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Tourism of a Different Kind in "God's Own Country" : a Critical Hermeneutic Exploration of Socioeconomic Development in Kerala, India Ayliffe .B Mumford

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Tourism of a Different Kind in The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2005 Tourism of a different kind in "God's own country" : a critical hermeneutic exploration of socioeconomic development in Kerala, India Ayliffe .B Mumford Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Mumford, Ayliffe .,B "Tourism of a different kind in "God's own country" : a critical hermeneutic exploration of socioeconomic development in Kerala, India" (2005). Doctoral Dissertations. 238. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/238 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of San Francisco TOURISM OF A DIFFERENT KIND IN "GOD'S OWN COUNTRY": A CRITICAL HERMENEUTIC EXPLORATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN KERALA, INDIA A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education Organization and Leadership Department Pacific Leadership International In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Ayliffe B.Mumford San Francisco May 2005 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate's dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in this work represent the work of the candidate alone. Dissertation Committee ii Acknowledgements I thank, All of the people who shared their stories with me of life in Kerala as tourism of a different kind becomes a reality, especially Professor M.S. Swaminathan and the people of the Foundation that bears his name, for showing me that solicitude is the energy that orients us toward development that is pro-poor, pro-woman and pro-nature; Dr. Ellen A. Herda for illuminating a path that has led to a profound personal transformation through these past six years of study under her guidance; Dr. John R. Devine and Dr. Shalendra D. Sharma for their kind support and valued questions and comments during this process; and Dr. Christopher M. Olsen for his enthusiastic editing; A special group of people who opened doors of possibility as this research took shape: Tom and Peggy Brennan, Mark Cassity, Rod Dugliss, Diane Deutsch, Joseph Oommen, Alphonse Chandra Kumar and Steve Commins; My colleagues at the University of San Francisco without whom this academic journey would have been far less rich and not nearly as much fun, especially Alberto Andretta, Jaba Gupta, Anna Quirk, Laleh Shahideh and J.J. Thorp; My family and chosen family, especially Alex, Woody, Charles, Mary, Jane, Liz, Jennifer, Emma and Dad who have participated, encouraged and cheered me through more than these educational pursuits; and three women, now deceased, my role models of faith, wisdom and grace: Carol, Constance and Leighton; And Warren, companion, fellow traveler and pilgrim and the one with whom so much continues to emerge as our conversations deepen in love. Thanks for sharing with me the mystery that life is and that ... solvitur ambulando. jij Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii I. Proposal Introduction Introduction 1 Statement of Research Topic 2 Background to Research Topic 3 Significance of Study 5 Summary 7 II. Background on Kerala Introduction 10 Geography 13 History 14 The Development Puzzle of Kerala 17 III. Review of Literature Introduction 22 Tourism as a Socioeconomic Development Scheme 22 Critical Hermeneutics and Development 31 Narrative Identity 33 Care 39 Theory of Differentiation of System and Lifeworld 46 Summary 54 IV. Research Process Introduction 56 Theoretical Framework 57 The Poetic Gaze of Critical Hermeneutic Participatory Research 58 The Practice of Interpretive Anthropology Introduction 63 Critical Hermeneutics in Anthropology 64 Grasping Possible New Worlds 66 Research Protocol 68 Entree to Research Site 68 Categories 72 Questions 72 Identification and Invitation of Research Participants Identification 73 Formal and Informal Participants 75 Invitation to Formal Participants 76 Language and Translation 77 iv Data Collection and Text Creation Recording and Transcribing Research Conversations 77 Personal Joumal 78 Other Documents 78 Observation 79 Text Creation 79 Data Analysis 79 Timeline 80 Summary of Pilot Study: The Place of Identity in International Development Introduction 81 Conversation Partners 82 Discussion of Theory 82 Synthesis and Analysis of Data 83 Implications 85 Summary 86 Background of the Researcher 86 Summary 91 v. Data Presentation: Tourism of a Different Kind Introduction 92 The Role of Tourism in Kerala's Development 93 ''Tourism of a different kind" 94 Differing Views of Development in Kerala 95 Conclusion 100 Choosing Authenticity 101 Kettuvallom Houseboats 102 Ayurveda 105 Kathakali Dance 108 Conclusion 112 ''Treasures are right at our feet"-Imagining Eco- Tourism in Malabar Coast of Kerala Introduction 113 Imagining Tourism in Malabar Region 115 Authenticity-Claiming the ''Treasures right at our feet" Introduction-Gathering 119 "Sitting together" 120 Issues brought out in the meeting 120 A Model for Future Development: "Endo-Genous Tourism" 125 Reflections 128 Summary 130 Chapter Epilogue: World Tourism Organization's Policy Forum 131 v VI. Data Analysis: Questioning Development Introduction 134 Personal and Community Identity 135 Grasping the Imaginary Nucleus 138 Grounding Tourism Introduction 143 Reconciling the System and Lifeworld in Tourism 144 Conclusion 150 Care: The Primordial Nature of Development Introduction 151 The "Oneness" of Care 152 Conclusion 160 Summary 162 VII. Summary of Findings: Questions of Development Introduction 163 An Interlude: New Understandings regarding Development Development: "A paradigm that is at its last gasp" 163 Toward "Authentic Development": A Critical Hermeneutic Approach 167 Summary of Findings: Kerala and Tourism of a Different Kind 175 Policy Implications of New Understandings 176 1. Eco- Tourism as Outcome in Malabar Region 177 2. The Work of Development and the Tourism Profession 179 Future Research: Education of Tourism Professionals 180 Personal Reflections: Questions of Development 182 Bibliography 187 Figures, Graphs, Tables Figure 1: Location of Kerala in India (Map) 10 Figure 2: Districts of Kerala (Map) 12 Figure 3: Pre-Unification Kerala 115 Figure 4: Current Map of Kerala 115 Graph 1: Forecast of Worldwide International Arrivals to 2020 24 Table 1: Forecast of Inbound Tourism, World by Region 24 Table 2: Research Participants 74 VI Appendices Appendices (Detail) 200 Appendix 1: UN Chart of Principal Organs 201 Appendix 2: Letter of Invitation and Research Questions 202 Appendix 3: Confirmation of Conversation 204 Appendix 4-A: Sample Thank You Note 205 Appendix 4-B: Return of Transcript/Request for its Review 206 Appendix 5: Research Participants/Short Biographies 207 Appendix 6: Consent to be a Research Participant 213 Appendix 7: Pilot Study (2002) 215 Appendix 8: Description of Field Project 234 Appendix 9: Conversation Transcript: Jane Schubert 236 Appendix 10: Conversation Transcript: Brian Sellers-Peterson 251 Appendix 11: Press Release: Public Interaction on Community Bco-Tourism 271 Appendix 12: Prospects of Community Tourism in "Malabar Coast" of Kerala 272 Appendix 13: Reflection and Proposal to Prof. M.S. Swaminathan Regarding Tourism as a Sustainable Plan for Development 281 Appendix 14: Establishing a Bio-Valley for the Livelihood Improvement of Ethnic Communities of Sugandhagiri in Wayanad District 282 Appendix 15: Five Essential Questions to Ask re Development-Dr. Stephen Commins 288 Appendix 16: Sample Journal Entry 290 Appendix 17: Journal Entry: Reflection on UNWTO Tourism Policy Forum 291 1 CHAPTER ONE: DISSERTATION INTRODUCTION Introduction Tourism is touted as an industry that affords opportunity to less developed parts of the world to participate in the global economy. With the advent of tourism, however, great changes occur in these communities, including the imposition of modem practices which upset everyday interactions and may change them forever. A good example of tourism's effect on one community is shown in the documentary film, "The Sherpa" (Oodfry 1983), in its profile of one person, Nema Tenzi, a Sherpa, living in Nepal. Nema is shown refiguring his way of life while holding onto the traditions, people and faith that sustain him. Tibet, home of his ancestors, no longer accessible for trade, is replaced by Western trekkers who bring their money, Levi jackets and Rolex watches. The weekly market, once based in barter, requires the Westerners' cash for transactions. The social structure is turned upside down as the elders' wisdom is replaced by the ambitions of young Sherpa who, instead of walking to Tibet to transact trade for their livelihoods, take Westerners on "the walk of a lifetime." In the midst of a disappearing reality is Nema and his wife Chunji, who support each other in their tasks while finding time for prayers to Buddha and the lesser Sherpa gods. Living between
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