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Uganda's Economic Development

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Uganda's Economic Development CHECK REALITY UGANDA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Emmanuel Kasimbazi This project is funded by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Uganda Plot 51 A, Prince Charles Drive, Kololo, P.O. Box 647 Kampala, Uganda Tel: +256 - (0)312 - 262011/2 www.kas.de/Uganda Uganda’s Economic Development REALITY CHECK UGANDA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Emmanuel Kasimbazi The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung but rather those of the author. i REALITY CHECK UGANDA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF CLIMATE CHANGE Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Uganda Programme 51A, Prince Charles Drive, Kololo P.O. Box 647, Kampala Tel: +256 - (0)312 - 262011/2 www.kas.de/uganda ISBN: 978 9970 477 00 5 Author: Dr. Emmanuel Kasimbazi Design and Production Media PH Limited Plot 4 Pilkington Road Tel: +256 (0) 312 371217 Email: [email protected] © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without written permission of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................... v FOREWORD .................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES AND PHOTOS .................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................... viii LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................... viii OBJECTIVE AND STRUCTURE OF THIS PAPER ............................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 2. GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF UGANDA .............................................................................. 5 2.1 Geography of Uganda .............................................................5 2.2 Economy of Uganda ...............................................................5 3. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN UGANDA ......................................... 8 4. CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE IN UGANDA ................... 11 5. THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON UGANDA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................ 15 5.1 Impact on Agricultural Production ..........................................18 5.2 Impact on Fisheries ..............................................................21 5.3 Impact on Health and Water Sector ........................................23 5.4 Impact on Infrastructure and Human Settlements ....................25 5.5 Impact on the Energy Sector .................................................26 5.6 Impact on Biodiversity including the Tourism Sector .................29 5.7 An Overview of Climate Change Related Disasters in Uganda .....31 6. CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES AND POLICY FRAMEWORK AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ........................ 35 6.1 The Uganda National Climate Change Policy 2013.....................35 iii 6.2 The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) ...............36 6.3 The National Environment Management Policy .........................37 6.4 National Development Plan ....................................................38 6.5 Uganda Vision 2040 .............................................................38 7. CLIMATE CHANGE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................ 40 7.1 Government Institutions .......................................................40 7.2 Development Partners ..........................................................45 7.3 NGOs .................................................................................48 8. CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 50 8.1 Mpererwe Landfill Gas Project ................................................50 8.2 The Anaerobic Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited Project ......51 8.3 Uganda Nile Basin Reforestation Project ..................................52 8.4 Kachung Forest Project: Afforestation on Degraded Lands .........53 9. CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ............ 54 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................ 56 10.1 Strengthening Legal, Policy and Institutional Frameworks ........56 10.2 Resource Mobilisation .........................................................57 10.3 Capacity Building ...............................................................58 10.4 Climate Change Information ................................................58 REFERENCES................................................................................ 59 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Konrad-Adenauer- Stiftung for providing financial support that enabled the preparation of this paper. I would also like to thank the staff of Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Dr. Angelika Klein, the Country Representative, Mr. Yusuf Kiranda, the Programme Manager, Ms. Anna Hoffmann and Ms. Julia Zimmermann, who provided overall technical advice and guidance in the process of developing this publication. Furthermore, I would also like to thank all the people consulted and those whom provided materials and valuable information that allowed me to cover much ground in a relatively short time. Dr. Emmanuel Kasimbazi Author v FOREWORD Climate is a key determinant of the status of Uganda’s natural resources, such as agriculture, forestry, water resources and wildlife, and therefore also a highly relevant factor for the country’s economic development potential. The unpredictability of the climate, captured in the broadest sense in the concept of climate change, is increasingly considered as one of the greatest challenges facing the world’s environment, society and economy today. It is increasingly regarded not only as an environmental or intergenerational sustainability issue, but also as an economic development concern. Thus, managing climate change is an essential step to be taken to enable inclusive economic growth, poverty reduction, and development in the long run. Climate change in Uganda is manifesting itself through frequent extreme weather events such as drought, floods, landslides and storms. This is posing a serious threat to the country’s natural resources and socio-economic development. The most dominant impact attributed to climate change in Uganda is the increased occurrence of droughts that severely harm the mostly rural and agriculturally dependent population. However, mitigation against practices that are detrimental to the environment is usually to economic disadvantages such as a reduction in short-term profits or specific costs being generated to introduce environmentally friendly practices. This short-term connection is often the reason why policies in the area of climate protection are only poorly implemented and lack the necessary political will to be realised. This short term view, however, fails to appreciate the fact that long- and even mid-term consequences make immediate action towards the integration of climate concerns in economic policies and practices much more worthwhile by creating increased vi income in the long run and averting the complete depletion and loss of key natural resources. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) recognises the impacts of climate change and the quest for sustainable growth as one of the most crucial challenges worldwide. As a political foundation, KAS supports the development of policies that aim at addressing these challenges and finding solutions in order to link the two factors in a fruitful and sustainable way. This publication aims to provide the prerequisites for just that: an in-depth analysis of the complex connection between economic growth and the environment. By offering an extensive background and analysis of the current status of development, climate change, climate sensitive interventions and their impact in Uganda, a basis is formed for further debate and discussion. With this publication, we wish to enhance the public, academic and political discourse on the topic and thus hope to contribute to respective policies in Uganda. Dr. Angelika Klein, Country Representative, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Uganda vii LIST OF FIGURES AND PHOTOS Figure 1: Graph showing water levels of Lake Victoria between 1900 to 2007 Photo 1: Receding snow cap on Mount Kilimanjaro Photo 2: Maize plantation affected by drought Photo 3: Bududa landslide Photo 4: Impassable road due to heavy rainfall LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Structure of the paper Table 2: Annual costs of climate change in Africa as an equivalent percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Table 3: Maximum change in value due to climate change between now and 2050 in Africa Table 4: Climate change related disasters in the recent past Table 5: Effects of Climate Change in Uganda on select sectors LIST OF ACRONYMS AFCA African Fine Coffees Association BINP Bwindi Impenetrable National Park BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CCPC Climate Change Policy Committee CCU Climate Change Unit CDM Clean Development Mechanism CO2 Carbon dioxide viii CWRC Christian Reformed World Relief Committee DFID Department for International Development DNA Designated National Authority DWRM Directorate of Water Resource Management EAC East African Community
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