SIXTEENTH- CENTURY MEXICO The Work of Sahagdn
EDITED BY MUNRO S. EDMONSON
A SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH BOOK
UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS . Albuquerque To ELtha.inged `I\ unor Howard ful pTes
3n:t9e7d4sbt#e¥eo:C#r:cfa+r,:rrfac;no?e€eoa#:s?Lt:;t8at:Sgr8Saer¥efoM7a4n_u8f:;t4u]T.e€n]tnertnhae. tional Standard Book Number c+8263co3 3 5-8. First Edition
1`§_-;a i 5E5===i FOREWORD
: able to interpret and expand on ds General History of the Things lhuatl, the Aztec language, and in the School of American Research /orked with the translators and in- I. 0. Anderson and Charles Dibble, Contents ies of Sahag`'in's General History. It ie school, as part of its Advanced bring together, under the astute . a group of scholars conversant with e purpose of the seminar was to take oth Sahagi'in and the Aztec of the
)e published in Spanish by the lnsti- the Universidad Nacional Aut6noma Foreword ry perspective for scholars and indi- DOUGLAS W. SCHWARTZ, GENERAL EDITOR istoric power of Central Mexico, the 1 Introduction neral culture of the Aztec, and the MUNRO S. EDhloNSON rs ago, made it possible for them to Early Work ( 1529-47) The Tlaltelo]co Drafts ( I 547-62 ) Douglas W. Schwartz #:#:feri€i:e°g]::Sex(1(5]6527-57_58)5) Last Years ( 1585ngo) Sahagi'in's Mexico
2 Sahagi'`n in HisTimes ARTHUR I. 0. ANDERSON
3 aTnhde 8:1::e°£T;:rha;rc}, ¥°sr:ia°gfL,£ndr€S de Olmos, Precursor
S. JEFFREY K. WILKERSON Codex Tudela "European" Figures The Eighteen-Month Calendar Daily Ritual Life The Tonalamatl and Divination Relationship with Contemporaneous Manuscripts and Authorship Relationship with Subsequent Manuscripts Implications CONTENTS -=T=-L~ -1klriT-dFriT ED 4 E:,e,e¥eedtobr;csla3ar:;linons' or Huehttetzatozz,', TkR_OftLEG[riEs]c= THELMA D. SULLIVAN -hatFDf- Err+ES BII:EiijI Prayers to the Gods Court Orations S=alC- Orations of Parents to Offspring -forthe Orations of the Merchants TLe F± Rcsm o Orations Relative to the Life Cycle "rck Th RCHgiv Pregnancy Childbirth +.ireEEFEEE .thintorio" Infancy and Childhood Marriage CLudnsin Death Miscellaneous € "SalEginTedsasa I-.±D i CIIL>iH 5ELL`F:R§De::S:tr:::nE;fi;rt::s::N°fFra`BernardlnodesahagtzTn EFEk¥j=h.Tz cndtrdus Introduction
i:I:i:;::;:%rtphoos:s Salgiv`s ``rc.I± and the }1 The General Plan of the Work ±forStud`` Sa#rgst;in;So8kuestlonnaires |EFlzm ldpE iusTI`- IDndoctfon Second Book Strapintheinboratio Third Book ±andTheirF Fourth Book On }Ididics Fifth Book Ch de Pds of the I Sixth Book Th hfo-tion on Seventh Book The PonTbflities for Sti Eighth Book Ninth Book EEun_peni#u€ Tenth Book _\|diditT Eleventh Book EfokE Twelfth Book ID"rs Conclusion
6 The Treatment of Architecture in the Florentine iHri.ro¥,a Codex of Sahagi'm DONALD ROBERTSON 11 hahmtfation of I-.IT :F= i I)lRZI[= E::?vpeei:cA::ehcl:le,::ure
Xll CONTENTS Contents
7 The Last Years of Fray Bemardino de Sahagl'ln ( 1585-9o) : huetwofli, The Rescue of the Confiscated Work and the Seraphic Conflicts. New Unpublished Documents. 165 GEORGES BAUDOT Sahagi'in and Commissary Fray Alonso Ponce. New
'nng Th?°faur?::intRefs°cruteh:fpte:I:°dc:ig%£t7c.dEthnographic Work. The Religious Subjects Chosen in 1585 and e Cycle Their Meaning. "Calendario Mexicano, Latino y Castellano" "Arte Adivinatorio" Conclusion
8 The Sahagi'`n Texts as a Source of Sociological Information 189 EDWARD E. CALNEK Bemardino de Sahagi'in : Kinship through Tjdcamecayofz 195 The Pi% "Class" ZOO Conclusions 204
9 Sahagdn's work and the Medicine of the Ancient Nahuas: Vork Possibilities for Stud}/' AI.FREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN Introduction Steps in the Elaboration of the Texts Illnesses and Their Remedies On Medicines On the Parts of the Human Body The Information on Medicinal Species in Book il The Possibilities for Stud}J of the Texts The European Influence The Human Bodv Morbidity Etiology Illness Therapeutics Pharmacology Conclusion e in the Florentine
io The Nahuatlization of Christianity CHARLES E. DIBBLE CONTENTS _iz- ii The problematics of sahagi'm: Tlife Certain Topics Needing Investigation 235 MICUEL LE6N-PORTILLA i HLEF±of 240 i -i±-iinof(he i F¥ieillm±h Ghadr :i;:;dEiij:i:i#::i,:nti,ih;:8ii:fli;;p;.iii:;.s:o:;ti:;a`t:E:e:,a±p;:::iii;i::n: + ±alRnginrs }Ien 5. C=± of wHistDria Elaboration i ±alRegir_`(en The Role of the Native Informants and Fray EE± Of the o Bernardino's Other Native Collaborators C- Sa- The Origins and Categories to which the Native Texts aL Tininc Identification o Collected by the Franciscan Can Be Attributed + Hxpbtheou Sahagtin's Intention in Writing the General in.story of -Ontinus fJle TJlings of New Spaz.ri in Spanish and Its Rela- c=i=E]us of parents to o tion to the Information Collected in Nahuatl 248 - of the _\Ielchan Thfispfro°;]eDmesr;:fe:hferosnp]a:]'TsehTEod]]ot::nfu::I:,¥:r,g:noerraz - Rdathre to the 249 }E±us chatious from Copies of It Jhi Kinchfy Tcus Ci Qiiset]i::ng]°a:]Coe:n:T8t[:te]eNFa°hrun::]ATde°xE:e8oti:ept:tdei? RE1O Fray Bernardino into European Languages
References Index Phs -L€pagelii I S± on Xdrhipilli Cod{ i Bc± Of chaptff 8, EEL Rchte IIistorr, Par Figures .± de Olmos, ".ire d g SL )€IunE, from viEEze pde 1. Regions Mentioned in the codex Tudela + scaEs in cold `vOIIin 2. Towns Mentioned in the codex Tudela 5. Scme ha Gchl ``'-ollrfu 3. General Relationships of the Codex Tudela TdzHis and Ban Cburt, I 4. Kinship Terms Embodied in "camecayotj BErikhigs in HcratiouL H 5. Process of Elaboration of the Principal Texts of Sahagi'm on TapELe and Pgivd, Flo Medicine Sirfe on a THc Fkro£ I
XIV
Tit(;i;pps?::if€--. EDWARD E. CALNEK
given in Book 8 of the Sahagdn of this information as representing mmic process of historical change. 9 chption of the imperial court and Sahagtin's Work and the Medicine of the ;ood deal more illuminating when I description of the Pi.Zzf class as a Ancient Nahuas: Possibilities for Study
ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN this paper, it must be emphasized U niversidad Nacional ration of inestimable value, provid- Aut6noma de M6xico close attention to contextual back- Hed from other sources, and within nchronic frame of reference. They ±al structure at a particular point pcrclass point of view. Social insti- }tably those which relate to the sit- e sometimes represented only in 5 have almost certainly been com- lefinitions and descriptive material r texts and appears to be inherent ped by Sahagtin himself.-Further I organization, therefore, requires with emphasis on techniques for positive content, and an explicit INTRODUCTION tues.
Sahagdnwasaboveallanevangelist,dedicatinghislifetotheconver- sion of infidels. But in the prologue of his History, where he explains his purpose in preparing this work, he compares his endeavor with that of a doctor. His work shows a consistent preoccupation with the health of the body along with that of the soul. Sahagtin elaborated no other subject so thoroughly in his Gerzeraz History; the only informants whose names he mentioned were the doc- tors, whose names appeared in two extensive lists. He acknowledged that the experienced doctors ``cured publicly," contrary to the opinion of
205 ALFREDO LOPEZ AUSTIN The Medicine of the Ancient N\ other reliable authors, among them Francisco Hernandez (1959-67), who explicitly disdained the knowledge of the native specialists. STEPS IN THE ELA. In the valuable material concerning medicine in the Gerzera! Hisfo7y, we can distinguish the information arising spontaneously from answers Illnesses and Their PLemed the Franciscan obtained while asking about other subjects. Among these spontaneous data are references to the gods who protect medical practices Sahagdn's inquiry into illnesses and to the causes of different illnesses and misfortunes; to the transgres- Tepepulco documents are two bric sions causing the acquisition of certain ills; to therapeutic methods and of our body,I," (Figure 5A) and 1 rituals; to the classification of illnesses like gout, numbness, or sluggish- corresponding respectively to Foli{ ness among the "cold" diseases and to the promises made to the gods of titled "On the Divers Illnesses The the wind, water, and mountains in order to be cured of them; to the ten in a clear and uniform handr actions of the gods visited upon those who drank pulque before the gen- list of illnesses in which we can d eral offering, and the effects of these actions, such as paralysis of the face the part of either Sahagtin or the or of a limb and trembling of the face; to the preventive measures against not correspond to the Franciscan'! the penetration of worms into the eyes; to the participation in social and yob:ualehecatl , necihuaquetediztli, religious life of the specialists in the art of curing or of bringing children low) . After the name of the illness I into the world; to the magical measures taken to make children grow; to or an indication (in six of the fift}'- those sick from particular diseases who died and were offered to the gods; information consists of brief accoi to the activities of the experts on the calendar of destinies who indicated medicines, the part of the plant ne the gods to whom the offerings of rjtua: paper should be directed; to the in which the prescription belongs t amulets that should be hung around the necks and wrists of children; to of whether the product is native to 1 where or comes from a specific pla( good and bad days for health; to the animals that were agents of the gods and announced disaster and death; to the consequences of minor trans- the cases there is mention of its prc The second text is very different; gressions like licking the grindstone or eating tamales that were stuck to the pot; to the supreme will of Titlacahuan as dispenser of fortune and is messy, with many blotches. Two disaster, health and illness, life and death-in short to an enormous refer to preparation or administratii amount of information that makes Sahagi'in's work one of the greatest is the place of origin of an herb me monuments of historical literature. text (again in contrast to the prco The second kind of material, that which Sahagi'm sought out with the Specifying its placement in the \i7o] specific purpose of recording the medical knowledge and the therapeutic later collected in Tlalte]olco, for a cernible. properties of different species in New Spain, includes two main cate- Once in T]altelolco, Sahagdn us{ gories, one on the illnesses of the human body, the other on medicines. Two more categories can be added: the facts Sahagdn collected on the dation for the continuation of the This was the pattern for the elabona parts of the human body for the purpose of compiling a vocabulary; and the general information on flora, fauna, and minerals, containing valu- to illnesses and remedies had a par able data on pharmacology. In this chapter I will examine these data in be discovered both by the compare close detail. Codex of the Royal Academy of Hi
2o6 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine of the Ancient Nahuas
Francisco Hernandez ( 1959-67) t ;e of the native specialists. STEPS [N THE ELABORATION OF THE TExrr`S medicine in the Ge7iera! H!.story, ising spontaneously from answers Illnesses and Their Remedies Lbout other subjects. Among these Sahagtin's inquiry into illnesses and their remedies was early. In the Sods who protect medical practices Tepepulco documents are two brief texts that I have entitled "Illnesses and misfortunes; to the transgres- of our body,I," (Figure 5A) and "Illnesses of our body,11," (Figure 58) i ills; to therapeutic methods and corresponding respectively to Folios 69 and 81. The first, originally en- ; like gout, numbness, or sluggish- titled "On the Divers Illnesses That Are Produced in Our Body," is writ- the promises made to the gods of rder to be cured of them; to the ten in a clear and uniform handwriting with few corrections. It is a list of illnesses in which we can discern no clear order of mention on who drank pulque before the gen- the part of either Sahagi'm or the informants. There exist ills that do rdons, such as paralysis of the face not correspond to the Franciscan's medical concepts: tzariatonaJlt/jztz!., to the preventive measures against ;; to the participation in social and yohualehecatl, necihuaquetzaliz±li, tlalatonahuiz±li, a.nd others (see be- low) . After the name of the illness is that of the corresponding medicine, r[ of curing or of bringing children or an indication (in six of the fifty-six cases) that no remedy exists. The = taken to make children grow; to i died and were offered to the gods; information consists of brief accounts of one or more of the necessary medicines, the part of the plant needed, and, in some of the many cases alendar of destinies who indicated in which the prescription belongs to the vegetable world, the indication al paper should be directed; to the he necks and wrists of children; to of whether the product is native to the locale and whether it grows every- where or comes from a specific place and environment. In io percent of aimals that were agents of the gods t the consequences of minor trans- the cases there is mention of its preparation or administration. The second text is very different; the writing is very bad, and the text r caring tamales that were stuck to is messy, with many blotches. Two-thirds of the descriptions of illnesses ahuan as dispenser of fortune and death-in short to an enormous refer to preparation or administration of the medicines; in only one case is the place of origin of an herb mentioned. In spite of the fact that this ahagt'`n's work one of the greatest text (again in contrast to the preceding one) does not have a heading specifying its placement in the work, it undoubtedly precedes the data ithich Sahagi'm sought out with the later collected in rlla]telolco, for a certain similarity of sequence is dis- ical knowledge and the therapeutic cernible. w Spain, includes two main cate- rmn body, the other on medicines. Once in rnaltelo]co, Sahagtin used the Tepepulco material as a foun- the facts Sahagdn collected on the dation for the continuation of the investigation on a much larger scale. This was the pattern for the elaboration of all his work, but that relating rose of compiling a vocabulary; and to illnesses and remedies had a particularly complex history, which can ffi::;I:rxaa]:i;oentt£;::nga;aa]]rn. be discovered both by the comparison of folios i63r-72v of the Madrid Codex of the Royal Academy of History with folios 97r-113v of Book lo
207 The Medieine of the Aneierit Nch 6i=- N i T8jg5 :6t i :a of the Florentine Codex and by the a :;\L !ti!a !! :3 E 9 €3£ - Arid Codex. A summary oi this h.is! translation I have made into Spar 8i0a i s:!- i tions made at the moment of pre| _ 6;5 f I = Pedro P6rez, Pedro Hernandez, )os cisco de la Cruz, Baltasar )uarez, ani rected the text, added the last paragi Ii! ?E!!5 T&9:5 differences in opinion indicate thai exactly the same people as the secon = I - . g_ into the Florentine Codex with th( =€ i headings of the paragraphs and ch, :?i 88fE3g€aaj3 9a= 3;;i! ¥I ® ::i ;!ia- words at the end of the fifth para€ €8 .i wounds, and cuts. < £ ! 8 !`& = =g=. €£. Twenty-seven illustrations of patii 0 aa E`83f€ I:aI!!: text of the Florentine Codex. The I benefit can be obtained from a det ments which appear minute in the show how to administer medicamen
E_ i:v, i: ®®++ problems. There is also a glyph givi =i= r? i lJ3 g± = €-¥=-
s3ivi8ONaw sotia "ibd x]aoo oiucivw XJ000 3NIJ.NJtloIJ (who from his differing opinions mai
satinj.Old aNvHSINvds ||VnllvN to the group of doctors who left u eliminated important parts, and add ooioiaj.ivij.'ooixa w a Nv ooir`d3d]i OOIol]1lvl1-OJIX]W used by the previous group. It may e The Medicine Of the Aneieat Nahuas
of the Florentine Codex and by the erasures and corrections in the Ma- drid Codex. A summary of this history, whose erasures I specify in the translation I have made into Spanish (L6pez Austin 1969b), affirms that the Acolhua original served one or more Mexican doctors in drawing up the first five paragraphs of the six that made up "On the Illnesses of the Human Body and on the Medicines against Them. Man's Illnesses," Chapter 28 of Book io (Figure 5C), with several corrections and addi- tions made at the moment of preparation. Later Doctors Tuan P6rez, Pedro P€rez, Pedro Hernandez, )os6 Hernandez, Miguel Garcia, Fran- cisco de ]a Cruz, Baltasar Tuarez, and Antonio Martinez revised and cor- rected the text, added the last paragraph, and included their names. The differences in opinion indicate that the first part was not written by exactly the same people as the second. The Madrid version was recopied into the Florentine Codex with the usual changes or additions in the headings of the paragraphs and chapters. Also added in some twenty words at the end of the fifth paragraph was an account of infections, wounds, and cuts. Twenty-seven illustrations of patients and doctors were added to the text of the Florentine Codex. The drawings are very simple, but some benefit can be obtained from a detailed study of them. Several instru- ments which appear minute in the drawings can be mentioned; they show how to administer medicaments against ocular and hemorrhoida] problems. There is also a glyph giving us to understand that the fever caused by tooth infections was considered aquatic, in a system of classi- fication that I believe to have been the basis for the modern folk tax- onomy of "cold" and "hot" diseases. From the section of the Florentine Codex entitled "On the IIlnesses of Our Body and Their Corresponding Medicines, on What Constitutes Their Medicine" (Figure 5D) was translated into Spanish what we know from the Ge7teraz History as "On the Illnesses of the Human Body and the Medicines against Them" (Figure 5E) . But although in the manu- scripts of the Florentine Codex and of the Gener4Z History the prepara- tion of the definitive version continued, in the Madrid Codex someone (who from his differing opinions may be supposed not to have belonged to the group of doctors who left us their names) corrected the text, eliminated important parts, and added to it, aided by the same scribe used by the previous group. It may even be that the work of incorporat-
209 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine Of the A,ncien± Ni
ing the material was done by various people, for in Folio i63r there is a P!7Z; was a medicine. The remai notation in a very different hand. against which the medicine was us Sahagrin's purpose in collecting the material probably derived from his preparation or administration. In I confidence in the native doctors and in their knowledge. Sufficient proof be used is specified, and in ele`'en si of this confidence is the recording of their names and the request that From this meager beginning it they intervene in a work which could have been considered already fin- complete investigation. The task ished. One must remember, too, that whatever did not serve therapeutic Tlaltelolco who inscribed their in ends was blocked out of the original data. The deleted material was have used the previous list as a basis linked to magical and religious ideas. In Tlaltelolco a whole series of follow it strictly. They doubled t] headings was not repeated : 7teci.htfc!qttefzc!Zjzfz£, a form of death sent by names of stones, animal products, Huitzi]opochtli and Quilaztli to the women they wanted as escorts dur- siderably augmenting the informati ing the solar course; 7tefzczhttjfeqttjzfzz., the death used for the same were recorded in the Florentine C purpose by the aquatie gods; tlalatonahuiztli, yohualatonahuiztli, and Plants and Divers Herbs" in the ( "On Medicinal Herbs and Other h yohttazefeecczfz, sicknesses that may be supposed (and the problem de- serves careful study) to be connected to spirit entities originating from sion, in folios 139v-8lr of Book li the dead or to aquatic and terrestrial gods. A man broad-minded enough both the Nahuatl and Spanish coli to bequeath us such valuable information on the native religion would i 8aanr:'{aa:°a'n:r#jcg£:Ce: #:t:ri'ni¥££:: not have been frightened by these ideas; they had to be eliminated if \! the purpose of Chapter 28 of Book io was its utility in the search for have identified with the kind assists health. mation replies to a questionnaire w I. what kind of plant is it? 2. `Vhat does it look like? On Medicines 3. What are its useful parts? The history of this type of text begins later. It was not started in Acol- 4. Against what illnesses are they huan country but rather in Mexico, in Book ii of the Generaz History, 5. How js the medicine prepared? dedicated to animals, vegetables, and minerals. The original version had 6. How is it administered? as its title "On Medicinal Plants and Potable Woods," and it is found in 7. Where is it found? folios 238r-39r of the Madrid Codex of the Royal Academy of History These questions were frequently an (Figure 5F) . Initially numbered Chapter 15, later numbered paragraph tion about diet in about i7 percent ( 5 of Chapter 7, it is but a small part of the extensive chapter on herbs. It age there is complementary inforln is obviously in two parts, the first written on a broad, full scale, the names attention is paid to the botanica: of the plants constituting the headings of the lines and making up both throughout the work, the manuscrip the heading and the text in the last three sections; the second a sketch with drawings, very important ones or plan, filling in the spaces marked by the headings with brief accounts nificent means of scientific identific of the plants listed. The informants who dictated the broad plan and plete, for the first thirty-four plants those who dictated the sketchy one were not the same, for the latter left the Ge7ieraz History seven more ha` fifteen of the fifty-nine sections blank, and disagreed over whether chich£- The close attention Sahagdn paid
210 i ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine of the Ancient Nahuas people, for in Folio i63r there is a P!7Zi. was a medicine. The remaining sections indicated the illnesses against which the medicine was useful, the great ma].ority explaining its material probably derived from his preparation or administration. In thirteen cases the part of the plant to n their knowledge. Sufficient proof be used is specified, and in eleven something about its appearance. their names and the request that From this meager beginning it was necessary to move on to a more [ have been considered already fin- complete investigation. The task was entrusted to seven doctors from rllaltelolco who inscribed their names on the document. They seem to whatever did not serve therapeutic il data. The deleted material was have used the previous list as a basis for their work, although they did not ;. In Tlaltelolco a whole series of follow it strictly. They doubled the number of plants and added the !iefzazt.ztli, a form of death sent by names of stones, animal products, and something on steam baths, con- vomen they wanted as escorts dur- siderably augmenting the information in each section. The resulting data tll., the death used for the same were recorded in the Florentine Codex under the title "On Medicinal \nchurith, yohaalatonchuiz±li, and Plants and Divers Herbs" in the original text (Figure 5G) and under "On Medicinal Herbs and Other Medicinal Things" in the Spanish ver- € supposed (and the problem de- 1 to spirit entities originating from sion, in folios 139v-8lr of Book 11 (Figure 5H) . The names, cosigned in both the Nahuatl and Spanish columns were: Gaspar Matias, Pedro de gods. A man broad-minded enough ation on the native religion would Santiago, Francisco Sim6n, Miguel Damian, Felipe Hernandez, Miguel leas; they had to be eliminated if Garcia, and Miguel Motolinia, and as scribe Pedro de Raquena (whom I io was its utility in the search for have identified with the kind assistance of Howard F. Cline) . The infor- mation replies to a questionnaire which can be reconstructed as follows: I. what kind of plant is it? 2. \Vhat does it look like? 3. What are its useful parts? ins later. It was not started in Acol- 4. Against what illnesses are they useful? in Book ii of the Gerzeraz History, 5. How is the medicine prepared? minerals. The original version had 6. How is it administered? Potable Woods," and it is found in 7. Where is it found? : of the Royal Academy of History These questions were frequently answered. In addition there is informa- lpter 1 5, later numbered paragraph tion about diet in about 17 percent of the cases, and in a smaller percent- )f the extensive chapter on herbs. It age there is complementary information of some interest. The greatest ten on a broad, full scale, the names attention is paid to the botanical characteristics of the species. As gs of the lines and making up both throughout the work, the mahuscript of the Florentine Codex is enriched three sections; the second a sketch with drawings, very important ones in this section since they are a mag- b}7 the headings with brief accounts nificent means of scientific identification. The Spanish version is incom- who dictated the broad plan and plete, for the first thirty-four plants are missing, and in the editions of rere not the same, for the latter left the Generaz Hz'sfory seven more have been omitted. and disagreed over whether cJtfchi.- The close attention Sahagi'in paid to the data and the fact that he soli-
211 ALFRED0 L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the ALncieiTt Ni cited the participation of professionals in medicine again suggest that he inserted into an already complex was interested in the topic because he expected it to be therapeutically Even discounting the paragraph in useful. source of information about nath the exception of paragraph 1 of plants-the information is very sc On the Parts of the Human Body paragraphs in which it is found Fray Bemardino begins worrying about the names of the parts of the diverse origins of these texts and body in Tepepulco. Two very brief texts, "On the Names of What Is on the species to which they allude a] the Outside of Our Body" (Figure 51) and "On the Names of What Is of the book, and the data are com On the Inside of Our Body That Doesn't Show" (Figure 5J) constitute The book on flora, fauna, and I respectively paragraphs 5 and 6 of Chapter 4 in the "Primeros Memo- Tepepulco. It was initiated in Tla riales" and are found in folios 82v-83v. They are simple lists of sixty- tant illustrations. eight body parts, most being accompanied by one to six words, mainly verbs, whose purpose is the enrichment of the Nahuatl vocabulary POSSIBILITIES F01 planned by Sahagdn. In Tla]telolco the Franciscan collected enough material to form a A consideration of the possil)fl whole chapter (Chapter 27 of Book io of the Florentine Codex), and necessarily begin with due ackno he had terms for everything from the names for the skin to those related works. It is not possible in this br to excrement. In each case the associated words are abundant, very often the most outstanding works, but I synonyms, which would have constituted valuable material for the works on the identification of spc aforementioned vocabulary. This text, which in folios i48r-i62r of the del Campo (1938-4o; 1959); the Madrid Codex goes under the title "On All the External and Intemal Freiherr von Gall (194o); the col Parts, Both of Men and Women" (Figure 5K), is passed on into clean of George S. Diumenti and Aar( Copy in folios 7orL97r of Book io of the Florentine Codex, where it is Dibble and Anderson (Sahagrin I called "On the Intestines, on All That Is in the Interior and All That Is cause of their quality and magnitul on the Exterior, and the Joints That We Men and Women Have" son and Charles E. Dibble themsc translation of the Florentine Cot (Figure 5L) . It has a few unimportant drawings (Figure 5M) . There was no point in translating materials like these into Spanish. medicine are translated and annot= In the Ge7]eraz History Sahagdn made a notation indicating their re- articles the two authors have writh placement by a noteworthy account of pre-Hispanic education and the pharmacology, and anatomy (An( education given by the missionaries. Anderson 1965; 1966) . Those who prepare future studies with. That of Dibble and Anders{ The Information on Medicinal Species in Book I I von Gall's into German (194o), al Paragraph 5 of Chapter 7 in Book ii, which treats the medicinal 1969a; 197lb; 1972) Can be the ba species and to which we have already referred, attained such magnitude, specialists in various branches of scj independence, and importance that it can well be considered a booklet or in teams. This interdisciplinary. c
212 The Medicine of the A,ncieTit Nchuas ALFRED0 L6PEZ AUSTIN
inserted into an already complex book, from which it differs greatly. in medicine again suggest that he Even discountmg the paragraph in question, Book 1 I is still an important expected it to be therapeutically source of information about native medicine. For the most part-with the exception of paragraph 1 of Chapter 12, referring to intoxicating plants-the information is very scattered, and the characteristics of the ody paragraphs in which it is found are highly variable. Because of the diverse origins of these texts and of those of the medical infomants, rout the names of the parts of the "On the Names of What Is on the species to which they allude are often also mentioned in other parts of the book, and the data are complementary. ) and "On the Names of What Is The book on flora, fauna, and minerals has no direct antecedents in sn't Show" (Figure 5}) constitute Tepepulco. It was initiated in Tlaltelolco and also contains very impor- hapter 4 in the "Primeros Memo- tant illustrations. •3v. They are simple lists of sixty- anied by one to six words, mainly ment of the Nahuatl vocabulary POSSIBILITIES FOR STUDY OF THE TEXTS
A consideration of the possibilities for study of these texts should ected enough material to form a necessarily begin with due acknowledgment of fundamental previous io of the Florentine Codex), and works. It is not possible in this brief exposition to mention all of even names for the skin to those related the most outstanding works, but the following should be recalled: the .ted words are abundant, very often works on the identification of species and anatomy by Rafael Martin rfuted valuable material for the del Campo (1938-4o; 1959); the translation into German by August i which in folios i48r-i62r of the `On All the External and Internal Freiherr von Gall (ig4o); the collaboration in botanical identification Figure 5K), is passed on into clean of George S. Diumenti and Aaron Margulis for the translations of Dibble and Anderson (Sahagrin ig5o-69); and in a special place, be- the Florentine Codex, where it is cause of their quality and magnitude, the studies of Arthur ). 0. Ander- .t Is in the Interior and All That ls son and Charles E. Dibble themselves, including the complete English at We Men and Women Have" translation of the Florentine Codex-in which the parts relating to it drawings (Figure 5M). medicine are translated and annotated with singular erudition-and the materials like these into Spanish. articles the two authors have written separately on medicine in general, ide a notation indicating their re- of pre-Hispanic education and the pharmacology, and anatomy (Anderson ig6i; Dibble 1959; Rogers & Anderson 1965; 1966) . Those who prepare future studies will have various translations to deal with. That of Dibble and Anderson into English (Sahagdn 195o-69), ul Species in Book I I von Gall's into German (ig4o), and mine into Spanish (L6pez Austin 1969a; 1971b; 1972) Can be the bases for research to be carried out by ok ii, which treats the medicinal • referred, attained such magnitude, specialists in various branches of scientific knowledge, either individually or in teams. This interdisciplinary collaboration is not only desirable but it can well be considered a booklet
213 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Ancierl± N`
indispensable. We historians, and particularly Nahuatl translators, must and Anderson (1965; 1966) with C often have recourse to doctors and botanists. When our work of trams- the inventory of the terms refed 1ation is concluded, the roles will be reversed, and we shall be the with the ancient vocabularies of S assistants in the investigation. High German. Sahagdn's work offers to contemporary and future investigators an The topic can be approached t extensive range of possibilities for study. It would be very pretentious to the names of the parts of the hu try to point out all the possibilities, many of which will be discovered can give an idea of the way an qu by specialists in the course of investigation. I want to limit the contents texcalhuaquiztli, whieh "ea:ns a of this exposition to a few ideas that have come up in the process of "dryness of the excremental o`.e translation, and a few examples. stomach purifies the food and clc process in which the food descend The European ITrfeuence heat, the nutritious content is sq excrement, and we can infer that The native medicine recorded by Sahagdn is a product not only of difficulties. Other ideas on ph}sial pre-Hispanic ideas, but also of an incipient confluence of native and formations may be deduced from Spanish concepts and techniques. One of the first desirable steps in therapeutics, such as the suppce€ research is the specification of this cultural process. In another work I enema to wash the interior of the have pointed out the use of lint packing for deep wounds, a procedure or the supposition that a purge ca with a possible distant origin in the classic Mediterranean world, and sure on the heart. the use of metal instruments like the syringe, of greater efficiency than the native olles made of clay. There are prescriptions which call for wine Morbidity or wheat, and some which forbid the meat of animals imported by the Spanish. German Somolinos D'Ardois has suggested to me the possi- In spite of the great conce bility that Ga]en was the source of the physiological concept of the liver endemic diseases, shown in the as the "pot of blood" (fezfecoti), as it appears in "The Internal Parts of foT the Relaciones Geogrdficas the Body" in the "Primeros Memoria]es" (and not in Book io). It not many direct references should also be noted that in the remarks accompanying the parts of nesses in Sahagi'm's documents. So the body it is said that our brains reason and warn, and that with the be obtained, not from the lists of i] celestial part-the head-we remember and think. This concept was since it is logical to suppose that th foreign to the natives, who made the heart the organ of consciousness. for each illness was in direct relat the natives, and the attention wit The Human Body Madrid Codex, out of sixty ailmc childbirth fever and as many mom The data referring to the human body were not collected for the pur- four times each are abscesses, the pose of recording the native concepts, but in order to create an extensive problems, and "aquatic" or interl anatomical vocabulary. The possibilities of investigation, however, are mange, being struck by lightning, not limited to simple vocabulary, as evidenced by the work of Rogers listed once each. In the Florentine
214 rThe Medicine of the A:neieat Nchuas ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN icularly Nahuatl translators, must and Anderson (ig65; ig66) with other Nahuatl vocabularies, comparing tanists. When our work of trans- the inventory of the terms referring to the different parts of the body 8 reversed, and we shall be the with the ancient vocabularies of Scandinavian, English, Norwegian, and High German. )rary and future investigators an The topic can be approached through etymological study. Not only y. It would be very pretentious to the names of the parts of the human body but also those of illnesses many of which will be discovered can give an idea of the way an organ was supposed to function. Cu££Zd- ition. I want to limit the contents fexcc!Zhtfaqttjzfz£, which means cousfjpc!fl.or!, is literally translated as "dryness of the excrementa] oven." The texts studied say that our have come up in the process of stomach purifies the food and cleans it, so we can imagine a digestive process in which the food descends to the stomach, where, by means of heat, the nutritious content is separated from what will make up the excrement, and we can infer that an excess of heat causes defecatory Sahagdn is a product not only of difficulties. Other ideas on physiological processes and anatomical con- Lcipient confluence of native and formations may be deduced from information relating to illnesses and ne of the first desirable steps in therapeutics, such as the supposed organic connection permitting an i]tural process. In another work I enema to wash the interior of the kidneys and remove parasitic worms, ing for deep wounds, a procedure or the supposition that a purge can evacuate the ph]egms causing pres- classic Mediterranean world, and sure on the heart. syringe, of greater efficiency than •e prescriptions which call for wine Morbidity meat of animals imported by the is has suggested to me the possi- In spite of the great concern at the time for knowledge about : physiological concept of the liver endemic diseases, shown in the questionnaire that was the background : appears in "The Internal Parts of for the Rezdci.ones Geogrd'fcds (Paso y Troncoso 19o5-6), there are files" (and not in Book io). It not many direct references to the presence and incidence of specific ill- marks accompanying the parts of nesses in Sahagi'm's documents. Some relevant material may nonetheless aeon and warn, and that with the be obtained, not from the lists of illnesses but from the lists of reinedies, rer and think. This concept was since it is logical to suppose that the number of medicines recommended : heart the organ of consciousness. for each illness was in direct relation with the attention given to it by the natives, and the attention with its frequency. For example, in the Madrid Codex, out of sixty ailments mentioned, nine are problems of childbirth fever and as many more of other kinds of fever. Mentioned edy were not collected for the pur- four times each are abscesses, the inability to eat, infant problems, eye but in order to create an extensive problems, and "aquatic" or intermittent fevers. Twice mentioned are ties of investigation, however, are mange, being struck by lightning, and gout; the rest of the diseases are evidenced by the work of Rogers listed once each. In the Florentine Codex, of more than three hundred
215 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Ancient ^ and sixty mentions of diseases, forty-five are of fever in general, three think that his rheumatic prob]( of white fever, three of head fever, eight of "aquatic" or intermittent Titlacahuan, from the punishme] fevers, and three of other types of fevers. There are twelve mentions of performed a certain rite, from d relapses, five of shortness of breath, five of extreme consumption, six of a certain spring, and from prolol blistered body, five of rotten body, nine of body swelling. There are would not consider it all as a con eleven of anal hemorrhage, four of diarrhea with blood, three of bloody plex. This complexity, which is stools, ten of swollen abdomen, fourteen of diarrhea, four of constipa- pre-Hispanic Mexico but also in tion, one of pus in the abdomen, two of noise in the intestines, one of texts with which we are pesc- worms in the abdomen, one of acidity, one of ami.rlaz!.zfzj or the ills questionably influenced b}7 the fit produced by water, one of stomach ache, one of hemorrhoids, four of and by the caution of the native cysts, nine of damages caused by sexual excesses or coital problems, sionaries enabled them to see tt eleven of illnesses of the penis, three of diseases of the groin, and one of result, illnesses that were totanT I normal sexual desires that must be calmed in the widower. There are were eliminated from the lists, anl twenty-two mentions of urinary problems, nine of gout, one of numb- usually by elimination of the lcsl ness, four of nerve diseases, one of swollen feet. There is one mention influenced by the conquerols. of the inability to conceive because of vaginal problems, three of de- Thus there remained those do livery problems, four of childbirth fever, four of the purification of heat, wind, or cold, or tooth decaF matemal milk, and one of the sickness of a child as a consequence of things were eaten afterward), ant his mother's new pregnancy (ch!.PjJez). There are seven mentions of especially meat. An eye disease o cough, six of back or chest ailments, five of nasal hemorrhages, two sitic worm. There are other disc of phlegms, one of rotten lungs. There are more than eight apparent strange to the Europeans of the ti] cases of illnesses produced by supernatural beings, and ten mentions of were said to be caused by persiste] eye problems. In short, the total account would be very long and, if age of a child, and serious sexual made by one who lacked the necessary medical knowledge, of little sig- by erotic dream visions (perhaps nificance. Hence I believe it is better to leave the recounting in the hands by fright during copulation, and i of specialists, who will be able to relate the resulting figures to the very or lifting heavy things immediate particular problems of a population situated on a lake and presumably attl.ibuted in Book ii to nonabch burdened with sanitary difficulties. delivery, a pathogeny which is no the advice to pregnant women in Etiology We must take into account th nation implicit in the language. I This is undoubtedly one of the most interesting points. The origin fevers, that they establish themse. of illness is complex, including and often intertwining two types of organism: one causing blisters or causes: those that we would call natural-excesses, accidents, deficien- htJjzfz£ ("formation of rings on tl] cies, exposure to sudden temperature changes, contagions, and the like- focamac 7tem!.," "the fever lives in and those caused by the intervention of nonhuman beings or of human verbs used in reference to certain beings with more than normal powers. For example, a native could their effects to be caused by divin
216 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Aneieat N chuas five are of fever in general, three think that his rheumatic problems came from the supreme will of ±ght of "aquatic" or intermittent Titlacahuan, from the punishment sent by the Tlaloque for not having •ers. 'IThere are twelve mentions of performed a certain rite, from direct attack by a being who inhabited ve of extreme consumption, six of a certain spring, and from prolonged chilling in cold water; the native nine of body swelling. There are would not consider it all as a confluence of diverse causes but as a com- anhea with blood, three of bloody plex. This complexity, which is obvious not only in other sources on [een of diarrhea, four of constipa- pre-Hispanic Mexico but also in Sahagdn's work, is not evident in the ) of noise in the intestines, one of texts with which we are presently concerned. These texts were un- Sty, one of amj73az!.zfzj or the ills questionably influenced by the firm decision and censorship of Sahagdn lche, one of hemorrhoids, four of and by the caution of the native doctors, whose contact with the mis- mal excesses or coital problems, sionaries enabled them to see what matters were best omitted. As a )I diseases of the groin, and one of result, illnesses that were totally related to magical or religious concepts alined in the widower. There are were eliminated from the lists, and only the "natural" etiology remained, ilems, nine of gout, one of numb- usually by elimination of the rest, or sometimes by a tacit substitution IVollen feet. There is one mention influenced by the conquerors. of vaginal problems, three of de- Thus there remained those documents that attributed lip blisters to fever, four of the purification of heat, wind, or cold, or tooth decay to eating hot things (especially if cold =ss of a child as a consequence of things were eaten afterward), and to the presence of decomposed food, 2z). There are seven mentions of especially meat. An eye disease originated from the presence of a para- s, five of nasal hemorrhages, two sitic worm. There are other diseases whose causes must have seemed Lere are more than eight apparent strange to the Europeans of the time: stuttering or overly childish speech atural beings, and ten mentions of were said to be caused by persistence in nursing in spite of the advanced count would be very long and, if age of a child, and serious sexual problems were thought to be caused ry medical knowledge, of little sig- by erotic dream visions (perhaps those not accompanied by discharge), :o leave the recounting in the hands by fright during copulation, and in a woman by having sexual relations lte the resulting figures to the very or lifting heavy things immediately after giving birth. Breech births are situated on a lake and presumably attributed in Book 1 1 to nonabstention from coitus immediately before delivery, a pathogeny which is not described in that book but rather in the advice to pregnant women in the speeches of Book 6. We must take into account that much can be obtained from infor- mation implicit in the language. It is said of many illnesses, particularly rest interesting points. The origin fevers, that they establish themselves in or inhabit certain parts of the I often intertwining two types of organism: one causing blisters on the tongue, called tleriepi7chacayoz!.- tural-excesses, accidents, deficien- JitJz.z£Z£ ("formation of rings on the tongue"), is so localized: "toforiqtti changes, contagions, and the like- focamac 72em£," "the fever lives in our mouth." The same can be said of of nonhuman beings or of human verbs used in reference to certain diseases known from their origin or LTers. For example, a native could their effects to be caused by divine beings. In speaking of the effects of
217 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Ancient N air (and in this case air cannot be understood as simply the natural a purge because it is cold; anoth{ fluid or its current) the verb qtti.zcz, ``go out," is used, preceded by i)a" inflammation of the eyes; anothe with a possessive prefix. The possessive refers to the patient, and the the digestion: it cools the heat ( person of the verb to the agent. Exactly the same thing occurs in other excessive) and with it one does nc books of the Florentine Codex, for example in Book 1, Chapter io and said that the cold nature of the cc in Book 4, Chapter 22, where we find a description of the paralysis one who has twisted his neck, so caused by the celestial goddesses, escorts to the sun. In both of the coc'oc fzaco£Z (ident.?) is said to above-mentioned places the expression "ipan oquizque in cihuapipiltin;" supposed by those who affirm thai "the noble women came upon him," is used to refer to the moment of is a degeneration of the Old Wo the unpleasant meeting. Another very obscure expression is the verb reference is made to the oppositio PeJ!t/a, "begin," used to indicate the presence of an illness with a similar The possible correspondence bc origin. It appears not only in the texts we are now examining but also in fevers and the four cardinal poin Bock 4, Chapter 22.. ". . . auh intla aca opeuh mococoa," "and if one Like the directions, phlegms are began to get sick." Dibble and Anderson translate this as "when some- natives discerned a relationship to one begins to get sick," and I have given the same translation. I suspect, yellow, and green ph]egms and pus however, that we have not fully understood the phrase. Another verb referring to medicines. This four- used in similar cases is Piqu!., which also merits study. Another that has of the anatomical list in Book I( been studied is the verb ehucz preceded by -tech with a possessive prefix. first list of the "Primeros Memo Its apparent meaning is ``intrusion," but the problem remains. named phlegm, blood phlegm, whi green fever and a white one are 1] fever, but it is not apparent, since Il:I,ness the surface, of the body. It swells Many have argued for the absence of a theory of medicine in the dark green fever also lodges itsel Mesoamerican world. Nevertheless it is obvious that like all aspects of manifests itself more conspicuous the culture-and the aspect of a culture corresponding to the limits of the skin. Will two other complell life, death, health, disease, and suffering is one of the most important- be interesting to compare Saha€ medicine was immersed in a scheme of classification of everything that Alarc6n'S (1953). exists. This classification provided the elementary principles of knowl- Research can uncover interesti] edge, tailoring the techniques to the problems. Superior and inferior, nection between fever and the del cold and hot, the four directions, the possibilities of temporal and spatial most frequently mentioned, is wol intervention by each divinity, the lucky and unlucky days were all concepts is that of the placement applicable to this subject matter. body, whence the effects sprout to I do not believe it necessary to reconsider here the origin of the hot- difference in temperature may e cold concept in native medicine (see L6pez Austin ig7ib) . Nevertheless healthy zones, which produces an i it is worth pointing out that "cold" medicines and their effects are men- in the nerves. The emergence n tioned often. One plant is said to be cold and to counteract heat; an- blistering of the lips, inflammatioE other forces heat out because it is cold; another mitigates the effects of of spots on the face, this last beil
218 ALFRED0 L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine of the AneieTit Nalmas understood as simply the natural a purge because it is cold; another is used for the same reason against `go out," is used, preceded by i)c7t inflammation of the eyes; another is spoken of kindly because it helps five refers to the patient, and the the digestion: it cools the heat (which must be presumed harmful if idy the same thing occurs in other excessive) and with it one does not feel the heat of the steam bath. It is xample in Book 1, Chapter io and said that the cold nature of the coaxz.httz.fz (ident.?) lowers the blood of End a description of the paralysis one who has twisted his neck, so the heart will not be damaged. And scorts to the sun. In both of the cococ. fzaco£Z (ident.?) is said to be a cold root. Contrary to what is a "ipan oquizque in cihuapiptltin," supposed by those who affirm that the distinction between hot and cold ' is used to refer to the moment of is a degeneration of the Old World concept of the four elements, no :ry obscure expression is the verb reference is made to the opposition of wet and dry. The possible correspondence between different types of phlegms and presence of an illness with a similar s we are now examining but also in fevers and the four cardinal points constitutes an interesting problem. aca opeuh mococoa," "and if one Like the directions, phlegms are identified with colors, in which the aeon translate this as "when some- natives discerned a relationship to illnesses and their seriousness. White, •ven the same translation. I suspect, yellow, and green phlegms and pus are frequently mentioned in the texts derstood the phrase. Another verb referring to medicines. This four-part division is also made at the end also merits study. Another that has of the anatomical list in Book io. A different division appears in the ed by -tech with a possessive prefix. first list of the "Primeros Memoria]es," for the Acolhuan informants but the problem remains. named phlegm, blood phlegm, white phlegm, and yellow phlegm. A dark green fever and a white one are mentioned by color. White is a strong fever, but it is not apparent, since it locates itself in the interior, not on the surface, of the body. It swells from below and causes rotting. The ce of a theory of medicine in the dark green fever also lodges itself in the interior of the body, but it t is obvious that like all aspects of manifests itself more conspicuously, blackening two or three zones of lture corresponding to the limits of the skin. Will two other complementary fevers be discovered? It would ring is one of the most important- be interesting to compare Sahagdn's data with Hemando Ruiz de : of classification of everything that Alarc6n'S (1953). he elementary principles of knowl- Research can uncover interesting ideas about pathogeny. The con- ie problems. Superior and inferior, nection between fever and the density of urine, one of the relationships most frequently mentioned, is worth investigating. One of the principal possibilities of temporal and spatial lucky and unlucky days were all concepts is that of the placement of the illness in the interior of the body, whence the effects sprout to the surface. Before this emergence a consider here the origin of the hot- difference in temperature may exist between the damaged and the ` I-6pez Austin ig7lb) . Nevertheless healthy zones, which produces an undesirable sensation of great coldness medicines and their effects are men- in. the nerves. The emergence may be spontaneous in the form of re cold and to counteract heat; an- blistering of the lips, inflammation of the face and eyes, or the presence old; another mitigates the effects of of spots on the face, this last being a result of rupture of the internal
219 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Amcien± I
organs, hemorrhoids, infections, or cysts. When the movement toward easily attacked, making the illnes the exterior is not spontaneous, it is induced by means of medicines, for treated directly. it is easier to attack the "mature" illness by applying the medicines from Other therapeutic measures ai the exterior, directly on the skin. Another serious problem is the accu- very important one studied b} I mulation of ph]egms, white, green, and yellow, which penetrate the was sought was the e]imimtion I nerves, head, and chest. These phlegms produce pressure on the heart, uation of the intestines and bh{ fever, pu]sations of the temple, and muscular and nervous trembling. cines were actually very eifectj The pressure on the heart proceeds from one side, injures the viscera example, jt is said that pus, rena (the organs of thought), and produces a loss of consciousness. said to be produced by "the lm These are only examples. A careful reading of the texts awakens anus or urethra, and one is given doubts, suggests answers, and invites investigation, which should be of these products, the illness disa] guided by the premise that knowledge follows a logical tendency to There is undoubtedly an impor divide and classify, to take the world as a complex but orderly whole. related to the world of cold and v The interrelation of findings on the functioning of the human body, on gout, the evil effect of lightning, I the nature of illnesses, and on the processes of their development will "water fever," and others-shout permit the explanation of the native concept of therapeutic processes. yiauhtli (Tagetes lucida), fiicietl (. ol,us camf]anulat:us v. sphimct]rinu Therapeutics loo (Datura sp.) , and olchuhqul Dafura metazoz'des)-all narcotics One frequently encounters in Sahagi'in's texts clear references to the which I do not recall as having t] reasons for the choice of certain types of remedies. He mentions, for remedies. example, that there are medicines applicable to all kinds of numbness, Measures like the protection { that bitter products are indicated for infections, and that any purge is the harmful air will not penetrati medicine for weakness. It is affirmed that the heat of the sweat bath belong to the "evil air" complex. softens the hardened muscles and nerves of those who have been ill or personification associated with a beaten. It is believed that a sudorific causes a fever to exit through the dispelled by the odor of a p]al skin, and that some medicines cool the damaged organs and thus reduce diversity of maladies for which ou swelling. Bruises caused by a contusion are dangerous because beaten natural beings, madness, water fen blood becomes corrupt and turns into an illness that provokes the drying by the verb Pi.qt".) suggests that out of the patient, the swelling of the abdomen, spitting blood, and can be studied through the comm constant coughing; thus the blood must immediately be made to flow It is curious to note an elemen throughout the body to prevent stagnation. The therapeutic medicine is significant in modern native magi( obvious: bleeding to make the blood flow. On other occasions the effect phlegm, it is necessary that the cj of the remedy is described in very mechanical terms, as in the case of by the sun precisely at dawn, and one that pushes the phlegms oppressing the heart until they exit through the lime should be moistened in tl the anus. It is said of other medicines that they speed the process of The therapeutics contains in ad the illness, motivating a maturation so that the disease can be more prohibitions. The patient with a t
220 ALFRED0 L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medieine of the Ancient Naihuas ts. \Vhen the movement toward easily attacked, making the illness appear on the surface where it can be ]uced by means of medicines, for treated directly. s by applying the medicines from Other therapeutic measures are not so obvious. Among them is the tier serious problem is the accu- very important one studied by Dibble, who proved not only that what nd yellow, which penetrate the was sought was the elimination of internal heat by means of the evac- Ls produce pressure on the heart, uation of the intestines and bladder, but also that the indicated medi- muscular and nervous trembling. cines were actually very effective purges and diuretics. In another :om one side, in].ures the viscera example, it is said that pus, yellow phlegm, and thick blood, which are a loss of consciousness. said to be produced by "the male sickness," are expelled through the fl reading of the texts awakens aniis or urethra, and one is given to understand that with the expulsion investigation, which should be of these products, the illness disappears. 5e follows a logical tendency to There is undoubtedly an important reason why certain diseases-those as a complex but orderly whole. related to the world of cold and water, such as swelling of the abdomen, nctioning of the human body, on gout, the evil effect of lightning, that of "air," perversity, dfo7tahul.zfzz or ``water fever," and others-should be attacked with censers, and why Dcesses of their development will concept of therapeutic processes. yiauhtli (Tagetes lucida), Picietl (Nicotiana rustica), teunanacatl (Pa:rrae- olus camparulatus v. sphi:netrinus), fieyotl (Lof]haphora wlliarmsii), to- loa (Datura sp.) , and ololiuhqui (IPomea stdaefolia, RIvea corymbosa, Daft/rtz mefazofdes)-all narcotics (in addition to eJ2ecapdfz£ (ident.? ), rin's texts clear references to the which I do not recall as having this property)-should be prescribed as a of remedies. He mentions, for remedies. )licable to all kinds of numbness, Measures like the protection of an ini.ured head by wrapping it so infections, and that any purge is the harmful air will not penetrate have persisted until the present and that the heat of the sweat bath belong to the "evil air" complex. It is interesting to see the degree of ves of those who have been ill or personification associated with an illness that can be weakened and causes a fever to exit through the dispelled by the odor of a plant hung around a child's neck. The : damaged organs and thus reduce diversity of maladies for which ocelot meat is used (possession by super- on are dangerous because beaten natural beings, madness, water fever, perversity, and the illness indicated an illness that provokes the drying by the verb Pi'qui) suggests that they all form part of a category that he abdomen, spitting blood, and can be studied through the common medicaments. ust immediately be made to flow It is curious to note an element in the therapeutics that is also very ltion. The therapeutic medicine is significant in modern native magic: the time. For a cough with purulent low. On other occasions the effect phlegm, it is necessary that the chi.chiJitjazcuaJ2t!!.fz (ident.? ) be heated achanical terms, as in the case of by the sun precisely at dawn, and for white excrement or bloody stools, g the heart until they exit through the lime should be moistened in the afternoon. es that they speed the process of The therapeutics contains in addition a conspicuous list of diets and so that the disease can be more prohibitions. The patient with a cough will have to eat turkey, rabbit,
221 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine Of the Amcien:i ^
sures, we can see that certain disc= quail, pigeon, venison, and fried tortillas, and will drink a little wine and pulque, boiled chile water, and atole with honey or chile; he will are also cured with censers. `Ihe not, however, be able to take cold water, cacao, fruit, or water pu]que. bleeding and puncture, whieh an He will be forbidden to face the cold and to drink much water, but it is not enough), aquatic fever of will be recommended that he take steam baths. One who has a turkey and swellings. cataract should not look at white things. If categories of foods and Many such equivalences could suffice. The only pertinent thing prohibitions were obtained, no doubt a categorization of the illness could also be found through the counteractions used to reach equi- belong to the domain of heat ar librium. This would probably lead to results parallel to those obtained structure should be taken into col from investigations of the modern native world, in which "cold" or is made. "hot" medicines, foods, and drinks are recommended for the illnesses In other cases particular mid with opposite natures. If we examine the list of ailmel] This configuration leads us back to the topic of colors, which, just as appears to have served as a di in modern Mexico, seem to have had great importance in ancient times. excoriations of the skin and irrit Red saltpeter is recommended in Sahagi'm's texts against the ocular maguey was used in many forms excrescence called jxhtjahttdc!.J2uiz£Zz., and red medicines in general should continuing suppuration. be used against the white films and clouds that form in the eye. But the use of dark medicines is more salient: soot, fzizpofo7tqttj (Ery7tgfttm Pharmacology beecheyavium), tlaliyac (coppelas) , nacazcolotl (Caesalpinia coriacea v. corjaria), mafzc!Zji (blue), black ax!.7z (an unguent), Pazzi (black clay), Interest in the study and ider and many others are used against body swelling, gout, aquatic fever, the ancient Nahuas has develop blisters, head eruptions, split ends, dandruff, diarrhea, white excrement, concepts, but also from the requi contusions and head injuries, chest aches, constipation, head fevers in cology. The botanical descriptiou children and old people (perhaps a particular type of fever), nits, tooth the plants, and the study that c decay, and glaucoma. It is specifically stated that the parts of the body names, will doubtless aid in tax{ swollen by white fever are painted over and that the medicine bursts Useful as Sahagtin's texts are, tht the tumors. mnesses for which dark substances are not used are also tary to other works, such as Frani important, because the diseases have a nature opposite to the previous in botanical description. The trad group and are of the same nature as the medicines: cocopaztfc (a tree herbals and who conserve the N resin) and soot are used against diarrhea, but the soot is eliminated when taken into account in the process the patient's excrement or saliva are bloody. (There is an exception, however, concerning the application of soot in cases of bloody excre- ment: cozcacttauJix#zui.fz [Perezfa moschatc], cuatthyayahttaz [ident.?], CONCLUSION resin, and soot are recommended for those who have been beaten, but if they have fever the resin and soot are eliminated.) From among the many possi If we pass from the grouping of i]]nesses to that of therapeutic mea- on medical sub].ects, I have poi
222 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN The Medicine of the ATroieat Nchuas
and will drink a little wine sures, we can see that certain diseases that are cured with dark substances )le with honey or chile; he will are also cured with censers. The same kind of relation exists between T, cacao, fruit, or water pulque. bleeding and puncture, which are applied for headaches (if the censing Lnd to drink much water, but it is not enough), aquatic fever of the teeth, tooth decay, nits, abscesses, in baths. One who has a turkey and swellings. ngs. If categories of foods and Many such equivalences could yet be indicated, but I believe these a categorization of the illness suffice. The only pertinent thing to add is that nowadays the dark colors nteractions used to reach equi- belong to the domain of heat and the light ones to that of cold. This esults parallel to those obtained structure should be taken into consideration when a further investigation five world, in which "cold" or is made. : recommended for the illnesses In other cases particular medicaments are used for simpler reasons. If we examine the list of ailments for which urine was used, the urine he topic of colors, which, I.ust as appears to have served as a disinfectant. Rubber was used to cure •eat importance in ancient times. excoriations of the skin and irritations of the mucous membranes, and iagrfu's texts against the ocular maguey was used in many forms to close up the tissues when there was I red medicines in general should continuing suppuration. lds that form in the eye. But the t.. soot, tlilpotonqui (Eryngium Pharmacology •3azcalotl (Caesalpinda coriacea v. in unguent), Pazzi (black clay), Interest in the study and identification of medicinal plants used by ly swelling, gout, aquatic fever, the ancient Nahuas has developed not only for research on the native druff, diarrhea, white excrement, concepts, but also from the requirements of research in modern pharma- bes, constipation, head fevers in cology. The botanical descriptions from Sahagdn's texts, the drawings of ticular type of fever) , nits, tooth the plants, and the study that can be made of the etymology of their hated that the parts of the body names, will doubtless aid in taxonomy, the initial step in the research. er and that the medicine bursts Useful as Sahagdn's texts are, they should be considered as complemen- ;ubstances are not used are also tary to other works, such as Francisco Hernf ndez's, which is far superior nature opposite to the previous in botanical description. The traditions of those who still use the ancient he medicines: cocopdzfic (a tree herbals and who conserve the Nahuatl names of plants should also be I, but the soot is eliminated when taken into account in the process of classification. bloody. (There is an exception, )f soot in cases of bloody excre- ;chatd], cttattJiyayahuaz [ident.?], CONCLUSION hose who have been beaten, but = eliminated. ) From among the many possibilities for the study of Sahagtin's texts esses to that of therapeutic mea- on medical subjects, I have pointed out several tracks and examples of
223 ALFREDO L6PEZ AUSTIN
topics for investigation, some imagined and others discovered in my work as a translator. I offer them without providing so]utions because I am the first to admit that this is a task for specialists in matters in which I am inexperienced. The preceding pages have been suggestions and nothing more, hence bibliographical references are largely omitted. Any- The Naliu one wanting to follow this path will need to review the material as a specialist.
Fray Bernardino de Sahagdn a History during the years 1547no5. simultaneously engaged in prepa the effective conversion and indCh justified his H].story as an instn conversion, he seems nevertheless Other than the prologues and ap evidence of cross-reference betwc Madrid manuscripts one discovers as one reads his "Doctrina" (Saha( 1579a) there is little direct refereni This characteristic separation o question : When and to what dear Nahuatl utilized in the presentati{
224
ed` References
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268
i enE=!fa \.`E'rfe ; tE=
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