NATIONAL HISPANIC SCIENCE NETWORK ON DRUG ABUSE Tenth Annual International Conference Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas September 30-October 2, 2010 The Westin Canal Place New Orleans, Louisiana Mission Statement The National Hispanic Science Network on Drug Abuse is dedicated to improving the health of Hispanics by increasing the amount and quality of interdisciplinary translational research on drug abuse, and fostering the development of Hispanic scientists in drug abuse research. National Steering Committee Patricia E. Molina, M.D., Ph.D. William A. Vega, Ph.D. Chair, NHSN Vice-Chair, NHSN Richard Ashman Professor & Head Provost Professor & Director, Roybal Institute Department of Physiology University of Southern California Director, Alcohol & Drug Abuse Center Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center María Elena Icaza Medina-Mora, Ph.D. Chief Director, Department of Epidemiology Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D. & Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional Professor of Clinical Internal Medicine & Director de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD) University of California, Davis Laura O’Dell, Ph.D. Chair, Early Career Leadership Subcommittee Margarita Alegría, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Professor, Center for Multicultural Mental Health Department of Psychology Research University of Texas at El Paso Cambridge Health Alliance Steffanie A. Strathdee, Ph.D. Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D. Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences Associate Dean, Bouvé College of Health Sciences Harold Simon Professor & Chief Distinguished Professor of Health Sciences & Division of Global Public Health, Department Counseling Psychology of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Director, Institute on Urban Health Research Bouvé College of Health Sciences José Szapocznik, Ph.D. Northeastern University Professor & Chair Department of Epidemiology & Public Health C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D. Associate Dean for Translational Research Professor, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health & Community Development University of Miami University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine

Ana Mari Cauce, Ph.D. Yonette F. Thomas, Ph.D. Dean, College of Arts & Sciences Associate Vice President, Research & Compliance University of Washington Howard University, Washington, DC Voluntary Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Diana Martínez, M.D. Public Health University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller Associate Professor School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Avelardo Valdez, Ph.D. Professor & Director, Center for Drug & Social Policy Research Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas  Scientific Program for Thursday 30 September 2010 0 1 7:30 AM–5:00 PM REGISTRATION 8:00 AM–8:30 AM CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST AND NETWORKING 8:30 AM–8:45 AM WELCOMING REMARKS (Ballroom)

Patricia E. Molina, M.D., Ph.D., Chair, NHSN Richard Ashman Professor & Head, Department of Physiology, Director, Alcohol & Drug Abuse Centerr of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Diana Martinez, M.D., 2010 NHSN Scientific Conference Chair Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University

Segio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D., 2010 NHSN Scientific Conference Co-Chair Professor of Clinical Internal Medicine & Director, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis

Jean Lud Cadet, M.D., 2010 NHSN Scientific Conference Chair Chief, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program Thursday – September 30, 20 8:45 AM–9:45 AM PLENARY OPENING SESSION (Ballroom)

PRESENTER Antonello Bonci, M.D., Scientific Director, NIH/NIDA, Intramural Research Program (IRP) “Synaptic Plasticity in the Dopamine System: Therapeutic Implications for Substance Use Disorders”

DESCRIPTION Experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory synapses of the mesocorticolimbic system is a fundamental brain mechanism that enables adaptation to an ever-changing environment. These synaptic responses are critical for the planning and execution of adaptive behaviors that maximize survival. The mesocorticolimbic system mediates procurement of positive reinforcers such as food and sex; however, drugs of abuse re-sculpt this crucial circuitry to promote compulsive drug-seeking behavior. My presentation will discuss the long-term changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission that occur within the mesolimbic system following drug exposure. In addition, we will discuss the possibility of AMPARs as promising targets against cocaine abuse.

9:45 AM–10:15 AM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION

10:15 AM–10:45 AM COFFEE BREAK & NETWORKING

10:45 AM–12:15 PM EPIGENETICS IN DRUG ABUSE RESEARCH: WHAT WE KNOW (Ballroom)

DESCRIPTION This panel will provide a view of epigenetics and its significance in understanding the link between biology and environment. Most of the genetic variants that have been identified have only small effects on the risk of developing the common diseases with which they have been associated (i.e. asthma, heart disease, diabetes, addictions, etc). A large challenge remains in accounting for the rest of the heritability of the risk. At the forefront of these challenges is the environment, which may be the fulcrum balancing the effects of genetic variation with gene expression. As eloquently described by LaPlant and Nestler (2010), “epigenetics is a molecular translator that interprets diverse environmental stimuli into changes in gene expression via the regulation of chromatin structure”. Panelists will provide the audience with a brief overview of epigenetics, a discussion of how animal models can potentially inform an understanding of the role of epigenetics in addiction, and the challenges of linking genome- wide epigenetic studies to population health.

CO-CHAIRS Yonette Thomas, Ph.D, Associate Vice President for Research and Compliance, Howard University, Washington, D.C., Voluntary Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.

Guillermo Prado, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Director of the Doctorate in Epidemiology Program, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine

PRESENTERS Joni Rutter, Ph.D., Associate Director for Population and Applied Genetics, Division of Basic Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, NIDA/NIH “On Top of Genetics: An Overview of Epigenetics”

Jerry Stitzel, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder “Epigenetics in Animal Models of Addiction: Opportunities and Challenges”

 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Thursday – September 30, 20 30, September – Thursday Matt McQueen, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder “Integrating Epigenetics into Population-Based Studies of Complex Disease”

12:15 PM–12:45 PM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION 12:45 PM–2:00 PM MENTORING LUNCHEON (Crescent Ballroom) “From Public Housing to Distinguished Professor: The Story of how Nena Became Dr. Amaro”

PRESENTER Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Distinguished Professor of Health Sciences & Counseling Psychology, Director, Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA DESCRIPTION In this presentation I hope to share my own experiences of how my personal history and social context informed the choices I made, how I managed adversity, and who I became professionally. This is a very personal and individual story, with an n of 1. Nevertheless, my hope in sharing it with you is to hopefully inspire you to reflect on your own life journey, what your basic principles are, and how these have shaped your professional choices and work. Why is this important? Integrating who we are in various spheres of our lives, that is having an integrated sense of self, requires reflection and self understanding. I believe that such understanding serves as the basis for how we respond to challenging situations and difficult decisions that most of us face at some point in our professional lives 1 0 as academics and researchers. For example, we often face decisions regarding opportunities that come along, disappointments/discouragements and questions about whether to persevere in our areas of interest, whether to stay or leave a certain position or whether to accept a job offer. Without a clear internal compass of who you are, your values and passion, such decisions will be difficult to make. 2:00 PM–3:00 PM PLENARY SESSION (Ballroom)

PRESENTER Nora D. Volkow, M.D., Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of Health “The Promise of Transdisciplinary Approaches to Accelerating Addiction Research”

DESCRIPTION The inherent complexity of drug abuse and addiction, with levels of influence ranging from genetic/ epigenetic, developmental and bio-behavioral to social and environmental necessitates their study from across a wide array of scientific disciplines. Transdisciplinary approaches where teams of researchers pool their expertise to accelerate new knowledge about the interplay of individual, social and environmental factors in initiating and sustaining these disorders and their many harmful consequences are critical to progress in developing effective strategies for their prevention and treatment. This presentation will highlight some of the major opportunities and challenges we face in designing and implementing transdiciplinary approaches for research in substance use disorders.

3:00 PM–3:30 PM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION 3:30 PM–4:45 PM BREAKOUT SESSION 1 SESSION ONE International Research (Imperial Room)

PRESENTER Antonio Cepeda-Benito, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology, Dean of Faculties, Texas A&M University DESCRIPTION In this session investigators from different disciplines will present research focusing on health issues relating to the international Hispanic population. International researchers are developing new methods and making exciting discoveries that are improving our diagnosis, treatment, and overall understanding of mental health disorders in the international Hispanic population. This session will provide a forum for national and international NHSN members to present their current internationally-focused projects in a short “datablitz” talk (10 minutes, up to 3 slides), which will be followed by a quick Q&A. The end of the session will be reserved for a group discussion open to any of the research presented during the session. Additionally, participants will have the opportunity to meet other researchers focusing on international mental health topics and possibly develop potential future collaborations. This session will highlight NHSN’s commitment towards supporting international mental health research, and the well being of the international Hispanic population. SESSION TWO Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse; Transdisciplinary Approaches to Examine Interaction with HIV/AIDS (River Room)

DESCRIPTION Co-occurring substance use disorders and HIV/AIDS are a growing problem. While the mutual influence of these has been explored in basic research, there have been recent translational studies conducted in human populations. This panel will present epidemiologic data from NESARC on the co-occurrence of SUDs and HIV/AIDS among Hispanics followed by an excellent example of basic research on immunosuppression and sensitization. Finally, two clinical/human studies will highlight the application of basic science to translational research.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas  CHAIR Judy Arroyo, Ph.D., Minority Health and Health Disparities Coordinator, Project Official, Division of

0 Epidemiology and Prevention Research, NIDA/NIH 1 Yonette Thomas, Ph.D, Associate Vice President for Research and Compliance, Howard University, Washington, D.C., Voluntary Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.

PRESENTERS Deborah Hasin, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Columbia University “Drinking, Drug Use, HIV and Ethnicity: General Population and Clinical Epidemiologic Findings”

Toby K. Eisenstein, Ph.D., Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Co-Director, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine “Immunosuppression and Sensitization to Infection by Opioids and Cannabinoids”

Maria Jose Miguez, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Stempel School of Public Health, Florida International University “Translating Animal Research into Clinical Settings: Alcohol and HIV” Elinore F. McCance-Katz, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco “HAART Reduces Alcohol Exposure in HIV and HIV/HCV” Thursday – September 30, 20 SESSION THREE Beyond the Ph.D. Program: Strategies on Improving Academic Marketability for Doctoral Students (Chairman’s Room) DESCRIPTION Transitioning from being a student to a successful academic or research position can be challenging and stressful. This breakout session will provide a forum for early career individuals to share experiences and learn successful strategies for transitioning into academia, post doctoral fellowships, or research positions. Drs. Negi and Windsor graduated in 2008 and successfully secured competitive positions as tenure track assistant professors immediately after graduation. Together, they have over 30 peer reviewed articles published. Key strategies on how to maximize opportunities during doctoral studies will be discussed. Furthermore, advice, gleaned from their own experience in the academic job market (from the perspective of candidate as well as interviewer) will be provided to better assist doctoral students to effectively and successfully navigate their Ph.D. programs and beyond.

PRESENTERS Nalini Negi, Ph.D., M.S.W., Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Social Work

Liliane Windsor, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Rutgers School of Social Work

SESSION FOUR Mechanisms of Behavioral Health Care Service Disparities (Executive Room)

DESCRIPTION Efforts to reduce identified behavioral health care disparities for ethnic and racial minorities are often limited to analyses that describe differences rather than identify the mechanisms causing these differences. This panel focuses on identifying mechanisms that contribute to such disparities with the intention of providing more specific guidance to policymakers and clinicians. The first part of the panel will evaluate the interplay of physical health comorbidities and behavioral health care service use. The second part will examine whether school personnel are equally likely to encourage parents of ethnic/ racial minority youth who have behavioral health disorders to seek services for their child as they are to encourage non-Latino white parents for children with similar levels of need. The third part will address racial/ethnic disparities among black and Latino adults with schizophrenia receiving services, drawing on Florida Medicaid data as a data source. Finally, the last part will examine whether behavioral health disparities in the U.S. are driven by where ethnic and racial minorities reside.

PRESENTERS Margarita Alegría, Ph.D., Professor, Center for Multicultural Mental Health Research, Cambridge Health Alliance & Harvard Medical School

Benjamin Cook, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Center for Multicultural Mental Health Research, Cambridge Health Alliance, Instructor, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School

Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., Scientist, RAND Corp, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School’

4:45 PM–6:15 PM POSTER SESSION 1 6:30 PM–7:00 PM COCKTAILS IN THE FOYER 7:00 PM–10:00 PM DINNER DANCE

 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Scientific Program for Friday 1 October 2010 7:30 AM–5:00 PM REGISTRATION

7:30 AM–8:45 AM CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST AND NETWORKING

8:45 AM–10:15AM IMAGING IN DRUG ADDICTION: CONTRIBUTIONS TO TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT (Ballroom)

DESCRIPTION Technologies have been developed to image the brain and allow us to investigate changes in neurochemistry and neural networks. Brain imaging with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) makes use of nuclear medicines techniques to image the receptors and neurotransmitters in the brain and allows us to investigate how drug of abuse change the way neurons communicate. Studies using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) image the activation and deactivation of brain networks that process information, and can be used to image the changes in neuronal networks that occur with drug addition. Thus, these imaging modalities can provide powerful information on how drugs of abuse change the brain. However, the se imaging techniques are most useful when combined with preclinical animal studies, which can elucidate the mechanisms involved, and with clinical studies, which investigate the behavioral changes that occur in the setting of addiction. The goal of this panel is to show how imaging can be used to bridge the gap between the basic and clinical sciences and how this can impact treatment development for drug addiction.

CO-CHAIRS Diana Martinez, M.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University

Segio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Clinical Internal Medicine & Director, Center for Reducing Health Disparities ,University of California, Davis Friday – October October – Friday PRESENTERS Edythe London, Ph.D., Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA “The Methamphetamine Problem: Identifying Therapeutic Targets through Brain Imaging”

Diana Martinez, M.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University “Using Imaging to Choose Treatment Strategies for Cocaine Dependence”

Rita Goldstein, Ph.D., Scientist, Brookhaven National Laboratory “Targeting the Prefrontal Cortex and Cognition for Intervention in Cocaine Addiction”

10:15 AM–10:45 AM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION

10:45 AM–11:15 AM COFFEE BREAK & NETWORKING 1 20 , 11:15 AM–12:15 PM GRANT WRITING SESSION (Ballroom) 0 Fatal Flaws of NIH Grant Proposals and How to Avoid Them 1

DESCRIPTION The best scientists are not always the best grantwriters and vice versa. New and seasoned 0 investigators alike sometimes learn how to write an outstanding NIH grant proposal the hard way, by submitting an NIH grant that fails to make the payline, or worse, ends up not being discussed. Based on our combined experience and input from colleagues, fellow grantwriters, NIH program officers and other reviewers, we have created our top ten list of fatal flaws that sink even the best idea for an NIH grant proposal. In this one hour session, we present these “top 10 flaws”, and more importantly, we discuss ways to avoid them. Our perspective draws from our backgrounds in health psychology and epidemiology, but we offer take home messages for everyone. We are actively writing grants in the fields of drug abuse and mental health, and have reviewed and chaired numerous study sections for more years than we care to admit. We welcome you in this interactive session to share and learn, in an effort to ensure that your best science gets funded.

CO-CHAIRS Steffanie Strathdee, Ph.D., Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences, Harold Simon Professor & Chief, Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego

Thomas L. Patterson, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego

12:15 PM–1:30 PM NATIONAL NETWORK MEMBERSHIP MEETING (Crescent Ballroom)

CHAIR Patricia E. Molina, M.D., Ph.D., Chair, NHSN and Membership Subcommittee Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas  CTSA and Opportunities for Partnership

DESCRIPTION The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is committed to developing innovative drug abuse research in cooperation with academic centers supported through the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium. A major NIH initiative, the CTSA Consortium is transforming how clinical and translational research is conducted in the U.S., building an infrastructure for multidisciplinary researchers and clinicians to perform research and develop new treatments more efficiently. As a part of this infrastructure, CTSA sites have established partnerships with a range of clinical settings and have established access to large, multi-generational population cohorts. CTSA sites offer a unique opportunity to integrate a wide range of drug abuse research in these settings. NIDA’s support for cooperative efforts with CTSA sites spans the range of potential drug abuse research endeavors. It includes epidemiology, prevention, and health services research under the auspices of a specific program announcement though NIDA’s Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research. It also includes the potential leveraging of NIDA’s Clinical Trials Network to work together with CTSA sites to develop, refine, and deliver new drug abuse treatment options through partnerships between community treatment providers and academic researchers. Topics discussed in this session will include current drug abuse research initiatives at CTSA sites, research areas of particular interest for NIDA in partnership with CTSA sites, and strategies to develop drug abuse research projects in collaboration with the CTSA Consortium.

Segio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Clinical Internal Medicine & Director, Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of California, Davis

Jeffrey Schulden, M.D., Medical Officer, Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, NIDA/NIH

0 “Opportunities for Drug Abuse Research in Partnership with CTSA Sites”

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:30 PM–3:30 PM NEW INVESTIGATORS IN DRUG ABUSE RESEARCH (Ballroom) , 20

1 CO-CHAIRS Laura O’Dell, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso

Victoria Ojeda, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of California, San Diego

Midred Maldonado-Molina, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Reserch, University of Florida College of Medicine

Nelson Tiburcio, Ph.D., Qualitative Information Director, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc.,Center for the Integration of Research and Practice, New York, NY

Ian Mendez, M.A., Ph.D. Candidate, Texas A&M University

PRESENTERS Carlos Bolanos-Guzman, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Florida State University “Emotional Stress Induces an Anxiety- and Depression-Like State in Adult Mice” Friday – October

Samuel Asensio, B.Sc., Graduate Student, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain “Alterations Of Brain Activation And Deactivation During A Stroop Task In Alcohol Abusers: An FMRI Study”

Guadalupe Bacio, M.A., Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, UCLA “Problematic Alcohol Use among Latino Adolescents of Different Immigrant Generations: Examining Mechanisms that Underlie the Immigrant Paradox”

Jennifer Reingle, Ph.D., ICHP Pre-Doctoral Fellow, University of Florida “Trajectories of Physical Aggression Among Hispanic Urban Adolescents and Young Adults: An Application of Latent Trajectory Modeling from Ages 12 to 18”

Angela Robertson, M.P.H., Doctoral Student, Joint Doctoral Program in Global Health, UC San Diego “A Typology of Female Sex Workers’ Commercial Relationships in Tijuana, Mexico”

David Cordova Jr., Ph.D., Research Associate, Behavioral Assessment Inc., Los Angeles, CA “Exploring Substance Abuse in Hispanic Adults with Physical Disabilities”

3:30 PM–4:00 PM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION

 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 4:00 PM–6:00 PM BREAKOUT SESSION 2

SESSION FIVE Transdisciplinary Approach to Alcohol and Drug Abuse Interactions with HIV/AIDS (River Room)

DESCRIPTION While our understanding and prevention of HIV/AIDS has improved over the last quarter of a century, it is estimated that more than a million people in the U.S. are living with HIV/AIDS and about one- third of these reported cases are linked directly or indirectly to drug use. While studies indicate that alcohol and/or drugs of abuse can contribute to HIV transmission and pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms by which drug exposure affects disease transmission, infectivity, pathogenesis, and treatment remain unclear. This session will explore how alcohol and drugs of abuse affect specific biological systems that increase HIV progression. Specifically, we will learn how HIV alters the neuroimmune chemistry of infected individuals and how methamphetamine contributes to HIV-induced CNS alterations. Data will be presented on the interaction among substance abuse, HIV infection, and NeuroAIDS. In addition, evidence will be provided demonstrating that alcohol can enhance the neurotoxic effects of HIV, and that elevated neuroinflammation promotes alcohol addiction.

CHAIRS Abraham Bautista, Ph.D., Director, Office of Extramural Activities, Executive Secretary, Advisory Council, NIAAA/NIH

Albert Avila, Ph.D., Program Director, Division of Basic Neuroscience and Behavioral Research NIDA/NIH

PRESENTERS Patricia E. Molina, M.D., Ph.D., Richard Ashman Professor & Head, Department of Physiology, Director, Alcohol & Drug Abuse Centerr of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center “Systems Approach to Understanding Alcohol & Drugs of Abuse Interaction with HIV/AIDS“ Friday – October October – Friday Sulie L. Chang, Ph.D., Director of Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University “Crosstalk Between Substances of Abuse and NeuroAIDS: From Molecules to Behavior”

Yuri Persidsky, M.D., Ph.D., Professor & Chair, Department of Pathology, Temple University School of Medicine “CNS Effects of HIV-1 infection and Alcohol Addition: Molecular Mechanisms and Protective Strategies”

Howard S. Fox, M.D., Ph.D., Professor and Executive Vice Chair Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Senior Associate Dean of Research and Development for the School of Medicine, Director of the Center for Integrative and Translational Neuroscience, Professor of Pathology/ Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center “Substance Abuse and HIV’s Effects on the Brain – the Unique Case of Methamphetamine” 1 , 20 , 1

SESSION SIX Developing Culturally Relevant Assessment Instruments for Hispanic Populations: 0 The Hispanic Stress Inventory (Imperial Room)

DESCRIPTION The purpose of this breakout session is to provide an introduction to the methods employed in two different, 2-Phase studies aimed at developing stress assessments specifically tailored to Hispanic youth and adults. We will demonstrate how to apply both qualitative and quantitative methods in assessment instrument development. We will present: a) qualitative preliminary studies, b) quantitative research and standardization studies, and c) analytic approaches to scale development. Participants will become familiar with key methodologies of developing surveys and clinical measures and explore ways in which they can adapt these methods for future research on the development of new clinical and research measures for Hispanic populations.

CHAIRS Richard C. Cervantes, Ph.D., Research Director & CEO, Behavioral Assessment Inc., Latino Health and Wellness Institute, Los Angeles, CA

David Cordova, Jr., Ph.D., Research Associate, Behavioral Assessment Inc, Los Angeles, CA

Dharma Cortes, Ph.D., Instructor, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Senior Research Associate, Mauricio Gastón Institute for Latino Community Development and Public Policy at the University of Massachusetts

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas  SESSION SEVEN Basic Science Datablitz (Executive Room)

DESCRIPTION There are two goals for this breakout session: 1) to share the latest basic research findings with the NHSN community, and 2) to begin to organize NHSN basic scientists into a workgroup. For the first goal, NHSN members will share their latest discoveries in the basic sciences and discuss them with other scientists with similar interests. For the second goal we will begin steps to organize a Basic Science Workgroup within NHSN to facilitate communication among scientists during the intervals between NHSN meetings. Ongoing communication throughout the year will help to launch collaborations among NHSN basic scientists. All interested NHSN scientists are encouraged to attend, especially graduate students and postdocs.

CHAIRS Keith Trujillo, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Psychology, Director, Office for Biomedical Research and Training California State University, San Marcos

Edward Castañeda, Ph.D., Professor & Chair, Department of Psychology, Co-Director, Hispanic Health Disparities Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso

SESSION EIGHT Narrative Data Mining: Appling a Transdisciplinary Framework (Chairman’s Room)

DESCRIPTION This breakout session will provide an introduction to and an overview of three leading software packages in the field of narrative data mining: NVivo8, Atlas.tiV6, and AutoMap. During the session we will demonstrate basic qualitative data analysis (QDA) and network text analysis (NTA) procedures across a sample of narrative data collected to highlight both the complementary and unique attributes of each software tool. Within a transdisciplinary framework, we will demonstrate how to (a) develop and interpret respective coding schemes, (b) identify critical points of similarities and dissimilarities across narrative data points, (c) examine and refine related hypotheses statements, and (d) “model” narrative data in novel ways.

PRESENTER Wilson R. Palacios, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida

Robert Heimer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Yale University School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology and Microbial Diseases

Lauretta Grau, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist, Yale School of Medicine, School of Public Health

Lisa Nichols, Yale School of Medicine, School of Public Health

Russell Barbour, Ph.D., Yale School of Medicine, School of Public Health

6:00 PM–7:30 PM POSTER SESSION 2

0 1

Saturday – October 2, 20

 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Scientific Program for Saturday 2 October 2010 8:00 AM–8:45 AM CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST & NETWORKING 8:45 AM-10:15 AM THE COMMUNITIES OF OPPORTUNITY FRAMEWORK: IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUG USE AND ABUSE PREVENTION, TREATMENT OUTCOMES AND INTERVENTION RESEARCH (Ballroom) DESCRIPTION For over five decades, a body of accumulating social science research has documented the important role of contextual community level factors in shaping opportunities for the health and well being of its residents. Beyond the role of individual risk factors, community-level risk factors such as segregation and poverty contribute to poor school performance, employment options, poor health, and exposure to violence. Research on neighborhood effects has shown that after taking into account individual- level factors, disadvantaged neighborhood environments (for example, poverty concentration) are associated with detrimental health outcomes, negative health behavior, developmental delays, teen parenthood, and academic failure. The central premise of a “geography of opportunity” framework is that residents of a metropolitan area are situated within a context of neighborhood-based opportunities that shape their quality of life, including their health. Opportunity neighborhoods is defined as those neighborhoods that support healthy development. High-opportunity neighborhood indicators include availability of sustainable employment, high-performing schools, healthy environments, access to high-quality health care, adequate transportation, high-quality child care, neighborhood safety, and institutions that facilitate civic engagement.

CO-CHAIRS Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D., Associate Dean, Distinguished Professor of Health Sciences & Counseling Psychology, Director, Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University

William Vega, Ph.D., Provost Professor and Director, Roybal Institute, University of Southern California

PRESENTERS Jason Reece, A.I.C.P., Senior Researcher, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity, The Ohio State University “The Geography of Opportunity: The Intersection of Space, Race, and Systemic Disadvantage”

Kimberley Brouwer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Division of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine “Contextual and Spatial Factors affecting HIV and Drug Use Risks at the Mexico/U.S. and Mexico/ Guatemala Borders.”

Mary Ann Pentz, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research (IPR), Professor, Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine “Defining Neighborhoods of Opportunity by Green Spaces, School Achievement, and Perceived Neighborhood Safety: Illustrations from Two Obesity and Drug Abuse Prevention Trials”

10:15 AM-10:45 AM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION

10:45 AM-11:15 AM COFFEE BREAK & NETWORKING

11:15 AM-12:45 PM BINATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF MEXICO’S DECRIMINALIZATION OF DRUGS (Ballroom) Saturday – October 2, 20 2, October – Saturday DESCRIPTION This panel will focus on the implications of recently enacted law in Mexico to decriminalize possessions of small amounts of narcotics including cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy and crystal meth. The controversy surrounding decriminalization is that may lead to increased public consumption and addiction among Mexican drug users and perhaps spawn drug tourism by Americans especially along the U.S./Mexico border. This tourism could result in an increased mixing of injecting drug users from both countries. As a result, there is the potential for Mexico’s new law to have unintended consequences for the infectious disease transmissions within and between the U.S. and Mexico. The three speakers will bring a distinct perspective on issue related to this law. Moreover, this session should provide insights regarding decriminalization policies here in the United States where 13 states have already decriminalized marijuana and California has legalized it for limited medical use. Decriminalization is spreading as well throughout Latin American: Ecuador, Argentina, Brazil, and Columbia all have has recent court decisions or legislation eliminating personal-use narcotics offenses. The panel will be moderated by Ray Suarez of Public Broadcasting Services.

CO-CHAIRS Avelardo Valdez, Ph.D., Professor & Director, Center for Drug & Social, Policy Research Graduate College of Social Work, University of Houston

María Elena Icaza Medina-Mora, Ph.D., Chief Director, Department of Epidemiology & Psychosocial

Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico 1 0 MODERATOR Ray Suarez, PBS News Hour

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas  PRESENTERS Luis Astorga, Ph.D., Institute of Social Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Kevin A. Sabet, Ph.D. Special Advisor for Policy and Strategic Planning, White House Office for National Drug Control Policy

2:45PM-1:15PM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR THIS SESSION

:30 PM CONFERENCE ADJOURNS

0 1 Saturday – October 2, 20

10 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Biographies Speakers Antonello Bonci, M.D.

Dr. Antonello Bonci is the Scientific Director of in the Intramural Research Program (IRP)at the National Institute of Drug Abuse. He has been a pioneer in the field of synaptic plasticity studies applied to substance abuse. He is one of the world leading physician/scientists focused on understanding the complex electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of dopamine circuits, under a variety of physiological and pathological reward-related behaviors such as substance use disorders. Dr. Bonci is the recipient of several awards including the Jacob P. Waletzky Award for Innovative research on alcoholism and substance abuse from the Society for Neuroscience (2004), and the D. Efron Award at the American College of Psychopharmacology (2009) for outstanding basic/translational research contributions to neuropsychopharmacology. Dr. Bonci is Associate Editor of The Journal of Neuroscience, ACER, and a member of the Editorial Board of Biological Psychiatry. Dr. Bonci has more than 70 publications, several of which are in top world journals such as Cell, Nature, Science, Neuron, Nature Neuroscience, PNAS and The Journal of Neuroscience. Dr. Bonci has been a member of the American Neurological Association since 2005 and a member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology since 2007.

Joni Rutter, Ph.D.

Dr. Rutter serves as the Associate Director for Population and Applied Genetics, Division of Basic Neurosciences and Behavioral Research at NIDA where she provides leadership in planning, developing and evaluating NIDA’s programs related to human genetics research. She earned a PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology from Dartmouth Medical School in 1999 and joined the NIH that same year as a post-doctoral fellow in the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics at the NCI. She moved to NIDA in 2003 as a program director in the Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology Research Branch where she continues to have a human genetics portfolio. Dr. Rutter is actively involved in oversight and the continued development of genomics research at NIDA, which includes the NIDA Center for Genetic Studies repository of clinical data and biologic samples for drug abuse research in genetics. She is involved with several NIH Roadmap programs (Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Research Consortia) as well as the NIH Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative.

Jerry Stitzel, Ph.D.

Dr. Stitzel is an Associate Professor at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado. He received his Ph.D. in molecular biology from The Johns Hopkins University in 1992. Following a Post-doc in pharmacogenetics at the University of Colorado, Boulder in Dr. Allan Collins’ laboratory, he joined the Department’s of Pharmacology and Psychiatry at the University of Michigan as an Assistant Research Scientist prior to returning to the University of Colorado, Boulder. Dr. Stitzel’s primary research interest is the use of genetic strategies to identify the underlying molecular and cellular bases for the behavioral and physiological actions of nicotine and other drugs of abuse. Some of the more recent work from Dr. Stitzel’s lab has focused on collaborations with human geneticists to understand the functional significance of several nicotinic receptor gene polymorphisms that have been associated with nicotine dependence and other related measures in human populations. Dr. Stitzel has approximately 50 published research articles and chapters. The research in Dr. Stitzel’s lab has been supported by the NIH (National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Mental Health and National Cancer Institute), The American Cancer Society, and The Alcoholic Beverage Medical Research Foundation.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 11 Matthew McQueen, Ph.D.

Dr. McQueen is an Assistant Professor at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics at the University of Colorado. His research involves the development and application of advanced statistical and epidemiological methods to advance our understanding of complex disease genetics. Three methodological areas broadly define his research objectives: (1) Large- scale genomic analysis including genome scans and next generation sequence analysis (2) Characterization of putative genetic factors including the study of novel phenotypic endpoints and environmental factors (3) Synthesis of existing genetic information through meta-analysis.

Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D.

Speakers Biographies Dr. Amaro is a Distinguished Professor of Health Sciences and of Counseling Psychology and Associate Dean of the Bouvé College of Health Sciences at Northeastern University, In addition, she is the Director of the Institute on Urban Health Research which promotes interdisciplinary and community-based research that examines the causes of racial and ethnic health disparities in health, and develops and tests strategies that improve health in urban communities. She received her doctoral degree in psychology from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1982 and was awarded an Honorary Doctoral Degree in Humane Letters by Simmons College in 1994. Dr. Hortensia Amaro has dramatically advanced our understanding of substance abuse disorders treatment, HIV prevention, and other urgent public health challenges. She has authored more than 115 scholarly publications and made landmark contributions to improving behavioral health care in community-based organizations. Her studies have focused on alcohol and drug use and addiction among adolescents and adults; the development and testing of behavioral interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention, including innovative HIV prevention models targeted to Latina and African American women; substance abuse and mental health treatment for Latina and African American women and incarcerated men; alcohol and drug use among college populations; and behavioral interventions for HIV medications adherence. Dr. Amaro’s article “Love, Sex and Power” (American Psychologist, 1995) was a signal contribution to the field of HIV prevention among women, and received the 1996 Scientific Publication Award from the National Association of Women in Psychology. Dr. Amaro has forged vital connections between public health research and practice. Her groundbreaking studies on clinical strategies for treating women with co-occurring drug addiction, mental illness and post-traumatic stress disorder have provided strong evidence supporting integrated treatment for these conditions. The treatment model (Boston Consortium Model: Trauma-Informed Substance Abuse Treatment for Women) has been approved for inclusion in SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-Based Practices. Most recently, Dr. Amaro partnered with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated system of health and behavioral health care for children at risk. Dr. Amaro has founded five substance abuse treatment programs for women in Boston: the MOM’s Outpatient Treatment Program; the Entre Familia Residential Treatment Program; Moving on to Recovery and Empowerment (M.O.R.E.), an intensive outpatient treatment program for low-income women of color with co-occurring disorders; Safe and Sound Return Treatment Model for Incarcerated Women; and the Boston Consortium of Services for Men in Recovery, a family-centered system of substance abuse treatment. Dr. Amaro’s work has been recognized by multiple awards from the American Psychological Association, the Association of Women in Psychology, the Massachusetts Public Health Association, Addiction Medicine Education, Research and Services Association, Hispanic Mental Health Professional Association, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Hispanic Science Network on Drug Abuse Research, Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology, and many community health organizations in Boston.

12 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Nora Volkow, M.D. Biographies Speakers

Nora D. Volkow, M.D., became Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) at the National Institutes of Health in May 2003. Dr. Volkow’s work has been instrumental in demonstrating that drug addiction is a disease of the human brain. As a research psychiatrist and scientist, Dr. Volkow pioneered the use of brain imaging to investigate the toxic effects of drugs and their addictive properties. Her studies have documented changes in the dopamine system affecting the actions of frontal brain regions involved with motivation, drive, and pleasure and the decline of brain dopamine function with age. She has also made important contributions to the neurobiology of obesity, ADHD, and the behavioral changes that occur with aging. Dr. Volkow was born in Mexico, attended the Modern American School, and earned her medical degree from the National University of Mexico in Mexico City, where she received the Premio Robins award for best medical student of her generation. Her psychiatric residency was at New York University, where she earned the Laughlin Fellowship Award as one of the 10 Outstanding Psychiatric Residents in the USA. Dr. Volkow spent most of her professional career at the Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, New York, where she held several leadership positions including Director of Nuclear Medicine, Chairman of the Medical Department, and Associate Director for Life Sciences. In addition, Dr. Volkow was a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Associate Dean of the Medical School at the State University of New York (SUNY)-Stony Brook. Dr. Volkow has published more than 380 peer-reviewed articles and more than 60 book chapters and non-peer reviewed manuscripts, and has also edited three books on the use of neuroimaging in studying mental and addictive disorders.During her professional career, Dr. Volkow has been the recipient of multiple awards, including her selection for membership in the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences. She was recently named one of Time Magazine’s “Top 100 People Who Shape our World”, and was included as one of the 20 people to watch by Newsweek magazine in its “Who’s Next in 2007” feature. She was also named “Innovator of the Year” by U.S. News & World Report in 2000.

Edythe London, Ph.D.

Dr. Edythe London is a Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and a member of the Brain Research Institute at UCLA, where she holds the Thomas P. and Katherine K. Pike Chair in Addiction Studies. Dr. London’s research aims to develop a better understanding of addictive disorders, using a translational approach toward rational design of therapeutics. Using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, her current projects focus on the neurobiology of substance abuse with regard to dependence on methamphetamine and nicotine. Her laboratory demonstrated a relationship between drug craving and activation of limbic and infra-limbic regions that contribute to episodic memory and link memory with emotion. In the past, her research also focused on development of new approaches and probes for noninvasive imaging of brain function and biochemistry, including the development of nicotinic receptor probes. Currently, her laboratory primarily focuses on the prefrontal cortex in both methamphetamine and nicotine addiction, with the aim of developing treatments for such dependencies.

Diana Martinez, M.D.

Dr. Diana Martinez is an Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Columbia University Medical Center. She is a psychiatrist who specializes in drug addiction research. Following residency, Dr. Martinez began a research fellowship in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, which uses radiotracers to image the brain chemistry. Using this technology, PET imaging studies can show the changes in neurochemistry that occur in addiction. The studies of Dr. Martinez have contributed to the field of research by imaging dopamine receptors and dopamine transmission in the striatum. The goal of these studies is to use PET imaging to direct better treatments for drug addiction by investigating the underlying chemistry and using neuroscience to development treatment approaches.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 13 Rita Goldstein, Ph.D.

Dr. Goldstein, a senior scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, is a clinical psychologist, expert in the neuropsychology and neuroimaging of drug addiction. The goal of her research is to facilitate the development of novel modalities that will treat drug addiction more effectively. Dr. Goldstein received her B.A. degree (double major in Psychology and French), cum laude, from Tel Aviv University, Israel, in 1992. She received her Ph.D. degree in Health Clinical Psychology, with award of academic merit, from the University of Miami, FL, in 1999, after completing a yearlong internship in clinical neuropsychology at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center, NY. She then completed her post-doctorate training on a fellowship on Brain Imaging and Alcohol Abuse from the National Institutes of Health, under the mentorship of Nora D. Volkow (now director of NIDA). Dr. Goldstein received her license in clinical psychology in 2002. Dr. Goldstein became Assistant Scientist at the medical research department at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 2002, advancing to the Associate position in 2004, and to a Scientist position in 2006; full tenure was awarded in 2008. Dr. Goldstein is also an affiliate in the departments of psychology and biomedical engineering at State University of New York at Stony Brook. Dr. Goldstein directs the Brookhaven National Laboratory Neuropsychoimaging group that is internationally recognized for its use of innovative multimodality functional neuroimaging methods to explore the neurobiological basis of impaired cognitive Speakers Biographies and emotional functioning in human drug addiction. In 2002, Goldstein co-authored a paper published by the American Journal of Psychiatry that has been since cited more than 450 times. This paper introduced I-RISA, the Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution model, which suggests that the brain’s pre-frontal cortex overvalues drug-related stimuli while undervaluing non-drug-related stimuli in those addicted to drugs. This compromise is associated with an inability to control one’s own behavior and may lead to further addiction symptoms like compulsive drug use - even when the drug experience is no longer perceived as pleasurable, or if continued use could have disastrous consequences. Since then, she has authored or co-authored numerous other well-cited peer-reviewed manuscripts and book chapters, focusing on the role of the pre-frontal cortex in addiction. In 2005, Dr. Goldstein received the ‘Woman of the Year in Science’ award from the Brookhaven Town in recognition of her contributions to science and for her continuous efforts of outreach in the addiction community. The Society for Neuroscience (the largest Neuroscience annual meeting, with >20,000 members) has featured her research as highly innovative during three consecutive years (2006-2008). She became member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in January 2010. Dr. Goldstein is also frequently invited as reviewer and speaker in national and international forums on the neurobiology of drug addiction, recently being involved with the neuroscience education of judges (co-sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation’s Law and Neuroscience Project). Goldstein’s research has been independently funded by several federal and private agencies (including the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Department of Energy, and National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression).

Steffanie Strathdee, Ph.D.

Steffanie A. Strathdee is Associate Dean of Global Health Sciences, Harold Simon Professor and Chief of the Division of Global Public Health in the Department of Medicine at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine. She is also an Adjunct Professor at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Strathdee is an infectious disease epidemiologist who has spent the last two decades focusing on HIV prevention in underserved, marginalized populations in developed and developing countries, including injection drug users, men having sex with men and sex workers. In the last decade, she has published over 300 peer-reviewed publications on HIV prevention and the natural history of HIV and related infections. She was the PI of the multicenter STRIVE study which was named as a DEBI by the CDC. Currently, she is engaged in research projects in a number of HIV prevention projects in international settings including Mexico, Brazil, Canada and Afghanistan. She also leads three NIH-funded studies of HIV risk behaviors among drug users and sex workers on the Mexico-US border, directs a Fogarty-funded Global Health Program Frameworks grant and has led a binational USAID-funded cross-border HIV prevention training program partnership between academic institutions in San Diego and Tijuana. She also directs three training grants that focus on mentoring students, fellows and junior faculty on prevention of HIV and related infections among substance-using populations. Of the 35 mentees she has trained since 1994, over half are ethnic minorities. In June 2009, she and her team were awarded the Leadership Award in International Collaboration from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

14 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Speakers Biographies Biographies Speakers Thomas Patterson, Ph.D. Thomas L. Patterson, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychiatry at University of California, San Diego. His recent research has focused on two main areas: measurement of functional outcomes in schizophrenia and other psychoses, and the efficacy of theory-based behavioral interventions for reducing HIV sex risk in high-risk groups. He is the author of the UCSD Performance- based Skills Assessment (UPSA), which was chosen in 2006 by the NIMH MATRICS initiative as the standard measure of functional capacity for clinical trials in schizophrenia. Dr. Patterson is currently the principal investigator of several NIH grants, one of which is investigating the validity of measures of real-world outcomes in schizophrenia. The remaining studies are designed to test the efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing sexual HIV risk: two of the studies focus on methamphetamine users (HIV-negative heterosexuals and HIV-positive men who have sex with men), two on female sex workers (in Mexico and in India), and one on male clients of female sex workers (in Tijuana, Mexico). Dr. Patterson has written or coauthored over 400 articles and book chapters, was a founding editor of AIDS and Behavior, and has served on a number of scientific review panels for NIH and other agencies.

Patricia Molina, M.D., Ph.D.

Patricia Molina, M.D., Ph.D., is the Richard Ashman Professor and Head of Physiology, incoming Chair for the National Hispanic Science Network on Drug Abuse, and Director of the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans. Dr. Molina completed her MD at the Universidad Francisco Marroquin in Guatemala and her PhD in Physiology at LSUHSC. Her postdoctoral experience at Vanderbilt University focused on investigations of neural control of metabolic responses to stress. She progressed through the academic ranks initially as an Assistant Professor of Surgery and Physiology at the State University of New York, Stony Brook and subsequently as Director of Surgical Research at North Shore University Hospital, NY. During that period, she held a Guest Scientist appointment at Brookhaven National Laboratory prior to joining the Department of Physiology at LSUHSC as an Associate Professor. Research in Dr. Molina’s laboratory has focused on studying the inflammatory and cardiovascular responses to traumatic injury and hemorrhagic shock. Her studies use a systems biology approach to integrating neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and host defense mechanisms to understating the impact of acute alcohol intoxication on outcome from traumatic injury. Parallel studies investigate the role of chronic alcohol and cannabinoid administration on the disease progression of simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Dr. Molina is strongly committed to mentoring trainees and plays an active role as a faculty mentor for trainees under the NIAAA- funded Alcohol Research Training Program at LSU, the NHSN, and the American Physiological Society.

Jeffrey Schulden, M.D.

Dr. Jeff Schulden is a medical officer at NIDA in the Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research. Prior to joining NIDA in February 2008, he served as a medical epidemiologist in the Behavioral and Clinical Surveillance Branch of the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). From 2002-2004, he served as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Officer with CDC’s Division of Violence Prevention. He received his B.A. from Duke University and his M.D. from Harvard Medical School. He completed residency training in psychiatry at New York Presbyterian Hospital, Cornell University. Research areas of particular interest include: comorbid psychiatric illness and substance use disorders among adults, with a particular focus on the associations between substance abuse and PTSD, trauma, and stress; intimate partner violence and substance use disorders; suicide and overdose; and mental health and substance use disorders among persons living with HIV.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 15 Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D.

Dr. Aguilar-Gaxiola is a Professor of Clinical Internal Medicine and Director for the Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD) University of California, Davis. He is the Founding Director of the Center for Reducing Health Disparities at the UC Davis Health System and the Director of Community Engagement of the UCD Clinical Translational Science Center (CTSC). He is co-chair of the NIH/NCRR’s Community Engagement Key Function Committee for the CTSA awards, the Immediate Past Chair of the Board of Directors of Mental Health America, a board member of the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research, a Steering Committee and Research Scientist member of the National Hispanic Science Network on Drug Abuse (NHSN), and a member of the International Advisory Committee of the Carlos Slim Health Institute. He has held several World Health Organization (WHO) advisory board and consulting positions and is currently the Coordinator for Latin America and the Caribbean of the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Consortium. Dr. Aguilar-Gaxiola’s research includes cross-national comparative epidemiologic research on patterns and correlates of mental disorders and substance abuse in general population samples. His applied research program has focused on identifying unmet mental health needs and associated risk and protective factors to better understand and meet population mental health needs and reduce mental health disparities in underserved populations. He is also very active in translating

Speakers Biographies mental health and substance abuse research results into practical information that is of public health value to consumers, service administrators, and policy makers. Dr. Aguilar-Gaxiola has numerous publications and has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Peabody College of Vanderbilt University Distinguished Alumnus Award, the US DHHS’s Office of Minority Health’s 2005 National Minority Health Community Leader Award, the 2007 UC Davis Academic Senate Scholarly Distinguished Service Award, the 2008 Latino Mental Health Conference Excellence in Science and Research Award, and the 2009 National Award of Excellence in Blending Research and Practice from the National Hispanic Science Network. He was a member of the IOM/NRC Committee on Depression, Parenting Practices, and the Health Development of Young Children (2007-2009). Dr. Aguilar-Gaxiola received his MD degree at the School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Guadalajara in Mexico, his PhD in Clinical- Community Psychology at Vanderbilt University, and completed postdoctoral studies on health services research at the University of California, San Francisco. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians.

Kimberley Brouwer, Ph.D.

Kimberly C. Brouwer, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Division of Global Public Health at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine. She earned her PhD in molecular epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. As an Emerging Infectious Diseases Fellow, she worked for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention where she focused on the molecular epidemiology of HIV and malaria transmission and progression in western Kenya. After coming to UCSD in 2004, she obtained a K01 career award from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA020364) through which she acquired additional skills in spatial epidemiology as applied to the substance use field. With some 25 articles authored or co-authored about the Mexico/U.S. border, she has also established expertise in cross-border issues. Dr. Brouwer is currently collaborating with Mexican and Guatemalan officials in a number of studies of substance use and HIV/AIDS in border cities, in an effort to inform appropriate public health interventions. She is principal investigator of a 5 year study to investigate environmental/structural factors affecting HIV, syphilis, and tuberculosis transmission and related risk behaviors of injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico. She is also principal investigator of a NIDA funded project (DA025438) which uses qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate mobility, risk behaviors, and infectious disease transmission in commercial sex workers and truck drivers along major transport routes linking North and Central America.

16 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Speakers Biographies Biographies Speakers Mary Ann Pentz, Ph.D.

Dr. Mary Ann Pentz, Ph.D. is Director of the Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research (IPR) and Professor of Preventive Medicine at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California. She has served as the Director of the Center for Prevention Policy Research, member of the NIH Peer Oversight Group (PROG) under President Clinton’s administration, member of the U.S. Attorney General’s Task Force on Methamphetamine, and head of the NIDA study section on Epidemiology and Prevention. Her research, primarily R01s of large randomized prevention trials, has been funded by NIDA for over 25 years. As part of NIDA’s original INVEST initiative, she collaborated with international investigators and media to develop community sites for disseminating drug abuse prevention to the general public. Her research and publications have focused on developing, testing, and disseminating evidence-based prevention programs, with particular emphasis on community, policy, and school approaches to preventing youth tobacco, alcohol, drug use among ethnically and geographically diverse populations. Her recent translational research includes evaluating Type 1 to Type 2 dissemination of evidence-based prevention programs and policies to ethnically diverse cities and communities, translation of evidence-based drug abuse prevention to obesity prevention in low income Hispanic/Latino children by addressing common brain-behavior pathways involved in emotional regulation, executive cognitive function, and impulse control, evaluation of smart growth planning principles as a built environment intervention to promote health in diverse communities representing low income Hispanic/Latino populations, and interactive museum-based prevention for youth in Mexico as part of a NIDA supported U.S.-Mexico Bi-National Initiative. This recent research is yielding information on neighborhood and community factors that promote non-drug use, increased physical activity, and better health. Dr. Pentz’s research has resulted in the development of two evidence-based tobacco and drug abuse prevention programs that have been disseminated nationally and internationally, and helped to inform the U.S. Drug Free Schools and Communities Act. Dr. Pentz has a B.S. in Psychology and Mathematics from Hamilton College, and a PhD. in Clinical and School Psychology from Syracuse University.

Jason Reece, AICP

Jason is a Senior Researcher at the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity at The Ohio State University and has worked for the Institute since 2003. He received a Master’s degree in City and Regional planning from The Ohio State University and studied city planning abroad at the Technical University of Dresden, Germany. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Geography and a Bachelor of Arts in Urban and Regional planning from Miami University.He manages and directs the Opportunity Communities Initiative which includes all GIS, housing, community development, neighborhood revitalization and regional equity initiatives at the Institute. His work involves outreach, education, advocacy and policy research on issues related to fair housing/opportunity based housing, community development, neighborhood revitalization, regional equity and GIS. Some of his recent publications include Perspectives on Community Economic Development in a Global Economy in the publication CED in the Global Economy published by the American Bar Association and Poverty’s Place: The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Poverty Advocacy published in Clearinghouse Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. Jason also is an adjunct lecturer in the Ohio State University’s department of City & Regional Planning, teaching on issues of social equity in planning and development. Prior to working for the Kirwan Institute, Jason was a regional planner for the Northwest Michigan Council of Governments working on issues of community/economic development, land use and transportation. He also has worked in rural community and economic development for Ohio State University Extension, where much of his work focused on Ohio’s exurban areas and the Appalachian region. Jason has worked for the Ohio Department of Development in the Office of Strategic Research and for a municipal planning agency. He has been active in the field of GIS for twelve years, including time working as a research assistant managing GIS laboratories at Miami University and as a GIS consultant. Jason was certified AICP by the American Institute of Certified Planners in 2003.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 17 Luis Astorga, Ph.D.

Luis Astorga is a senior researcher at the Institute of Social Research at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He is also coordinator of the UNESCO Chair on Economic and Social Transformations Connected with the International Drug Problem. Astorga received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the Sorbonne of Paris. He has also published numerous chapters in edited volumes as well as various articles about drug trafficking in Mexico in scientific journals from Mexico, the United States, Colombia, France, Italy, India, Great Britiain, and Belgium.

Speakers Biographies Kevin Sabet-Sharghi, Ph.D.

Dr. Kevin Sabet is the Special Advisor for Policy and Strategic Planning to Director Kerlikowske at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP). As a Marshall Scholar, he received his Ph.D. and M.S. in Social Policy at Oxford University and graduated with a B.A. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. Working on drug policy issues for more than sixteen years, Kevin Abraham Sabet, Ph.D., currently serves in the Obama Administration, to advise Director Kerlikowske on all matters affecting priorities, policies, and programs of the National Drug Control Strategy. He previously worked on policy and speechwriting at ONDCP in 2000 and from 2003-2004 Clinton and Bush Administrations, respectively. Dr. Sabet has published widely in peer-reviewed journals and books on the topics of marijuana policy, cocaine sentencing, legalization, medical marijuana, addiction treatment, and other issues. He is a regular contributor to editorial pages and the television news media, including the Washington Post, New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, CNN, CNBC, and more than a dozen other media outlets. Dr. Sabet first offered testimony on drug policy to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee in 1996. Before joining ONDCP in 2009, Dr. Sabet consulted in a private capacity on drug policy initiatives for the United Nations, local governments, and various non-profit organizations. His clients included the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of State, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and other state and non-state agencies. Dr. Sabet is the founder of two anti-drug coalitions and has keynoted major anti-drug conferences and professional meetings in Canada, Brunei, Thailand, Italy, Macau, Ecuador, Lithuania, the United Kingdom, and other countries. When not in D.C., he resides with his wife, Shahrzad, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

18 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Ray Suarez Biographies Speakers

Ray Suarez, joined The NewsHour in October 1999 as a Washington-based Senior Correspondent after having been at National Public Radio as host of the nationwide, call-in news program “Talk of the Nation” since 1993. Prior to that, he spent seven years covering local, national, and international stories for the NBC- owned station, WMAQ-TV in Chicago. Mr. Suarez holds a B.A. in African History from New York University and an M.A. in the Social Sciences from the University of Chicago. He has been awarded honorary doctorates by many colleges and universities, most recently by Lewis and Clark College in Oregon. He is a winner of the Benton Fellowship in Broadcast Journalism at the University of Chicago. He has also been honored with a Distinguished Alumnus Award from NYU, and a Professional Achievement Award from the University of Chicago. He is the author most recently of a book examining the tightening relationship between religion and politics in America, The Holy Vote: The Politics of Faith in America. Mr. Suarez also wrote The Old Neighborhood: What We Lost in the Great Suburban Migration (Free Press), and has contributed to several other books, including What We See (New Village Press, 2010), How I Learned English (National Geographic, 2007), Brooklyn: A State of Mind (Workman, 2001), Local Heroes (Norton, 2000), Saving America’s Treasures (National Geographic, 2000), and Las Christmas (Knopf, 1998). Ray Suarez currently hosts the monthly radio program “America Abroad” for Public Radio International, and the weekly politics program “Destination Casa Blanca” for Hispanic Information Telecommunications Network, HITN TV. Earlier in his career, Mr. Suarez was a Los Angeles correspondent for CNN, a producer for the ABC Radio Network in New York, a reporter for CBS Radio in Rome, and a reporter for various American and British news services in London. Over the years he has narrated, anchored or reported many documentaries for public radio and television including the nationally-broadcast Anatomy of a Pandemic (2009, PBS) and Jerusalem: The Center of the World (2009, PBS), a weekly series, Follow the Money (1997, PBS), and programs including Yesterday (2006, WETA) Who Speaks for Islam? (LinkTV, 2005, 2009) By The People (PBS, 2004-07), The Journey Home (2004, WETA) The Execution Tapes (2001, Public Radio) and Through Our Own Eyes (2000, KQED). He is the host of the monthly foreign affairs program America Abroad, heard on Public Radio International stations nationwide, and around the world on NPR Worldwide. He also hosts the weekly program on Latino politics, Destination Casa Blanca for HITN-TV. Mr. Suarez was a co-recipient of NPR’s 1993-94 and 1994-95 duPont-Columbia Silver Baton Awards for on-site coverage of the first all-race elections in South Africa and the first 100 days of the 104th Congress, respectively. He was honored with the 1996 Ruben Salazar Award from the National Council of La Raza, and the 2005 Distinguished Policy Leadership Award from UCLA’s School of Public Policy. The Holy Vote won a 2007 Latino Book Award for Best Religion Book. A Life Member of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, Mr. Suarez was a founding member of the Chicago Association of Hispanic Journalists. A native of Brooklyn, New York, he lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife and three children.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 19 International Poster Session 1

4:45 PM–6:15 PM THURSDAY · 30 SEPTEMBER 2010 · (Terrace Salon)

Sorted by Category

HIV/AIDS

1. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV in Non-Injecting Drug Users in West Central Mexico: Final Report Octavio Campollo, MD, PhD, Sonia Roman, DSc, Arturo Panduro, DSc, Gabriel Hernandez, MD, Center of studies on alcohol and addictions, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara; Lino Diaz-Barriga, MD, Mario C. Balanzario, Centros de Integración Juvenil A.C.; James K Cunningham, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona. The prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV in the general population in Mexico is 1.2 %, 0.52 % and 0.3 %, respectively. This study is among the first in Mexico to examine the prevalence of these same infections in non-injection drug users. We sampled patients attending Centros de Integración Juvenil (CIJ) clinics from 10 treatment centers in West Central Mexico (Jalisco, Colima, Michoacan states). We investigated the pattern of drug use and presence of risk factors. Blood samples were analized for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B anticore antibody (Anti HBc), antibody to hepatitis C and antibody to HIV. We studied 158 patients (127 male, 31 female), with a mean age of 27.7 years: 62 % had used some kind of substance for 5+ years, 13.6 % for 3-5 years, and 12.1% had been active users for 2-3 years. The majority of the patients (96.2 %) were non-injection drug users (NIDU); 6 (3.8%) were injection drug users (IDU). The distribution of latest drug use was: cocaine (27.7%), alcohol (19.5 %), methamphetamine (16 %), and cannabis (14.5 %). There were 20 (12.6%) patients positive for some infection. Hepatitis C and hepatitis B were more prevalent in IDU ( 33% and 16.6 % respectively) compared with NIDU’s (11.2 % and 7.9 % respectively). In a NIDU sub-group of jail inmates (n=30), hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV rates were even higher: 40 %, 16 % and 6.6%, respectively. Patients positive for HCV, HBV and/or HIV reported multiple risk factors including tattoos (70 %), piercing (35 %), promiscuity (25 %), STD (15 %), surgical procedures (10 %), and unsafe sex (10 %). Prevalence of hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV antibodies among the sample of NIDUs in West Central Mexico was substantially higher than that in the general population. Multiple risk factors may be associated with these rates. It is noteworthy that, different from the US, most of mexican drug users are non-injecting except from drug users in northern US-Mexico border states; the sample presented in this study may represent that situation.

2. An Application of Substance Abuse, Violence, and AIDS (SAVA) Syndemic Theory to History of Abuse, Injection Drug use, and HIV among Female Sex Workers in Two Mexico-U.S. Border Cities. Monica D. Ulibarri, Ph.D., and Steffanie A. Strathdee, Ph.D., University of California San Diego; Scott C. Roesch, Ph.D., San Diego State University; Jamila K. Stockman, Ph.D., University of California San Diego; Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D., Northeastern University; Thomas L. Patterson, Ph.D., University of California San Diego Substance Abuse, Violence, and AIDS (SAVA) syndemic theory posits that conditions such as violence, substance abuse and HIV/AIDS disproportionately affect disadvantaged populations as a result of broader political, economic, and social factors. As with other populations to which SAVA syndemic theory has been applied, FSWs in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez are experiencing disproportionate rates of violence, substance abuse, and HIV/AIDS compared to the larger Mexican population. Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez are two economically depressed cities situated on major drug trafficking routes, making this region a nexus for violence, drug abuse, prostitution, sexual tourism, and rising rates of HIV and STIs. The present study utilized SAVA syndemic theory as a framework to examine the relationship between history of sexual abuse, history of injection drug use, FSWs’ self-reported drug use before or during sex with clients, and HIV seropositivity among FSWs in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. The study utilized data gathered from baseline interviews of 924 FSWs enrolled in a larger HIV prevention intervention study in four Mexico-U.S. Border cities. Eligibility criteria were: age ≥ 18; traded sex for money or drugs in the past 2 months; and had unprotected sex with at least one client during the same time period. Path analysis was used to test a mediation model whereby history of sexual abuse was hypothesized to predict FSW’s HIV seropositivity through any use of injection drugs during her lifetime and often using drugs before or during sex with clients in the past month. Mean age, years of education, and length of time as a sex worker were 33.4, 6.1, and 5.8 years, respectively. Lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse and injection drug use was 45% and 19%, respectively. HIV prevalence was 6%. Path analysis showed that history of sexual abuse was significantly associated with ever injecting drugs (OR = 1.77, 95% CI [1.34, 2.34]), and often using drugs before or during sex with clients in the past month (OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.76, 3.36]). Ever injecting drugs and often using drugs before or during sex with clients were significantly associated with HIV seropositivity (OR = 2.41, 95% CI [1.45, 4.02]; and OR = 2.67, 95% CI [1.57, 4.54], respectively). Consistent with SAVA syndemic theory, we found that history of sexual abuse was significantly associated with injection drug use and using drugs before or during sex with clients, which in turn were associated with HIV seropositivity. These findings highlight the need to consider history of abuse and injection drug use when assessing HIV risk among FSWs in this region. Future HIV prevention interventions for FSWs should provide screening for history of abuse and supportive counseling, especially for drug-using FSWs, to decrease subsequent HIV risk. International Poster Session

20 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 3. Correlation between High Stress and T-cell Protein Expression in Chronic Drug Users: HIV Implications Nawal Boukli., Ph.D., Martha Ricaurte., M.S., Jose A. Rodriguez, Luis A. Cubano, Emmanuel Garcias, Rafaela Robles, and Eddy Rios-Olivares, Universidad Central Del Caribe The comorbidity of psychological stress and drug abuse afflicts patients with different clinical conditions and cause adverse impacts on several measures of morbidity and mortality. The cellular and molecular underlying mechanisms of these health problems are not well understood and, due to their high prevalence in Puerto Rico and worldwide, there is an urgent need to study the synergism between these two disorders and their impact on the immune response. The purpose of this study is to reveal early biomarkers of stress in the affected chronic Poly Drug Users (PDU’s) in correlation with their immune status. In the current study, we measured stress levels physiologically and psychologically in HIV+ chronic PDU’s and HIV- non (PDU’s) and investigated through a proteomic approach the differentially expressed proteins of T-lymphocyte isolated from these individuals. A total of 213, 271, 158, 193, 341 and 169 proteins entities on HIV+/HCV- PDU+/PDU- Low stress, HIV-/HCV- PDU+/PDU- High Stress, and HIV-/HCV- PDU+/PDU- Low stress respectively were detected after 2 Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2D-GE) separation. Image comparison by PD-Quest software (BioRad) of the 2D-GE highlighted 163, 221, 117, 152, 305, and 133 unique T-lymphocyte protein spots on HIV+/HCV- PDU+/PDU- Low stress, HIV-/HCV- PDU+/PDU- High Stress, and HIV-/HCV- PDU+/PDU- Low stress group respectively. This study would greatly facilitate designing future targeted proteomic experiments and elucidate health problems associated with immune alterations in protein response pathways. Consequently, this may have diagnostics, epidemiological, therapeutic, and prognostic implications

4. HIV Testing among Mexicans Living in New York City Danielle C. Ompad, Ph.D.; Shannon Blaney, M.P.H.; Silvia Amesty, M.D., M.P.H., MS.Ed.; and Steffanie Strathdee, Ph.D., University of California San Diego School of Medicine Linda Weiss Ph.D., Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY Mexican immigration to the U.S. has dramatically expanded beyond the border states. New York City (NYC ) experience a 275% increase in the number of foreign-born Mexicans living from 1990-2000, yet little is known about their health and access to health care. We explored correlates of HIV testing among this group. Using venue-based sampling in eight NYC neighborhoods, we recruited 5536 adults aged ≥18 for a survey. Trained interviewers administered brief surveys in the streets using an oral consent. The study was reviewed and approved by the New York Academy of Medicine IRB. Mexicans (n=508) had the lowest prevalence of lifetime HIV testing (53.5%) among all Hispanic ethnicities [vs. Puerto Ricans (78.9%), Dominicans (75.1%), Central Americans (64.7%), and South Americans (62.9%)] and as compared to blacks (83.3%) and whites (73.9%). The mean age of Mexican participants was 32.2 (range 18-85) and 68.9% were women. In bivariate analyses among Mexicans, lifetime HIV testing was significantly associated with female gender, age 26-35 (vs. age 36-45), receiving routine medical care, and receiving services from government or community agencies. Not being tested was associated with being age 18-25 and >45 (vs. age 36-45), alcohol use in the last six months and food insecurity. Those who were not required to give personal information or who were comfortable doing so to receive services from a government agency were more likely to be tested compared with those who were not. Most prevention programs for Mexican immigrants in the U.S. are focused on the border context. This orientation is no longer appropriate, and has resulted in a gap in both the literature and programming for those living far from the U.S.-Mexico border. Our data suggest low levels of HIV testing among Mexicans in NYC and that testing was associated with access to services and provision of personal information. Further research is needed to understand HIV risk and facilitators and barriers to service among this growing subpopulation of NYC residents.

5. Development of an Intervention to Increase HIV Testing Among Mexican MSM Rosa Solorio, M.D., M.P.H., University of WA School of Public Health; Jane Simoni, Ph.D., University of WA, Dept. of Psychology; Beti Thompson, Ph.D., Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center & University of WA School of Public Health International Poster Session Poster International Increasingly, on a global scale, immigrant populations are found to be at high risk for HIV compared to native populations in developed countries. Mexican immigrant men who have sex with men (MSM) appear to be particularly vulnerable to HIV in the U.S. and they are at high risk for late HIV detection. Late testing has negative implications for individual morbidity and mortality and for HIV prevention in the community. The University of WA research team has partnered with Entre Hermanos, a local AIDS service organization, to design an intervention to increase HIV testing among Mexican MSM. For the first phase of this study, in-depth qualitative interviews with Mexican MSM (N=50) were conducted to assess barriers and facilitators associated with HIV testing. The interview assessed the following domains: individual factors, health system factors, and counseling and testing factors. The major barriers to HIV testing found included confidentiality concerns, denial of HIV risk, fear of testing positive, lack knowledge about the benefits from timely HIV detection, and lack information about health care resources. Many men perceived that testing HIV positive was the equivalent of a death sentence and few reported benefits from timely HIV detection. Due to confidentiality concerns, many MSM indicated a preference for HIV testing sites that do not have Latino staff. Due to the fatalistic outlook on the possibility of testing positive, many of MSM contemplate HIV testing for years before actually receiving testing with many delaying testing indefinitely. The study findings indicate a need for a novel social marketing intervention to decrease the time from contemplation of HIV testing to actual testing. Therefore, for the second phase of this study, the qualitative data from the first phase has been used to develop a script for a story board that focuses on storytelling and includes two protagonists, one man who tested HIV positive and one who testing HIV negative. The storyboard contents will be explored in a series of six focus groups where triggered script additions and rough-cuts will be discussed. The ultimate goal is to use the storyboards script to develop a DVD in Spanish to promote timely HIV testing (to be developed with future funding). Theoretically, the intervention is grounded in the Health Belief Model and aims to instill in participants accurate perceptions of susceptibility and beliefs about HIV testing, as well as to reduce fear and stigma from testing.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 21 ADOLESCENT DRUG ABUSE

6. Binge Drinking as a Risk Factor for Violence among Secondary School Students in a Nationally Representative Sample in Puerto Rico Juan Carlos Reyes, Ed.D., Linnette Rodrìguez, Ph.D., Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico. Margarita Moscoso, Ph.D., Department of Education, University of Puerto Rico. Hector Colón, School of Public Health, Medical Science Campus, UPR. Violence is prevalent among adolescents and has a high impact on morbidity and mortality. During 2007, the Youth Risk Behaviors Survey has shown that 36% of high school students reported being in a physical fight and 19% reported carrying a weapon. On the other hand, alcohol is the most commonly used substance among adolescents with significant costs to society. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) show that rates of violent behavior are higher among adolescent drinkers than nondrinkers, with binge drinking being a salient predictor of violent behavior initiation. Although violent crime is the most costly of the negative consequences linked to alcohol use, there is a scarcity of information about the prevalence and risk factors for alcohol-related violent behavior. The National Research Councilâls report published a decade ago urged researchers to investigate individual differences that distinguish people who behave violently while drinking from those who do not. The objective of this study was to determine the association between binge drinking and violence in a representative sample of secondary school students in Puerto Rico. Consulta Juvenil has been designed as a monitoring program of the prevalence of substance use, violence and the risk factors associated with these problem behaviors. The survey was conducted during the 2005-07 academic year. Consulta Juvenil VII has a representative sample of the adolescent students in Puerto Rico. The sampling design was a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. The sample frame of Consulta Juvenil VII includes all the public and private schools registered in the Department of Education and the Council of General Education in Puerto Rico. The study utilizes a self-administered questionnaire that was translated and adapted from the “Student Survey of Risk and Protective Factors and Prevalence of Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drug Use”. A violence index was calculated from five questions asked regarding violent behaviors. Participants included 7,028 (52.4%) females and 6,389 (47.6%) males. From a total of 13,672 students, 18.7% were classified as binge drinkers. The overall youth violence prevalence was 6.6%. Specifically, 3% reported hurt someone that required medical treatment, 2.4% reported carrying a gun, 1.1% reported hitting a teacher and 3.5% reported gang membership. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that males (OR=1.3, CI: 1.2-1.5) and those who reported binge drinking (OR=5.6, CI: 4.8-6.6) were more likely to report violent behaviors. This study shows a positive association between binge drinking and violence among Puerto Rican adolescents, suggesting that Hispanic youth who abuse of alcohol may be at higher risk for violence.

7. Smoking and Associated Factors in Students in Mexico City Miguel Ángel López-Brambila, Jorge Ameth Villatoro-Velázquez, M.D., Midiam Moreno-López, María de Lourdes Gutiérrez-López, M.D., Marycarmen Noemí Bustos-Gamiño, Filiberto Itzcóalt Gaytán-Flores, Natania Froylán Oliva-Robles, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”. En México, el consumo de tabaco de la población general ha disminuido en un 5.3% en los últimos 6 años. En la última encuesta de hogares realizada en 2008, la prevalencia de consumo alguna vez en la vida en población de 12 a 65 años fue del 35.6%, y en adolescentes de entre 12 y 17 años la prevalencia fue de 14.9% (Tapia-Coyner y cols 2002, Medina-Mora y cols 2009). En población estudiantil, se había encontrado mayor prevalencia en hombres que en las mujeres; actualmente el consumo es similar para ambos sexos (Villatoro y cols 2009, Valdés-Salgado y cols 2004). En cuanto a los factores asociados, el inicio temprano de consumo de tabaco incrementa la experimentación con otras drogas (Medina-Mora y cols 2002). Además, se relaciona otras problemáticas personales e interpersonales, como el abuso físico y sexual (Nichols 2004), la falta involucramiento y apoyo de los padres, (Nuño y cols 2008), la baja percepción de riesgos y la tolerancia social hacia el fumar (Berenzon y cols 1999). Bajo este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la relación que tiene el fumar tabaco con algunos factores emocionales y sociales en estudiantes de bachillerato y licenciatura de la Ciudad de México. Estudio transversal en una muestra de 42,827 estudiantes de bachillerato y licenciatura de una escuela pública de la ciudad de México. El diseño del estudio fue bietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados, con una tasa de no respuesta del 20% y un nivel de confianza del 95%. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario estandarizado, que fue autoaplicado, voluntario y anónimo. El 70.7% de los estudiantes de licenciatura y el 57.2% de bachillerato han consumido tabaco alguna vez en su vida. Dicho consumo es mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres. Entre más problemático es el consumo de tabaco, éste se asocia más con situaciones emocionales y sociales. Los estudiantes que fuman diario y que tienen dependencia, presentaron mas actos antisociales, mayor prevalencia de abuso sexual de intento suicida, comparados con los no fumadores, o fumadores ocasionales. Los de licenciatura, en comparación con los de bachillerato, tienen mayor riesgo de consumir tabaco diario (Hombres OR=1.54, Mujeres OR=1.56), y de presentar dependencia (Hombres OR=2.13, Mujeres OR=2.08). La tolerancia de papás y amigos hacia consumir tabaco, y la baja percepción del riesgo de consumir drogas legales, incrementa el riesgo de fumar diario y de dependencia, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. La falta de monitoreo y de aliento, por parte de los padres, incrementa el riesgo de consumo diario y de dependencia en los hombres. Se requiere que la prevención de consumo de tabaco enfocada en niños y adolescentes involucre a los padres, con el fin de evitar situaciones que lleven a fumar y retrasar la edad de inicio del consumo de tabaco. Es importante dar información interactiva sobre los daños que causa el fumar y reforzarla con programas de mayor impacto, que permitan disminuir la tolerancia social hacia el consumo de drogas legales. International Poster Session

22 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 8. Gender Differences in the Relationship between Perceived Risk and Drinking Behaviors among Latino College Students Ellen L. Vaughan, Ph.D., Indiana University; Marcel A. de Dios, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and Lisa M. Kratz, B.A., Indiana University Alcohol use among college students represents a significant public health problem given the risk for adverse health consequences (Hingson, Heeren, Zakocs, Kopstein, & Wechsler, 2002). Perceived risk of alcohol use may be one factor that predicts alcohol use among college students; though mixed findings have been reported (Lewis, 2007). Perceived risk of drinking among Latino college students has not been well studied. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the moderating role of gender in the relation between perceived risk of alcohol use and drinking behavior in a sample of Latino college students. Participants were fulltime Latino college students drawn from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Only students who reported a lifetime history of having used alcohol were included in the sample. This resulted in a sample of 370 full-time Latino college students of which 55.7% were female. General Linear Modeling (GLM) was used to explore the relationship between gender and perceived risk on past month frequency of any alcohol use and binge drinking. Two separate GLM models were conducted and an interaction term for gender by perceived risk was included in the model to test the moderating effect of gender on the relation between perceived risk and alcohol use. GLM models were conducted using SPSS 17 Complex Samples which accounted for NSDUH sampling weights. In our first GLM model frequency of alcohol use was the outcome of interest and the full model was statistically significant, Wald F (3, 37) = 5.00, p < .01. The gender by perceived risk interaction term was significant, β = 3.85 (S.E. = 1.53), p < .00l. Follow-up regressions revealed that, for men, perceived risk was related to frequency of drinking, β = -3.91 (S.E. = 1.04), p < .01. The relation between perceived risk for daily alcohol use for women was not related to frequency of alcohol use. For the second regression, frequency of drinking five or more drinks in the past month was the dependent variable of interest. Again, the full model was statistically significant, Wald F (3, 37) = 4.23, p < .05. The gender by perceived risk interaction term was significant, β = 4.16 (S.E. = 1.49), p < .00l. Follow-up regressions revealed that perceived risk was related to drinking five or more drinking for men, but not for women. For men perceived risk was related to drinking five or more drinks, β = -4.22 (S.E. = .90), p < .01. Again, the inverse relation suggests that as perceived risk increases the frequency of drinking five or more drinks in the past month decreases. The results of the current study highlight the importance of perceived risk in predicting alcohol use among Latino college students. Specifically, greater perceived risk was protective for men, but not for women. One reason for these differences may be gender socialization practices within the Latino community such that men are socialized to believe that drinking is more normative and thereby perceive less risk. Those men who do perceive greater risk may then limit their frequency of alcohol use. Cultural prohibitions against drinking for women may also yield greater perceptions of risk regardless of drinking behaviors. Further research in this area has the potential to inform the development of culturally tailored prevention initiatives.

9. Distribution of Free Time and Drug use in Adolescents Marycarmen Bustos, Jorge Villatoro, M.D., Natania Oliva, Midiam Moreno, Maria de Lourdes Gutierrez, M. C. National Institute of Psychiatry El consumo de drogas en México, es un problema que afecta al 5.7% de la población. El inicio del consumo sucede a edades tempranas y los adolescentes se encuentran con mayor exposición al consumo. La sociedad actual ha facilitado una cultura del ocio. La vida recreativa juvenil se ha asociado al consumo de drogas con el fin de pasarla mejor, ligado a una baja percepción de riesgo de consumo. Según la Encuesta Nacional del Uso del Tiempo 2002, jóvenes de 12-19 años dedican más tiempo a actividades de esparcimiento, comparados con los de mayor edad. Investigaciones en adolescentes reportan que aquellos/as que salen a divertirse en fines de semana con más frecuencia tienen mayor consumo de drogas, lo que indica que la forma en que ellos emplean su tiempo libre puede desencadenar la presencia de conductas de riesgo. El objetivo es conocer el uso del tiempo libre de adolescentes consumidores y no consumidores de drogas de la Ciudad de México. Los datos utilizados en este estudio provienen de la Encuesta de Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes de la Ciudad de México en el año de 2006, aplicado en 10,523 adolescentes de secundaria y bachillerato de escuelas públicas y privadas. El diseño es aleatorio, International Poster Session Poster International estratificado, bietápico y por conglomerados. Se consideró una tasa de no respuesta del 15%, un efecto de diseño de 2, un nivel de confianza del 95% y un error absoluto promedio del 0.004. La información se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario autoaplicado, estandarizado, utilizado en encuestas anteriores y previamente validado.Para dicho estudio, se utiliza la escala de tiempo libre de la forma A del cuestionario, que consta de 15 reactivos. De los estudiantes, el 19.1% de los hombres y el 16.5% de las mujeres reportaron haber consumido cualquier droga alguna vez en su vida. Los varones consumidores de drogas emplean más tiempo en videojuegos que las mujeres consumidoras de ambos niveles educativos. Así mismo, los/as adolescentes que consumen drogas de secundaria emplean más tiempo en videojuegos que aquellos/as que estudian bachillerato. Hombres y mujeres consumidores se involucran más en actividades de diversión que los que no han consumido drogas. Además, éstos emplean menos su tiempo en actividades prosociales que los no consumidores. Los hombres consumidores de secundaria, se involucran más en actividades prosociales que los de bachillerato; por su parte, las mujeres consumidoras de bachillerato, tienen más actividades de diversión que aquellas consumidoras de secundaria. Éste trabajo muestra que los/as adolescentes que consumen drogas tienen una distribución del tiempo libre distinta de aquellos no consumidores. Éstos manifiestan mayor tiempo empleado en actividades de diversión y videojuegos y menos conductas prosociales como salir con la familia y realizar tareas escolares. Dichos datos concuerdan con otras investigaciones en las que los/as jóvenes utilizan espacios de ocio para el consumo de drogas, sobre todo aquellos de convivencia social con pares. Es importante incidir con programas de prevención enfocados en proporcionar alternativas para distribuir el tiempo de ocio que tienen los/las adolescentes promoviendo estilos de vida más saludables.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 23 10. Student Drug Use Trends, 1995-2007: Chile-USA Comparison Luis Caris, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H., University of Chile Our research group from the University of Chile, conducted the National School Surveys on Drug Use in Chile, every other year from 1995 until 2001, then National Commission on Drugs in Chile (CONACE) has been responsible for the survey, in parallel with the USA Monitoring the Future studies. These trend data are compared and contrasted to shed light on the public health significance of student drug use. A comparable research approach was used, with nationwide probability sample surveys of school-attending youths, and standardized self-report questionnaires. Markedly greater tobacco smoking prevalence is seen in Chile as compared to USA at all grade levels under study, with sharply increased prevalence between 1999 and 2003. Before 2001, striking prevalence differences emerged after Grade 8, but since 2001, the situation changed, and in 2005 smoking affected 54.9% of 8th graders in Chile vs. 25.9% in the US. Underage drinking also is more common in Chile even in 12th grade. As for cannabis and cocaine, the situation generally is reversed, with comparable drug use for cocaine and larger prevalence values for cannabis for USA students as compared to Chile, except perhaps for 12th graders in 2003. Chile is the only country in Latin America that have school survey similar than Monitoring the Future. Though Chile is nearer to coca-producing areas and cocaine use may become a more prominent issue in the future, the central public health priority for Chile must to reverse increased occurrence of tobacco smoking, with preventive interventions put into place well before Grade 8. There is a need to lower the marijuana and cocaine prevalence especially with the students have been lower the perception of risk from the use marijuana or cocaine. SUPPORT: Government of Chile, NIH Fogarty Center TW005692

11. Drug Consumption among Youth in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay 2007, Secondary Data Analysis Luis Caris, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H., University of Chile; and David Huepe, M.Ps., Ph.D., University of Diego Portales The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, office in South America, the Inter-American Commission for Drug Control of the Organization for American States (OAS/CICAD) and the national drug commissions of the six participating countries did a joint study of secondary students. These data are compared and contrasted to shed light on the public health significance of student drug use. National studies were undertaken in each country, using a single, common methodology generated by the Sub-regional Information System. The surveys were carried out during the period 2007-2008 with a school population of ages 13 – 17, of both genders, from public and private schools in the six countries.A comparable research approach was used, with nationwide probability sample surveys of school-attending youths, with standardized self-report questionnaires, with the supervision of by UNODC and CICAD/OAS, for the methods and the analysis. The Chilean data was collected by CONACE (Chilean Government Office). In Alcohol, Argentina had the highest last month prevalence, follow by Chile and Uruguay. Markedly greater tobacco smoking prevalence in the last 30 days is seen in Chile as compared to the rest of the countries. With respect to Marijuana Chile had the highest prevalence follow by Uruguay, In Cocaine Uruguay was the country with more use in students follow by Chile and Argentina. Finally with Coca paste Chile had the highest last year prevalence twice more than Argentina. Additionally, for Chile some of the risk and protector factors were explored.Chile is the country with more tobacco, Marijuana, Coca Paste and with similar prevalence of Cocaine. There is a need to increase the preventive intervention with early detention to students and referral to brief intervention when is need. There are three countries with high prevalence Chile, Argentina and Uruguay that they need more work on prevention and intervention.SUPPORT: Government of Chile (CONACE). Thank for the Report from CICAD and UNODC

12. Masculinity in Young Men: is it a Path to Violence and other Health Diminishing Behaviors? Alberto Jimenez, M.A., Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente, Mexico Gender and masculinity dictate the ideal of what a man is or should be at a specific time and place. This concept of a man is often related to a greater risk for morbidity and mortality; it represents a factor for some health diminishing behaviors: anti-social behavior, violence, and drug use. Gender perspective states that these behaviors are the result of interpersonal relationships, which are shaped by socio-cultural issues, and by cultural, symbolic, and dynamic interchanges. Traditional masculinity imposes a rigid idea of the accepted ways a man can use to be a man, and it is formed by conducts, attitudes, stereotypes, and norms about what men are or what they ought to be. The aim of the study was to explore if the elements constituting masculinity are related to men’s involvement in violence and in health diminishing behaviors. This is a qualitative study with 14 men from Mexico City, ages between 18 and 30 years old. Data were collected though in-depth semi-structured interviews. All interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. The purpose of the study was openly discussed with participants, their participation was based on free will and interviews took place under participants’ conditions. Anonymity and confidentiality were explained and guaranteed. The men in the study come from traditional families with broken structures and aggressive interactions, mainly headed by women. For them there is a necessary separation between men and women that makes impossible to be equals and that being a man represents a gain, but also a burden. These men stated that acquiring masculinity is part of a natural process, fundamental for their existence as men and that it constitutes a matter of pride involving a code that must be respected because it is always on trial. Masculinity is a quality of heterosexual men. Involvement in health diminishing behaviors is basic for them because “it makes you a man”, it is necessary in their relationships, it is basic for survival because, otherwise, “you wouldn’t be a real man” if you don´t prove it. “You have to do it” because “it is tour tool for standing out”. Doing it generates contradictory emotions (power vs. guilt), but in the end “it hurts you”. The discourse of the participants is disguised with a tolerance, respect, and understanding cloak, maybe produced by modern ideas spread by media about equality. However, there is still a more rigid idea about what is expected from them in terms of masculinity codes, which they apparently have internalized in a very natural and transparent way. Accepting violence, drug use, and other risk behaviors, as well as behaving violently, using drugs and having other risk practices (driving under influence, participating in fights, not observing safety measures at work), seem to be a natural part of life as men. Although they acknowledge the potential damage for their health and well being, they still consider that being a man involves a major commitment with a harmful code that International Poster Session must be respected in order to be a part of the “group” and to have a solid, recognizable identity.

24 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 13. Peer and Parent Influences on Chilean Youth’s Attitudes Towards Cigarettes: Results from the Santiago Longitudinal Study Elma Lorenzo-Blanco, and M.S., Jorge Delva, Ph.D., M.S.W., University of Michigan Ann Arbor Researchers have documented an association between cigarette smoking and attitudes towards smoking among adolescents. Moreover, attitudes towards smoking appear to become more positive as adolescents use cigarettes and become older (Barber et al., 2005; Rhodes & Ewoldsen, 2009; Sherman et al., 2009). While studies have shown an association between attitudes towards smoking and smoking behaviors, it is not well understood how adolescents develop attitudes towards smoking. It is important that this process is understood as attitudes towards smoking are often formed before children try out cigarettes (Barber et al.,2005). This knowledge can help in the development of smoking prevention programs for adolescents. In the current study, we examine the association of demographic and environmental factors with attitudes towards cigarettes, among a large community sample of Chilean youth. The sample consisted of 1039 adolescents who completed a questionnaire between 2008 and 2009. Adolescents resided in Santiago Chile. The questionnaire included questions on drug use and environmental contextual factors. Our dependent variable, Negative Attitudes Towards Cigarettes, was measured by four items asking adolescents about their attitudes towards smoking. Predictor variables included peer disapproval of smoking, smoking by peers, peer pressure to smoke, parent communication about the dangers of drugs, parental smoking, teachers’ attempts to prevent smoking, and cigarette advertisement exposure. Adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of having ever tried cigarettes were increasingly lower for students who endorsed negative attitudes towards cigarettes. We conducted hierarchical linear regression to examine how well peer disapproval of smoking , smoking by peers, peer pressure to smoke, parent communication about the dangers of using drugs, parental smoking, teachers’ attempts to prevent youth from smoking, and exposure to cigarette advertisements were associated with negative attitudes towards cigarettes, when controlling for gender, age, and SES. Females (b = -0.05, p<0.05) and older students (b = -0.33, p<0.001) reported more positive attitudes towards smoking than boys and younger students, respectively. While greater peer disapproval of smoking (b = 0.58, <.001) was associated with more negative attitudes towards smoking, smoking by peers was associated with more positive attitudes (b = - 0.80 <.001). Parental smoking was also (b = - 0.24 <.05) associated with more positive attitudes towards smoking. Neither teacher attempts to prevent smoking, nor exposure to cigarette advertisements were significant predictors of negative attitudes towards smoking. As expected, Chilean adolescents’ attitudes towards cigarettes were positively associated with cigarette smoking. Our findings suggest that peer disapproval of smoking and smoking by peers play a more important role than peer pressure, parent communication, and parental smoking. Parental smoking seems to play a more important role than parent communication about the dangers of smoking. The message is clearly that the behavior of parents is more important than what they say about smoking. Interestingly, teacher attempts to prevent smoking and exposure to cigarette advertisements had no effect on adolescents’ attitudes towards cigarettes. More research is needed to understand why Chilean adolescents are not be influenced by anti-tobacco messages found in the media and by those provided by teachers and parents.

14. Motives Significantly Associated with Consumption of Tobacco among School Students in Spain Francisco Jesus, Bueno-Cañigral: M.D., Ph.D., Ayuntamiento de Valencia, Spain; Claudia Cristina Morales-Manrique, Universitat de València-CSIC, Spain; Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent, M.D., Ph.D., Universitat de València-CSIC, Spain; and Juan Carlos Valderrama-Zurián: M.D., Ph.D., Generalitat Valenciana, Spain. According to the State Survey on Drug Use in secondary school students in Spain, in the 2008, 38% of scholars between 14-18 years old had consumed tobacco in the previous 12 months. The aim of the study is to determine the motives significantly associated with smoking tobacco in scholars at the city of Valencia. This would provide relevant information for treatment and preventive programs that are focused of decreasing the tobacco consumption in young population. The sample is 1324 students, with a mean age of 14.89 (SD=3.12), and 48% (n = 631) are male. Instrument: “Pre-Chat Survey on Drug Addiction; during 2007-2008”, elaborated by the professionals of the Plan Municipal de Drogodependencias (PMD) of the Ayuntamiento de Valencia; the survey International Poster Session Poster International was administered in 21 schools in the Valencia city. It was applied logistical regressions, using as covariable the age, to determine the association among motives with two dependent variables related to consumption of tobacco: i) occasional consumption (eg. weekends), and ii) daily consumption. Among all the participants, 27.5% (n=364) had only proven the tobacco, 9.4% (n=124) occasionally consume, 9.8% (n=130) consume diary, and 53.3% (n=706) never had smoke. Among those that answer to consume occasionally (e.g. weekends), the associated motives are: “To maintain sexual relations” (OR=3.06), “To have fun” (OR=2.30), “To relax” (OR=3.01), “To forget my own problems” (OR=4.07), and “Because my friends smoke” (OR=2.16). The motives related to daily consumption are: “To relax” (OR=5.89). Motives for tension reduction (eg. to relax, or forget problems) is related to consume daily and occasionally among youth. Social motives (eg. to have fun, because friends smoke, maintain sexual relations) are significantly associated with occasionally consumption, but not with daily consumption among Spanish youth. It is important in preventive programs to educate in skills that facilitate relaxation in students, specially in those that consume tobacco for relaxing.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 25 15. Sexual Behavior in Mexican Youth and its Association with Drug Use Filiberto Itzcóatl Gaytán Flores, Midiam Moreno López, Jorge Ameth Villatoro Velázquez, M.D., María de Lourdes Gutiérrez López, M.C., and Michelle Bretón Cirett, National Institute of Psychiatry, México. Es sabido que las drogas se han usado con fines sexuales, especialmente por su capacidad de modificar el estado de conciencia de los sujetos; sin embargo, los referentes culturales hacen que la práctica aun siendo muy antigua se mantenga en la actualidad (Bellis y Hughes, 2004). Un ejemplo es el consumo de alcohol, que es un desinhibidor que eleva las posibilidades de tener una relación sexual. Los y las jóvenes consumen alcohol para facilitar la interacción y el contacto con posibles parejas sexuales (Abrahamson, 2004). Además, el consumo de pequeñas cantidades de alcohol, favorece la confianza del individuo, pero abusar en su consumo, lo hace vulnerable a prácticas sexuales riesgosas (Johnson y Stahl, 2004). También, podemos observar que quienes consumen drogas y alcohol, son sexualmente más activos, esto aumenta las probabilidades de practicar conductas sexuales de riesgo y padecer enfermedades de transmisión sexual (Bellis y Hughes, 2004). En este contexto, el objetivo del trabajo es conocer la conducta sexual de usuarios y no usuarios de drogas y alcohol en jóvenes. Los datos del presente corresponden a una encuesta nacional de hogares realizada en 2008. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevista directa, en versión computarizada. El tamaño muestral fue de 51,227 entrevistas. La sección de consumo de alcohol y drogas se aplicó a toda la población. A una submuestra de 22,966 individuos se le aplicó las escalas de conducta sexual y de creencias sobre el contagio del VIH, entre otras. Para este estudio se tomó a la población de 12 a 25 años. 40.2% de los hombres y 37.0% de las mujeres mencionaron haber tenido relaciones sexuales alguna vez. De los hombres que son usuarios de drogas (7.6%), el 78.8% han tenido relaciones sexuales, mientras que el 36.9% de los no usuarios las ha tenido, también, 9.6% de los usuarios, reportó haber tenido relaciones sexuales a cambio de dinero o drogas, porcentaje superior al 2.4% de los no usuarios. De los hombres que son usuarios de drogas, 54.4% ha tenido relaciones sexuales con alguna pareja no regular, por 35.9% de los no usuarios. De las mujeres usuarias de drogas (3.2%), el 70.1% ha tenido relaciones sexuales contra 36.0% de las no usuarias;, por otra parte, 40.8% de las usuarias indicó haber tenido relaciones sexuales con una pareja no regular, porcentaje superior al reportado por las no usuarias (13.7%). Por último, 8.2% de las mujeres usuarias ha tenido relaciones sexuales a cambio de dinero o drogas y 1.0% de las no usuarias ha tenido este tipo de relaciones sexuales. In general se observó que son los/as usuarios/as de drogas, quienes presentan los porcentajes más elevados en las conductas sexuales de riesgo, en comparación con los/as no usuarios/ as. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de trabajar aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad en la población usuaria de drogas, con objeto de disminuir los daños adicionales que su consumo puede traerles.

16. Motives and Beliefs Significantly Associated with not Consuming Alcohol in Students in Spain: Differences by Gender Claudia Cristina Morales-Manrique, Universitat de València-CSIC, Spain; Francisco Jesus Bueno-Cañigral, M.D., PhD., Ayuntamiento de Valencia, Spain; Juan Carlos Valderrama-Zurián, M.D., Ph.D., Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent, M.D., Ph.D., Universitat de València-CSIC, Spain. According to the State Survey on Drug Use in secondary school students in Spain, data of 2008 show that 81% of youth between 14-18 years, had consumed alcohol. The aim of the study is to determine the motives and beliefs more referred for not consuming in scholars that never had consumed alcohol, and examine differences by gender. The results will provide relevant information about aspects to reinforce during preventive programs for alcohol consumption. The sample is 1324 students, mean age 14.89 (SD=3.12), and 48% (n = 631) are male. Instrument: “Pre-Chat Survey on Drug Addiction; during 2007-2008”, elaborated by the professionals of the Plan Municipal de Drogodependencias (PMD) of the Ayuntamiento de Valencia; it was conducted in 21 schools in the Valencia City. It was applied Chi-square test, to determine differences by gender in the motives and beliefs for not consuming alcohol. Among all the participants, 33% (n=438) had only proven alcohol, 41% (n=544) occasionally consume, 1 % (n=9) consume diary, and 25% (n=330) never had consumed alcohol. Among those that never consumed alcohol, the more frequent beliefs were: “Has negative effects for the health” (86%), “Causes many accidents” (86%) “It’s forbidden to youth” (68%), “induce to commit crimes” (60%), and “Causes familiar problems” (59%). There were no significant differences by gender in the beliefs. The motives more frequently told were: “Because I feel good and I don’t need it” (69%), “Because harms the mental and physical health” (63%), “Because I know how to have fun without consuming drugs” (54%), and “Because cause many accidents” (44%). “Because my parents will not accept it” (X2=4,00; p<.05), was answered in more proportion by men (25% men; 16% women); and was answered in more proportion by women: “because cause accidents” (X2=7,14; p<.01; 52% women vs. 37% men), and “because I know how I can have fun without consuming drugs” (X2=5,01; p<.05; 60% women vs. 48% men). Results of previous studies in Hispanic youth are confirmed: the parental prohibition for consumption have more influence in males. The motives of personal well-being and the knowledge on forms of entertainment that does not include the consumption of drugs, are fundamental aspects for not consuming alcohol; as well as beliefs that the consumption can cause health problems to the consumer, and problems to persons of the environment. It is therefore relevant to emphasize in preventive educational programs: a) the adverse effects of the consumption for the individual and social areas, b) to reinforce entertainment without the consumption of alcohol; c) and skills to solve conflicts or problems, to facilitate personal well-being.

17. With whom do Adolescents initiate their Sexual Lives? Natania F. Oliva, Jorge A. Villatoro, M.D., Midiam Moreno, Marycarmen Bustos, and Filiberto Gaytán, National Mexican Institute of Psychiatry Generalmente en la adolescencia se inicia la actividad sexual, esto depende principalmente de tres factores, sociocultural, económico y educativo. Según diversos estudios, los adolescentes latinoamericanos y caribeños comienzan más tempranamente su vida sexual. Adicionalmente, en la población entre los 12 y 20 años el doble de hombres que de mujeres ha iniciado su vida sexual a la edad de 15 años en promedio, por lo que preguntas como con quiénes inician sexualmente hombres y mujeres, se vuelve relevante. Objetivo: Conocer las características del inicio de la vida sexual y otras conductas relacionadas International Poster Session a la conducta sexual de adolescentes escolares de 7º a 12º y de universidad. El Estudio se realizó con una muestra aleatoria de 10,523 estudiantes de 7º

26 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference a 12º y con otra de 23,337 estudiantes de una Universidad Pública, ambas de la Ciudad de México, con un diseño de muestra bietápico (escuela–grupo) y estratificado. El cuestionario de ambos estudios contiene los mismos indicadores previamente validados y explora diversas conductas y aspectos de su conducta sexual. (Fleiz & cols. 1999). En estudiantes de 7º a 12º los hombres comenzaron su vida sexual a los 14.1 promedio, con personas de 15.5 años promedio y las mujeres a los 15.6 años con personas de 17.5 años promedio. En cuanto a con quien iniciaron su vida sexual, los hombres que se iniciaron con pareja mayor, en un 26.7% lo hicieron con una amiga; en tanto, el 37.2% de quienes se iniciaron con alguien de igual o menor edad, fue con su novia. El 56.5% de las mujeres que iniciaron con una pareja de igual o mayor edad, lo hicieron con su novio, en comparación con el 45.7% de las que se iniciaron con alguien de menor edad. Entre universitarios, los hombres iniciaron su vida sexual en promedio a los 16.9 años con personas de 18 años promedio y las mujeres a los 17.7 años con personas de 20.1 años promedio. Casi un 38% de los hombres inició con una pareja mayor y solo un 6.2% de las mujeres inició con pareja de menor edad. El 28.8% de los hombres con pareja mayor, inicio con su novia, seguidos de un 23.5% con una conocida; el 40.7% de los hombres que iniciaron con pareja de menor o igual edad, iniciaron con su novia. Las mujeres que iniciaron vida sexual con pareja igual o mayor que ellas, lo hicieron con su novio en un 57.3%, cifra muy similar a la de las mujeres que iniciaron con pareja de menor edad (57.2%). Es importante conocer cómo una parte importante de hombres inician su vida sexual con personas al menos dos años mayor que ellos, a diferencia de las mujeres que inician con una pareja de su edad o mayor que ellas. Con objeto de indagar en esta dinámica del inicio sexual de los hombres y los posibles efectos que pueda traer en su salud mental, es necesario profundizar el conocimiento de las circunstancias que rodean esta conducta.

18. What do Mexican Adolescents think of the Abuse That They Receive at Home? Vianney Sánchez Pineda, Michelle Bretón Cirett, Jorge A. Villatoro Velázquez, M. D., Midiam Moreno López, and Ma. de Lourdes Gutiérrez López, M.D., National Institute of Psychiatry Existe la tendencia en niños/as maltratados/as a convertirse en padres/madres maltratadores/as, aunque no se puede concluir que esta sea directa, existen factores asociados que son importantes conocer. Se ha explicado esta transmisión con la formación de personalidad hostil, generada por el maltrato sufrido, creando una actitud positiva hacia el castigo físico (Moreno, 2005; Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). Las personas que sufrieron maltrato severo durante la infancia pero que no son conscientes de ello, tienen más dificultad para considerar como abuso físico el golpear a un niño (Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). En este sentido, el objetivo es analizar la percepción de los/as adolescentes víctimas de maltrato sobre el uso de violencia en la crianza y establecer diferencias con los/as que no son maltratados/as. Existe la tendencia en niños/as maltratados/as a convertirse en padres/madres maltratadores/as, aunque no se puede concluir que esta sea directa, existen factores asociados que son importantes conocer. Se ha explicado esta transmisión con la formación de personalidad hostil, generada por el maltrato sufrido, creando una actitud positiva hacia el castigo físico (Moreno, 2005; Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). Las personas que sufrieron maltrato severo durante la infancia pero que no son conscientes de ello, tienen más dificultad para considerar como abuso físico el golpear a un niño (Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). En este sentido, el objetivo es analizar la percepción de los/as adolescentes víctimas de maltrato sobre el uso de violencia en la crianza y establecer diferencias con los/as que no son maltratados/as. xiste la tendencia en niños/as maltratados/as a convertirse en padres/madres maltratadores/as, aunque no se puede concluir que esta sea directa, existen factores asociados que son importantes conocer. Se ha explicado esta transmisión con la formación de personalidad hostil, generada por el maltrato sufrido, creando una actitud positiva hacia el castigo físico (Moreno, 2005; Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). Las personas que sufrieron maltrato severo durante la infancia pero que no son conscientes de ello, tienen más dificultad para considerar como abuso físico el golpear a un niño (Benavides-Delgado & Miranda, 2007). En este sentido, el objetivo es analizar la percepción de los/as adolescentes víctimas de maltrato sobre el uso de violencia en la crianza y establecer diferencias con los/as que no son maltratados/ as. Estos resultados concuerdan con varios autores en la génesis de una actitud positiva hacia la violencia en quienes han sufrido maltrato. Resaltan la importancia de la percepción del maltrato y su influencia en la aceptación de las prácticas violentas. Esto se refleja en la aprehensión de estas prácticas y International Poster Session Poster International su reproducción, no solo en la crianza sino como estrategia para resolver conflictos y abordar situaciones de la vida cotidiana. A partir de estos resultados, resaltan áreas de intervención específicas. Por un lado, trabajar con los varones, pues aceptan más que las mujeres la violencia y, por otro, replantear en ambos sexos el rol de autoridad de la figura materna, pues se aceptan más sus agresiones, ya que se le percibe como más justa y que agrede poco en comparación con el padre. Romper con este ciclo de aceptación/reproducción de la violencia, es tarea vital, para mejorar y cambiar nuestras experiencias tanto en el ámbito social como familiar.

19. Substance Use and other Predictors of Juvenile Justice Involvement among Psychiatric Hospitalized Latino Immigrant Youth Anna Robert, Psy D., Benito Menni, CASM, Enric Bañuls, Psy D., CAS Brians, Maria Giralt, M.D., Benito Menni, CASM, M. Eulalia Navarro, M.D., and Benito Menni, CASM Given that Latino youth represent a fastest growing group in Spain, research into the factors affecting their mental health is particularly important. For First- generation Latinos, recent immigration could be either a protective or a risk factor for mental disorders, substance use, or legal problems. The purposes of this study are: to describe the substance use among a clinical sample, and to analyze its role and that of family characteristics and other relevant factors in predicting legal difficulties. PASW Statistics was used to analyze data collected from electronic medical records of 43 patients who were consecutively admitted to the Unidad de Crisis de Adolescentes (UCA) between January 2008 and May 2010. Univariate descriptive statistics were calculated to describe the basic features of the sample. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between some potential predictors and being involved in the juvenile justice system. Adolescents were 58% male and 15 years old (±.24). The mean age at migration was 7.74 (±.67) years. The most common country of origin was Colombia (27.9%). The most prevalent DSM-IV diagnoses were Conduct disorders (46,5%) and Adjustment disorders in reaction

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 27 to stressful life events (20.9%). A high rate of adolescents with a previous suicide attempt (18%) was found. The prevalence rates of current substance use were high: 58.1% for alcohol, 41.9% for tobacco, and 30.3% for cannabis. The 14% of the sample was involved in the juvenile justice system. An older age (OR=2.93, X2=3.36; p=.04) and the presence of Any Substance Use Disorder (OR=15.56, X2=5.59; p=.02) were significantly related to legal problems; whereas the risk of living outside home (OR=5.40, X2=3.21; p=.07) showed a trend towards signification. According to previous studies, first-generation Latino immigrant youth with mental disorders are particularly vulnerable to substance use. The alarming rate of previous suicide attempts in this sample suggests high levels of psychological distress that could be related with experiences of discrimination/stigmatization. Although limited by the small size of the sample, our results confirm that substance use disorders are predictors of legal problems in this population, and suggest that those who live at home are protected from these problems. In this study, mental disorders are not found to be associated with legal difficulties.

20. The Influence of Acculturation and Enculturation on Hazardous Alcohol Consumption among Hispanics in Late Adolescence Miguel Á. Cano, M.P.H., M.S., Linda G. Castillo, Ph.D., and Matthew J. Davis, M.P.H., M.S., Texas A&M University A 2002 report by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) indicates that Hispanic adolescents had the highest annual prevalence of heavy drinking. To deepen our understanding of alcohol use among Hispanic populations, prior research suggests that acculturation is a critical factor that must be included in the examination of alcohol use among Hispanics (Markides, Krause, & Mendes de Leon, 1988; Rodriguez, 2007). Although there is growing interest in acculturation in relation to health behavior of Hispanics, there is disagreement on how acculturation influences health behavior such as alcohol consumption (Guilamo-Ramos, Jaccard, Johansson, Turrisi, 2004). In part, this problem stems from inadequate measurement of acculturation. Public health research predominately uses proxy measures such generational status or language preference. Yet, acculturation is a complex process that cannot be captured by simple proxies that largely reflect less sophisticated, unidimensional model of acculturation (Abraído-Lanza, Armbrister, Flórez, & Aguirre, 2006; Nguyen, Meese, & Stollak, 1999). The present study examined if the predictive value of acculturation and enculturation on hazardous alcohol consumption was mediated by acculturative stress, intragroup marginalization, and depression. Another point of interest was to examine if gender moderated the influence of acculturation and enculturation on hazardous alcohol consumption. 179 Hispanics in late adolescences, ages 18 to 21completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT; Babor, Higgins-Biddle, Sounders, & Montiro, 1993); Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977); Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (ARSMA-II; Cuellar, Arnold, & Maldonado, 1995); Social, Attitudinal, Familial, and Environmental Acculturative Stress measure (S.A.F.E.; Mena, Padilla, & Maldonado, 1987); Intragroup Marginalization Inventory-Family Scale (IMI-Family; Castillo, Conoley, Brossart, & Quiros 2007); and other demographic questions. Data were collected through an anonymous online survey that was distributed in multiple states to students currently enrolled in a two-year and four-year institutions of higher education. A path analysis was used to test if gender moderated the influence acculturation and enculturation on hazardous alcohol consumption. Using the same path model, the meditating role of acculturative stress, intragroup marginalization, and depression between acculturation and enculturation on hazardous alcohol consumption were also examined. Results indicate the path model had good model fit model fit (χ2 [27, N = 179] = 23.14, p = .68. CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00). Standardized path coefficients show the relationships between acculturation and enculturation on hazardous alcohol consumption were not mediated. However, a direct path from behavioral enculturation to hazardous alcohol consumption was a statistically significant predictor (β = .69, p < .05). Results indicate that gender did moderate the influence of behavioral enculturation (β = .59, p < .05). In this study, behavioral enculturation to the heritage culture had a great influence on hazardous alcohol consumption among men. Overall 19.5% of the variance of hazardous alcohol consumption was explained by all the predictor variables. The present study found that limiting the measurement of acculturation to proxy measures may lead to erroneous findings. Consistent with prior research, men were more likely to take part in drinking behavior. Interestingly, behavioral enculturation was predicative of hazardous alcohol use among men and women. A test for moderation found this relationship to be stronger among men.

21. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Mental Health among Children and Adolescents Frank C. Bandiera, M.P.H., University of Miami; Amanda Kalaydjian Richardson, Ph.D., Legacy Foundation; David J. Lee, Ph.D., University of Miami; Jean- Ping He, M.D., M.Sc., and Kathleen R. Merikangas, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health Objective: Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents, this paper examines a potential association between biologically- confirmed secondhand smoke exposure and symptoms of DSM-IV major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, attention-deficit/ hyperactive disorder, and conduct disorder. Design: Nationally representative cross-sectional survey of the US population of children and adolescents ages 8-15. Setting: Continental United States. Participants: Children and adolescents aged 8-15 as part of the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Main Exposure: Secondhand smoke exposure among non-smokers as measured by serum cotinine. Outcome Measures: Symptoms of DSM-IV mental disorders were derived from selected modules of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC), a structured diagnostic interview administered by lay interviewers. Results: Among non-smokers, serum cotinine was positively associated with symptoms of DSM-IV major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder, and conduct disorder, after adjustment for survey design, age, gender, race/ethnicity, poverty, migraine, asthma, hay fever, whether mother smoked during pregnancy, and allostatic load. The association between serum cotinine and was more apparent for non-Hispanic Whites and males. Conclusions: Future research is warranted to establish the biological and/or psychological mechanisms of association. International Poster Session

28 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 22. Cultural Accommodation of Substance Abuse Treatment for Latino Adolescents: A Pilot Study Jason Burrow-Sanchez, Ph.D., and Alberto Varela, B.S., University of Utah In the substance abuse treatment literature many have proposed that cultural variables should be integrated into treatments for ethnic minorities. Unfortunately, however, the literature is limited on actual examples of how to accomplish this task. The Validating Interventions for Diverse Adolescents (VIDA) project is a 5-year research study comprised of three components: conducting focus groups, a pilot study, and a randomized clinical trial. The major aim of the VIDA project is to culturally accommodate and empirically test a group-based substance abuse treatment for Latino adolescents. In the first year of the project, focus groups were conducted with key Latino community stakeholders and the data were used to guide the cultural accommodation of an evidence-based cognitive-behavioral substance abuse treatment for Latino adolescents. More recently, the intervention phase of the pilot study was completed that tested the social validity (i.e., recruitment, retention) and initial efficacy (i.e., substance use rates) of the intervention; follow-up assessments for the pilot study will be completed in August 2010. The purpose of this poster is to present results from the pilot study. Participants in the pilot study consisted of 35 Latino adolescents who were primarily referred from juvenile justice probation officers. Eighteen participants were randomly assigned to the standard treatment and 17 were assigned to the culturally accommodated treatment. The culturally accommodated treatment included changes made to both the content and delivery of the intervention. Mean attendance rates for the standard condition were 83% and 78% for the accommodated condition. The treatment was delivered in a group format with one facilitator and 8-10 adolescents. Group sessions lasted 1 ½ hours and were conducted over 12 weeks. Assessments were completed at pretreatment, post-treatment and a 3-month follow-up. Data collection for the pilot study will be completed in August 2010 and thus, results are not available as of this writing. We anticipate finding, however, higher satisfaction scores for both adolescents and parents and lower substance use rates for adolescents in the accommodated condition compared to the standard condition.It is anticipated that the results from this study will provide empirical support for the social validity and initial efficacy of a culturally accommodated substance abuse treatment for Latino adolescents. In addition, data from the pilot study will serve to inform the randomized clinical trial (N = 72 Latino adolescents) that is being conducted as the final component of the VIDA project. In conclusion, these results will not only highlight the need to incorporate cultural variables into substance abuse treatment for Latino adolescents, but also provide a framework for doing so.

23. Differential Acculturation and Youth Substance Use Intentions: A Partial Replication of Martinez (2006) Rick Cruz, M.S., and Ana Mari Cauce, Ph.D., University of Washington; William A. Vega, Ph.D., University of Southern California; and Rand Conger, Ph.D., University of California, Davis Mexican-origin (MO) youth are at relatively high risk for substance use initiation at an early age and substance use appears to be related to acculturation. MO families may have traditional family strengths that protect against MO youth substance use (e.g., Coltrane, Parke, & Borthwick-Duffy, 2004). Importantly, MO parents and children may have discrepant orientations to American culture, which is thought to increase youth’s likelihood for substance use, at least in part due to disruptions in family processes. Evidence for this model is mixed although acculturation differences between parents and children do seem to be linked to increased family conflict and decreased family cohesion (Pasch et al., 2006, Schofield, Parke, Kim, Coltrane, 2008; Smokowski, Rose, Bacallao, 2008). Martinez (2006) provides evidence for the association between acculturation discrepancies and substance use intentions with the relationship mediated by decreases in effective parenting practices. The current study provides a partial replication of Martinez (2006) to analyze the direct and indirect relationship between parent child-acculturation differences and substance use intentions. The mediators in this study are cultural stress and positive parenting. Further examination of this model will serve to clarify the mixed results demonstrated in previous studies, and provide needed information to help guide prevention efforts for MO youth at risk for early substance use. The sample for the study consists of MO families including 640 5th grade children (317 females, 323 males), 643 mothers, and 457 fathers. Most fathers (89%) and mothers (84%) were born in Mexico. Most children (71%) were born in the United States. Parents and children were assessed for American cultural orientation, and a difference score was computed for each parent with their child. Parents also International Poster Session Poster International completed a measure of cultural stress; children also completed measures assessing qualities of parenting as well as a measure of their intentions to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Full Information Maximum Likelihood in Mplus were used to test the model. Model fit was assessed using Chi-square as a measure of exact fit, and other common relative fit indices. The overall fit of the final model was found to be good, χ2(23) = 43.17, p = .007; TLI=.94; CFI= .96; RMSEA = .04, SRMR= .04. Positive parenting was negatively related to children’s substance use intentions (β = -.20, p=.038), suggesting that as positive parenting increases, children’s reported likelihood of substance use decreases. No other paths were significant at the p<.05 level. The results suggest that acculturation differences do not have a negative influence on parenting or on children’s substance use intentions, although positive parenting appears to be protective against children’s intentions to use. Limitations include differences from Martinez (2006) in operationalizing the constructs of acculturation, cultural stress, and effective parenting, and a significant amount of missing data, specifically for fathers.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 29 24. Adolescent Risk Behaviors: The Influence of Family and Acculturation Frank Bandiera., Shi Huang, Ph.D., and Guillermo Prado, Ph.D., University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Adolescents face numerous health risks, including the risk of contracting HIV from unsafe sexual behavior, some of which is complicated by alcohol and drug use. Compared to non-Hispanic White and African American adolescents, Hispanic adolescents are at greater risk of engaging in these risk behaviors. Acculturation, the adoption of one’s new culture pitted against retention of one’s old culture, plays an important role in these risks, and this relationship may be mediated by family functioning. This study aims to elucidate the relationship of acculturation, family functioning, and adolescent risk behaviors—specifically sexual risk behaviors and substance use—in a high-risk population through the use of a more sophisticated model of acculturation in which adolescents are classified into four acculturation groups based upon their levels of identification with both American culture and Hispanic culture. 235 Hispanic adolescents who committed an arrestable offense (mean age 14.7 years, standard deviation= 1.38 years) were categorized into four acculturation groups using an absolute score cut-off on both the Hispanicism index and the Americanism index on a well established and validated acculturation scale. Hispanic youth were classified as high or low on each of these indices. Binary outcomes of sexual behaviors and substance use in the past 90 days were analyzed by acculturation group using chi-square tests. Pair-wise comparisons with modified Bonferroni correction were used for significant results to distinguish between-group differences. Finally, a formal test of mediation was conducted to determine whether family functioning mediated the effects of acculturation typology on the outcomes. Adolescents fell into the following four acculturation groups: 1) Marginalized (n=6, low scores on both Hispanicism and Americanism), 2) Separated (n=9, high on Hispanicism, low on Americanism), 3) Assimilated (n=108, low on Hispanicism, high on Americanism), and 4) Integrated (n=112, high on both Hispanicism and Americanism). Significant differences were found between groups on rates of marijuana use, sexual activity, sexually transmitted disease, condom use, and sexual activity after drinking alcohol or using drugs in the previous 90 days. On each of these, marginalized youth demonstrated the highest rates of these behaviors. Family cohesion was found to mediate this relationship for marijuana use, sexual activity, and condom use, while parental involvement mediate the relationship between acculturation typology and engaging in sexual behaviors after drinking alcohol or using drugs. No mediation was found for acculturation and rates of sexually transmitted disease. Acculturation group was found to influence several recent sexual risk behaviors and marijuana use, with marginalized youth showing the highest prevalence of these. Family functioning measures, predominantly family cohesion, mediated these relationships, suggesting that family-based therapy, particularly those which improve family cohesion, may be efficacious in preventing and reducing these risk behaviors among this population.

25. The Impact of Gender Identity and Heavy Episodic Drinking on Alcohol-Related Violence in a College Student Sample: An Analysis of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and Violence Toward Strangers, Acquaintances, and Intimate Partners Robert L. Peralta, Ph.D., Valerie J. Callanan, Ph.D., and Lia Chervenak, M.A., The University of Akron This study examines the impact of heavy episodic drinking (HED), masculinity and femininity traits on violence enacted while under the influence of alcohol. The literature suggests that HED is a risk factor for violence perpetration and that men are at risk for HED and violence perpetration. Additionally, youth are at increased risk for interpersonal victimization and college campuses have been found to have high rates of alcohol use. Therefore, it is critical to understand the alcohol-violence nexus within college populations. We examine HED in the context of gender identities to better understand the alcohol-violence relationship. Outcome variables include alcohol-related violence toward strangers, acquaintances/friends, and intimate partners. We move away from sex-difference research by measuring facets of masculinity and femininity in conjunction with HED and their impact on alcohol-related violence. Our review of the literature, data analysis, and results are framed by a critique of existing gender research concerning alcohol use and violence. Analysis is based on survey data collected from undergraduates attending a Midwest university (N=422). Data on alcohol use patterns and violence perpetration were collected using the College Alcohol Survey. The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) was included in the survey. Seventy-seven percent of the sample was white and 23% were non-white and mainly African American (only 1.3% of the sample was Hispanic); 62% were female and 38% were male. Using factor analysis, two 8 item scales were derived as estimates of masculinity and femininity. Using logistic regression, our 3 measures of alcohol-related violence perpetration were regressed separately on HED, masculinity and femininity as measured by the PAQ. Standard control variables were included in the analyses including: Race/ethnicity, sex, living arrangement, employment, credit hours, GPA, age, and parental income. Nine percent reported alcohol-related violence against a stranger, 9% reported violence against an acquaintance/friend, and 7% reported violence against a significant other. Forty-six percent reported engaging in HED in the two weeks prior to the study. HED and non-white status were predictive of all forms of alcohol-related violence. Being female significantly reduced the likelihood of alcohol-related violence. While masculinity was not predictive of alcohol-related violence, femininity significantly reduced the odds of alcohol-related violence against strangers and intimate partners and rendered sex non-significant in the stranger-violence-perpetration model. Results suggest that even when controlling for sex, HED and gender are important predictors of alcohol-related violence. We situate these findings within a sociology-of-gender framework. Men and women who exhibit feminine traits may appear to be less at risk for engaging in alcohol-related violence because of their gender orientation. Perhaps relatively privileged men (i.e., college students) who self-report adhering to traditional masculine traits do not need to resort to alcohol-related violence in order to demonstrate masculinity. Non-white students were at significant risk for all forms of alcohol-related violence. Our results suggest that it remains important to examine the influence of perpetrator’s alcohol use during violent behavior. It is also important to take gender, not only sex, into consideration as well as race and ethnicity in order to help inform and develop science-based prevention and intervention efforts.

International Poster Session

30 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference TOBACCO CESSATION

26 The Tobacco Industry’s Tactics to Influence Advertising Regulations and Target Women and Youth in Spain Anayansi Lombardero, B.A., The University of Montana; and Mark Parascandola, Ph.D., M.P.H., National Cancer Institute Tobacco use is responsible for almost one third of cancer deaths in developed countries. Although the prevalence of smoking in Spain has decreased in recent years due to tobacco control efforts, it still remains high (35.3% for men and 24% for women). Spain provides a useful case study for understanding the entry of tobacco companies into new markets. Philip Morris and other multinational tobacco companies developed and executed strategies to penetrate the Spanish market during the 1970s and 1980s, times during which Spain was particularly vulnerable, as it emerged from decades of fascism. A deeper investigation into the industry’s approach to influence advertising regulations and target women and youth in Spain can provide useful lessons for other countries with emerging tobacco markets currently pursuing tobacco control. A keyword search of the University of California San Francisco’s Legacy Tobacco Document’s Library http://legacy.ucsf.edu/ was conducted, with initial broad terms, such as “Spain,” “España,” “Iberia,” followed by more specific keywords, such as “advertising legislation,” and additional snowball searches on topics, names, places, etc. Complementary searches on PubMed, newspaper, and other relevant websites were also conducted. Multinational tobacco companies closely monitored changing social movements, the status of tobacco control regulation, and smoker’s attitudes, to inform their advertising strategies. The industry identified Spain as having a very tolerant society, with a weak regulatory system. Industry surveys found that “light” cigarettes and American-type tobacco (perceived to be milder) were preferred by women and youth over the dark, Spanish type. Tobacco companies marketed these brands heavily to women and youth. At the same time, through the establishment of voluntary self-regulation agreements and the creation of the AET (Asociación Española de Tabaco), the tobacco industry was successful in halting more stringent legislation in Spain for well over two decades. As stronger regulations eventually succeeded, with pressures from the European Union, tobacco companies developed more innovating marketing techniques, such as expanding sponsorship of sporting events and promoting an ineffective juvenile smoking prevention campaign. Multinational tobacco companies in Spain took advantage of the country’s tolerant attitudes, the changing trends in smoking behavior, and the favorable economic conditions of the country. Interestingly, the prevalence of smoking among women went from 17.6% in 1978 to 27.3% in 2001. Spain can serve as a useful case study for tobacco control policy efforts in other countries currently experiencing similar economic and social development situations as those in Spain during the 1980s and 1990s.

27. The Smoke Free Companies Program, The Tool of the Comprehensive Tobacco Action Plan for Andalusia for Occupational Health Promotion Pilar Mesa Cruz, M.D., María Begoña Gil-Barcenilla, M.D., Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., M.A.S., Francisco Javier Dolz López, Gema Diaz-Alonso, and Alberto José Ruiz-Maresca, Andalusian Public Health System, Spain The Comprehensive Tobacco Action Plan for Andalusia 2005- 2010 pursues smoking intervention in several areas such as health, social and educational contexts. This Action Plan is based on a multidisciplinary, integral approach. Framed inside the Integral Plan of Smoking of Andalusia (2005-2010), the Smoke Free Companies Program is a set of actions for smoking prevention addressed to the working environment. The program principal aim is to reach a smoke free labor enviroment, in a climate of mutual respect and social well-being, , protecting [all] workers’ right to health, facilitating the smoke cessation through the practice of healthy conducts. Another purpose of the program is forming the companies labor health resources in smoking so that they will be able to guarantee the program through corporate responsibility. Another purpose of the program is forming the companies’ labor health resources in smoking [cessation] so that they will be able to guarantee the program continuity through corporate responsibility. The program will be implemented in five differentiated phases: 1. Commitment of adhesion, 2. Initial evaluation, 3. Awareness and information, 4. Smoke cessation group, 5. Evaluation and monitoring The program specific aim is to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of the program among users and sanitary personnel in charge of the companies. To evaluate the workers degree of involvement in the program, we employed a user questionnaire that includes a satisfaction survey and queries about other promotion activities that workers International Poster Session Poster International may find interesting. To measure up the companies degree of satisfaction, we use a questionnaire of evaluation addressed to the companies sanitary staff. Between July, 2008 and May, 2009 a total of 443 companies have been contacted for the implementation of the program, out of which 55 have been evaluated: 39 public sector companies and 16 private companies. Companies Satisfaction Questionnaire: High satisfaction: Rate 7-9 on a scale from 0 to 10. Highest rate: Information provided by the trainers about the program (9,15). Lowest rate: Ease of implementation of the program in the company (7,05). The 92.3% of private and 100% of publics sectors companies would recommend this program to others companies 98.2% are interested in other health promotion programs (feeding, stress, etc.). Workers Questionnaire: 274 workers have been involved in the program (191 from public sector companies and 83 from privates companies). High satisfaction: Rate 7-9 (on a scale from 0 to 10). Highest rate: social intercourse offered by the therapist during the group therapy (8.78). Lowest rate: Trust in the treatment received (6.89). 98.9% of the program users would recommend this program to other people. There are not statistically significant differences among users of private and public sector companies. The health promotion activities requested are: Healthy diet (69%); Physical activity (56.6%); Stress coping (55,1%); Ergonomics (43.8%) There are statistically significant differences among private (stress) and public sector companies (Healthy diet). 72% of users stop smoking. 98% of users that t didn’t stop would get involved in a group again. The degree of satisfaction obtained by the persons in charge of companies and by the workers involve has been higher than 7 on a scale from 0 to 10 which suggests that this program fulfils the expectations and proposed objectives.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 31 28. The Comprehensive Tobacco Action Plan Andalusia 2005-2010 Trainers Network Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., M.A.S., Andalusian Public Health System, Spain; Amparo Lupiáñez-Castillo, Public Health Andalusian School; José Miguel Aranda-Regules, M.D., Andalusian Public Health Service; Luis Andrés López-Fernández, M.D., Public Health Andalusian School; María Begoña Gil-Barcenilla, M.D., Pilar Mesa Cruz, M.D., and Sonia Marmol Aroca, Andalusian Public Health System, Spain The Comprehensive Tobacco Action Plan for Andalusia (2005-2010) sets the challenge of training the whole health professionals of the Andalusian Public Health System (54.395) in the approach of smoking habit in minimal intervention, and also training the professionals in charge of the programs and processes related to Smoking in advanced intervention. The Trainers Network considers a need to: 1.) Identifying and contacting the whole of main professionals in smoking habit in Andalusia willing to collaborate on it. 2.) Forming them like a group, with its own identity, steering of the training program and the plan inside the Health Services and others public and private institutions in Andalusia. 3.) Constituting a permanent human resource, multidisciplinary and coordinating among sectors for future plan developments. Through the snowball technique, The existing Andalusian smoking networks were sounded and a review of the scientific publications of the last 10 years was carried out, looking for prominent professionals in smoking in healthcare, teaching and research areas. After polling their availability to participate in the project, the network was initially constituted by 279 members. It was departed from an initial design for 7 types of courses that were sent to the members to make contributions that modify the original proposals were specified in an expert workshop until its definitive design. These resources were collected in a briefcase that constitutes an emblem of the image of the network and a sign of identity like a group. In order to facilitate contact among members, a virtual communication platform (www.redformadorespita.org) and a network management structure were established. A training model in smoking typical of Andalusia, with a broad consensus among the specialized professionals. The network has been increasing up to rise 651 members and has trained to 16207 professionals. 6261 medical and nursing professionals have been trained, which represents 25.58% of health professionals. The network creation has been a major resource for the achievement of the training objectives of the Comprehensive Plan of Smoking of Andalusia and an innovative element. The plan level of penetration during the first years was higher in primary healthcare and health departments than in other contexts., Nevertheless, dramatic advances in Andalusian hospitals have been achieved, managing the training of 6,261 medical and nursing professionals, which represents 25.58% of professionals in those categories in the hospital field. The training activities attached to the training of the Plan have made an ascending progress regarding the various evaluation criteria and quality elements established by the Agencia de Calidad Sanitaria de Andalucía (Andalusian Health Quality Agency). A number of 28 evidences recorded in the professional skills accreditation guides show good working practice related to smoking approach. It is therefore evident that smoking training enables professionals to make progress in their career development. The network is a unique experience in Spain that joins in the smoking training in Andalusia both quantity and quality.

International Poster Session

32 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference International Poster Session 2

6:00 PM–7:30 PM FRIDAY OCTOBER 1, 2010 · (Terrace Salon)

ANIMAL STUDIES ON DRUG ABUSE

1. Cocaine Alters Memory Retrieval and NFκB Activity in Rat Hippocampus Rosa López-Pedrajas, Ms.C., María Muriach, Ph.D., Jorge Barcia, Ph.D., Inmaculada Almansa, Ms.C., Mª Victoria Sánchez-Villarejo, Ms.C., and Francisco Javier Romero, M.D., Ph.D., University CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine toxicity, however it is necessary to deep into the effects of this drug both at a molecular and functional levels. There is evidence accumulated about the role of NFκB in synaptic signaling and the transcriptional regulation long-term plasticity. Furthermore, there are studies suggesting the involvement of this transcriptional factor in memory formation, cognition and behavior. Therefore, NFκB could be involved in drug toxicity and addiction mechanisms. On the other hand, it is widely known the involvement of the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) and its active form phospho- CREB (pCREB), both in memory processes and drug addiction. The aim of this work was to study the effect of cocaine administration in NFκB activity, GAD65 and pCREB. Rats received cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.) during 36 days. Rat brains were dissected to obtain hippocampi. NFκB activity was measured by ELISA. GAD65, CREB and pCREB were studied by western blot and quantified by Quantity One program. Memory was tested using a variant of the Morris water maze test. Statistical analysis was assessed by Student’s t-test and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Memory retrieval of experiences acquired prior to cocaine administration was impaired in our experimental model. NFκB activity and pCREB were decreased in the hippocampus of cocaine treated rats. Furthermore both proteins were related with NFκB, because there is a positive correlation statistically significant. The GAD65 amount was not decreased after cocaine treatment, however, although we did not observe a significant decrease in this protein, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between NFκB activity and GAD65. Previous reports revealed that NFκB is activated when memory is retrieved during a reminder presentation, therefore the decrease observed in NFκB activity due to cocaine consumption may contribute to the impairment observed in memory retrieval. It is also known that an increase in CREB function can enhance memory under certain circumstances, this fact is in consonance with the results obtained, because cocaine decreases the amount of the active form of CREB. Moreover, there are studies suggesting a relationship between NFκB activity and the transcription factor CREB. Our results are in consonance with these studies, as demonstrates the statistically significant positive correlation between NFκB activity and phospho-CREB. Finally, it is widely known that cocaine reduces GABA-mediated inhibition. This could be explained at least in part, if have into account that NFκB (which is decreased in the hippocampus of cocaine treated rats) is a positive regulator of GAD65, the enzyme that controls GABA synthesis. In fact, we show a statistically significant positive correlation between NFκB activity and GAD65.

2. Emotional Stress Induces an Anxiety- and Depression-like State in Adult Mice Carlos Bolaños-Guzmán, Ph.D., Brandon L. Warren, B.Sc., and Sergio D. Iñiguez, M.A., Florida State University; Quincey LaPlant, Ph.D., Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY; Lyonna Alcantara, B.Sc., and Sarah Weakley, B.Sc., Florida State University; and Eric J. Nestler, M.D., Ph.D., Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY. It is well known that exposure to severe stress increases the risk for developing mood disorders. While much has been learned from animal models of traumatic stress, current paradigms emphasize physical stressors, while models of emotional stress focus on parental neglect and social isolation stressors. However, it is common for post-traumatic stress disorder to develop in individuals who simply witness intense violence. Therefore, it is critical to develop animal International Poster Session Poster International models that will allow for independent assessment of the neurobiological consequences of emotional stress (ES). Here we introduce a novel social stressor that is insulated from the effects of physical stress. In this study, male C57/BL6J mice were forced to witness the social defeat of another mouse. Briefly, the home cage of a male CD-1 retired breeder mouse was divided by a Plexiglas divider into two adjacent compartments. An adult male C57/BL6J mouse was introduced into the compartment territorialized by the CD-1 mouse where it was repeatedly attacked and demonstrated escape-like behaviors, vocalizations, and submissive posturing, while a second male C57/Bl6J mouse witnessed this interaction from the adjacent compartment (ES). Here we demonstrate that 10 days of ES induces long-lasting deficits in a battery of behavioral assays designed to assess changes in mood. Specifically, mice exposed to ES show a robust social avoidance 24 hours after the last exposure to ES. ES also increases anxiety- and depression-like behaviors as measured by the elevated plus maze, elevated O-maze, the open field, the forced swim, and sucrose preference tests. Changes in serum corticosterone levels accompanied these behavioral deficits. Moreover, we observed altered gene expression within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an area highly implicated in both responses to stress and the etiology of mood disorders. Namely, we observed increased expression of GSK3β, ERK2, and the HCN family of cation channels. Taken together, these data indicate that witnessing traumatic stress is a potent stressor in mice capable of inducing long-lasting neurobiological alterations.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 33 3. Regulation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-2 within the Ventral Tegmental Area Modulates Drug- and Mood-Related Comorbid Behaviors Sergio D Iñiguez, M.A., and Brandon L Warren, B.A., Florida State University; Ming-Hu Han, Ph.D., and Eric J Nestler, M.D., Ph.D., Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Carlos A. Bolaños-Guzman, Ph.D., Florida State University Substance abuse and major depressive disorders often co-occur, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this comorbidity are poorly understood. Neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of mood and the neurobiological adaptations in response to stress and drugs of abuse. Chronic exposure to cocaine or unpredictable stress increases the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), an important substrate for motivation, drug reward, and stress. However, the functional significance of changes in ERK activity in this brain region is unknown. Adult male rats and C57BL/6 mice were microinjected with herpes virus vectors that encode for a wildtype or a dominant negative mutant version of ERK2 within the VTA to locally increase or decrease ERK2 activity levels in this brain region. Three days after virus infusion, separate groups of subjects were tested on behavioral tasks designed to assess responses to cocaine (place preference conditioning) and stress inducing situations (social defeat). Lastly, the functional significance of VTA ERK2 modulation was assessed using a combination of molecular and electrophysiological techniques. We show that overexpressing ERK2 activity increases preference for environments previously paired with cocaine and also increases sensitivity to stressful stimuli. In contrast, blocking ERK2 activity in the VTA blunts cocaine preference, whereas it induces an antidepressant-like phenotype. The effects induced by ERK2 blockade were accompanied by decreases in the firing frequency of VTA dopamine neurons, an electrophysiological hallmark of a resilient phenotype. Our results highlight a role for ERK signaling in the VTA as a key mediator of responsiveness to drugs of abuse and stressful stimuli, and point to the possibility that ERK2 activation in this brain region may mimic comorbid conditions such as substance abuse and major depressive disorder.

4. Concurrent Exposure to Methylphenidate and Fluoxetine during Preadolescence Results in Long-term Changes in Response to Reward- and Mood- related Stimuli Brandon L Warren, B.S., Sergio D Iñiguez, M.S., and Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán, Ph.D., Florida State University The number of children and adolescents using stimulant drugs for the treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is on the rise. From 2000 to 2005, there was a nearly 40% growth in use of ADHD medications by pediatric populations. Almost half of these prescriptions are for methylphenidate (MPH). Major depressive disorder (MDD) also appears to be common in this age group, since nearly 4 million children and adolescents received prescription antidepressant medication between 1998 and 2001. Fluoxetine (FLX), the only antidepressant drug approved for use during early life by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, accounts for the majority of these. It is not surprising, therefore, that concurrent MPH and FLX has been suggested as a treatment strategy for co-morbid ADHD and MDD during early life. It is startling, then, that almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of the combined use of these drugs in early life. To address this gap in our knowledge, we designed the following experiment to determine the effect of chronic concurrent MPH and FLX treatment during preadolescence on a battery of behavioral tasks designed to assess changes in mood. We administered MPH (2.0 mg/kg), FLX (2.5 mg/kg), MPH+FLX (2.0 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) or VEH to preadolescent [Postnatal Day (PD) 21-35] male rodents. We then assessed their reactivity to a battery of behavioral tasks designed to assess changes in mood. Specifically, behavioral reactivity to the Porsolt swim test, elevated plus maze, cocaine conditioned place preference, and sucrose preference were assessed either 24-hr or 2-months after treatment. Gene expression in the ventral tegmental area was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We demonstrate that MPH+FLX induce behavioral deficits distinct from the effects of either drug administered independently. Namely, MPH+FLX increases preference for a sucrose solution, increases cocaine place preference, decreases time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and increases pro-depressant behaviors in the forced swim test. Aberrant gene expression within the VTA accompanies these effects. Taken together, these data suggest that MPH and FLX during preadolescence interact to alter the sensitivity of adult animals to both natural and drug rewards. Our findings also indicate that concurrent MPH+FLX during preadolescence results in a long-lasting susceptibility to stress and anxiety eliciting situations. These data from animals treated with MPH or FLX mirror those of previous reports: MPH during early life increases susceptibility to both anxiety and stress-eliciting situations, while FLX alone increases susceptibility to anxiety eliciting situations and decreases vulnerability to stressful situations in adulthood. In summary, our study shows that concomitant exposure to MPH+FLX during preadolescence induces a behavioral phenotype characterized by increased sensitivity to natural and drug rewards and increased vulnerability to stress and anxiety eliciting situations later in life. Our findings stress the necessity for further study into the effects of early life experience on adult neuropathology and call for caution when prescribing therapeutic drugs with undetermined interactions to pediatric populations.

5. Conditioned Cue-Induced and Cocaine-Primed Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Methylphenidate Pretreated Rats Matthew S. Herbert, B.A., Leslie a. Horn, B.A., Alena Mohd-Yusof, B.A., Alexandria J. Palmer, B.A., Cristal M. Farley, B.A., and Cynthia A. Crawford, Ph.D., California State University, San Bernardino; and Arturo R. Zavala, Ph.D., California State University, Long Beach Recent studies have demonstrated that early methylphenidate (MPH) exposure in rodents alters the reinforcing effects of cocaine (COC) in adulthood. Interestingly, investigators have found conflicting results when reward was assessed using self-administration (SA) or condition place preference paradigms. These results suggest that early MPH treatment may differentially alter later responsiveness to COC and COC-paired environmental cues. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of early MPH exposure on reinstatement of extinguished COC-seeking behavior after cue and drug priming. We treated rats with MPH (0, 2, or 5 mg/kg) from postnatal (PD) 11 to PD 20 and then trained rats to self-administer COC beginning on PD 60. Rats were trained to press a lever on an FR1 schedule for intravenous cocaine infusions (0.75 mg/kg per infusion) that were paired with a light/tone cue. Rats were then moved to an FR10 International Poster Session schedule and, after acquisition criterion was reached, rats underwent extinction training to devalue the motivational significance of the SA environment. COC-

34 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference seeking behavior was then assessed in rats that received response-contingent presentation of the cues that had been paired with COC infusions during training. Afterward, rats were again put on extinction training until criterion was reached. Rats were then tested for COC-induced reinstatement where COC-seeking behavior was assessed after an injection of COC (5 or 15 mg/kg). During the COC priming session, lever presses were not reinforced with COC or tone/light stimuli. MPH pretreatment did not alter the acquisition of COC SA or cue-induced reinstatement. However, MPH-pretreated male rats given the 15 mg/kg COC prime had a greater number of active lever presses than saline-pretreated rats. The present data suggest that early exposure to MPH may enhance the vulnerability of young adults to the unconditioned effects of COC but not to COC-paired environmental cues.

6. The Effects of OPRM1 Genotype and Hispanic Ethnicity on the Relationship between Alcohol Expectancy and Drinking Pattern Pilar M. Sanjuan, Ph.D., Vibhati Kulkarny, Ph.D., Kent Hutchison, Ph.D., University of New Mexico Affective and physiological responses to ethanol are risk factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) and may serve as powerful endophenotypes between genetic risk and AUD as they have been linked to genes believed to play a role in AUD. For example, research suggests the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) A118G SNP is associated with acute effects of ethanol on subjective stimulation, sedation, and mood. Carriers of the minor G-allele on the OPRM1 SNP have mu- opioid receptors with stronger opioid affinities. Mu-opioid receptors (primary site of action for opiates, e.g. heroin) play a role in reward for other drugs of abuse, including alcohol. We explored a possible gene-by-environment interaction hypothesizing OPRM1 would moderate the effect of alcohol expectancy on drinking pattern. We also looked for differences involving Hispanic ethnicity in the distribution of OPRM1 genotype or in drinking pattern and responses to alcohol infusion. We had OPRM1 SNPs for 88 participants where 70.5% carried the major (AA) alleles and 29.5% had at least one copy of the minor allele (AG or GG). 27.3% of participants were Hispanic. Participants were non-treatment seeking heavy drinkers with a mean 41 (SD=22.0) percent drinking days (PDD) in the past 60 days. Seventy-nine participants completed expectancy measures. Regression analyses were used to evaluate how the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) Global Positive Expectancy subscale predicted percent drinking days (PDD) - one for participants without the minor G-allele (AA genotype) and another for participants with the minor G-allele (AG and GG). We expected OPRM1 to moderate the effects of alcohol expectancy on PDD. Specifically, we expected carriers of the G-allele (AG and GG) to have a stronger relationship between AEQ and PDD than participants with the AA genotype. For the AA genotype the relationship between Positive Expectancy and PDD was not significant, F(1,51) = 3.18, p = .081. The correlation coefficient was .24, indicating 5% of the variance of PDD could be accounted for by positive expectancy for AA genotype carriers. For the minor allele group (AG or GG genotypes) the relationship between positive expectancy and PDD was significant, F(1,23) = 9.962, p = 004. The correlation coefficient was .55, indicating 30% of the variance in PDD could be accounted for by positive expectancy for G-allele carriers. Although it initially appears that OPRM1 moderated the relationship between Positive Expectancy and Percent Drinking Days, the difference between the correlation coefficients was not significant z = -1.45, p=.074 (one-tailed). However, if we find similar results once we have the remainder of our sample (another 100 participants) this effect size will be statistically significant. Not surprisingly, no differences were found between Hispanic and non-Hispanic participants for the OPRM1 G-allele. Hispanic ethnicity did not predict drinking pattern or physiological and affective responses to ethanol. Our findings show some support for OPRM1 as a moderator of the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and drinking pattern. There is no support for a relationship of OPRM1 genotype with Hispanic ethnicity, or for an effect of Hispanic ethnicity on drinking pattern or response to alcohol infusion.

7. Resistance to Extinction Following Limited- and Extended-Access to Methamphetamine Self-administration in Rats Angelica Rocha, Ph.D., and Peter W. Kalivas, Ph.D., Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston Propensity to relapse is high among drug users. Previous experience with drugs of abuse may contribute to the likelihood that an individual will desist drug- seeking, even in the presence of potentially relapse-producing stimuli, such as context- or drug-induced cues. Events that may affect extinction and relapse International Poster Session Poster International are difficult to study in a controlled manner in the human population. Understanding the complexities of extinction behavior in an animal model may contribute valuable insight into the human condition. Extinction to a working memory task is impaired by methamphetamine (METH), and chronic cocaine impairs suppression of learned behaviors requiring orbitofrontal cortex, as well as extinction of fear conditioning. However, behavioral patterns of extinction to lever- pressing following contingent, intravenous METH self-administration have not been assessed. The present work examined whether varying lengths of access to METH (limited vs extended) would modify resistance to extiction of drug-seeking behavior. Most studies using drug self-administration have employed relatively short access, daily training sessions (e.g. 1 or 2 hr access per day). Recently, a number of studies have examined the possibility that more extended daily access may produce behavioral adaptations that more closely parallels human addiction. Thus, for 12 days following the initial 7 days of 1hr/day training sessions, one group of rats was maintained on limited access (1-hr/day) to METH; while the second group received extended access (6hr/day). Contrary to the hypothesized results, animals presented with extended-access to METH did not exhibit greater resistance to extinction, in comparison to limited-access animals. In addition, both limited- and extended-access animals exhibited similar learning curves during extinction training. Potential interpretations for this seemingly paradoxical finding are examined and potential future studies are outlined.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 35 8. Ncotine Withdrawal Produces Similar Changes in Cholinergic Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens of Adolescent Versus Adult Rats James E. Orfila, Ph.D., Ivan D. Torres, B.S., Luis A. Natividad, M.S., Edward Castañeda, Ph.D., and Laura E. O’Dell, Ph.D, University of Texas, El Paso Previous work has shown that adolescent rats are less sensitive to the behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal relative to adults. However, the neurochemical mechanisms that mediate these developmental differences are presently unclear. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the NAcc of adolescent and adult rats experiencing nicotine withdrawal. Adolescent (PND 28-30) and adult (PND 60-70) male rats were prepared with subcutaneous pumps that delivered an equivalent nicotine dose in these age groups (4.7 mg/kg/day for adolescents and 3.2 mg/kg/day for adults). Following 13 days of nicotine exposure, rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the NAcc. The next day, dialysis samples were collected during baseline and following systemic administration of the nicotinic-receptor antagonist mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg) to precipitate withdrawal. In order to examine potential age differences in ACh metabolism, we also compared ACh levels following systemic administration of the ACh-esterase inhibitor, methanesulfonyl fluoride (MSF; 2.0 mg/kg). Dialysate levels of ACh were quantified using HPLC-EC methods. Our results revealed that during baseline, adolescent rats displayed enhanced levels of ACh relative to adults. However, we did not observe any age differences during precipitated withdrawal or following administration of the ACh-esterase inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic nicotine administration enhances basal cholinergic transmission in adolescent rats, and this may confer enhanced vulnerability to the rewarding effects of nicotine during adolescence. Importantly, the baseline differences in ACh do not appear to be related to age-dependent differences in ACh metabolism since both age groups displayed similar changes following MSF administration. Lastly, our results suggest that developmental differences to the behavioral effects of nicotine withdrawal are not mediated via age differences in cholinergic transmission. Future neurochemical studies will elucidate the role of other potential mechanisms that mediate developmental differences to nicotine withdrawal.

9. µ-Opioid Signaling Via Ryanodine-Sensitive Ca2+ Stores in Isolated Terminals of the Neurohypophysis Cristina Velázquez-Marrero, Ph.D., Sonia Ortiz-Miranda, Ph.D., Hector G. Marrero, Ph.D., and Jose R. Lemos, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Medical School Activation of µ-opioid receptors in the Hypothalamic Neurohypophysial System (HNS) isolated terminals results in inhibition of neuropeptide release. We have shown that µ-opioid inhibition targets high-threshold voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). However, the inhibition of calcium currents (ICa) is only observed using the whole-terminal perforated-patch configuration. This strongly suggests that the µ-opioid receptor-signaling pathway in the HNS is sensitive to intraterminal dialysis and therefore mediated by a readily diffusible second messenger. We used a combination of Fura-2 calcium imaging and electrophysiological techniques to asses this hypothesis. Using Fura-2 calcium imaging, we observed a rise in basal [Ca2+]i, in response to application of 100 nM DAMGO, µ-opioid agonist, which is blocked by 100 nM CTOP antagonist. Buffering µ-receptor induced changes in [Ca2+]i using brief incubation periods with 10 µM Bapta-AM resulted in complete block of the µ-opioid inhibition of both ICa and High K+-induced rises in [Ca2+]i. Given the presence of ryanodine- sensitive stores in isolated HNS terminals and the role of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPr) signaling in peptide release, we targeted both as potential components in µ-opioid signaling. Antagonist concentrations of ryanodine (100 µM) completely blocked µ-opioid inhibition of ICa and High K+-induced rises in [Ca2+]i. It also blocks µ-opioid inhibition of electrically evoked changes in capacitance. Furthermore, 8Br-cADP-ribose, a competitive inhibitor of the cADPr pathway, relieves DAMGO inhibition of ICa and High K+-induced rises in [Ca2+]i. These results strongly suggest that a key diffusible second messenger mediating the µ-opioid receptor-signaling pathway in HNS terminals is intraterminal calcium released from ryanodine-sensitive stores potentially via the cADPr pathway. A possible mechanism for µ-opioid inhibition of neuropeptide release via modulation of vesicle trafficking in HNS terminals is discussed. (Supported by NIH grant NS 29470)

SEX DIFFERENCES IN DRUG ABUSE

10. Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Early Detection Practices among Latina Women Residing along the U.S.-Mexico Border: A Binational Study Matthew P. Banegas, M.P.H., M.S., University of Washington; Fred Hutchinson, Cancer Research Center; Yelena Bird, MD, PhD, MPH, University of Saskatchewan, School of Public Health; John Moraros, MD, PhD, MPH, CHES, University of Saskatchewan, School of Public Health; and Beti Thompson, Ph.D., University of Washington The burden of breast cancer (BC) among Latinas has steadily increased over the last few decades. Evidence suggests Latinas residing along the US-Mexico border have disproportionately high breast cancer mortality rates compared to their counterparts in the interior of either country. Due to similarities in these populations, risk factors associated with BC may be unique to Latinas in the US-Mexico border region. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to assess the levels of BC knowledge and attitudes, describe the early detection practices (EDPs), and identify risk factors associated with EDPs among US Latina and Mexican women age 40 and older living along the US-Mexico border. For this binational cross-sectional study, 265 participants completed an interviewer- administered questionnaire that obtained information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, family history, and EDPs. Differences between Mexican (n=128) and US Latina (n=137) participants were assessed by Pearson’s χ2, Fischer’s Exact test, t-tests, and multivariate regression analyses. US Latinas had significantly increased odds of having ever received a mammogram/breast ultrasound (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.17) and clinical breast exam (OR = 2.87) compared to their Mexican counterparts. However, a significantly greater proportion of Mexican women had high levels of BC knowledge (55%) compared to US Latinas (45%) (p < 0.05). Mexican participants were more likely to report that they did not need to worry about BC at their age (p < 0.05). Knowledge, worry, age, education, and insurance status were significantly associated with EDPs among study participants. Mexican women were less likely than US Latinas International Poster Session to receive mammography and clinical breast exams, despite having higher levels of breast cancer knowledge. For US Latinas, improved knowledge may lead to

36 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference an increase in screening levels up to those seen among women of other ethnic populations in the US. In Mexico, while women’s knowledge of the importance of breast cancer EDPs is high, the screening resources are not there to support the recommended levels of use. Further research is needed to examine other factors associated EDPs and, ultimately, poorer survival rates among US-Mexico border Latinas.

11. Eligibility Screening for Couples-Based Research with Female Sex Workers and their Non-commercial Partners in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico Jennifer Syvertsen, M.P.H., University of South Florida; Angela Robertson, M.P.H., Alicia Vera, M.P.H., and Lawrence A. Palinkas, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego; Remedios Lozada, M.D., Pro-COMUSIDA, Tijuana; Gustavo A. Martinez, M.D., Salud y Desarollo Comunitario de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico; and Steffanie A. Strathdee, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego Researchers are increasingly recognizing the utility of investigating HIV risk behaviors among intimate partners rather than solely focusing on individuals. Studies of couples require innovative approaches to eligibility screening, particularly when working with hard-to-reach populations. We present a two-step screening process designed to enroll female sex workers (FSWs) and their primary, non-commercial partners into a study of the context and epidemiology of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Tijuana, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Based on procedures outlined by McMahon et al. (2003), we designed a screening process to recruit couples by first contacting the FSW; eligibility included being ≥18 years old, having a stable partner for ≥6 months, reporting sex with that partner within 30 days, and having traded sex within 30 days. Women were ineligible if they planned to break up with their partner, move away, or felt that their participation would put them at risk of intimate partner violence (IPV). The primary screener for the FSWs checked eligibility, and also contained several extraneous questions so that women would not be able to guess the eligibility requirements. The screener took about 10 minutes to complete and women were paid $5 for their time. If they passed the initial stage, they were asked to bring their partner in for another interview. The next step consisted of a Couples Verification Screener (CVS) that rechecked eligibility requirements and asked different sets of questions to test each person’s knowledge about their intimate partner. With the input of the research team and field staff, we adapted and pilot tested a series of questions based on McMahon’s version. Questions were adapted for the unique cultural context of the border region and considered that many potential participants are of low socioeconomic status and/or are street-based drug users. Relevant questions included “what is your/your partner’s largest tattoo?” and “when was the last time you/your partner were picked up and put in jail?” We created six versions of the CVS to be randomly administered to each couple, so that word would not get out about what information was needed to qualify for the study. Each partner’s answers were compared for accuracy, and we also relied on field staff’s local knowledge to verify couple status whenever possible. Couples were enrolled on a case-by-case basis according to the totality of the evidence. The CVS required ~10 minutes for each partner who, regardless of qualification, received $5 for their time. In the first five months of the multisite study, 61 of 86 FSWs (71%) passed the primary screener; the most common reasons for elimination were having plans to break up with their partner (22%) and worries about IPV (14%). Of the 53 couples who took the CVS, 44 (83%) passed and were enrolled into the study. With multiple sources of input from researchers, field staff, and pilot testing with the local population, culturally appropriate screening instruments can be designed to successfully recruit FSWs and their partners into HIV prevention studies in high risk contexts.

12. Visualizing Migration and Traumatic Event Data Obtained during Qualitative Interviews with Female Sex Workers who are Injection Drug Users Victoria D. Ojeda, Ph.D., M.P.H., Sarah Hiller, M.P.I.A., Lawrence Palinkas, Ph.D., Remedios Lozada, M.D., Wayne Cornelius, Ph.D., Angela Robertson, M.P.H., Steffanie Strathdee, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego Qualitative studies often produce a substantial amount of textual data particularly when a large number of subjects are recruited. Analysis of textual data may not readily illustrate patterns of behaviors, experiences, or events across subjects, particularly when life histories are the focus of the study. This poster describes several analytic techniques that may be useful in reducing the data. The proposed methods can be used in combination with other forms of analysis of text data. We will focus on the contributions of software such as Atlas.ti, which is commonly used in qualitative studies. Specifically, our qualitative study explores International Poster Session Poster International migration, sex work and substance use trajectories. This poster focuses on analytic strategies (rather than the results of our analysis). In 2009, we interviewed 47 Mexico-born female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) and reside in Tijuana, Mexico. Purposeful sampling based on birth state was used. Interviews lasted 30-90 minutes. Women described their surroundings since birth including their age and the milieu surrounding their first drug use and sex trade events. Interviews were transcribed and coded in Atlas.ti to identify emergent themes. Migration within Mexico, to the U.S., and deportation from the U.S. were common. Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse may be related to drug use and sex work. Given the volume and complexity of migration data relayed in the narratives, we employed two additional analytic strategies. We created life-event charts in Excel, displaying migration, sex work, and substance use and other events along an age continuum, thus enabling us to identify the order and timing of these behaviors for individuals and to compare data across participants. Interview data provided us with women’s views about the social, economic, and environmental contexts surrounding these behaviors. Each participant’s migration history was displayed on Google maps in order to compare mobility patterns across participants, demonstrating whether specific communities are prominent within the migration flows of FSW-IDUs. Using three diverse analytic strategies enabled us to distill complex narrative data and increase accuracy as we assess factors that may contribute to the onset and continuation of sex work and drug use practices among FSW-IDUs by enabling comparisons of the experiences of a large sample.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 37 13. Predicting Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant African American Women Kristine M. Molina, M.S., University of Michigan; and Michele Kiely, Dr.P.H., Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/NIH Depression has been shown to be a risk factor of poor pregnancy outcomes among African American women. The goal of this study was to examine both risk and protective factors of depressive symptoms among urban, high-risk African American pregnant women. The present study is part of a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT), Health Outcomes of Pregnancy Education (Project DC-HOPE). Baseline depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-Depression Scale (HSCL) among a sample of African American pregnant women (n= 1,044) recruited from six urban prenatal care clinics in Washington, D.C. Forty-four percent of women were confirmed as moderate to severely depressed at baseline. In multivariate linear regression analysis among the total sample, maternal age, interpersonal violence, illicit drug and alcohol use during pregnancy, and reproductive history (no live birth/only loss; no live birth/no loss) were associated with increased depressive symptoms. Being very happy about the pregnancy, emotional support from others, and more positive expectancies about the ability to regulate negative moods were associated with decreased depressive symptoms. Results highlight the importance of attending to the context of high-risk African American pregnant women, paying attention to both risk and protective factors of poor psychological well-being.

14. A Qualitative Study of the Perceived Impact of Social Support on Substance Use and Recovery Efforts among Mexican Female Sex Workers Who Inject Drugs Sarah Hiller, M.P.I.A., and Angela Robertson, M.P.H., University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University; Victoria Ojeda, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego Prior research provides many definitions for social support (e.g. instrumental, emotional, appraisal, informational, etc.). This qualitative study aims to identify FSW-IDUs’ perceptions of types of social support provided by family members and intimate partners. Additionally, we describe FSW-IDUs’ beliefs about how social support impacts participant drug use as they attempt to recover from addiction. We conducted 47 semi-structured interviews with FSW-IDUs residing in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico from July-October 2009. Participants were females ages ≥18 years old who were purposefully recruited from an intervention study. Informed consent was obtained and the protocol was approved by the UCSD IRB. Interview questions were designed to elicit drug use, sex work, and migration histories. Participants also described relationships with family and partners. A coding scheme was developed and applied to the narratives using Atlas.ti. Coded data was analyzed to identify emergent themes. In this study we operationalize social support as interpersonal transactions to help recipients reach an objective (i.e., sobriety). Social support data was classified as: (1) instrumental support (i.e., money, goods or services) or (2) emotional support. Nearly all participants wanted to stop using drugs. FSW-IDUs identified adult relatives, partners and children as support providers and discussed how their support led to positive (i.e., diminished drug use) or negative (i.e., maintained, increased drug use, or relapse) outcomes. Adult relatives and partners provided positive instrumental support such as housing, financing of drug treatments, or childcare; Emotional support took the form of availability, social inclusion, and encouragement. Partners who were also trying to end their own drug use provided emotional support and companionship during treatment. Participants perceived children as sources of emotional support, providing trust and respect to FSW-IDUs. Women also discussed wanting to recover from addiction in order to provide instrumental and emotional support to their children. In contrast, active drug using relatives and partners supported participants’ addictions, and contributed to participants’ continued or increased drug use. This negative support was instrumental (i.e., facilitated the purchase or sharing of drugs) and emotional (i.e., provided drug use companionship). Participants discussed beliefs that the loss or absence of a social support provider and feelings of guilt and shame in response to positive social support could impede sobriety or promote relapse.Our preliminary analysis of participants’ perceptions of social support suggests that while social support can aid FSW-IDUs’ recovery efforts, family members who use drugs or enable drug use can support maintained or increased drug use. Additionally, positive forms of support can be undermined by guilt. Children play a dual role in motivating women to end drug use, serving as both support providers and recipients. Even when social support is positive, participants’ feelings of guilt and shame can lead to relapse. The recent epidemic of drug abuse in Tijuana underscores the need to augment drug treatment services available in Mexico, which are currently limited. As Mexico works to increase services, future drug treatment interventions should include curricula to address both the positive and negative aspects of social support specific to FSW-IDUs.

15. Perceived Neighborhood Problems, Early Family and Social Context, and Daily Smoking and Illegal Use of Prescription Medications among Latinas Sandra P Arévalo-García, Northeastern University There is research supporting the role of family and social influence as well as neighborhood influence on adolescent substance use however, few studies have examined the unique contributions of family, social and neighborhood context in the same model; and none have examined the associations between early life family and social context and current perceptions of neighborhood problems on health risk behaviors such as daily smoking and illegal prescription drug use. Moreover, most research has been cross-sectional. This study tested whether family and social context in adolescence (age 14-21 in 1979), and time-varying perceptions of neighborhood problems (in 1992, 1994, & 1996) were associated with trajectories (between 1992 & 2008) of daily smoking and illegal use of prescription medication among Latinas from a national representative study in the U.S. Longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) were analyzed to assess the relation of early family and social context, individual, and neighborhood factors to the prevalence of two health- risk behaviors among Latinas: daily smoking and use of prescription medications without a doctor’s prescription (e.g., sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, pain killers). Sex stratified models were run for Latinas in the NLSY (N=1002). I used hierarchical linear model (HLM) growth curve techniques to make use of all available data, handle unequal spacing of time points across participants, and to take into account the nested structure of the data (i.e., occasion nested within person). The International Poster Session overall prevalence rate of daily smoking among Latinas was 15%, 17%, 16%, and 12% for 1992, 1994, 1998, and 2008 respectively, showing a declining trend.

38 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Prevalence of use of prescription medication without a doctor’ prescription (PMWDP) (i.e., sedatives, tranquilizers & pain killers) was 19% 23% & 21% in 1992, 1994, & 1998 respectively. Multilevel logistic regression models of the relationship between early family and social context, and existing perceived neighborhood problems and daily smoking showed that Latinas whose mother had some college when participants were adolescents were both, more likely of being a daily smoker at the beginning of their trajectories (OR 3.69; 95% CI: 1.29-10.55) and more likely to change their status over time (OR .83; 95% .72-.96). Similarly, Latinas who perceived greater number of neighborhood problems had greater odds of being daily smokers over time (OR 1.06; 95% 1.03-1.10). Multilevel logistic regression models of the relationship between early family and social context, and existing perceived neighborhood problems and use of prescription medication without a doctor’s prescription showed greater odds of drug use over time among Latinas whose family lived in poverty when participants were adolescents (OR 1.07; 95% 1.01-1.14) and among Latinas who perceived greater number of problems in their neighborhood (OR 1.03; 95%). These results suggest that early family and social context during adolescence and existing perceptions of neighborhood problems play a role in shaping health- risk behaviors such as smoking and illegal use of prescription medications among adult Latinas.

16. Comparative Analysis of Differences between Psychosocial Profile of a Sample of Alcohol Dependant Women, in Relation to a Sample of Alcohol Dependant Men and a Sample of Non Alcoholic Women Francisco José Montero-Bancalero, M.F.T., Bitácora Institute, Seville, Spain; Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., Andalusia Government; Antonio Jesus Molina- Fernandez, COPAO, Proyecto Hombre Granada, Spain Our purpose was to know which are factors related to alcohol dependence in women and which ones are the psychosocial consequences. And our hypothesis from start is: there is a set of personal and family factors related to development an alcohol dependence disorder and this one would be responsible of differences with the same disorder in men. Sample from Occidental Andalusia: Experimental group: 36 women that fulfill diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence. Control group one: 30 women that do not fulfill diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence. Control group two: 36 men that fulfill diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence. Tools: Semi structured interviewed to collect socio demographic, medical and biographic data, and also family, social, labor, traumatic information related to consumption, was specially designed by our purpose. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) adapted to Spanish population by Rubio, Bermejo, Caballero y Santo-Domingo (1998). Test of Personality of TEA Editions (TPT) by del Corral, Pereña, Pamos y Seisdedos (2004). Experimental Group: Upset: 78’43. Anxiety: 71’36. Depression: 78’23. Stress Tolerance: 24’4. Self-Consideration: 27. Emotional Stability: 20’50. Social Intelligence: 36’82. Control 1: Upset: 62’86. Anxiety: 62’96. Depression: 64’03. Stress Tolerance: 32’56. Self-Consideration: 41’36. Emotional Stability: 36’06. Social Intelligence: 39’6. Control 2: Upset: 68’86. Anxiety: 72’83. Depression: 71’91. Stress Tolerance: 25’91. Self-Consideration: 30’06. Emotional Stability: 25’83. Social Intelligence: 34’16. Life Together: Most of non alcoholic women live with their own family. Among alcoholic women, this value is distributed by different options of the variable. Alcoholic father: a half of the alcoholic women sample had alcoholic father. Among non alcoholic women, only a case of alcoholic father was reported. Way of consumption: alcohol dependant women prefer to drink alone. Among non alcohol dependant women is common to drink with friends or family. Alcoholic men also prefer to drink with friends. Verbal or physical violence focused to intimate partner: violent behavior was more common among alcoholic women than non alcoholic women. Alcohol Abuse in intimate partner: almost a half of alcoholic women sample lived with alcohol abuser partner. Only two cases of alcoholic men were reported. Victim of family violence: a half of alcoholic women sample reported to have been target of family violence in childhood or adolescence. Only three cases were reported among non alcoholic women sample and only four cases among alcoholic men sample. Victim of sexual abuse: Value of this variable is significant higher among alcoholic women. Suicide thinking: proportion of alcoholic women that have thought seriously in suicide is significant higher. Heterosexual experience under alcohol effect: value for this variable is higher among alcoholic women. Homosexual experience under alcohol effect: prevalence of this variable was higher among alcoholic women, no one case was reported among non alcoholic women. Only one case among alcoholic men sample was found. Pregnancy no wished: value for this variable was higher among alcoholic women. Expected reaction in the case of son/daughters with International Poster Session Poster International alcohol problems: alcoholic women would be more emphatic. Self-evaluation of mother tasks: alcoholic women are self considered as worse mothers than non alcoholic. Personality factors suggest that alcoholic women have a high prevalence of psychopatholic symptoms. Their scores registered in personality test so indicate. However, traumatic events in their families or their past life are more significant among alcoholic women. Our conclusions aim for the needing to consider the importance of the specific researching for female alcoholism, but also, this point of view must be considered when alcoholic women apply for a treatment for their alcoholism.

17. Female Alcoholism: Searching Profiles Related to Family Development Stage Francisco José Montero-Bancalero, M.F.T., Bitácora Institute, Seville, Spain; Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., Andalusia Government, Spain; Antonio Molina- Fernandez, COPAO, Proyecto Hombre Granada, Spain In 1960 Jellinek described some different profiles of alcoholics, but he never stated which of these were related to alcoholic women. Nowadays, in Spain, the ratio between alcoholic men and women is seven to three. Why should it be supposed that all women suffering alcoholism are similar? The purpose of our researching consist of finding some features of female alcoholism that support to describe different profiles for alcoholism in women. Also, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (WHO, 2001) for alcohol problems screening was used to be sure that those women suffered alcoholism. All alcoholic women were receiving treatment for their alcohol addiction, but their abstinence periods were of different lengths. Data were analyzed by SPSS software for Social Sciences. Features like psychopathological symptoms, family structure and the stage of family development of the alcohol dependence beginning were decisive to consider at least two different profiles for female alcoholism. Profile number one: a. Woman that began to suffer from alcohol dependence at a young age, between twenty and thirty three. b. Reporting of psychopathological symptoms such as anxiety and depression. c. Family Structure injured. Profile number

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 39 two: a. Age alcohol dependence began: late forties or fifty and over b. Significant prevalence of alcoholism in one of both progenitors, especially in the father. c. Alcohol problems appear when the children are teenagers or when the children begin to leave home. The woman said: “This happened after they were grown up”. d. This profile is more similar to some classical features for female alcoholism, such as hidden drinking patterns and later detection of alcohol problems. These findings suggest the needing of new investigations related to this topic and the most important thing is knowing of existence of two different profiles for female alcoholism. This matter is important to improve specific treatments for women that suffer alcoholism

MIGRANT & DAY LABORER

18. A Qualitative Exploration of Binge Drinking as a Form of Socializing and Coping among Urban Latino Day Laborers Fernanda T. Bianchi, Ph.D., Felisa T. Gonzales, B.A., Juan Carlos Arroyo, B.S., Carol A. Reisen, Ph.D., Maria Cecilia Zea, Ph.D., and Paul J. Poppen, Ph.D., The George Washington University This project investigated patterns of drinking among migrant Latino men who work as day laborers in two inner suburbs of Washington, DC. In the Washington area, most Latino day laborers are relatively recent immigrants and many of them are unaccompanied by spouses or sexual partners from the home country. The situation of being separated from family and friends, facing hardship, and of living in what is often a predominantly male social setting creates a context for risk behavior. Binge drinking (five or more drinks over a period of three to four hours) is a behavior that has been reported in studies of male migrant farm workers living in the U.S. Although there are some similarities between these two groups of Latinos, the living and employment conditions of migrant farm workers differ from that of urban day laborers, who were the focus of this study. Ten key informant interviews, two focus groups, and ten in-depth interviews were conducted. Key informants included medical providers, health outreach workers, and individuals who worked in community and national organizations serving day laborers. Participants in the focus groups and in-depth interviews were Latino day laborers recruited from different labor sites at CASA de Maryland, a community organization serving immigrants in the Washington area. All interviews and focus groups were conducted in Spanish, tape-recorded, transcribed, and uploaded to Nvivo8. Data were analyzed using a constructivist, iterative process. Findings showed that alcohol use was common in this population and often took the form of binge drinking. Binge drinking occurred mostly on the weekend nights, but daily use was also reported. Drinking often functioned as a social activity, occurring in groups of men who shared housing, gathered together at a friend’s house, or went to a commercial establishment. In group settings, marijuana and cocaine were sometimes used in conjunction with alcohol. Another pattern of binge drinking involved men drinking alone in their rooms, although this was reported less often. Motivations reported for drinking were varied. Some men said that drinking was a way to pass time and socialize with other men. Others indicated that they drank in order to assuage feelings of loneliness and sadness and to escape the stress of being unemployed. Drinking was also seen as a means to facilitate or promote sexual encounters with women. Having to support their family in the country of origin served as a deterrent from buying and consuming alcohol for some of the men. Quotations from the participants will elaborate on themes and provide contextual details. Social context is an important and determining factor in influencing risk behaviors. Binge drinking appears to be widespread and common among urban Latino day laborers in the Washington area. This pattern of drinking may serve the function of helping Latino day laborers deal with adversity in their lives. Day laborers socialize in an environment that is often conducive to the use of alcohol, drugs, and/or sex as a means of coping with stressors such as lack of employment and feelings of loneliness and sadness.

19. Exploring Transnational Interventions: An Ethnographic Study of Substance Abuse Treatment among Mexican Migrant Farm Workers Victor Garcia, Ph.D., and Laura Gonzalez, Ph.D., Indiana University of Pennsylvania We know very little, if anything, about the use of substance abuse treatments by transnational Mexican farmworkers in both the United States and Mexico, and as a result there is no clear intervention for alcohol and drug abuse in this labor force. Our current study, primarily designed to examine substance abuse among transnational Mexican farmworkers in more than country, is also being used to explore how they treat this problem. We address the treatment use of these transnational laborers, focusing on who among them seeks treatment, what kind of treatment is sought, and why some treatments are used over others. Our research was conducted using the ethnographic method in a number of communities in southern Pennsylvania and southern Guanajuato, Mexico. Four sequential field studies were conducted in the two countries over a two and half year period. In each of the four studies, we lived on site and used qualitative field methods, such as direct observations, participant observations, informal interviews, and subject-specific interviews. Our research subjects in Pennsylvania, 16 transnational farmworker key informants, were recruited using a combination of clustering and judgment sampling; and our subjects in Mexico, 18 transnational farmworkers, with only judgment sampling. Our key informants in both countries also included community leaders, priests, health care and medical providers, and treatment facilitators. As is standard in all ethnographic research, we analyzed our data on continuous basis, using a grounded theory approach, especially after each of the studies. Our findings indicate that transnational Mexican farmworkers in our research sites, who have decided to seek help for their alcohol and drug abuse, use juramentos and Alcoholic Anonymous programs, such as traditional AA groups, four and fifth groups, and 24-hour groups, or anexos as commonly known in Mexico. Public treatments, which are often government funded, if not subsidized, and available to disadvantaged populations on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border are seldom used. Their use of juramentos and AA programs over other interventions are more than a matter of familiarity. The lack of local public treatments in U.S. work sites and Mexican home communities, restrictive eligibility requirements of public treatments, and the high costs of private treatments are some of the major reasons discovered for using juramentos and Alcoholic Anonymous. The potential of juramentos and Alcoholic Anonymous programs for treating substance abuse among transnational farmworkers needs additional research. The two treatments, if found to be effective, are International Poster Session ideal for transnational populations. They are affordable, only requiring a nominal donation, draw on core cultural and religious beliefs, and can easily be initiated

40 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference in one country and continued in another.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ADDICTION

20. From Puerto Rico to New York City: How Local Elected Officials Relocate Drug Users from the Island to the State-Side for Drug Treatment Services Rafael A. Torruella, Ph.D., National Development and Research Institutes (NDRI) and Public Health Solutions (PHS) Puerto Rican officials currently relocate injecting drug users (IDUs) from the island to the United States to provide them with drug treatment services. This study investigates the socio-psychological forces that shape and maintain this current migration and its consequences. Participant observation was conducted in New York City from 2006-7 with Puerto Rican IDUs who were relocated from the island to the state-side for drug treatment services. Concurrently, 13 individual interviews that ranged from 45 minute semi-structured to a 6.5 hour life-history interview were conducted and explored through thematic and narrative analysis. Participant observation provides a basic understanding of the relocation from Puerto Rico to the state-side for drug treatment while interview data reveals specific dynamics of stigmatization, the impact of drug treatment on the state-side, and intricacies about this population’s drug use, migration patterns, and treatment experiences. A life-history narrative analysis demonstrates that an understanding of the impact of relocation requires a deeply contextualized and life-course perspective. Stigmatization and marginalization dynamics on the island foster and maintain the systematic relocation of drug users to the United States for drug treatment. These dynamics are based on and sustained by specific moral evaluations of drug use and drug users. Participants’ treatment narratives reveal that different drug treatment modalities have different benefits for different participants. Treatment modalities differ in where practitioners set the boundaries for inclusion into or exclusion from their predefined service (and moral) community. Those understood as outside of the ‘moral community’ (Opotow, 1990) were excluded in various ways and in some cases endured ritual shaming while attending Christian-based drug treatment on the state-side. Participants find low-threshold non-judgmental (harm reduction) treatment approach, more frequently employed on the state-side, offers them access to more broadly defined service and moral communities than do Christian-based treatment programs prevalent in Puerto Rico. A life-history narrative analysis exposes one man’s life-long contention with life’s structural limitations and individual acts of resistance. The vantage point of ‘contending with’ brings an intimate depiction of the complex ways a life is impacted when relocated and how an individual continues to negotiate the intersections of service delivery, public policy, blurred state-lines, lack of resources, and a colonial version of the American dream.

21. Circumcision Acceptability among Colombian MSM Felisa A. Gonzales, B.A., Maria Cecilia Zea, Ph.D., Fernanda T. Bianchi, Ph.D., Carol A. Reisen, Ph.D, and Paul J. Poppen, Ph.D., George Washington University Three randomized clinical trials of circumcision in Africa have provided evidence for a protective effect of circumcision against HIV acquisition among heterosexual men. Although circumcision is not anticipated to be as efficacious among MSM who practice the receptive role during anal intercourse, some cross-sectional and prospective studies have noted a possible protective effect for insertive partners. Given the prospects of circumcision as a biomedical intervention among heterosexual men, research on the effectiveness and acceptability of circumcision as a means of HIV prevention among MSM is urgently needed. The current study sought to identify the perceived advantages and disadvantages associated with circumcision among Colombian MSM. Seventy- eight MSM in Bogota, Colombia participated in a total of nine focus groups that were held between September and November of 2009. Each focus group was comprised of MSM from one of several subpopulations, because homogeneous grouping often leads to more candid conversation. The groups were composed of activists, youth under the age of 26, adults ages 26-49, members of the lower and middle classes, bisexual men, sex workers, transgendered individuals, and people living with HIV. All focus groups were conducted, tape-recorded, and transcribed in Spanish. Data were entered into NVivo 8 software and were International Poster Session Poster International analyzed by a team of five researchers using a constructivist approach that was iterative in nature. Knowledge of circumcision varied considerably, even among MSM who shared similar backgrounds. Few participants reported that they were circumcised, and those who did had been circumcised for medical, rather than philosophical or cultural, reasons. Thus, in many cases, knowledge of the procedure and the post-operative period was largely based on the experiences of others. Participants in at least two focus groups did not know whether the surgery could be performed on adults. Some were skeptical about circumcision decreasing the risk of HIV transmission among MSM. Participants in the focus groups enumerated key disadvantages and advantages of circumcision. Pain and limitations on sexual activity during the post-operative period, scarring of the penis, and the potential for behavioral disinhibition were identified as potential disadvantages of circumcision. Perceived advantages included facilitation of hygiene and cleanliness, as well as easier use of condoms. Changes in penile sensitivity were noted as both a potential disadvantage (decreased sensitivity) and a potential advantage (increased stamina). Similarly, the possibility of losing or gaining sexual partners who prefer uncircumcised penises was noted as a disadvantage and advantage, respectively. Quotes from the participants will be used to illustrate the aforementioned themes. Circumcision is currently accepted as a medical intervention among Colombian MSM, but is not viewed as a means of HIV prevention. Colombian MSM supported HIV prevention efforts overall, but before circumcision could be included in such efforts, the benefits for MSM would have to be proven and its limitations acknowledged. If circumcision is shown to be sufficiently efficacious for MSM to justify a public health campaign, knowledge of perceived advantages and disadvantages of the procedure could be used to develop materials to promote the surgery.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 41 22. Hispanos in the Valley Of Death: Street-Level Trauma, Cultural-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Overdoses, and Suicides in North Central New Mexico. W. Azul La Luz B., Ph.D., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque New Mexico (NM) has had the highest per capita overdose death rate in the United States -- 18 per 100,000 compared to the USA rates of 5 per 100,000 from 1995 to 2006. North-central NM (the Valley) is the epicenter of these deaths in NM: From 42 to 72 per 1000,000 in the same time period. What are the differences and similarities between victims of accidental drug overdoses and suicide victims in the Valley, as reported by the NM Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI)? How can we understand these high rates of suicide among the Valley residents, 85% of whom are Hispanos? “Hispano” is the term the Valley Hispanics call themselves. What are the race, class, and gender structures that set the backdrop for the high rates of overdose and suicide amongst Hispanos in the Valley? This research examines the social forces that appear to contribute to the overdose/suicide epidemic among the Hispanos in the Valley. The analysis of 34 interviews of active illicit poly-drug users, and interviews of family members and professionals, is anchored in sociological analysis, concepts, and literature -- Anomic Suicide, colonialism, ethnic/racial inequality, historical/cultural trauma, post-Marxism, and sociological drug addiction theory. Research design uses qualitative and quantitative data -- autoethnography and positionality, historical analysis, in-depth interviews, OMI data set (1995 to 2006), and participant observation. This mixed-methodology allowed for triangulation of disparate data. There was an overlap between the demographic profiles of suicide and overdose victims. The effects of colonization and “street-level trauma” SLT, is defined as interlocking traumatic shocks that are puissant and pervasive: Chronic and acute emotional, physical, and psychological insults that are pernicious, debilitating, and untreated, and which appear to lead to mortality inducing behavior. STL may lead to a condition called “Cultural-post traumatic stress disorder.” C-PTSD appears to be shaped by the loss of arable land (despite high home ownership), loss of traditional and cultural norms, the whole-cloth invention of a mythological and superficial ethnic consciousness (categorical awareness), and loss of meaningful social bonds to community. C-PTSD may result in high incidence of morbidity and mortality amongst Hispanos in the Valley. When C-PTSD and SLT are coupled with a substance abuse career, the combination of all three may prove lethal; may result in suicides that are arbitrarily labeled “accidental drug overdoses” by OMI. Implications for medical sociology are important. Treating drug overdose and suicide as a “personal trouble,” an individual-level problem, is a major limitation of current health policy. Public health programs must be implemented that do more than attempt to treat substance abuse and fail to go beyond that to examine and treat comorbid conditions. The findings suggest that a community-level approach that includes an analysis of the matrix of domination (e.g., intersecting structural, disciplinary, hegemonic and interpersonal oppressions and resistance) would shed light on the social forces that shape community health and viability. Future research should also examine the intersection of race and gender vis-à-vis hegemonic and subordinated masculinities and health policy.

23. Achieving an Enhanced Understanding of Therapeutic Communities (TC’s) Worldwide Nelson José Tiburcio, Ph.D., National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. The increasing prevalence of drug addiction and its public health consequences, particularly the spread of HIV/AIDS, and more recently HCV around the world, requires international collaborative research, training and technical assistance to improve our understanding of addiction, co-occurring disorders, prevention efforts, and treatment. This presentation reviews preliminary findings from an ongoing collaborative study of therapeutic community (TC) treatment in three countries. At its conclusion, the principal study will describe client, program and organizational characteristics of three large TC programs, one each in China, Malaysia and the US. Focusing primarily on the study’s Qualitative components, the present review highlights three common elements across programs internationally: 1) the connection between substance use abstinence and criminal desistance, 2) the importance of successfully mending familial ties and 3) the positive effects of peer bonding. Ongoing analyses highlight unique cultural differences across these programs that from a policy perspective need careful consideration when implementing the “whole person” TC treatment approach now in place throughout therapeutic communities (DeLeon 2000). Individual willingness to accept sanctions and not “act out” appear to be affected differently across countries as well as by gender, for example. Mandated clients in U.S. programs seem to accept having “hit rock bottom” more readily than their overseas counterparts. Contrarily, acceptance of the “program as family” concept of TC treatment appears more readily accepted in China and Malaysia than in the U.S. Although further research is needed, these preliminary data poignantly highlight that adjusting for these potential differences, and if implemented correctly, improved treatment completion rates and sustained abstinence utilizing the TC model as a mechanism of change, merit in-depth study to identify and address cultural nuances. Across programs, the substances these individuals collectively report as most problematic, heroin/opioids and methamphetamines, and their successful abstinence strategies are also of key significance. Given the marked increase in opioid use and abuse in the last two decades nationally (eMedicine 2010) and its increased prevalence worldwide (SAMHSA 2007; Aguilar-Gaxiola et al 2006), but with noted recent increases in Latin America, proposed treatment strategies merit close attention, particularly those emanating from the participants themselves. This research and subsequent studies by the project team strengthens the capacity to address drug abuse and its various sequelae in the critical focal points of China and Malaysia; and continued initiatives emanating from this newly established international research community may ultimately modify and tailor global treatment services. Planned future expansion of these treatment protocols includes a focus on re-entering populations; as well as developing additional mixed modality drug treatment research initiatives in Central and South America. Important initial contacts have been garnered in Jalisco, Mexico where the next waves of interviews are expected. Preliminary interviews with Mexican treatment authorities conducted in Houston also suggest that quite subtle cultural nuances are sometimes not taken into consideration, further complicating treatment enhancements. By treating the whole person, TC’s attempt to address the full spectrum of substance abuse related problems, and achieve an enhanced understanding of the entirety of necessary treatment services. Producing culturally-specific translations of data collection instruments and examining the unique cultural characteristics pertinent to effective treatment International Poster Session in each location, this burgeoning research is a key step in this direction.

42 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference 24. Community Wise: Using Concept Mapping in Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Liliane Windsor, Ph.D., M.S.W., Vithya Murugan, L.M.S.W., Rutgers University Substance abuse treatment has focused on changing individual behavior in spite of the robust association between community-level determinants and health indicators. This presentation will describe how concept mapping was used in a CBPR project aiming to engage community members in the development of a community-based substance abuse intervention in a low-income and predominantly African-American community in Newark, NJ. Implications for Latino substance abuse health disparities research will be discussed. CBPR is a collaborative approach that combines methods of scientific inquiry with community capacity-building. Concept mapping is a structured mixed method for translating complex qualitative data into a pictorial form, displaying the interrelationships among ideas in a quantitative fashion easily understood by community partners and researchers. In this project, the process consisted of seven steps including: 1- Community preparation; 2 –Brainstorming statements that describe the role of drugs and alcohol in the community; 3- Sorting and rating statements; 4-Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis; 5- Interpretation of results with the community; 6- Utilization of results, and 7- Focus groups to examine existing treatment services in light of concept mapping findings. A total of 75 individuals including substance users, service providers, and community residents participated in the study - 27 participants were involved in brainstorming, 30 in sorting/rating sessions, and 18 in the cluster map interpretation. The sample mean age was 44 (9.24). Approximately one third of the sample reported current substance use. Substance using participants (N=39) reported having attended a mean of 4.05 (4.14) substance abuse programs in their lifetime. Median annual income was $20,000. Participants’ preferred substances included snorting and injecting heroin (29% and 32% respectively), crack (24%), and alcohol (20%). Cluster analysis yielded a stress value of 0.33, indicating acceptable goodness of fit. The final concept mapping solution included eight dimensions that together characterize the way participants understand the role of drugs and alcohol in the community including: (1) Impact of alcohol as a legal drug in society; (2) Street drugs/ prescription drugs: What’s the difference?; (3) The impact of pot on individuals; (4) Street Power Brokers; (5) Police are part of the problem, not the solution; (6) Drug dealers/ drug market/ drug trade; (7) Impact of drugs on the community; and (8) Motivators and aftermath of getting high. Three themes emerged from the focus groups analysis: 1) Substance Abuse Treatment Programs: Strengths and Weaknesses; 2) Structural Issues: Individual versus Social Responsibility; 3) Proposed Solutions to Substance Use and Drug Trade in Newark.This presentation emphasizes the importance of community engagement in research. CBPR in combination with concept mapping were a useful strategy in engaging a marginalized community in the initial steps of intervention development. The information generated in this project is currently informing the development of a health intervention by a community collaborative board. Few community interventions aiming to foster healthier behaviors among low- income Latinos are currently available. CBPR in combination with concept mapping is an innovative and promising approach to engage this population in the development of community health interventions.

25. Early Detection, Brief Intervention, and Addiction Prevention “CAPA-CNV” Clinics Program in Jalisco, Mexico Octavio Campollo, M.D., Ph.D., Universidad de Guadalajara; Araceli Ramos C, B.Sc., and Francisco J Anguiano, B.Sc., State Council Against Addictions of Jalisco (CECAJ); and James K. Cunningham, Ph.D., University of Arizona By the end of 2007 the Mexican government launched the “National strategy for prevention and treatment of addictions”. It included the construction of 310 primary care addiction clinics (CAPA-CNV) in 31 states with the aim of organizing a “National network for addiction treatment”. To date over 300 clinics have been opened, of which 19 are in the state of Jalisco. The aim of this study is to present and analyze the organization, framework and community surveys of the 19 CAPA-CNV clinics in the state of Jalisco.Type and orientation: community-based, strategic locations; prevention oriented. Organization: Each clinic has one or two outpatient clinical rooms, one social work office, one meeting or multipurpose room. Human resources: at least each clinic has a coordinator, one or two psychologists, one social worker. Funding: Federal and state funded program. Target population: early users, experimenters, problem drinkers (clients with addiction and dependence problems are referred to specialized clinics or institutions). Programs: The general approach is through a cognitive-behavioral International Poster Session Poster International program for early detection and early intervention including motivational interviewing. In our state (Jalisco) they run three prevention programs, two prevention- detection programs, and one harm reduction program. In some clinics they have opened a smoking cessation program. Strengths: There is potential for: high- quality preventive interventions, organizing an epidemiology network, organizing a clinical research network. Weakness: Differences in state/local organization, in geographical coverage, size of client population, heterogeneity in training and college degrees of personnel, different levels of expertise in the field, excessive number of programs and activities, amount of paper work (they lack an electronic data system but they will be filling the monthly SISVEA type epidemiological reports). There are social-epidemiological status reports “community surveys” from each CAPA clinic (see comparative table) and geo-political-risk and resource maps are being prepared. This is the first primary-care like, early detection, brief intervention and addiction prevention program created in Jalisco. Even though this is an early assessment (less than one year for most of the clinics), monitoring of different performance parameters of the different programs will ensure an objective method of evaluation. A thorough analysis of the outcome (local and regional) at different time intervals is required to evaluate the program. There seems to be a high potential for research on prevention programs and for organizing clinical research and epidemiology networks.

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 43 26. Adjustment of Resources and Process for Social-Laboral Insertion of Persons with Addiction Problems Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., M.A.S., Andalusian Public Health System, Spain; Antonio Jesus Molina-Fernandez, University of Granada, Spain; Francisco José Montero-Bancalero, M.F.T., M.A.S., University of Seville, Spain According to Organizations of intervention with drug users Association, in Spain only the 23% of these persons attended work. There isn`t collected in the monitoring studies information that guide about the services improvement (Dunlap et al., 2007). Our Objective is develop a functional analysis of the resources dedicated to the increase of the possibilities of persons’ social-labour integration with problems of addiction.We have evaluated one hand of professionals from drugs intervention centres and also from job placement organizations. On the other hand drug and alcohol users. As main tools we use an in-depth semi-structured interview for professionals and Discussion Groups with drug users. The validity of the interview is based on theoretical framework, and also mantained by addictions and professional training experts judgement. We achieve outstanding information shown by significant percentage of professionals and users. The Professionals Interview contents 34 item and 2 Areas: 1. Person and his/her context (19 item). 2. Social-Laboural insertion (15 item). 3. Discussion Groups with drug users, were made around the same subjects of the professionals interview. Associated factors with Answer Percentage. Pre-professional competencies (83%) is important the previous development of skills related to job, like making commitments, punctuality, Coordination among devices. (100 %) The need of coordination among the different resources, administrations and professionals. Directivity. (83 %). The very managerial treatment of many professionals towards the users. Stereotypes - prejudices. (67 %) from the professionals towards the users in their process of social-labour insertion. Assesment tools. (50 %) of global information in the first activities with the users. Social integration. (50 %) must be covered before the labor insertion, as previous condition. Mentoring. (83 %) there must be an accompaniment up to the attainment of the employment. Specific programs. (50 %) in persons with very basic needs the itinerary of insertion begins for occupational workshops, but also it happens for specific programs. Methodology. (67 %) must be equal to the general population but applied more slowly. Mixed interventions. (83. %), the type of work that proves to be more appropriate is the combination of the individual lwith the groups interventions. In-depth interview. (50 %), makes possible the explanation of the program and the analysis of needs. Labor skills. (83 %) must promote the labor competences and the training in general. Risk Professions. (83 %) like doorman of discotheque, night watchman, a hotel and catering business... The development of professional competencies (like making commitments, punctuality…) before finding a job, is a key factor to increase the chance of job placement. There are a lot of resources for the attention to addictions and resources of labor insertion. All the resources that the regulation gathers. Two structurally differentiated circuits: drugs intervention centres and job placement organizations. Lack of coordination among devices. More intense accompaniment (mentoring) qualitative and quantitatively.

27. Design and Development of a Multifactorial Tool for Assessment and Treatment Planning of Drug Users with Risk of Social Exclusion Antonio Jesus Molina-Fernandez, COPAO, Proyecto Hombre Granada; Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., Andalusia Government; Francisco José Montero- Bancalero, M.F.T., Bitácora Institute, Seville, Spain Addictions are a universal social problem (WHO and the UNODC), basing to us also on the biopsicosocial imbalance that suppose in the person with addiction problems and the alterations that entail for its social context, we will treat on the existence of addictive disorders with and without substance, not being able to speak only of drug problems. Within this biopsicosocial imbalance we have to establish relations with other associated comorbidities and disorders, such as medical, psychiatric, economical, job manteinance, educative problems. We have been able to verify the existence of ramifications of the addictive problems in as different disciplines as the Economy, Human Geography and Geopolitics, Medicine, Psychology, Psychiatry, Sociology, Sciences of the Education. This consideration forces to us to raise our work on the philosophical principle of the addictions like multifactorial social phenomenon and not to try to find simple solutions for complex problem as the addictive disorders. The traditional studies of the addictive phenomena have come from the biomedical perspective (mainly psychiatry and/or pharmacology with farmacotherapy) or psychological (neuropsycological and clinical psychology mainly). The social interpretations in addictions from an integral model are still not very generalized, in fact when they consider the social factors usually are sent of almost exclusive way to the Social Psychology of the Groups (being spoken of factors like resilience or social image) and, sometimes, of Social Work (being spoken almost always of social exclusion). Our departure point is that exist social factors and emotional aspects that don´t allow the access to the labour market in equality of conditions for these groups with other social groups and it seems necessary to us to identify these factors. Our intention is to identify these factors, mainly the related ones to the formatives deficiencies and in active search of use, with the purpose of improving the conditions of empleability of the population with risk of social exclusion. In addition, we try to study aspects related to perceived social rejection, social stereotypes, labels and prejudices as well as the related emotional factors (fear, traumas, complexes). Sociological Factors = risk of social exclusion (drugs, delinquency, unemployment). Semistructured interviews/open questions and Groups of discussion. Although the fundamental base of the raised investigation is in the qualitative approach, since the main methods and techniques to use correspond to this exposition, the study is complemented with other resources, from a design based on the strategic triangulation, whose intention is to diversify the strategies of obtaining of information to increase the degree of feedback and resistance of partial results. These have been Documentary study: (compilation and analysis of secondary sources of information related to the study object) and Qualitative techniques: Focal group (variety of the discussion group in which the moderator must continuously center and lead back the individual and group speech towards the subjects of interest for the investigating equipment). The strategy to follow has been Study of cases that implies the joint use of diverse techniques: direct observation, documentary analysis, informal questions, personal interview and questionnaire. It´s been used Mixed model of Qualitative+Quantitative Information. Specially of they will use qualitative techniques of interviews and study of cases. A series of preliminary interviews have been made to sharpen the effectiveness and efficiency of the instrument in the collection and effectiveness of this information, with the objective to improve the quality and efficiency of the gathered opinions. The stakeholders in this study are: International Poster Session Participants in the Daily process of investigation of Field: Team of investigators: psychologists, sociologists. Informants: Technicians who work of habitual way

44 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference with drug treatment population with judicial problems, in I compliment alternative and/or with criminal records. Devices: Centers of attention of addictions, devices of attention to penitentiary population and services of direction and social integration. This project has an integral and integrating intention: in its methodology and development it is tried to include the sanitary, psychological and social models (internationally accepted by the United Nations Office of Drug and Crime of /UNODC), using diverse instruments also is tried to integrate the systematic observation to the mentioned methodologies (qualitative+quantitative), making this way a multifactorial analysis that resists the departure hypothesis of this project. We think that is necessary, also, the information about the situation of the subject (family situation, laboural, academical, medical, psychiatric, alcohol consumption and other drugs/addictions).

28. Personal and Context Factors that Influence Social Integration of Persons with Addiction Problems Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., M.A.S., Andalusian Public Health System, Spain; Francisco José Montero-Bancalero, M.F.T., M.A.S., University of Seville, Spain; Antonio Jesus Molina-Fernandez, University of Granada, Spain The drug users are a group with special difficulties of social integration: There are a lot of specialized programs but few research generated. So we can say there is a need of insertion factors research. The main objective we pursue is to develop a descriptive analysis of personal and context factors that have influence on social- labour integration. The sample consists on one hand of professionals that work habitully with persons with addiction problems, from drugs intervention centres and also from job placement organizations. On the other hand we have evaluated drug and alcohol users whom were in job hunting assisted in these centres. With the purpose of increase the validity of the sample to represent the population we sample a deliberate sampling selecting professionals and users belonging to different kinds of resources within both types of organizations. Like main tools we use an in-depth semi-structured interview for professionals and Discussion Groups with drug users. The validity of the interview is based on the revision of essential contents of the literature reflected in theoretical framework, and also mantained by addictions and professional training experts judgement. Professionals and centres of this process were differents from the final research. We achieve outstanding information shown by significant percentage of professionals and users.We have to consider like a risk personal factor in the social integration, the general low self-esteem that use to present drug and alcohol users. It´s too important to find and specially to keep a job to count on Social and family support network. Persons with addiction problems whom maintain withdrawal facilitate their job placement and social integration.

29. Structural Contexts and Social Exclusion in the Minority Collectives with Problems of Addiction: a Perspective from the Human Rights Antonio Jesus Molina-Fernandez, COPAO, Proyecto Hombre Granada; Javier González-Riera, M.F.T., Andalusia Government; Francisco José Montero- Bancalero, M.F.T., Bitácora Institute, Seville, Spain Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007 (EN/INCB/2007/1), when discussing the principle of proportionality, highlighted that “with offences involving the possession, purchase or cultivation of illicit drugs for the offender’s personal use, the measures can be applied as complete alternatives to conviction and punishment”. According to the Annual Report of the National Plan about Drugs in Spain and the 2007 Report of Spanish Penitentiary Institutions, the percentage of people belonging to different cultural groups (specially gipsy population and latinoamerican immigrants) in programs for rehabilitation of drug dependences is a minority, but the percentage of those minorities groups themselves in prison is increasingly the majority. This project has got an integral and inclusive intention: in its methodology and development we have been used public health, psychological and social models. We have imporved this perspective with the combination of quantitative+qualitative methodology , trying to intend a multi-factor analysis for the contrasting of the starting hypothesis of this project. Tools: EuropASI+History of life. The theoretical basis are: Syndemic Theory (Singer, 2005): Poverty + Social Exclussion = Addiction. Cultural Consonance Theory (Dressler, 2005): Isolation + Cultural Dissonances = Addiction. Middle ages “binge use”: around 24. Its presence usually coincides with the stage immediately preceding the commission of crimes & suicide attemps. 24. Age home received physical violence: all the subjects referred to having episodes of violence in children, either family or school. Age home made physical violence: violent behaviour starting age is related to the appearance of the consumption International Poster Session Poster International of alcohol, being matched with times of more abuse of toxic stages of increased use of violence. Age home Committee crimes: crimes home media is in the age of 18. Just most criminal age, when the consumption of other toxic. Usual age commission crimes: the highest prevalence of crimes is situated at age 2. Comorbidity/Dual pathology: mood +anxiety disorders, personality disorders (specially antisocial or limit disorders), hallucinations during use of drugs with normal behaviour in abstinence. There are social and emotional factors that impede access to these groups and it seems necessary to identify these factors. Specifically we have studied aspects related to perceived social rejection, stereotypes, prejudices and social labels and the associated emotional factors (fears, trauma, personal complexes...). Sociological Factors = risk of social exclusion (drugs, crime, unemployment).

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 45 Conference Planning Subcommittee

Diana Martinez, M.D. Patricia E. Molina, M.D., Ph.D. 2010 Conference Chair NHSN Chair Columbia University Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, M.D., Ph.D. Laura O’Dell, Ph.D. 2010 Conference Co-Chair University of Texas El Paso University of California, Davis Hilda Pantin, Ph.D. Jean Lud Cadet, M.D. NHSN Executive Director 2010 Conference Co-Chair University of Miami Leonard M. Miller National Institute on Drug Abuse School of Medicine

Hortensia Amaro, Ph.D. LeShawndra Price, Ph.D. Northeastern University National Institute on Drug Abuse

Ana Anders, L.I.C.S.W. José Szapocznik, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Judith Arroyo, Ph.D. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism Yonette F. Thomas, Ph.D. Howard University, Washington, DC Margarita Alegría, Ph.D. Health Research, Cambridge Health Alliance María Elena Icaza Medina-Mora, Ph.D. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D. Ramón de la Fuente, Mexico University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Steffanie A. Strathdee, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Ana Mari Cauce, Ph.D. University of Washington Avelardo Valdez, Ph.D. Center for Drug & Social Policy Research Graduate Antonio Cepeda-Benito, Ph.D. College of Social Work, University of Houston Texas A&M University Joseph Frascella, Ph.D. William A. Vega, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse Vice-Chair, NHSN Provost Professor, & Director, Roybal Institute Iván Montoya, M.D., M.P.H. University of Southern California National Institute on Drug Abuse

46 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference Special Thanks

Ana Anders, L.I.C.S.W., National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Judith Arroyo, Ph.D., National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health Steve Gust, Ph.D., National Institute on Drug Abuse International Program, National Institutes of Health

ADDITONAL SPONSORSHIP FOR THIS CONFERENCE WAS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED BY

Texas A&M University, Dean of Faculties & Associate Provost Office Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine and the Comprehensive Alcohol Research Center of Excellence University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Center for Family Studies University of Houston, Graduate College of Social Work and the Center for Drug & Social Policy Research Hotensia Amaro, Ph.D. , Associate Dean, Distinguished Professor of Health Sciences & Counseling Psychology, Director, Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University Jean Lud Cadet, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health

Poster Session & New Investigators Panel Committee

Laura O’Dell, Ph.D., University of Texas El Paso Victoria Ojeda, Ph.D., M.P.H., UCSD School of Medicine Mildred, Maldonado-Molina, Ph.D., University of Florida College of Medicine Nelson Tiburcio, Ph.D., National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. Center for the Integration of Research and Practice Ian Mendez, Ph.D. Texas A & M University Jean Lud Cadet, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health

STAFF

Betsy Giaimo, 2010 Conference Coordinator, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Mandi Frank, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Jean Carnal, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Sheila Kaupert, M.P.H., University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine Jane Brooks, MSc, C.M.P, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine

National Hispanic Science Network on Drug Abuse University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine 1425 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 301 Miami, Florida 33136 Tel: 305.243.2340 Fax: 305.243.5577 www.hispanicscience.org

Table decorations courtesy of The Hispanic Heritage Foundation & The Hispanic-American Medical Association of Louisiana

Modeling a Transdisciplinary Approach to Current Research Agendas 47 Conference Room Layout

French Quarter, New Orleans, LA

48 National Hispanic Science Network On Drug Abuse Tenth Annual Conference