Threatening Archipelagos. Serbian Enclaves and Minorities in Kosovo
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2018, 8(4), 13–26 DOI 10.4467/24512249JG.18.024.9011 THREATENING ARCHIPELAGOS. SERBIAN ENCLAVES AND MINORITIES IN KOSOVO Marcoandrea Spinelli Via Bellingera 4, Busto Arsizio, Lombardy, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] Citation Spinelli M., 2018, Threatening archipelagos. Serbian enclaves and minorities in Kosovo, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 8(4), 13–26. Abstract Enclaves are like islands in the middle of a sea they do not belong to. Seeing that the enclaves I wish to examine are several and all close together, the comparison with an archipelago does seem the most befitting. Enclaves represent, in my opinion, the very essence of the Balkan Peninsula, which, until as recently as twenty years ago, was almost entirely composed of groups of enclaves. The Nineties wars contributed to partially eliminate these Balkan peculiarities. Most of these groups are now utterly harmless; nevertheless, some of them were, admittedly, the trigger for the last conflict. Others still pose a threat to peace; among those, I believe the Serbian enclaves in Kosovo are the best example. My project will focus mainly on inhabitants of Serbian villages in Kosovo, which are the first victims of a process of integration the country they live in failed to enable. For this reason, I will not pay close attention to villages of Northern Kosovo, namely those which are north of the river Ibar, since they have a Serbian majority. My field of research will rather thoroughly analyse Southern enclaves in particular, where, through interviews, I will try to find out what it means to be part of a country withouy ethnically identifying with it. Among the interviewees there will be politicians, orthodox monks, and especially ordinary people. In conclusion, my article will focus on Velika Hoča’s village, in Orahovac municipality, where I lived for nine months two years ago. Key words enclaves, Kosovo Serbs, Velika Hoca, Srpstvo, Artemije‘s schism. Received: 25 September 2017 Accepted: 21 June 2018 Published: 30 November 2018 1. Introduction Slovenia, Croatia, and possibly Montenegro suc- ceeded in jumping on the yellow-starred blue boat, At the end of the war, when the principle of author- but the same cannot be said about Serbia. The Serbi- ity and obedience collapsed, Jugoslavia entered that an society was only able to produce few outstanding grey area in which economic progress was a chimera politicians1, and, along with other Balkan countries, and the EU was the only possible lifesaver, and in which the common good wavered between the al- 1 Among Serbia’s most prominent politicians of the late lure of capitalism and the constraint of nationalism. twenty years, the two most distinguished ones are certainly 14 Marcoandrea Spinelli it is now indulging in corruption, black market and about personal identity feelings and viewpoints “je-m’en-fichisme”, an attitude first pinpointed by the concerning alterity, as well as an account about English explorer Archibald Lyall at the beginning of the village and municipality history, one about the the XX century. A hundred years later, the expression interviewee’s family history during Tito era and the is still befitting. Nineties’ war, a description of the political associa- Yet, it should also be recalled that „the conditions tionism in the area in question, a personal opinion which triggered the tragic combination of factors about the European Union, which religion they pro- [...] of the Jugoslavian case cannot be considered fess and to which extent, what do they think about outside of a broader horizon, which concerns the other religions, an opinion on education, schooling, awakening of local identities in a globalised world“ language spoken in everyday life and language of (Sekulić, 2002, p. 21). study, daily relationships with different ethnic com- Among other things, my article will try to outline munities, whether there are mixed marriages in the the features of Serbia’s national identity in Kosovo, area, urban and architectonic symbols of their iden- which will be considered equal to any other Europe- tity, and activities dedicated to its preservation. Be- an identity rather than a Balkan or eastern peculiar- sides, questions about controversial topics such as ity. As indicated by Rogers Brubaker, identity is often Serbian nationalism and the legacy of the War will regarded as something malleable and fluid which not be left out. “people have, forge, and construct” (Brubaker, Coop- Furthermore, the choice of specific urban and er, 2000, p. 28), since “the habit of speaking without nonurban contexts, meticulously selected according qualifications of ‘Albanians’ and ‘Serbs’, as they were to their relevance to the questions at issue, should sharply bounded, internally homogeneous groups, be considered an additional innovative aspect. not only weakens social analysis but constricts po- I will observe how different ethnic groups inter- litical possibilities in the region” (Brubaker, Cooper, act in order to describe their mutual integration and 2000, p. 28). how identity and relationships are constantly nego- What do modern Kosovo Serbs villages look like? tiated – or rather re-negotiated and re-asserted – in Are they ready to revive and reflourish, or are they everyday life. doomed to remain in the background as a neglected I believe that enclaves epitomise the very essence beacon? of the Balkan Peninsula, which, until as recently as Do they nurse a Serbian national sentiment, twenty years ago, was almost entirely composed of a shared sense of belonging regardless of the coun- groups of enclaves. The Nineties wars contributed to try in which one may live? partially eliminate these Balkan peculiarities. If so, what is it? How is it built up, how does it in- My article will mainly focus on inhabitants of Ser- teract with and how it is re-created in everyday life? bian villages in Kosovo, which are the first victims What are its features, what its priorities and weak- of a process of integration the country they live in nesses? First and foremost, how is it articulated at failed to enable. For this reason, I will not pay close geographical, urban, religious and environmental attention to municipalities and villages of Northern level? Kosovo, namely those which are North of the river My article intends to delve into Srpstvo, or Serb- Ibar, since they have a Serbian majority. They are the dom, and into the Serbian Inat, terms utilised by following three: Leposavić, Zvečan and Zubin Potok. Serbs to describe themselves, which can be loosely My field of research will try to thoroughly analyse translated as a mix of “stubbornness” and national Southern enclaves in particular, where, through in- pride, in order to obtain a better understanding of terviews, I tried to explore what it means to be part one of the most debated yet least well-known popu- of a country without ethnically identifying with it. As lation of the Twentieth century Europe. the map shows (fig. 1), there are six Serbian munici- My project will pivot around the analysis of the palities in the Southern part of Kosovo: Klokot, Ra- sense of identity and feeling of belonging to the Ser- nilug, Novo Brdo, Parteš, Gračanica and Štrpce. bian nation. Its peculiarity will be due to the fact that Among the interviewees there were teachers, the project will be carried out through interviews to Serbian Orthodox priests and monks, Draganac’s prominent figures of each minority or ethnic com- Monastery Abbot, Dečani’s Monastery Abbot, schis- munity. These interviews will include questions matics monks and believers (Artemije’s followers), municipal employees, school employees, nationalis- tic associations’ presidents and members, local insti- Zoran Đinđić and Boris Tadić. The former was first mayor of tutions’ presidents and representatives, journalists, Belgrade, then Serbian prime minister. It was murdered in cir- ordinary people, the technical director of ‘Gračanica’s cumstances still unclear on March 12, 20003. The latter was Serbian president for eight years, from 2004 to 2012. Threatening archipelagos. Serbian enclaves and minorities in Kosovo 15 Fig. 1. Percent of Serbs in Kosovo in 2011 Source: Zeqiri, 2013. House of Culture’, a touristic organization’s director, our history”, “we cannot choose a single place. Ser- a librarian, a photographer. bian identity is not a symbol, it is the spirit inside this Finally, my article will focus on Velika Hoča’s vil- land”, “every town inhabited by Serbs and every town lage, in Orahovac municipality, where I spent ten who hosts a Serbian grave is Serbia, from Croatia to months over two years ago. Greece, from Bosnia to Macedonia, and obviously here as well”. In order to understand this kind of feel- ing, it is necessary to travel through the centuries 2. A bit of history and focus our attention on a few decisive moments. In the past, Serbs were probably the largest eth- When I asked about Kosovo’ symbols, some peo- nic group in Kosovo and in Metochia. Geographi- ple I interviewed answered by mentioning Prizren, cally, Kosovo is currently divided into two areas: Patriarchate of Peć and Gračanica. Others named Metohija (or Rrafshi I Dukagjinit in Albanian) in the Gazimestan, where the battle of Kosovo Polje took North-West and Kosovo (Kosova), properly named, place in 1389. However, most of them had no doubt, in the Southeast. agreeing on the fact that “every Orthodox church or In Metohija, the main cities are Prizren (Prizren), monastery, every Serbian village or town is our sym- Đakovica (Gjakovë) and Peć (Peja). It is surrounded bol. We cannot overlook even the least significant by Montenegro, Serbia and Albania. The name Meto- place, because Albanian are trying to manipulate hija derives from ‘metoh’, which refers to agricultural 16 Marcoandrea Spinelli land belonging to the Serbian Orthodox Church in this moment on, policy towards ethnical groups in the Middle Ages.