POWER ASSISTED HYBRID GEAR SHIFTING SYSTEM IN AUTOMOBILES

1Shivaprasad .N, 2Dr. A. N. Hari Rao 1M Tech student, Department of ECE, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Mysore, India 2Professor, Department of mechanical engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Mysore, India Email:[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract—The project provides solution for Key words—hybrid gear shifting gear shifting for the . The passenger cars mechanism, manual and automatic gear that now ply on the road have shifting system, touch screen, either of manual or automatic type of gear changing. The manual type of transmission I. INTRODUCTION is preferred for the perfect performance An automobile is a vehicle which is capable of without a loss in power but a compromise propelling itself. Several attempts have been for comfort. In this type automatic system of made to design and construction of a practically power transmission there is easiness of gear operative automobile. Nowadays automobiles shifting. play an inconceivable role in the social, The main objective of this project is to create economic and industrial development of the a mechanism to reduce the inconvenience country. caused when changing gears in the . The gear shifting here is by mere pressing of 1.1 Overview touch screen present on the dash board. The topic of interest is in the area of controller In this project the shifting of gear is done development for automatic transmissions with a automatically as well as manually. finite number of gearshifts which transmits the In automatic shifting system the gear will be gears automatically and manually with respect shifted in accordance with speed of the car. to speed. Gearshifts in automatic transmissions Speed of the car will be sensed and signal is involve a change in the power flow path transmitted to microcontroller which shifts through the transmission. Advantages of these gear to the desired speed, when the system is automatic transmissions include simplicity of switches to manual control mode shifting mechanical design and savings in transmission mechanism can be controlled manually. For weight and size, which are beneficial in terms this a dash board with touch buttons will be of fuel economy and production costs. This provided on of car. When input is enables gain in fuel economy while meeting given to system it senses and transmit signal drivability and performance goals, these to microcontroller which shifts gear to the savings become more significant.[1] desired speed. The designed is done in an auto- featured bike which can be applied effectively and efficiently in a clutch featured bikes with suitable control techniques.

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The ultimate goal of our project is to transmit the gears without the human interference and to 1.4 Aim of the project attain efficient, safe and easy driving in cost The project provides solution for gear shifting effective way. Microcontroller is the heart of for the cars. The passenger cars that now ply on the system which handles all the sub devices the road have transmission either of manual or connected across it. automatic type of gear changing. The manual type of transmission is preferred for the perfect 1.2 Automation performance without a loss in power but a Automation is the use of control system to compromise for comfort. In this type automatic control a process replacing the human system of power transmission there is easiness operators. of gear shifting It is a step beyond mechanization, where human operators are provided with the physical 1.5 Objectives requirements of work. The objectives of the project are transmission Automation is now often applied primarily to of gears in automobile using automatic gear reduce the human effort thereby to attain shifting system and to create a mechanism desired operation. Another major shift in which reduces the inconvenience caused during automation is the increased emphasis on shifting of gears in the automobile. flexibility and convertibility in different process.[2]  The gear shifting here is by mere One safety issue with automation is that it is pressing of touch screen provided on the often viewed as a way to minimize human error dash board. in the system, increasing the degree and the  To achieve automatic and manual gear levels of automation also increase the sequence shifting system in automobile of error that accidently created in automated  To utilize advanced technology in the systems. Different types of automation tools field of automobiles. that exist in today’s environment are II. RELATED WORKS Programmable logic controller, Microcontroller and more. Transmission system in an automobile helps to transmit mechanical power from the to 1.3 Embedded System give kinetic energy to the . It is an All embedded system uses a microcontroller. interrelated system of gears, shafts, and other The software for the embedded system is called electrical gadgets that form a bridge to transfer firmware. The firmware will be written in power and energy from the engine to the assembly language or using higher level wheels languages life ‘C’ or ‘Embedded C’. The software will be simulated using micro code 2.1 Types of Transmission simulation for the target processor. Since they  are supposed to perform only specific tasks, the  Automatic transmission programs are stored in ROM. An embedded system is some combination of A. Manual Transmission computer hardware and software, either fixed in A manual transmission or sequential type is a capability or programmable, that is specifically type of transmission used on motorcycles and designed for a particular function. An cars, where gears are selected in order, and embedded system that is programmable is direct access to specific gears is not possible. provided with programming interfaces, and With traditional manual transmissions, the embedded system programming is a specialized driver can move from gear to gear, by moving occupation.[3] the shifter to the appropriate position. A clutch An Embedded system is a special-purpose must be disengaged before the new gear is computer system, which is completely selected, to disengage the running engine from encapsulated by the device controls. It has the transmission, thus stopping all torque specific requirements and performs pre-defined transfer. tasks, unlike a general purpose personal computer. B. Automatic Transmission

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An automatic transmission is one type of motor There are two parts automatic and manual vehicle transmission that can automatically transmission systems for gear shifting in change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing automobiles: the driver from having to shift gears manually A. Manual gear shifting system by touch screen and to achieve efficient driving.[4] B. Automatic gear shifting system The block diagram is as shown in the figure 2.2 types of gear livers Gear lever is a metal rod attached to the shift assembly in a manual transmission-equipped automobile and is used to change gear. In an automatic transmission-equipped vehicle, the same device is usually known as a gear selector.[5]  gear sticks  Dodge ram –gear stick  Ditching shift levers-“rotary e-shift” design. Figure 1: Block Diagram of power assisted  peddles hybrid gear transmission in automobiles  Starter in gear stick The block diagram is as shown in the figure • Sensor will give the input to the system III. POWER ASSISTED HYBRID GEAR SHIFTING by sensing speed of vehicle. SYSTEM • Manually operator will give input to 3.1 Hardware Components used for basic system in the form of signal. model • Microcontrollers are used to control the 1. PIC16F877A microcontroller system automatically. It has relays, 2. touch timers and counters. Some types have 3. servo motor real time operation. It can be used for 4. Voltage controller board simple operations; it also a reliable and 5. variable resistors durable device. 6. 12v motor and rpm SENSOR • Microcontroller will receive the input 7. connecting rod /wires//reset from the sensor or from the touch switches screen and operates stepper motor. 8. battery 12 v • Motor moves the gear liver to desired position which is controlled by 3.2 Methodology and implementation programmed microcontroller. In the project there are two parts automatic and manual transmission systems for gear shifting Thus embedded system operates gear shifting in automobiles. Thus shifting of gear is done in automobiles.[7] automatically as well as manually. A. Manual gear shifting system by touch screen In automatic shifting system the gear will shifted in accordance with speed of the car. Speed of the car will be sensed and signal is transmitted to microcontroller which shifts gear to the desired speed, when the system is switches to manual control mode shifting mechanism can be controlled manually. For this a dash board with touch screen will be provided on steering of the car. When input is given to system it senses and transmit signal to microcontroller which shifts gear to the desired Figure 2: Block diagram of manual gears speed.[6] shifting system by touch screen

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The above figure shows the block diagram of  Motor moves the gear liver to desired manual gear shifting system position which is controlled by programmed  Touch screen gives the input to the microcontroller. microcontroller by applying clutch, without Thus by giving input from the sensor applying the clutch the touch screen will not provided in wheels of the automobile, gear provide input signal to the microcontroller. liver will be operated and gear shifting is  Microcontrollers are used to control the achieved. system automatically. It has relays, timers and counters. Some types have real time IV. TESTING AND RESULT operation. It can be used for simple operations; it also a reliable and durable All the components are fabricated according to device. detail design and after fabrication all the  Microcontroller will receive the input from component are installed and tested to evaluate the touch screen and operates servo motors. system functionality. Test showed that the  Motor moves the gear liver to desired system can be operating normally in a certain position which is controlled by programmed time. But for the maximum usage condition, an microcontroller. external power source must be attached to the Thus by giving input from the touch screen system. provided in steering of the automobile, gear liver will be operated and gear shifting is Working of power assisted hybrid gear achieved. transmission in automobiles. Note : if the automobile is at higher gear then • Connect the circuits to the board using shifting of gear to lower gear will possible after desired pin configurations so that it getting the feedback from the microcontroller will operate hybrid gear shifting and also possible by applying clutch. system. • Apply the power supply to the microcontroller circuit, reset it before B. Automatic gear shifting system processing. • In automatic shifting system the gear will shifted in accordance with speed of the wheel. • Speed of the car will be sensed and signal is transmitted to microcontroller which shifts gear to the desired speed. • Once the system is switches to manual control mode shifting mechanism can be controlled manually. • The dash board with touch screen will Figure 2: Block diagram of automatic gear be provided on steering of the shifting system automobile. When input is given to The figure 2 shows the block diagram of system it senses and transmit signal to automatic gear shifting system microcontroller which shifts gear to the  Sensor will gives the input to the desired speed. microcontroller by sensing wheel speed of automobile, sensor will provide input signal V. CONCLUSION to the microcontroller. Although an automatic transmission provides a  Microcontrollers are used to control the superior driving comfort over a manual gear system automatically. It has relays, timers box, in particular in a very dense traffic or an and counters. Some types have real time urban driving, where frequent gear changes are operation. It can be used for simple required, the intrinsically automatic logic of an operations; it also a reliable and durable automatic transmission can affect the attitude of device. a vehicle in marginal conditions (for example  Microcontroller will receive the input from during cornering or in slippery road the sensor and operates servo motors. conditions). Since the shifting is proportional to

ISSN(PRINT):2394-6202,(ONLINE):2394-6210,VOLUME-1,ISSUE-5,2015 20 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (IJAPME) the engine speed and accelerator input, the enough gain to counter the slightly higher automatic transmission will tend to change power consumption of the automatic gears even if not wanted by the driver. For transmission itself. example, when a vehicle with an automatic According to the achieved results, the transmission descends downhill on a slippery suggested mechanism is realizable and road in a high gear without applying workable. Using the simplest PIC whereby vehicle's engine moderately microcontroller and required hardware enables decelerates the descent, an unwanted down- to convert the old traditional gear shifting shift will effectively increase the resistance on mechanism to power assisted hybrid gear the vehicle's drive train eventually leading to a shifting system. The application of this loss of the traction control over the vehicle mechanism leads to make the driving process Automatic transmissions were earlier almost easier, reduces the risk of destabilizing the car, always less energy efficient than manual the lap/stage time, and the chance of miss transmissions due mainly to viscous and shifting. pumping losses, both in the and the hydraulic actuators. A relatively small ACKNOWLEDGMENT amount of energy is required to pressurize the hydraulic control system, which uses fluid The success of any aspire depends a lot on the pressure to determine the correct shifting goals set at the onset as well as the constant patterns and operate the various automatic enlightenment and motivation received clutch mechanisms. However, with throughout. I take this opportunity to express technological developments some my deepest gratitude and appreciation towards modern continuously variable transmission are all those who have helped me directly or more fuel efficient than their manual indirectly towards the successful completion of counterparts. this project.

Manual transmissions use a mechanical clutch I would like to thank, Dr. M.N. Shanmukha to transmit torque, rather than a torque Swamy, Professor and HOD of E&C converter, thus avoiding the primary source of engineering for his insight and valuable time loss in an automatic transmission. Manual serving as a department head. transmissions also avoid the power requirement of the hydraulic control system, by relying on the human muscle power of the vehicle I would like to express my deep sense of operator to disengage the clutch and actuate the respect and appreciation towards my advisor gear levers, and the mental power of the and guide Dr. A. N. Hari Rao operator to make appropriate gear ratio Professor, Department of Mechanical selections. Thus the manual transmission Engineering, who has been the guiding force requires very little engine power to function, behind this work. I am greatly bound to him with the main power consumption due to drag for his constant encouragement, valuable from the gear train being immersed in the advice and for propelling us further in every lubricating oil of the gearbox. aspect of our academic life. His presence and optimism have provided invaluable incense on The on-road acceleration of an automatic my career and outlook for the future. I consider transmission can occasionally exceed that of an it my good fortune to have got an opportunity otherwise identical vehicle equipped with a to work with such a wonderful person. manual transmission in turbocharged diesel applications. Turbo-boost is normally lost I would like to thank my all friends for all the between gear changes in a manual whereas in thoughtful and mind stimulating discussions we an automatic the accelerator pedal can remain had, which prompted me to think beyond the fully depressed. This however is still largely obvious. dependent upon the number and optimal spacing of gear ratios for each unit, and whether or not the elimination of spool down/accelerator lift off represent a significant

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REFERENCES [1] Thomas W Birch (2012). Automatic transmissions and . Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Education. [2] Tracy, David. "This is how an automatic transmission works". Jalopnik. Gawker Media. [3] Embedded systems, Rajkamal, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2003. [4] http://ca.autoblog.com/the-automatic- transmission [5] U.S. Patent 4,896,556 Shift lever knob – Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. [6] Gangadhar, S. R N shetty Inst. Of Technol, An intelligent control system, IEEE conference publication kahargpur [7] Takagi, T.; Sugeno, M. Fuzzy Identification of Systemsand Its Applications to Modeling and Control. IEEE Trans.Syst. Man Cybern.

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