day of the and phok)graphs of Miller's work, and Working night and day to prepare demonstrationthis vehicle was still finally to a fitful sleep. At 3:00 a.m. I the prototypesfor their formal unveiling propped up on bricks, as the drive train allole in a puddle uf \weJt- the.rir to the Delhi Advisory Board on May 15, had still not beenworked out. conditioning had cut off again. I helpcd as Karl partiallv completedtwo On the dar of the demonstration, It was clear n'e needed an Indian innovative prototypes,and closedin on Dr. Anand and Mr. Mehtaof AITD, stu- engineer on the design team. The next a third. dents and teachersfrom the Indian day I set out for the Indian Institute of lmprovementsin cvclerickshaw lnstitute of Technologv,and other Tcchnologv{llTt. as usual.,rn mt bicv- technology have been inhibited because NCOs came to scrutinizeand test the cl('.trying tr' f,rll,,wrn the lo(,t\tepcol their low and moderateincome opera- prototypes.Dr. Anand liked the Delhi lndia's most famous proponent of tors and cusk)mersare understandably model, which was lighter, more comfort- human-powered transport, Candh i, risk-averse.We knew if we u'ere to over- able, while still affordable, come these baftiers, we would need ttt but h'anted better armrests bring the manufacturers,and potential and a retractablecanopy. customersand operatorsdirectlv into the The studentsand Mr. Mehta design process. So we asked Karl tcycle rickshaw ktt. ger seatwas inappropriate, Thi\ innovati('nreduced the carriage particularly for tourists weight by 20 kilos, madc approachingthe Taj Mahal. the seatwider and more The rear-facingdesign comfortabJe,lowered the presentedanother problem. gear ratio, and gave it a When Dr. Y.P. Anand, for- better canopy and lessair mer d irector of lndian drag, at a price competi- National Railr.r'avsand cur- t ive with the existing rent directorof the Nation-alGandhi who's life n'ashis message.(l'd broutht vehicle. Museunl sat on the p.rssengerseat, the rny bike over for basictransportation, "T ai T ^xi" front of the vehiclepopped up, jostling and to do a littlc touringon the side. Designedto meet the him. Karl, rcd-faced,explained that the Sweatingin ll5 degreeheat, and wlth requirementsof lucrative short wheel baseof thc vchiclc, while particulatelevels between ten and a hun- tourist markets in Agra, making it extremelvmaneu verable, dred times higher than in the U.S.,I home of the Taj Mahal, mad€ it prone to pop-up unlessthe lookedlike a coalminer after every ride.) and other tourist cities,as puller was alreadyseated as a counter- A mile tlown thc r\'ad.J gnntlin61norWalking back to my residence,I down bv 25kilos, lowered didn't fail to point out othcr flaws.The consideredsuspects. Ramu, a local "house the centerof gravity and chainpops off when switchinggears. boy", \4,assmittcn bv my shortened the vehicle, The designcrsshowed poor tastein seat Cannondalctourer from the minute I makingit more stable, and canopv color selection;they should pulled it from the KLM travelbox. Save it a new diffc'rential that he and Mr. have used more chrome and less pea (Bicyclesavailable in India are largely Gupta of Shivati developed, five speeds, green. There should be more passenger limited k) standardEnp;lish-racer style "May and mountain-bike handlebars,u'hile amenities,such as soft-drink holders, bikes.) I ride it, Mr. n/hite?" he still usin8 the standard Neelham kit. In armrestpadding, and space'forparccls. had asked me repeatedly."But its too order to make some of these innova- Clearly,the prototvpesneeded more big for you, Ramu,"I told him. When I tions, howevcr, the passengers had to sit work. Bot back to the house,Ramu h'as sitting facing backwards. After the presentation,a belea- on the step,his kneescovered with abra- "New "l'm Age" guered Mr. Miller, his u,ife and his sions. sorry about crashingvour This model was intended to demon- three-vearold son returned to the cool of bicycle,Mr. White,"he said.What could : strate the technological capabilities of their native Calgary,Canada, and I go wrong next? Thatnight, Pakistan set human powered passenger transport, returnedto the air- conditionedapart- off theirbombs... using modem materials,with an integral ment of the family I was staying with, to colt t I uL'1|r)1 r f r t ltl 9., t3 Rickshaw

contiued frorn 7t.'],3 whether the vehicleswould work or not: ed it off. I guessthey did want it, after Maybe it Will Work the rycle rickshawwallahs that make the all." We calledthe painterback, and he Mr. Mehta loadedmy bicycleinto trip to the Taj on a daily basis. painted a new sign. the back of his car and drove me to Mr. Mehta and I secureda 10,000sq. I then met with Rajiv Narain, the JhandewalanCycle Market, a Nirvana ft. workspace, appropriately, on General Manager of the Taj View Hotel for cycle enthusiasts,where in ten mtn- MahatmaGandhi Road.We outfitted the and Chairman of the Agra Tourist utesthe mechanichad my front fork on a shop with workbenches,tools and sup- Promotion Board. He a€ireedto Chair hydraulic press and bent back into plies. Workers were busy whitewashing our Agra Advisory Board,along with shape.Twenty minutes later, my bicycle the walls and installing light fixtures. At .everalother t(runst Induqtrv c\eculives, was back together and finely tuned. Mv the frontof the building,the pre\ious manufacturers, assemblers, government confidencewas making a comeback. tenantshad left a huge sign where they officials,and rickshan'wallahs. Mr. Meanwhile,bearing the Advisorv had painted their logo. It was time to Narainwas a wealthof information.He Board's commentsin mind, ITDP's Vice hang a shingleand give this proiecta pointed out that the main advantageof the cycle rickshaw over the Baiaj(motor rickshaw)isthat it afford\,rne\pansive, open air feelin& so the canopy needsto be completely retractable.He suggested we include such featuresas on-board maps, rate sheets,drink holders, and other items which would help the cycle rickshawfunction rs.r top-flighttouring vehicle.

Reactionsfrom the Wallahs I first spotted Mohammed Khan as he and his 100-poundsingle-speed cycle rickshaw were crankin6;two stout Cermantourists and theirluggage uphill in blistering heat. I gave chaseimmedi- ately.As I sidled up to Mohammedon my Cannondale,I noticedthat he was very thin, and his sandalswere worn through so that the balls of his bare feet touched his pedals.I tried to ask him somequestions in my brokenHindi. Despitebreathing air as poisonousas smoking 40 cigarettesa day, he said t who in no time had beautifullypainted India's first prime minister, said, "every totype developmentat his state-of-the- txer theold signwith thefollorving: stone,nay every grain of sand here, art Petaluma,California studio. He also would have a story to tell if those were started developing a new vehicle Cvclc Rickshan lmprovement Project gifted with a tongue." Mohammed, who designedfor carrying schoolchildren. ITDP AITD had plied Agra's streetsfor over twenty anotherpopular use of rickshawsrn years,was conversantin severallan- India. Assisting his work: Stephen That completed,I venturedout on guages.He more than compensatedfor Delaire,the manufacturerof Rotator my bicycleto gathercomments on our Agra's silent stones. RecumbentBicvcles, Glen Ray,a orrent prototypes from the denizensof Agra's I pulled the photos of our proto- Vice-Presidentof the ln ternational rickshaw culture. I had met Mohammed types from my messengerbag and asked Human Powered Vehicle Association Khan, a puller operating near the Tai his opinion. He squinted at them skepti who had worked on the SpaceShuttle, Mahal,and invited him and severalof cally at first, then, as his countenance and Ceorge Bliss,founder of Pedicabsof his fellow wallahs kr visit our new shop, changed,Mohammed startedtalking. He New York (PONY),and its non-profit thinking it would be a great photo was interestedin the differential that affiliate,the Centerfor Appropriate opportunity with them in front of our Karl had developed from a modified Transport. new sign. auto-rickshawdifferential; liked the I set out foi Agra with Mr. Mehta to When we retumed to the workshop, gearing,which as he pointed out was get opinions on our prototypes from our however, the sign was gone. I asked the similar to the clusteron my cycle;was "Just Agra-basedAdvisory Board, set-up our landlord what happened. as your pessimi5ticabout the bacLwards-tacing Agra workshop, and show the photos to painterwas finishing,they showedup passen8erseat on the Taj Taxi prototype. "lt the people who would know best with a blow torch, cut it down and cart- will never work, not for tourists."

1 4 Surtoinobte'''j,nr'rc,n 9 "And," "these he added, rickshawsyou will return to ITDP's rickshaw design bidding process,and then identify a trial have are not prettv." Then he launched and manufacturingfacilities in Delhi operator who will operateand maintain into a lectureabout Mughal art and dnd ABrr. Al thistime. Mr. Martignoni the trial fleet for a period of several architecture,elements of which, absent will be working with Mr. Prabhu,a months. on our prototypes.are part of the beauty gradudtestudent in mechanicalengi- ITDP's improved cycle rickshaws of thecurrent rickshaws. neeringfrom the Indian Instituteof should be able to attract a significant Then Mohammed sharedhis bundle Technologv-Delhiwho has extensrve shareof tourist trips and schooltrips, of photos and lettersfrom satistfiedcus- experienceworking on cycle rickshaw allowing the participatingrickshaw tomersfrom around the world, all designand prototype development. pullers to increase "good their income. wrapped-upin his luck" ban- Togetherwith Sunil Kumar of Hari Om lncreasedincome should make possible dana.Indeed, a ride in Mohammed's "th the introductionof an improved but riclshaw, ugh ((casi(rnallvbone-jdr- more expensivevehicle, a necessarycon- ring, (is) an informativeand memorable dition if this projectis to work. experience,"hand-scribbled one devo- "You tee. were a veritable encvclopedia Epilogue of Taj lore" said another. We continued As my stint in India drew to a close, chatting about gearing, wheel base I set out on a four-day biwcle tour from lengths,carriage materials, differenrrars, Ludhianato Dharamshala,the home of 'Tibet and what makestourist. tip. In (losing, in Exile' located in the foothills of he emphasizedthe ever-importantissue the Himalayas.Other cyclistswould of afiordabilityt such innovative rick- often ride with me as I passedHindu shawsare worthlessunless they are templesand familiesof monkeys,with obtainablefor the thousandsof Agra the "wallahs", snow-covered peaks of the rickshaw he said.This prcr Himalayasvisible in the distance.But ject, if it doesnothing for Mohammed, the heat was intense,and the road often rvillbea failure. no more than broken bits of concreteand mud. I camped,stayed in hostels,or On to Ludhiana: The Bicycle Shangn- with village families who put me up. La of lndia Nervous about the strength of my front In Ludhiana,the centerof bicycle fork becauseof Ramu's accident,I manufacturingin India, proiect fortunes loadedmv gearentirely onto my back continucdto improve.Neelam, the main M0ttt'oMirf igrlotliitr hisPetaluna slolt rack. On the third day the rack gave out, Indian manufacturerof cycle rickshan, "kits" and makeshiftroadside repairs with (the front end of the rickshaw Cycle Mart, they u,ill finish the prob- electric wire proved unsuccessful.I was which rickshawassemblers throughout tYpes. stranded,and couldn't understand why India use to constructcomplete rick, Then,bY late C)ctober,ITDP n'ill nobody would pick up a sweaty, dust- shawsafter adding their own unique conYencthe mcmbers of both Project coveredcvclist. After a while, however, I carriaSes)agreed to partnerwith us to Advisorv Boardsand presentto them was finally able to flag a bus. As soon as produce our new rickshaw frameswhen the fullv finalized probtypes. In the fol- I climbed up on the roof with my bike, the time comesto manufacturea trial lowing weeks,the design team will the bus took off. I held on for dear life as fleet. Researchand design executivesat incorporatetheir final suggestionsinto the driver swerved around road work- Hero Cycles- the largestbicycle manu- the completedprototvpes, thus ending ers, pedestrians,cows, trucks, and facturerin the world, producing 3 mil- PhaseI of the project.Then we'11contract ryclists laden with firewood. lion bicycles pei year- offered their out a local-hanufacturer to build a tdal When I finally reached assistancein putting our new designson fleet of ten to twenty vehiclesof the Tat Dharamshala,the Tibetans were dancing CAD-CAM (a computerdesign pro- Taxi, the Delhi Model, and the school on the rooftops.A hero's welcome,well gram), and pledged to back our proiect children model.The Delhi Model fleet deserved?No, it turned out to be the with other forms of technicalsupport r{ill be testedin Delhi by our proiect DalarLama's birthday. I spentthe ddys partners,AITD. At the sametime, we conferring with the re-incarnationof the Next Steps will neSoiidtewith severdltourisl service 7th Markham Dakpa Rinpoche.We had On Septemberl,lcc8, Mr Mdrtignoni providers in Agra, hold a competitrve a vision. Lamason bikes?Why not! |

Hungary ing ecologicallvfriendly economicdevel- vital, intemationally competitive indus- cot1|itlueLl p.7 opment to rurdl areas.Telecommunica- try, capitalizing on Hungary's skilled front jnvestments tion\ or leasingarran5le- labor force,extensive infrastructure, and while generating revenues. Strategic mentscould alsobe further explored. low labor costs.But without significant partnerships with the tourist industry on Hungarian Railways is one of the investment and moderntzation, rail lines with tourism potential value oldest railroads in Europe, and its track Hungary will lose a key industry in could save several short lines threatened networks is one of the most dense. which they could be internationally with closing.while simull.!neouslvbring- Modernized today, it could becomea competitive.a

l5 55oPaulo Curbing Car Use Bu EduardoA. Vasconcellos

fter decadesof unsuccessfulefforts to are slowly but steadilyimProving the emission build their way out of a world-classtraffic Ievels,but have not been followed by any on- congestionnightmare, the State and City street emission controls, which are currently of Sio Paulo have finally be8un to adoPt traffic restrictedto trucks and buses The new traffic a manda- control measurcs.One Plan, initiated by the State code,in effectsince last Jdnuary, creates Department of the Environment under Fabio tory emission controls that are being organized Feldmannas a pollution conttol measure,restrict- Once the conflict over who is Soing to Perform it - ed accessto the city by eachautomobile one day a - stateor local authorities is solved,average week between7AM and 8PM during winter conditionsmay improve remarkably months. The plan was firmly opposed by the The new metropolitan transPortation Plan media,the automobile-dependentmiddle class, also proposesmajor investmentsin railway infra- many traffic planners and the Seo Paulo City structure and services,to bring daily Patronage Covernment, which, besidesbelonging to an from 900,000back up to 2 million daily Passen- opposing political party, has historically advocat- gers.There are also plans to add 30 km to the increase ed pro-automobilePolicies. Nevertheless, the subway system by 2004, which would plan was approvedbv the StateChamber, and subway trips from 2.5 million to 4 million. SAo becamelaw. Theplan reducedCO levelsby 12%, Paulo will also add priority intercitybus corri- reducedweekly CO2 emissionsbv 17 tons,and dors and a new articulatedelectric busway, com- decreasedcongestion by 20')i,in the afternoon. plementing about 100 km of reservedbus lanes Thesecongestion benefits convinced the city and exclusive bus routes and better integrating authoritiesto propose their own licensePlate bus and the new railway services.The proposal scheme,which restricted traffic only during the includesa new integratedfare system,facilitating oeak hours, from 7-10AM and 17-20PM, but transferbetween services. But very few efforts are year round. In both cases,compliance has been being made in the cit) to increasebus level of ser- about 90%. vice and bus corridorsremain iust a plan Brazil's New EconomicPlan of 1994,which introduced the Real and curbed inflation, led to What Causedthe SeoPaulo Traffic Nightmare? 10%a year increasesin the automobilefleet. The Like most cities,land use regulationand Citv of SAoPaulo now has 4 million cars, or transport decisionsin Sao Paulo are completely roughly 400 carsper 1000people, which have cre- disconnected.Large low incomesettlements ated 60-milelong traffic jams that cost the city develop in the outskirts of the city, uncoordinat- over $1 b $2 billion a vear, and ed with lob and pub- 2 million lost working hours lic service location, daily. The miles of conge:ited and poorly serviced roads during peak hours have by public transpo a- doubled from 60 km to 120km tion. In addition to since then, slorving bus speeds typical problems of and increasing their oPerating conflicts between costsand faresbv l5'l'. ministriesand levels Motorizatio n has also of government,re- made the streetenvironment increasinglyunsafe. sponsibility for metropolitan rail systemswas In 1995,four peoplen'ere killed every day in a divided betweenthe Federalsystem and the statc motor vehicleaccident, and 63'l' were Pedestri- rail systems.The fiscal crisis of the Federalgov- ans. Every year 60,000people are iniured,and emment contributed to a steady deterioration of part 9000of them severely. Air Pollution is also clear- Federalrail services,which lost a siSnificant ly linked to premature deathsamong the elderly of its ridership. The subway, although providing and increasedmorbidity among children. CO good services(approved by 90%of its users)still "/. concentrationsare abovenational standards13 only servesa few regions.These two systems, of the time, NOx 26%of the time, and Particulate and the bus system,remain Poorly integrated. virtually all the time. The backboneof the urban transPortation Other major initiatives are also planned,but systemis the metroPolitanbus system,which have not yet beenimplemented. Brazilian laws serves5.5 million passengersdaily, and the local have already set tougher tailpiPe emission stan- bus systemswhich serve another I million Pas- : dards for new automobiles and vehicles,which sengersdaily. This systemwas poorly managed,

16 sustoinoblefrcntpo.t9 kept low quality,unreliable and incon- centageof auk) trips in the metropolitan a major challenge.The answerdepends venient for most.Between 1968 and 1987 areaincreased from 26'i1,to 12'Y". on both institutional rearrangements, the per(entagr.oftnps takenby bur in High incomemotorists are allowed giving public transitboth politicaland the metropolitanarea decreasedfrom to consumeeight times as much road physical priority, and adequatefinancial 59"/. to 43%. Few efforts were made to spacefor daily trips as low income tran- and technicalsupport. The new systems createlaiger, more efficient bus priority sit passengers.Average door-to-door should form the backboneof the public schemesand results were meagerat the travel times for automobileoperators are transportationservices, with high quali- regional level, with the ty, flexible servicesmoni- exceptionof the five city tored by modern technolo- intercity bus corridor, gies and tailored b differ- which provides a high ent market seSments, quality service.No city in includingthose currently the metropolitanregion- served by irregular opera- including Sio Paulo - has tors: the more complexeco- ever organizeda system to nomic environmentand the control the quality of bus congeshonconstraints open servicesin a comprehen- the way to propose special sive and permanentway, public transportationser- control is limited to admin- vices,as part of an integrat- istrativeand operational ed system.All bus services issues.Conversely, the Seo should be provided under Paulo agencyfor traffic flexible regulatoryenviron- enSineeringhas developed ments,able to optimize the permanentand comprehensiveindlca- still only 25 minutes, compared to 70 useof resourceswhile respectinggeneral tors of trafficquality, directed towards minutes for bus passengen,and over 90 principlesof public interest.Accordingly, automobile efficiency. Two attempts minutes for train passengers.While proper quality indicatorsshould be (1978and 1985)to promotespecial bus automobilesrun at 25 - 30 km / h on adoptedas a basisto guide actionand servicesto middle classpeople failed in main roads, buseshardly travel at 15 adopt correctivemeasures, similar to faceof limited scopeand planning defi- km/h. As long as theseconditions pre- thosedeveloped to ensureautomobile ciencies.Deteiioration in the qualitv of vail, thosewealthv enough to afford a efficiency.a bus rerviceshar led a sharpincrease in car will continueto drive. irregular public transportation by minibusesand vans, which have cap- Pursuing long-term solutions tured from 10 to 15%of the regular bus' After decadesof administrative Besure to access demand,inducing the media to call for gridlock, Sio Paulo now has a real deregulatingthe entire system. opportunity to address its traffic night- ITDPonline at our Finallv, extensiveroad construction mare in a more systematicwav. The newwebsite: was the only anti-congestionmeasure licenseplate schemeis a short term solu- used in severalperiods of the citv's his- tion, but a first step towards more com- tory. From'1960b 1980,investments on prehensivesolutions. Economic crl sls www.itdp.otg...--o,, new arterialroads and expressways prevents the city of Sao Paulo from fur- increasedthe lengtho( lanesin the main ther uselessinvestments in tunnels and arterial systemfrom 886km to 2,369km. expressways.The severity of the conges- Thousands of circulation plans to tion and a Seneraldecline in the quality s.)z improve fluiditv were implementedand ol life hasconvinced increasing portions 20,000short term parkint spaceswere of the middle classto acceptrestrictions createdin commercialareas. Recentlv, on motor-vehicleuse, and to look for the city spentabout US$3 billion in pub- alternativesolutions. Ultimately, the lic moneyon tunnelsand expressways, uncivilized spacethat was generatedby which had no effect at all on congestion automobile-basedurban transport must levels.By contrast,investments in bus be civilized:road systemsshould be corridorswere left to privateinvestors, rederignedto re-appropridtespdce in who eventuallyrefused to financethem. favor of non-motorizedand public trans- Auto ownership was facilitated for portation, while subiectingthe automo- middle and upper class residents bile to strict circulating rules. throupiheasier access to bank findncing Enforcementshould be reorganized by and group salesthrough monthly install- creating civilian police forcesespecially ments. Licensing feeswere always kept trained and by changingenforcement low (about US$ 50), and property taxes logisticstowards the most dangerous varied between 2"/" and 3"k of the vehi- and socially unacceptabletraffic offens- cles'market value, about US$300 for the es,such as thosethreatenint pedestrians averagecar. Gasolineprices have also and harming public transportation effi- beenlow (currentlyUS$ 0.70 per liter). cienry Con : Accordingly,from lq68h' 1q87.thr.pr'r- lmprovingthe bur systemremains

17 $LbJIi}Ul tN)te' fic from non-motorized traffic inqeased lot of media attention. They are press- 'Right the travel speeds and the lane capacity ing for recognition of a b Clean cotlt itu('tl.ftottl 9 l,1. of the motoriz€d traffic. They are now Air.' They are ;rlso pushing for a 10')i, similar pedestrian rights laws in other trying to get express bus lanes included congestion tax and a 101, environmen- cities. NCT also worked on Seoul Local in the master plan as well, and may tdl tax on fuels. 'altemative Agenda 21. as part of a successfulcanr- develop an master plan.' paign to increase in the number of CLEANINGDEIHI's SMOG KUATALUMPUR, }'IAIAYSIA: exclusive bus lanes and introduce con- ExpresswayCapital of the world gestion tolls. The congestion fee -By Shefali Verma,Center for Scieaceand reduced congestion by l0')i,. Parking Enz.ironment,(CSE) By PaulBnrter ar Stula Kolandai,SUS- charges were also increased bv local CSE is focusing on phasing out of fRAN R,','tir,, C,ttl,r. n'tJ 5rt taxation. outdated vehicle technology, improv- Hustninis,AP 2000 ing the quality of the fuel, improving Pressurefuom Malaysia'spowerful EIKEIANES COME to NEWDETHI the availability of public transit s€rvice, rubber tire industrv and national car -By Dr. Rajeet,Saraf, Peoplc's Sciencc and tightening vehicle inspection and industrv have given KL more express- Institulednd lhe lndinnIt$litutc of maintenance.Prematu re deaths in wav:.per capitJthan anv r)th(.rcitv in Technology'sRoad Safety Centtr. Delhi due to heal.v particulate in the air the world. Thereis not muchadvocacv . ; -'^^ Some 60"1,of Delhi's population have nsen trom 7,500a vear rn l99z to in KL on tr.rn\prrrtrs.ucs. lhe lives in squattersettlements scattered 10,000in 194. Benzenelevels are also Consumers Association issued a around the city, and onlv 15".1,of the 20 times EU standards, ard onlv 2% of 'PassengersCharter for Public Transrt population lives in housing that was plannedin any way. As a result,there is little relationshipbetween transporta- tion planningand the mobilitvneeds of the population.In low incomeareas, ,l.l% of the trips are by bicycle,26'l. are by bus, and 207"are on foot. Of the cvclinStrip'. q0'' aremen. Despite this, there are virtuallv no facilities in Delhi for cvclistsand pedestrians.As a result, road safetv issuesare serious. Over ,15%of the populationbelieves the com- mute to work is the most dangerous part of working life. There are conflicts in Delhi betweenenvironmental groups and transp!,rtc\pert\. fhereare n(r \uctain- abletransport advocacv groups in Delhi vet but a coalitionis needed. Environmentalistssupport the metro, despitethe fact that annualper capita incomesare only $350,and even bus faresconsume 101, of the incomeof the A three-wheeledhajai: a majorsourcc of partci atepollutiotl majority of its users. The moncv planned to be spenton the metro could the vehicles use unleaded gas. There which pressed public transit operators run the entire bus systemfor free. are no regulations controlling lead and to provide better service,and some Environmentalgroups also support benzene levels in the fuel. Three wheel- major road projects have aroused local banning the three-wheeledmotorcvcle ers cause 657oof the emission problem, opposition. Small, p vate-entrepreneur 'Bajaj'taris, but transportexperts say but taxis are also major contributors to controlled minibuses were banned last theycreate jobs and fulfill an important the particulate problem, as they also year, and replaced by bi8 private bus mobility function. use diesel becaus€it's cheaper.Fuel is companies owned by the automotive The People'sscience In5irtute r\ further adulteratedby fuel sellers.Road industrv which arc unresponsive to working on public participation on the taxes are also very low. Road tax is paid users needs. KL has built a private-sec- new Delhi Master Plan, and the first once for $25. CSE held a successful tor co-iinanccdele\ated LRf \^hich i! .ra'ill meeting be in Julv. They also public awarenesscampaign. They expensive ;rnd poorly integrated with worked l!ith the Indian Instituteof placed a piece of damp white filter the bus system, and pedestrian and Technologv (llT) on community pape! over a suction device beside a bicvcle access has been virtually involvementin developinga pilot bicv- maior street during rush hour, to ignored. The commuter rail svstem con- cle lane projectin Delhi. IIT sold the resemble the action of human lungs, trolled by Malavsian railway is doing projectto the municipalitvby demon- and in this short period of time the fil- better due to growing congestion and stratingthat segregatingmotorized traf- ter tumed completely black. This got a the recent provision of minivan services

l8 susrainoblerronspotg to get people from the train stationsto Indonesian PrcsidentSoeharto, but due square kilometer, compared to their homes- to Soeharto's fall antl the ccycling master micro-loan progrims r.r,hichhelpecl planned to build some of 60 highway plary and has developeda list of indi- urrmen obtain jceps or bicvclcs for use flyovers planned by the regional gov- 'measures cators' and of success,'such in isol.lted;rreas. Nort many rur;rl ernment, only some of which would 'comparative as a report card,'which u,omr,n \{ant to get involved in other avoid conflicts between roads and the they would use for getting media atten- ro:td construction projr'cts, .rnd want rail lines.Save Bombay opposes the fly- tion and building public awareness. thcir o$n jc('ps .tnd trnnsit vehicles to overs becausethey disrupt public tran- The liroup is trying to make the Penang mr,r.t womcn's o ftr'n trnadclressccl sit servicesand pay little attention to bus more responsiveto user needs(the rnobilitv nctds, ancl bicvclesfor girls k) pedestrian needs.They helped con- routesare decidedbv a board that lives rr::rchschools. vince the World Banl to withdraw. The in Kuala Lumpur). Along with other Provincial Covemment is going ahead groups,it opposedplans to build one of BOMBAYSAVED FROM with the projectanyway, at a cost of the largest bridges in the world HIGHWAYS $625million. hetweenPenang and Georg,etownhis- Ily Kisnu Mt'lttt, Sti,L,BontltLtv Counnilttt Through media campaigns,Save torical district that was to be built by a B,'mh.r\ i\ t'nl ol the drn.e.t cities Bombay Committeealso helped stop crrmpanyowned by thedaughter of Er- in tht' rvorlcl, u ith 21,000 pcople per confinued on 1r.22

Maputo and Johannesburg.l I could even imagine toll roadsbeing done in #p*snbiqueconcrete slabs, rather than asphalt. A program like this could absorball the tenance costs on that road have beenl surplus labor in Mozambique, given the zero. The other roads in Maputo have size of the country's road problems. lf already neededroutine maintenance we had usedsuch a schemedt the b€gin- and now they're being resurfaced.The ning of ROCS I the main north-south answer is a 100%national program. network would already be completed, First, it should be completelydecentral- I'm convinctd of that, ized; second,it should be paid for Q: How much of the money from the entirely in Meticals; third, it should use disbursements has remained in only local firms and national materials Mozarnbique, and how much has gone and labor. Then the program will cost elsewhere? only a fraction of the ROCS, and it will Chavez: I reckon that easily 30% or be sustainable. The main urban roads more was balance of payments support. and interurban highways can be done Another 20%-10'owas technicalassis- by companiesof a certain size, such as tance:studies, overseastript etc. Most Luso-Mozambicanfirms. lof thisl goesto foreigners.And 30o/.- in Q: This wouldn't violate Bank policy? round figures - was devoted to infra- Chavez: Not necessarily.We're already structufe. doing labor-intensive tertiary roads with TheMinister of Public Work, Roberto the Intemational Labor Organization,in White, duting Parliamentatyhearings, some casesusing a food for work sys- blamedpolicies imposed hy donorsand 'ruinous tem. [A toll road is being privately con- managementby buildingcontrac- cessioned,and is being built between tots' for thefailure of the ROCSprogram. )

t9 5t* Pork-Fcst

bylon Orcutt

the national organization of state trans- portation departments.As early as 1994, elementswithin AASHTO were warn- ing that "Social and political agendas antithetical to highway expansion pose a clear and present danSer to the economies,public safety, and conve- nienceof much of the United States."In ongressapproved and President in Congressgenerated a variety of pro- 1995,AASHTO askeda group of private Clinton signed TEA-21, the posalsto scaleback or eliminate Federal grant-makinginstitutions to withdraw "TransportationEquity Act for transportationprograms (and hand their support for the Surtace the 21stCentury," on June9. Passageof Federalgas tax receiptsback to the TransportationPolicy Project(STPP), the 6-vear$216 billion authorization states).Finally, elements of the highway the lead organization in the transporta- ended (for now) a two-year pitched baF lobby facedoff with transportation tion reform coalition (the foundatrons tle over Federaltransportation policy in reform advocatesover extensionor stuck with the group). the United States.The law paperedover repealof the reforms from the ISTEA of In the end, howevet sectionalinter- most of the debate'spolitical fissures 1991. ests prevailed over states'rights and with more money, yielding mixed ISTEA had representeda sharp pave-the-world ideologies, as "highway results from a sustainabletranspo per- break with earlierFederal Covernors and economic interests spective.While the "intermodal" plan- bills" by relaxing ba(iers betweenhigh- (including local road contractorsand ning structure of the 1991Federal trans- w.ry,tr.rnsit rnd other tvpe\ of projects, constructionunions) in the northeast portation law remains intact, and sever- and bv mandatingplanning processes tn and other statesthat benefited from the al innovative programs have been metropolitanareas to promote a more ISTEA funding formula backedreautho- "intermod;rl" "without enlarged,TEA-21 authorizes record lev- balanced, approachto rization of ISTEA radical els of highway spending.The latterwill transportplanning. change."Moreover, ISTEA's emphasis surely feed the relentlessupward Sunbelt,radical Republican and on cities, counties and localitieswon growth of Americanvehicle-miles trav- road lobbv interestshad alreadyorga- over a level of governmentoften at odds eled(total driving). nizecl:rn ISTEA-repealcoalition by early with state DOTs. The prolSTEA forces Severalmajor cross-currentsshaped 1996.Its proposalpegged a state'sshare includedthe National Leagueof Cities the fight over successorlegislation to the of Federaltransportation funding to gas and other municipal, regional and coun- I ntermodal SurfaceTransportation taxescollected in that state,rewarding ty associations.Together with STPP, Policy Act of 1991 (ISTEA). car dependenceand promisingbig cut- national environmentalorganizatrons Geographically,fast growing Sunbelt backsin transit-richstates. It would and the White House,these groups and Rockv Mountain statesdemanded a have repealedmost of ISTEA'Splan- blunted the attack on ISTEA'Sprogram bigger shareof the Federalpie than ear- ning, environmental and non-motorized and planning structure. lier authorizations had provided. tra n sporl prL'vi\ions.The coalrtion, But only money could break the Politicall)'.the backdropof the 1994 known as STEP-21,at one point claimed stalematebetween older stateswith s Newt Gingrich RepublicanRevolution suppolt of over 20 stategovernments. crumbling infrastructures and those STEP-21took its cues from an anti- claiming that fast Srowth made them lon Orcutt is ,he Deputy Director of thc ISTEA platform developed by the deserving of more Federal aid. Passage Tr i- S tat e Tnnsp oft at ion Canryi gn American Associationof StateHighway of the law was delayed from fall of 1997 and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), until this spring while pro-spending

20 Sustoinablef.t,ntpo,rg "You'd Congressionalleaders, led by House upturn. ratherdo this during a Reform advocatesfought off road TransportationChair Bud Shuster(R- recession."one analysttold the Journal. lobby efforts to make CMAQ funds "transferable" PA), rounded up votes and beat back On the other hand, becausethe to other programsin the fiscal conservatives.The resultingbill ISTEAplanning structureand funding bill - now only increasesover FYl997 was sufficientlymd\sive to buv a big flexibilitywas successfullydefended, it CMAQ funds for each state will be Congressional majority, though should be possiblefor strong transporta- transferable.In more urban states,th.' Republicanbudget hawks and the tion reform coalitions to make headway impact of this changewill be relativelv Clinton Administrationboth sniped at in thc \tJte\ where theseeri't. Some rmall.but the fundscould be badli the Iegislation'spotential to trample positiveaspects of TEA-21include: abusedelser.r'here. TFA-21 also contains 1997'sbalanced budget agreernent. The Transit Tat Benefit The law makes a new cleanfuel bus program, which the big buv-off could not have been accom- the Federal $65 monthly tax-free House TransportationCommittee says plished in weakereconomic times. employer transit benefit easierfor com- is fundedat $1.2billion. TEA-21'sfunding levelswill pro- panies to offer to employees,and Enhancements:Non-motorized "Enhancements" vide $165billion in guaranteedhighway increasesthe benefit to $100in 2002.The transportation fund- funding and $35 billion in ing, which accountedfor the guaranteed t ransit funding substantialincrease in fundin5; ("guaranteed"means the fund- for bicycleand pedestrian ing will come from protected transportationprojects during 8astax revenue)over six years. 1992-97,will increase40'X, in Thelaw authorizesanother $10 TEA-21.Project eligibility is billion for highwaysand 96bil- expandedsomewhat, most sig- lion for transit,though this nificantlVin permitting fund- funding will be subiectto the in8 for bicyclistand pedestrian problernaticprocess of annual safetyproiects.25'l. of funds Congressionalappropriation above a state'sFY]997 En- from the generalfund (which hancementsfunding level can has beenespecially unfriendly be transferredby the state to to transitin recentyears). otherprograms. ISTEA provided about Other Features:Attempts $157billion (or all pro6;rams "1997. to weaken envi ronmental from 1992to TEA-21's review of highway projects $35billion a vear highway were largelyturned back bv a budget is roughly the equiva- nationwide mobilization of lent of the entireGDP of Chile grassroots environ menta I or Hungarv. While TEA-21 groups. More public t ransit funding come close to the maintenanceactivities becamc recenttradition of 80/20 splits eligiblefor Federalcapita I betweenhighways and transit, funding, meaningthat transit the Suaranteedfunding tilts in managerswill havemore flexi- favorof highwavs,with transit bilitv in the useof Federal getting17.5'/". Moreover, while Anofh.r higlllr'aV,ntlother suhurb. funds. The provision eascs almost 957"of total highwav somewhat the recentdemise of funding is guaranteed,this is the case provision will benefit regionswith large Federaltransit operating assistance. for only 84?,of transit'sshare. transitriterships by easingcommuting The bill also provides a new $750 While transit will receivemore costsand increasingtransit agency rev- million (onlv $400million guaranteeo, "access guaranteedmoney under the deal than enue.In \ew York City, f()rinstancc, to jobs/reverse commute" grant was proposedunder eitherthe original the benefit could reduce the cost of a program for proiects that increase Senateor House ISTEA reauthorizanon monthly bus/subway passfrom $63 to mobility for transit-dependentpopula- bills,the massiveavalanche of highway $45for an averageworker. tions. ISTEA'scongestion pricing pilot "Congestion fundingWashington has now unleashed Clean Air: ISTEA's program was reauthorizedand renamed "value could easilyput sustainabletransporta- Mitigation/ Air Qualitv" (CMAQ) pro- the pricing" program,with spe- tion and anti-sprawladvocates'backs to gram is retained,with 35%more fund- cific emphasison developmentof "high- the wall for years to come in many ing. CMAQ funds have been used for occupancy/toll lanes."Pilot programs states,especially in the transit-poor bike and pedestrianprojects, purchase for toll collectionto cover hi6;hway South and West.The Wall Str€etJoumal of clean fuel buses,transit capital fund- maintenanceon interstatehighways, reportedin Julv that highway contrac- ing, and rail freight links, although a and for researchinb the "relationship tors are staffing up in anticipationof varietv of traffic managementprojects betweentransportation, communitv more road work, and economistsare that actually worsen air quality in the preservationand the environment", wringing therrhands over thc inflation- long term were also funded. Under the which promote traffic calrningand tran- arv potentialof such mammoth public new bill, statescan also contribute sit-orienteddevelopment, were also spendingat the heightof the economrc CMAQ funds to Amtrak services. funded.0

2l Fairnessand tht Farc:Equity and Transpo andCommunications for Adequacyin theFinancing of the UrbanDetvlopme : ReportofThe OperatingAgencies ol the MetrcWlitan Asphalt Nation: How the Autonobile Habitat 11GIobaI Workshop.3-5 July TransportationAuthori{t. Walter Hook, TookOoer Americaand How We Con 1991 Singapore. Brian Williams, Richard Briffault, Elliott D. Sclar, Takelt Back.JaneHoltzKay. Crown Human Settlements Officer, United Columbia Law School,February 198. Publishers, 197. 201 East 50th St., NY, Nations Centre for Human [email protected] NY 10022 [email protected] Seftlements, PO Box 30030,Nairobi, Kenya.'fel: 4 2 623916,Faxi 254 2 Labour-basedRoad Consfruction, a State- TheEcology of Place.Plonning for the 62,965 [email protected] ot'lhe-A Re1)iett.Edited by Paul Enuircnment,EcoromV, and Cofimunity. Larcher, IT Publications,1998. ISBN 1 Timothy Beatley and Kristy ManninS. GettitlgTherc: Strdtegic Focfsfor the 8539 4165 lsland Press,Washington. D.C., 1997. Trqnsportstion Adwcofe. Campaign www.IslandPresc.com ASainst Auto Pollution. 310 D Sheet, TheForgiving Air. Richard C.J. NE, Washington DC 20002. Sommerville. (Surveys the impacts of Surueyof theEnaionnenl 38, This sur- (202) [email protected] Global Climate Changein layman's vey is published arurually by the terms) University of Califomia Press, Hindu newspaper of India. This year I CostiAmbientali e Socialidella Mobilitti 1998.8W822-657, it has four articles on transport. The in ltolia. (Versionelngleses) (Entlish "Heterogenous www,ucpress.berkeley,edu,/books articles are: Cities: version available) A maior study on Limits Of Paradigms" - by Geetam the extemal (environmental and "Smokeless ChosingRickshaws. Iony Wheeler and Tiwari; Vehicles: For A social) costs of the 3 principal tlans- Richard ['Anson, Lonely Planet Cleaner Future" - by Prof. Dinesh port modes(rail, road airplane),by "Third Publications,1998. 510-893-8555 Mohan; World Traffic: Amici della Terra. Www.amiciterra.it [email protected] Altemative Approaches" - by Rajeev "Curitiba: Saraf; and Where Buses TowardsFair and Eficient Pricing in WhoShopes Your Country's Future? A Hold Sway" - by Jonas Rabhovitch. Transpol|. White paper on intemaliz- Guideto lnfuencingthe Woid Bank's [email protected],org ing the extemal costs of transport in AssistanceStrategies. DeveloPment the European Union. Bank Watchers' Proiect, Bread for the ForcedEoictions And Housing Rightsln [email protected] World Institute,January, 1998. 1100 Asio(A SecondRepotl) Edited by Wayne Avenue,Suite 1000,Silver Kenneth Femandes.Documents the EmissionsTrading 101: Tlu UNCTADWL Spring,MD 20910.Ncalexander@ Drocessof forced evictions that by Miclael Tebo.www.weathervane.rff.org bread.org/ www.bread.org occurredduring 196 and 1997h 13 or dhunKlcmterl.com Asian cities. Available from the Asian An ExpensiaeInoe Affai: Are You Coalition for Housing Rights (ACHR) GettingTakenfura Rids?The Bicycle Secretariat, 73 Soi Sonthiwattana 4 Transportation Alliance, 1998. Ladprao 110,Ladprao Rd, Bangkok 503 2264676 bta4bike@tel€port.com 1030,Thailand. Tel: 662538 0919, Fax: 662 539 9950 [email protected],net

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sula makes ii a perfect place to imple- Metro Area (MBA) Governor to ment a Singapore-stylearea licensing create a bike network, and this year $10 Sustran million was approved for bike and continued p.19 scheme. lrom Dedestrian facilities. The Asian :-, Development banK was nelPrul ln con- the Mumbai West lsland ExPressway, CYCTINGAROUND and successfully downgraded the vincing the Governor to support the planned Bombay Vadodara ExPressway BANGKOKSIRAFFIC plan. The current system has four lines to the widening of existing roads. They NIGHT|IARE but they are not linked or integrated into are also pushing for an area licensing a network, and there are big problems with a fee of a year to enter -By Vipot Songsassen,Social Director, Thai with motorcycles taking over the lanes. scheme $500 'recycle-a-bicycle' downtown Bombay. Motor vehicle taxes CyclingClub The club also has a in Bombay are very low, only $2 or $3 a The 2000-member Thai Cycling proiect which refurbishes bicycles for year, and Bombay's location on a pemn- Croup in 1995convinced the Bangkok children.l

22 Sustoinobleftuntrrrtr9 '98 INTERTRAfFIC -Sdo paolo,Brazil, 8-19 S€ptember1998. 1998.Anne FEton, lCt\^A,777 NorthCapitol Stre €!N.E. Suite '98 OrganizdtionIntertraffrc SouthAmerica, RAIGroup . PO Box 500, \Vashinston,D.C. 90009. Fax, 909 969 368'1. 17777,1070 MS Anlfierdam,Netherldnds. Tel, +31 90 5491919, lpsytonebna.o€, rnvw.lcrna.org. Fax,+31 go 646 4469,ffiicOdc.nl CrcadngB €tterCld6 vrith Chlldrcnand youth: A Vorbhop Rail-Volution'98-Portland,Oregon, USA, 19-16 Septemeber Serles on Partlclpatory Stratcgies for Urban 1998.Surfac €Transportation Policy Project (SPp) 800 788-7077. Change-Arnst€rdam,Nc /"mbet 19 (exdctdate T&\). Joyc€ Cordus,Averroes Foundation, l-innaeushof 6, 1098KH 44t'l ryorld Congr6s of the Intemadonal Feder€don for Amsterdam. N€therlands.Fax: 31 20 5999677. Housing and Plannlng-lisbon, Portugal.S €ptember13-17, Av"noasocuronetnl www.euronetnl 1998. Contact Jak€ Bi€rhuysat the IFHP Secr€tariat, wassenadEeweg43, 9596 CG, The Hague,Th € Netherlands. VELOHAVANA'g& Int €mldonlFBlcycle Confcrence.nd ItHP.NLointer.NLn€t Exhlbltion- Havana, Cuba, 8-11 December, 1998. Organising Committee,International Contetence and Exhibition'Velo '98", CODATUVlll, 8th World Confurenceon the Developmeit and Havana ApartadoPostal 17099, Habana 17, C.P. 11700, Plannangof Urbdn and Peri-urbanTransport Cape Tc ^/n, South Cuba.Fax,+{53-7) 33-8950 llEaGpolramnetcu Africa,91 - 95 S€ptember1998. Claude Berenguier, Ex €c. Manager,CODATU Association, Espace Ville, RueMaurice thH lntem€donalVorl(shop on Transportadontlannlng & Audin,69518 Vaulx € n Velin,France. fel: +33 47 n4 7701,laxl lmpldrcntrdon M€d|odologlesior DcveloplngCountdcs: '1998. +33 47 904 7709.codaueen$ €.fT Ene€lngTrends (TPMDC - 98) Sombay, 15-17 Dec., Dr S. t Dhingrd/Prof.P.K. Sikdar, Co-ordindtors, TpMDC - 98 Civil Training Course on Managing lnd Financlngof Rural EngineeringDepartment , Indian InstiMe of TechnologyPc ^,,a1, Trsnsport-London, Octob€r 19 - 93, 1998.Topics include, Bombay-400076, India. Fax ,091 -099-5767309/5783480. RuralTransport Infrastructure, Rural lransport Servic€s,Rural dhingraogemini.civil.ltb.elr€tln TransportPlanning. Contdct p €rsonat TransportR €seorch Laboratory(TRL) ' LindaParsley;-Fax, +44-1344 770119 lin- VELOZITyTAustralasian Cycling Confer €nce-Adelaid€, dapoo.tl.co.uk AusUalia,February 11-19, 1W Petetsrlly andlindsay Holmes, Confurence99, PO8ox9617, Kent To\rn. SouthAustralia 5071. UITPAsla/Pac k Congr6s .nd EJfiblton-Hong Kong,-Oct Australia.-..Tel,+61 I 83695959, Fax, +61 I8369 1116 90 - 93, 1998.Contact: Mrs Phoeb€!au, Asia/PacificLiaison www.velozlty,ldelaide.netau Officerfor th€ Int€nEtiorElUnion of PublicTranspod (UITP), Tel: +859 99938791; Fdx: +859 9993 7789 pho6dombco.p.cofli. CarlngCommunltleg for the 9l st Century:Vlllsgesand Cltles-UNHeadqLnrt €inrs N6r york,February 101 1,1999. fax 8,lth Annurl Confc"ence of the Intemadon.l Caty/County (919) 759-5893,kcceundp.org anagen€nt Association-Orlando,tlorida, ftob€r 95-98,

Letter attendance,continuing our work with the In 1999,ITDP will continue tcr Afrika CulturalCentre and building on demonstratethe efficacyof cost-effective, continutdfront L3 the successof ITDP'sWorkbike Project sustainablesolutions with excitingnew stiried the interest of National (seeST#8). Later this vear ITDP will proiects.In Haiti,thanks lo lundingfrLlm GeographicExplorer and the BBC,both begin implementationof the Workbike AlternativeCifts International,ITDP \{'ill ol \\'hichar.'working on storiesabout the CentreProtect-a multifunctional facility work with orphanagesin lort-au.l'rince frol0ct. that will provide technicalsupport, trarn- to establisha Recycle-A-Bicycleprogram lrr lohannesburg,South Afric,r, in ing, small loans,subsidized bicycles, throughwhich teenswill earntheir own p..rrtncrshipwith the residentAfrika workbikesand trailersto local artisans bicyclesand learn how to use them to (-ulturalCentre, ITDP is establishingthat and vendors. navigatethe streetsof Port-au-Prince', .(Juntrv'sfirst youth bicycleprogram, Thanksto ITDP-affiliatedcommuniw earninginct'me as bicvcleme\\engcr.. rrodeled after the successfulNYC bicvcle prograrnsand NYC and DC-area mechanics,mobile vendors and recv- llccvcle-A-BicycleProgram founded by ITDP members,ITDP will send350 quali- clablecollectors. ITDP'sKaren Overton. The program, tV used bicycles,tools, over 75 bicycle The solutionsalready exist, but.rre which is beingcapitalized bv an ITDP- trailers,materials and partsto Magude, continually ignored. Until we muster the sponsoredshipment of 300bicvcles, 30 Mozambiqueto supportAMRU's (The political will necessaryto back the wide- Burleytrailers, tools and partswhich NationalMozambican Association of spreadimplementation of proven,cost- arrived in Johannesburgthis summer, RuralWomen) ongoing efforts b mobi- effective,and sustainabletransportation will be kicked-offin late August at a cere- lize their membershipand strengthen systems,we will continue'toget'smart monv with Mayorof Johdnnc\burgin their burgeoningbicycle culture. plugged'.0

23 Hrlp luppo( orr cib.t!. loln nDP bdty. y6, I'd llkc to support ITDPcnd r€cciv? SUS!|'|!U? TGr6port magczln€.Her € ls my taxdcductble contributon cf: E tro E s:s O rso O rrooE resof,l oo'"'

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