Alternative Spatial Arrangement of Small-Sized Municipal Solid Waste Bins

ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SMALL-SIZED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BINS

I. KARAGIANNAKI, E. GIDARAKOS

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CRETE, POLITECHNIOUPOLIS 73100 CHANIA, GREECE

SUMMARY: Solid waste management stategy that every cosiety adopts is of the utmost meaning. The object of this study was to evaluate quantitative and qualitative the existing solid waste management of survey area, which is Old Harbor of Chania, Crete. In terms of quantity, the max total capacity of small-sized solid waste bins adequates to cover the demands of study area's visitors. Unfortunately, in terms of quality, it has been observed many points devastate the ergonomy and safety of urban surroundings. So, without changes in operating cost, two different scenarios of alternative spacial arrangement of small-sized municipal solid waste bins were designed, compling with principles of Neüfert (Ernst Neüfert, 2003). According to results, both of scenarios improve the servicing level of area, in comparison with the existing situation. However, in first scenario it ιs observed bigger dispersion of bins not only in central roads but in these with medium traffic too.

1. INTRODUCTION

Increasing evolution of society affect and definately will continue to influence the prodused solid wastes not only quantitatively but also qualitatively (Liolios, G.2014). However, countries has adopted different solid wastes management strategies to maintain the high standarts of public hygiene. The basic stages of a solid waste management system are waste generation, waste disposal, collection, transport, treatment, recovery and disposal in landfills (Rada, E. Et al.2013). The abundance of these systems is the result of different economic, climatic, geomorpfological and cultural parameters that characterize each society επίπεδο (Tseridou, Ε. & Vasiliou S., 2015). Nevertheless, greek islands have to deal with another challenge, which is the dramatic increase of population during summer period due to tourism. This situation nsettles the balance of local solid waste management system, especially the adequacy of temporary storage rubbish’ points. (Karatzoglou, B.& Spinalis, I. 2010). The study area of the research is Old Town-Harbor of Chania in Crete of Greece and faces this severe pfenomenon during the summer. So alternative spacial arrangement of small-sized municipal solid waste bins represent a low-cost and promising solution to this problem, because excepting the issues related to volume of rubbish, another important parameter is with what way

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017 bins will be spacial arranged. The aim of this study is on the one hand to evaluate the excisting waste management system of area not only through estimation of visitors and their producted wastes but the way that 122 small-sized waste bins are spacial arranged around the Old Harbor too. On the other hand is an effort to increase the efficiency of temporary storage points, keeping operating costs of refuse collection vehicles stable and compling with Nuefert’s desing principles.

2. STUDY AREA SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2.1 Existing situation

The solid waste management strategy of survey area differs from that of the rest of Chania city. Municipal has adopted the policy ‘’ door to door ’’ for households, hotels or shops’ rubbish collection. The participants of this programme have individual garbage bins that leave them out of their property only few hours before rubbish collection. Except this, there are permanently established small-sized municipal solid waste bins around study area in order to serve its visitors locals and tourists. From these 122 bins, 44 have capacity 94L and the rest 78 121,5L. However, due to lack of legislation about waste bins’ arrangement, Municipality of Chania has adopted some good “practices”. In general it is not suggested the establishment of bins in bus stations, handicapped ramps, pedestrian crossing, traffic lights but recommerded close to places of “interest”, such as museums, traditional markets and so on. Moreover, there are refuse collection vehicles capacity of 550 and 1500L that run waste collection routs to serve the study area. Also, during summer period, it is obsreved increasement of municipal solid waste collection routs and their frequency increace, due to touristic flow and its high demands. Figure 1 presents the existing small-sized municipal solid waste bins of study area and Figure 2 the routs of refuse collection vehicles during the summer period.

Figure 1. Small-sized municipal solid waste bins of Old Town-Harbor in Chania, Crete.

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

Figure 2. Summer period's routs of refuse collection vehicles of study area.

2.2 Quantity adequacy

It was estimated the daily quantitive adequation of existing small-sized waste bins in Old Harbor of Chania,comparing study area's visitors and their produced rubbish with the daily max capacity of existing bins. It was considered the existing refuse collection vehicles' routs, while the completeness degree of bins was estimated them at 100% and the compaction degree of waste into them was calculated at 85 kg/m3. The below tables show how many people visit survey area per day, their daily produced rubbish according to their consuming habits and the max capacity of small-sized municipal solid waste bins per day. Comparing the numbers, it is obvious the quantitative adequacy of small sized bins in study area.

Table 1. Prosuced waste of study area's visitors per day

Polulation of Visitors Visiting Consuming Solid Solid Municipality of Population of study Visit Α/Α frequency habits wastes wastes Chania per per week area per (h) per week (Kg/per*d) (Kg/week) (Kg/day) week week 1 Old Town-Harbor 3609 1 3609 1,1675703 1 176 25 Chania except 2 50463 2 100926 1,1675703 1,5 7365 1052 study area 3 Pithari 1724 1 1724 1,1675703 1 84 12 4 Kounoupidiana 6334 2 12668 1,1675703 1 616 88 5 Sternes 833 1 833 1,1675703 1 41 6 6 Mournies 7533 2 15066 1,1675703 1 733 105

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

Polulation of Visitors Visit's Consuming Solid Solid Municipality of Population of study Visit A/A frequency habits wastes wastes Chania per per week area per (h) per week (Kg/per*d) (Kg/week) (Kg/day) week week 7 Nerokouros 5531 2 11062 1,1675703 1 538 77 8 Perivolia 3986 1 3986 1,1675703 1 194 28 9 Vamvakopoulo 2300 2 4600 1,1675703 1 224 32 10 Galatas 3166 1 3166 1,1675703 1 154 22 11 Daratsos 4732 1 4732 1,1675703 1 230 33 12 Agia Marina 2005 1 2005 1,1675703 1 98 14 13 Stalos 868 1 868 1,1675703 1 42 6 14 Souda 6358 1 6358 1,1675703 1 309 44 15 Tsikalaria 1545 1 1545 1,1675703 1 75 11 Tourists of 16 2271 3 6814 1,6610187 3 1830 261 Chania Tourists of 17 1353 3 4060 1,6610187 3 843 120 Akrotiri Tourists of 18 3734 3 11202 1,6610187 3 2326 332 Nea Kidonia 15877 2268

Safety 10% 16521 2360 tolerance

Table 2. Small-sized bins' max daily capacity of produced waste. Total Max daily capacity Waste's Max daily municipal Total Bins' of producted compression capacity of solid capacity completeness wastes after degree producted waste (lt) degree (%) collection routs (kg/m3) wastes (Kg) bins (Kg) 122 13613 85 1 1157,105 3138,8

2.3 Quality standarts

In general, waste bins are regarded as obstacles that influence the ergonomy and safety of urban suroundings. Figure 3 shows how Neüfert’s standarts determine the minimum safety distances of solid waste bins' spacial arrangement into a city. Unfortunately, in Old town there are cases of paradoxically arranged waste bins.

3. ALTERNATIVE SPACIAL ARRANGEMENT OF SMALL-SIZED MUNICIPAL WASTE BINS

3.1 Virtual study area

ArcGIS 10.2 programm was used for the creation of the virtual study area through its georefering and digitizing urban suroundings such as buildings blocks roads, museums, hotels squears, traditional markets, touristic shops, restaurants, traffic llights, pedestrian pavements, sidewalks, handicapped ramps and so on.

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

Moreover, according to Neufert’s principles were digitized the minimum safety buffer zones with radius 1,5m around the traffic lighs, ramps, pavements’ corners, where into them didn’t allow the waste bins arrangement. They were regarded as “ penalty zones”. In addition museums, squears, shops, restaurants and so on regarded as “points of interest” for visitors. So, these points determine how many people visit each single road. As a result roads were ranked from busier to more desolate in three categories A, B, and C. Forthermore, it was created a buffer zone across the pavements’ external side and harbor docks width 0,5m, where was proper the spacial arrangement of small-sized bins.

3.2 Scenarios of alternative small-sized waste bins’ arrangement

There was developed two scenarios of alternative small-sized municipal solid waste bins’ spacial arrangement in study area. Both of them have common characteristics wich are the safety buffer zones or “penalty zones”, the A, B, C roads’ categorization, the buffer zone of proper bins’ arrangement across pavements, the replacement of two close arranged waste bins with one, the preference to the solid waste bins' spacial arrangement close to pavements’ corners in order to served simultaneously two roads, the serve of traditional market of Venetian Harbor, squears, museums and churches with extra bins with radius 10m.

3.2.1 Senario 1

In first scenario, proportional to the three categories of roads A, B, C, it was regarded three types of waste bins with serving radius 25m, 50m and 100m in order to cover whole length of roads. The Figure 3 presents the alternative arrangement of scenario 1.

Figure 3.Scenario 1: spacial arrangement of small-sized municipal solid waste bins.

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

3.2.2 Senario 2

In the second scenario, for all categories of roads A, B, C, it was regarded only one type of waste bins with serving radius 25m in order to cover only the part road’s length that has “points of interest”. The Figure 4 presents the alternative arrangement of scenario 2.

Figure 4.Scenario 2: spacial arrangement of small-sized municipal solid waste bins.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to results of two scenarios and existing situation was exported the Table2.

Table 2. Quantitative Results

EXISTING A/A CHARECTERISTIC SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO2 SITUATION 1 Small-sized waste bins 122 126 120 Small-sized waste bins spacial 2 53 69 65 arranged in pavements’ corner 3 Roads with small-sized waste bins 175 195 185 76 60 60 4 No served roads (59%) (47%) (47%) Matching points between scenarios 64 74 5 - and existing situation (50%) (57%) 6 Matching points between scenarios - 84 84

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

(65%) (65%) Roads who don’t have waste bins 8 5 7 - comparing existing situation (15%) (7%) Roads of scenario2 who don’t have 10 8 - - waste bins comparing to scenario 1 (14%) Roads of scenarios who have waste 26 21 9 - bin comparing to existing situation (34%) (35%) Roads of scenario 2 who have waste 8 10 - - bin comparing to scenario 1 (13%) Roads of scenarios who have extra 38 33 11 waste bins comparing to existing - (22%) (17%) situation Roads of scenario 2 who have extra 18 12 - - waste bins comparing to scenario 1 (9%) Roads of scenarios who have been 27 22 13 ‘’weakened’’ of waste bins - (15%) (11%) comparing to existing situation Roads of scenario 2 who have been 27 14 ‘’weakened’’ of waste bins - - (14%) comparing to scenario 1

Table 3. Qualitative Results

EXISTING SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO2 A/A CHARECTERISTIC SITUATION COVERY OF ‘’POINTS OF INTEREST’’ 1 No served roads by waste bins 14% 12% 12% Roads of scenarios who have waste 2 - 46,5% 52,3% bins comparing to existing situation Roads of scenario 2 who have waste 3 - - 25,1% bin comparing to scenario 1 Roads of scenarios who have extra 4 waste bins comparing to existing - 56,3% 58,6% situation Roads of scenario 2 who have more 5 - - 53,7% waste bins comparing to scenario 1 Roads of scenarios who have been 6 ‘’weakened’’ of waste bins - 47,4% 52,7% comparing to existing situation Roads of scenario 2 who have been 7 ‘’weakened’’ of waste bins - - 54,4% comparing to scenario 1

From the above Tables, it is observed that the small-sized solid waste bins needed for covery of study area demands are almost the same, both in the existing situation and scenarios. Also, the bins who were spacial arranged to the pavements’ corners of scenario 1 and 2 increase the total serving level of the study area by 11% and 9%, having as result a total 12% decrease of no served roads, comparing to the existing situation.

Sardinia 2017 / Sixteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium / 2 - 6 October 2017

In addition, 34% and 35% of scenarios’ roads obtain waste bins and their covery of ‘’points of interest’’ is up to 46,5% and 52,3%. Moreover, the scenarios differ from existing spacial arrangement of small-sized waste bins by 50% and 47%, while the difference between them is only 15%. Furthermore, in scenario 1 there are roads who have a 22% extra supply of solid waste bins and whose covery with ‘’points of interest’’ is 46,5%, while in scenario 2 there is a 17% extra supply and 52,3% covery of ‘’points of interest’’ . This means that in first scenario extra waste bins have been dispersed to A and B road’s category. Finally, there are roads in both of scenarios, whose ‘’points of interest’’ is 47,4% and 52,7% respectively that have been ‘’weakened’’ of waste bins by 15% and 11%, in comparison with existing situation.

5. CONCLUSIONS

In this study two scenarios of alternative spacial arrangement of small-sized municipal solid waste bins were analyzed, remaining the operting cost of refuse vehicles stable. Definately both of scenarios increase significanly the serving level of survey area through roads’ categorization. The more people visit each single road of Old town per day the more need of waste bins they have. Additionaly, there are many matching points in two scenarios, however in first scenario it is observed that the dispersion of small-sized solid waste bins’ spacial arrangement is bigger extended even on roads with low covery of ‘’points of interest’’.

REFERENCES

Georgios Liolios. "Recycling of metallic materials." (2014). Ernst Neufert (2003) Bauentwirfslehre, Εκδόσεις Μ. Γκιούρδας Karatzoglou, Benjamin, and Ioannis Spilanis. "Sustainable tourism in Greek islands: the integration of activity based environmental management with a destination environmental scorecard based on the adaptive resource management paradigm." Business Strategy and the Environment 19.1 (2010): 26-38. Rada, Elena Cristina, Marco Ragazzi, and P. Fedrizzi. "Web-GIS oriented systems viability for municipal solid waste selective collection optimization in developed and transient economies." Waste management 33.4 (2013) Tseridou, Elisavet and Vasiliou Smaro. " Solid waste management." (2015).University of Technology, 1997, 16 L.