Studio Dei Muridi E Cricetidi Delle Terre Rosse Del Gargano E Dei Processi Di Colonizzazione Di Ambienti Isolati

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Studio Dei Muridi E Cricetidi Delle Terre Rosse Del Gargano E Dei Processi Di Colonizzazione Di Ambienti Isolati Chissà chissà domani su che cosa metteremo le mani se si potrà contare ancora le onde del mare e alzare la testa Lucio Dalla, Futura Ai miei genitori STUDIO DEI MURIDI E CRICETIDI DELLE TERRE ROSSE DEL GARGANO E DEI PROCESSI DI COLONIZZAZIONE DI AMBIENTI ISOLATI Riassunto I depositi delle “Terre Rosse” del Gargano sono riempimenti di fessure carsiche sviluppatesi in piattaforma carbonatica mesozoica e costituiscono una notevole fonte di informazioni per ricostruzioni palegeografiche e per la comprensione dei fenomeni evolutivi in ambiente insulare. Questi depositi hanno restituito faune endemiche che testimoniano eventi di popolamento in un ambiente considerato di arcipelago. Sebbene questa fauna insulare messiniana del settore di avampaese della paleobioprovincia Abruzzo-Apula sia conosciuta da svariate decadi, i mammiferi delle Terre Rosse hanno ancora molte storie da raccontare. Negli ultimi dieci anni i ruminanti, i gliridi, gli insettivori, i cricetidi delle Terre Rosse ma anche gli aspetti biocronologici, paleogeografici e biogegrafici sono stati oggetto di numerose pubblicazioni. Per la prima volta dalla scoperta di questa fauna, nuovi ritrovamenti di fossili, rinvenuti durante gli scavi da parte dell'Università di Torino tra il 2005 ed il 2009, hanno arricchito la lista faunistica dell'associazione endemica del Gargano. Il presente lavoro è focalizzato su due nuovi taxa, un cricetide gigante e un muride che è ancestrale rispetto al genere endemico Mikrotia, ma anche sul cosidetto “Apodemus”, la cui presenza è stata riportata sin dalla scoperta della fauna fossile del Gargano, ma che non è mai stato studiato in dettaglio. Inoltre, i pattern evolutivi di Mikrotia sono stati descritti e analizzati tramite diversi parametri, usati come proxy per la taglia e la complessità morfologica dei molari. Gli alti tassi evolutivi riscontrati in Mikrotia sembrano un adattamento ad una nuova nicchia ecologica, forse innescato dallo spostamento verso uno stile di vita fossoriale. “Apodemus” del Gargano, qui attribuito al nuovo genere Apatodemus, è sempre stato considerato una specie non endemica dell'MN13-14 a causa della frequenza molto alta di morfotipi col t7. Tuttavia, le analisi hanno rivelato una combinazione di caratteri primitivi e derivati, alcuni dei quali condivisi con generi come Micromys e Parapodemus: tali caratteri separano il taxon del Gargano da Apodemus. Apatodemus, perciò, rappresenta una linea evolutiva autonoma i cui rappresentanti più derivati acquisiscono caratteri morfologici esclusivi. Il muride di nuova scoperta (Murinae nov. gen. nov. sp.) condivide un certo numero di sinapomorfie con Mikrotia, alle quali si aggiungono diversi caratteri in comune con i generi continentali. Questo taxon costituisce, con ogni probabilità, l'antenato diretto di Mikrotia. Le analisi, ancora preliminari, indicano il genere continentale Hansdebruijnia come più probabile antenato del muride del Gargano. Se questa interpretazione dovesse trovare conferme implicherebbe un ingresso dell'antenato continentale da oriente e un vincolo cronologico dell'MN12-13 per il suo ingresso nel dominio insulare del Gargano. Il nuovo genere di cricetide mostra ingenti modificazioni endemiche e una combinazione peculiare di caratteri che lo distinguono da qualunque altra specie continentale e rendono oscure le sue relazioni filogenetiche. Tuttavia, il suo pattern morfologico esclude una derivazione da specie di cricetidi più recenti dell'MN9. I confronti sistematici suggeriscono una possibile derivazione da un antenato continentale miocenico con morfologia “tipo-Democricetodon” o “tipo-Cricetodon”. Queste affinità suggeriscono un'età della dispersione dell'antenato continentale tra MN1 e MN9. Queste evidenze mostrano che la storia delle Terre Rosse è più lunga e complessa di quanto ritenuto in passato ed è probabilmente frutto di svariati eventi di dispersione distribuiti nel tempo (origine polifasica della fauna). Per concludere, questi risultati danno forza all'idea che la fauna abbia un origine “orientale” e che sia frutto di più fasi di dispersione (come suggerito rispettivamente dal nuovo muride e dal nuovo cricetide). Allo stesso tempo, le evidenze suggeriscono un vincolo MN12-13 per gli eventi di dispersione più recenti nel dominio (come indicato dalle considerazioni fatte sull'origine di Apatodemus e di Murinae nov. gen. nov. sp.). Abstract The Gargano “Terre Rosse” deposits are paleokarst fissure fillings found in the Mesozoic limestone of the Apricena-Poggio Imperiale area. They are a very important source of information for evolutionary and paleogeographic studies. The Late Miocene-Early Pliocene fauna assemblages found in the Terre Rosse attest a complex history of endemic faunal distribution in a paleoarchipelago. Although this Messinian insular fauna from the foreland sector of the Abruzzo-Apulian paleobioprovince has been known for several decades, the mammals from the Terre Rosse deposits have still new stories to tell. Over the last ten years the ruminants, glirids, insectivores, cricetids, but also the biochronological, palaeographic and biogeographic aspects of this land have been the subject of numerous papers. For the first time since its discovery, new fossil finds, retrieved during the 2005-2009 excavations by palaeontologists of the Torino University, enriched the faunal list of the Gargano endemic community. The present contribution is focused on the two newly discovered taxa, a giant cricetid and a murid ancestral to the endemic genus Mikrotia, but also on the so called “Apodemus” which has been reported since the first discovery of the Gargano fossil community, but was never studied in detail. In addition, the evolutionary patterns in Mikrotia were described and analyzed through several parameters, used as proxies of size and molar complexity. The very high evolutionary rate found in Mikrotia is apparently triggered by the adaptation to new ecological niches: a shift to a fossorial lifestyle appears to have been an important driving force in its evolution. The Gargano “Apodemus”, here attributed to the new genus Apatodemus, has always been considered a non-endemic MN 13-14 species because of the very high frequency of the t7 morphotypes. Yet the analyses revealed a combination of primitive and advanced features, some of which shared with Micromys and Parapodemus, that actually separate it from Apodemus. This murid therefore constitutes an autonomous evolutionary lineage that reached exclusive morphological traits in its most advanced representatives. The newly discovered murine (Murinae nov. gen. nov. sp.) shares a number of synapomorphies with Mikrotia, coupled with primitive features in common with several murid genera from the mainland. It therefore candidates for the most likely ancestor of Mikrotia. Preliminary analyses indicate the continental genus Hansdebruijnia as the most suitable relative of this murid. Should this result be confirmed by the studies under way, it would imply an eastern origin of this murid and a MN12-13 chronologic constraint for its dispersal into Gargano. The new cricetid genus shows strong endemic modifications and a peculiar combination of features that distinguish it from any other mainland species. This, however, makes its phylogenetic relationships obscure. The morphological pattern, however, rules out a possible ancestry from cricetids younger than MN9. The systematic comparisons suggest a possible stemming from a “Democricetodon-like” or “Cricetodon-like” Miocene mainland ancestor. These affinities suggest an age of dispersal spanning a MN1-9 interval. They also imply that the “Terre Rosse” fauna has a much longer history than previously supposed and it is the result of different dispersal events scattered throughout time (polyphasic origin). To conclude, the new overall evidence supports an eastern provenance and a polyphasic origin of the fauna (as suggested by the new murid and by the new cricetid, respectively). At the same time it suggests a MN12-13 age constraint for the youngest dispersals to the insular domain (as indicated by the considerations about Apatodemus and Murinae nov. gen. nov. sp.). Indice PREFAZIONE 11 1. INTRODUZIONE 13 1.1. Inquadramento geologico 13 1.1.1. Inquadramento geologico generale del Gargano 13 1.1.2. Tettonica 14 1.1.3. L'area delle cave 14 1.1.4. Depositi continentali e carsismo 15 1.1.5. Depositi marini plio-pleistocenici 17 1.1.6. Ricostruzione paleogeografica del dominio Apulo 21 1.1.7. La fessura M013 22 1.2. Le faune 23 1.2.1. Fauna tardo villafranchiana di Pirro Nord 23 1.2.2. Mikrotia fauna 24 1.2.2.1. Breve storia degli scavi e panoramica dei lavori 24 1.2.2.2. La fauna 25 1.2.2.3. Taxa endemici 25 1.2.2.4. Taxa non endemici 29 1.2.3. Fauna di Scontrone 30 1.3. Biocronologia delle fessure carsiche 31 1.3.1. Prima ricostruzione biocronologica e principi 31 1.3.2. Seconda ricostruzione biocronologica e principi 34 1.3.3. Le fasi del popolamento 36 1.3.4. Integrazione delle fessure olandesi e fiorentine 36 1.3.5. I ghiri e le “questioni spinose” di Rinascita e Trefossi 38 1.3.6. Riepilogo dettagliato della prima fase 39 1.4. Origine ed età della fauna 41 1.5. I roditori 46 1.5.1. Generalità 46 1.5.2. Origine 51 1.5.3. La superfamiglia Muroidea 52 1.6. Cricetidi del Miocene d'Europa 53 1.7. Muridi del Miocene d'Europa 56 2. MATERIALI E METODI 61 2.1. Materiale studiato 61 2.2. Materiale di confronto 61 2.3. Strumentazione e Software 62 2.4. Analisi morfologica-Nomenclatura dei caratteri morfologici 63 2.5. Analisi dimensionale 64 3. RISULTATI 67 3.1. L'associazione a micromammiferi della fessura M013 67 3.2. Mystemys giganteus 75 3.2.1. Descrizioni 77 3.2.2. Confronti e relazioni filogenetiche di Mystemys 81 3.3.3.1. Gli effetti dell'evoluzione in ambito insulare 81 3.2.2.2. Confronto con cricetidi dell'Oligocene/Miocene Inferiore 84 3.2.2.3. Confronto con Cricetini e Cricetodontini “moderni” 84 3.2.2.4. Confronto con Hattomys 84 3.2.2.5. Confronto con alcuni generi rari: Lartetomys, Karydomys, Mixocricetodon, Collimys e Renzimys 85 3.2.2.6. Confronto con cricetidi “primitivi” del Miocene 87 3.2.3.
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