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Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins

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Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletins UTRECHT MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL BULLETINS STRATIGRAPHY OF NEOGENE DEPOSITS I NTH E K H A N I A PRO V I N C E, C R E T E, WIT H SPECIAL REF ERE N C E TO FOR A M I N I FER A 1 OF THE FAMILY PLANORBULINIDAE AND THE GENUS HETEROSTEGINA Bulletin 2: MEULENKAMP, J. E. - Stratigraphy of Neogene deposits in the Rethymnon Province, Crete, with special reference to the phylogeny of uniserial Uvigerina from the Mediterranean region. (Statistical analysis, evolution and stratigraphic application of uniserial Uvigerinids in the Mio-Pliocene of the Mediterranean area). 172 pages, 6 plates, 53 text figs., 22 tables. VERDENIUS, J. G. - Neogene stratigraphy of the western Guadalquivir Basin (S. Spain). (Mainly planktonic and benthonic smaller foraminifera). (In the press). TJALSMA, R. C. - Stratigraphy and Foraminifera of the Neogene of the eastern Guadalquivir Basin (S. Spain). (Planktonic and larger fora- minifera). DROOGER, C. W., P. MARKS, A. PAPP et al. - Nummulites from the Upper Eocene and Lower Oligocene of the North Sea Basin. (Statistical analysis of Nummulites variolarius, N. orbignyi and related species). HARDENBOL, J. - Stratigraphy and Foraminifera of the Type Pria- bonian, Northern Italy. Subscriptions can be made to: Messrs Schotanus & Jens Lange Nieuwstraat 20 Utrecht The Netherlands STRATIGRAPHY OF NEOGENE DEPOSITS IN THE KHANIA PROVINCE, CRETE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FORAMINIFERA OF THE FAMILY PLANORBULINIDAE AND THE GENUS HETEROSTEGINA PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS BY SCHOTANUS & ]ENS UTRECHT INC. - UTRECHT STRATIGRAPHY OF NEOGENE DEPOSITS IN THE K H A N I A PRO V IN C E, C R E T E, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FORAMINIFERA OF THE FAMILY PLANORBULINIDAE AND THE GENUS HETEROSTEGINA 1969 SCHOTANUS & ]ENS INC. UTRECHT - THE NETHERLANDS Page 9 II. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY . 1. Introduction. 2. Description of the formations. 2.1. Mesonisi Formation 2.2. Roka Formation . 2.3. Koukounaras Formation 2.4. Kissamou Formation . 2.5. Khairetiana Formation 2.6. Khatzi Formation. 2.7. Tavronitis Formation. 2.8. Ayios Yeoryios Formation 2.9. Akrotiri Formation 2.10. Soudha Formation 2.11. Keramia Formation 2.12. Gavdos Formation 3. Lithostratigraphic correlation . III. THE FAMILY PLANORBULINIDAE SCHWAGER, 1877. 1. Introduction, literature 2. The genus Planorbulinella CUSHMAN,1927 . 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The genus Planorbulinella in the Mediterranean Neogene 2.2.1. Introduction 2.2.2. The genus Planorbulinella in the Neogene of Crete. 2.2.2.1. Stratigraphic distribution 2.2.2.2. Material 2.2.2.3. External features 2.2.2.4. Measurements and counts of internal features 2.2.2.5. Internal features 2.2.2.6. Results of counts and measurements 2.2.2.7. Discussion of the results of counts and measurements; phylogeny 2.2.2.8. Systematics III. 2.2.3. Planorbulinella in the Maltese and Italian Neogene. 2.2.3.1. Introduction Page 2.2.3.2. Planorbulinella in the type Tortonian 79 2.2.3.3. Planorbulinella in the Neogene of Malta 80 2.2.3.4. Planorbulinella in the Neogene of Sicily 81 III. 2.3. Planorbulinella larvata (PARKER & JONES), 1860 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Material 2.3.3. External features 2.3.4. Internal features III. 2.4. Planorbulinella in the Bodjonegoro I drill hole (Java) 2.4.1. Introduction, literature. 2.4.2. External features 2.4.3. Internal features III. 2.5. Planorbulinella zelandica FINLAY, 1947 . 2.5.1. Introduction, literature. 2.5.2. Material 2.5.3. External features 2.5.4. Internal features 2.5.5. Remarks on the age of the P. zelandica populations III. 2.6. Planorbulinella trinitatensis (NUTTALL), 1928 2.6.1. Introduction, literature 2.6.2. Material 2.6.3. External features 2.6.4. Internal features 2.6.5. Remarks on the age of the P. trinitatensis populations III. 2.7. Conclusions III. 3. The genus Planolinderina n.gen. 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Description of Planolinderina n.gen. 3.3. Planolinderina n.gen. in the Tertiary of the Aquitaine Basin. 3.3.1. Introduction, literature. 3.3.2. Material 3.3.3. External features 3.3.4. Internal features 3.3.5. Measurements and counts 3.3.6. Discussion of the results of counts and measurements; phylogeny 3.3.7. Planolinderina escornebovensis n.sp. 3.4. The genus Planolinderina in the Tertiary of the Indo-Pacific 3.4.1. Introduction, literature 3.4.2. Material 3.4.3. External features 3.4.4. Internal features 3.4.5. Counts and measurements 3.4.6. Discussion of the results of counts and measurements; phylogeny Page 3.5. 116 III. 4. The genus Linderina SCHLUMBERGER,1893 4.1. Introduction, literature . 4.2. Material 4.3. External features 4.4. Internal features 4.5. Measurements and counts 4.6. Discussion of the results of counts and measurements; phylogeny. 4.7. Species distinction . III. 5. The genus Hellenocyclina REICHEL,1950 5.1. Introduction, literature 5.2. Material 5.3. External features 5.4. Internal features 5.5. Measurements and counts 5.6. Discussion of the counts and measurements; phylogeny. 5.7. Hellenocyclina charentensis n.sp. III. 6. Conclusions, phylogeny, taxonomy, ecology. IV. THE GENUS HETEROSTEGINA IN THE NEOGENE OF EUROPE 1. Introduction, literature . 2. Method of study, counts and measurements. 3. Material 4. Results of the counts and measurements. 5. Discussion of the results of counts and measurements; phylogeny. V. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, CONCLUSIONS. 159 1. Conclusions dealing with Khania Province, Crete 159 2. Biostratigraphic value of lineages outside Crete. 160 APPENDIX I-X. Tables with the results of counts and measurements on Cretan Planor- bulinella populations 162 In this paper the stratigraphy of the Neogene deposits in the Khania Province, Crete, Greece, is described. Special attention is paid to the evolution and taxon- omy of foraminiferal genera assigned previously to the family Planorbulinidae. This partial revision of the Planorbulinidae is based not only on our Cretan material, but also on samples from all over the world, in age ranging from Late Cretaceous to Recent. It is shown that at least part of the genera assigned to the Planorbulinidae probably have no relationship with Planorbulina, the nominal genus. The following taxa are discussed: Hellenocyclina REICHEL (Upper Cretaceous), with the speCIes H. beotica REICHEL, H. visserae (HOFKER) and H. charentensis n.sp.; Linderina SCHLUMBERGER(Middle Eocene, Upper Eocene), with the species L. brugesi SCHLUMBERGER,L. buranensis NUTTALL & BRIGHTON (= L. bihilensis SILVESTRI = L. nuttalli SILVESTRI), L. rajasthanensis SINGH (= L. kirtharensis SINGH = L. bikanerensis SINGH = L. kolayatensis SINGH), L. paronai OSIMO (? = L. floridensis COLE); Planolinderina n.gen. (Upper Oligocene - Lower Miocene), with the species P. escornebovensis n.sp., P. plana (HERON-ALLEN & EARLAND) and P. inaequila- teralis (HERON-ALLEN & EARLAND); Planorbulinella CUSHMAN (Lower? Miocene - Recent), with the species P. trinitatensis (NUTTALL), P. zelandica FINLAY, P. larvata (PARKER & JONES), P. rokae n.sp., P. astriki n.sp., and P. caneae n.sp. The H ellenocyclina species probably belong to a single evolutionary lineage. The data on the age of our Linderina populations are rather controversial if a single lineage is assumed. The species placed in Planolinderina probably belong to two, more or less synchronously evolving, lineages. In the case of Planorbuli- nella it is assumed that there are three lineages, two of them being more or less parallel. All of these lineages developed according to the principle of nepionic acceler- ation. Their evolution is shown on the basis of measurements and counts on the early chambers. The two most important parameters are the length of the early spiral and the size of the initial chambers. However, both parameters show a negative correlation, and as a consequence - if this correlation is very strong - random influences on the size of the early chambers will cause changes in the length of the spiral as well. Such influences may cause nepionic acceleration to become less distinct and less useful for strati- graphic correlation. This becomes most apparent in Planolinderina. In Planorbulinella and Hellenocyclina nepionic development is furthermore complicated by the presence of recurrences of the one-aperture stage after orbi- toidal growth had started. The results of these studies indicate that the family Planorbulinidae, as generally accepted nowadays, may comprise several completely unrelated genera. For the present it seems more correct to place each genus mentioned in a separate family. Hence, the following new families are proposed: Hellenocyclinidae, Lin- derinidae, Planolinderinidae, and Planorbulinellidae. Apart from these "planorbulinellid" genera, attention is paid to the evolution of Heterostegina in the Neogene of Crete, SW France and Italy. Biometrical methods applied to features thought to change in the course of time do not yield satisfa:ctory results. Evolutionary trends advanced by PAPP & KUPPER (1954) and HOTTINGER(1966) are analyzed and partly rejected. The evolution- ary pattern, though understood, does not allow a broad application of the genus to biostratigraphic correlations. Consequently, it cannot be used for an age determination of the Cretan Neogene deposits. On the basis of the evolution of Planorbulinella it is shown that the marine sedimentation on Crete started during Tortonian time. Although not studied in detail and not described in this paper, the planktonic foraminifera indicate that a continuous marine sedimentation has gone on up into the Pliocene. This paper deals with stratigraphy and micropaleontology of the Neogene deposits in the nomos Khania in Crete, the westernmost nomos (= province) of this island, named after its capital Khania. Khania has daily aeroplane and ferry boat connections with the Greek capital; it is linked with the other Cretan province capitals Rethymnon, Iraklion and Ayios Nikolaos by a metalled road running to the east along the northern coast of the island. To the west another road leads along the northern coast to Kastelli Kissamou. There are hardly any other metalled roads in the Khania province, but this situation has rapidly been improving during the last few years.
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