Archived: Autocode User's Guide
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
ALGOL 60 Programming on the Decsystem 10.Pdf
La Trobe University DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ALGOL 60 Programming on the DECSystem 10 David Woodhouse Revised, August 1975 MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA ALGOL 60 Programming on the DECSystem 10 David Woodhouse Revised, August 1975 CE) David Woodhouse National Library of Australia card number and ISBN. ISBN 0 85816 066 8 INTRODUCTION This text is intended as a complete primer on ALGOL 60 programming. It refers specifically to Version 4 of the DECSystem 10 implementation. However, it avoids idiosyncracies as far as possible, and so should be useful in learning the language on other machines. The few features in the DEC ALGOL manual which are not mentioned here should not be needed until the student is sufficiently advanced to be using this text for reference only. Exercises at the end of each chapter illustrate the concepts introduced therein, and full solutions are given. I should like to thank Mrs. K. Martin and Mrs. M. Wallis for their patient and careful typing. D. Woodhouse, February, 1975. CONTENTS Chapter 1 : High-level languages 1 Chapter 2: Languagt! struct.ure c.f ALGOL 6n 3 Chapter 3: Statemp.nts: the se'1tences {'\f the language 11 Chapter 4: 3tandard functions 19 Chapter 5: Input an~ Outp~t 21 Chapter 6: l>rray~ 31 Chapter 7 : For ane! ~hil~ statements 34 Chapter 8: Blocks anr! ',: ock sc rll,~ turr. 38 Chapter 9: PrOCe(:l1-:-~S 42 Chapter 10: Strin2 vp·jaLlps 60 Chapter 11: Own v~rj;lI'.i..es clOd s~itc.hef, 64 Chapter 12: Running ~nd ,;ebllggi"1g 67 Bibliography 70 Solutions to Exercises 71 Appendix 1 : Backus NOlUlaj F\:q'm 86 Appendix 2 : ALGuL-like languages 88 Appenclix 3. -
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages Although there exist many programming languages, the differences among them are insignificant compared to the differences among natural languages. In this chapter, we discuss the common aspects shared among different programming languages. These aspects include: programming paradigms that define how computation is expressed; the main features of programming languages and their impact on the performance of programs written in the languages; a brief review of the history and development of programming languages; the lexical, syntactic, and semantic structures of programming languages, data and data types, program processing and preprocessing, and the life cycles of program development. At the end of the chapter, you should have learned: what programming paradigms are; an overview of different programming languages and the background knowledge of these languages; the structures of programming languages and how programming languages are defined at the syntactic level; data types, strong versus weak checking; the relationship between language features and their performances; the processing and preprocessing of programming languages, compilation versus interpretation, and different execution models of macros, procedures, and inline procedures; the steps used for program development: requirement, specification, design, implementation, testing, and the correctness proof of programs. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.1 introduces the programming paradigms, performance, features, and the development of programming languages. Section 1.2 outlines the structures and design issues of programming languages. Section 1.3 discusses the typing systems, including types of variables, type equivalence, type conversion, and type checking during the compilation. Section 1.4 presents the preprocessing and processing of programming languages, including macro processing, interpretation, and compilation. -
On Barron and Strachey's Cartesian Product Function
BRICS RS-07-14 Danvy & Spivey: On Barron and Strachey’s Cartesian Product Function BRICS Basic Research in Computer Science On Barron and Strachey’s Cartesian Product Function Olivier Danvy Michael Spivey BRICS Report Series RS-07-14 ISSN 0909-0878 July 2007 Copyright c 2007, Olivier Danvy & Michael Spivey. BRICS, Department of Computer Science University of Aarhus. All rights reserved. Reproduction of all or part of this work is permitted for educational or research use on condition that this copyright notice is included in any copy. See back inner page for a list of recent BRICS Report Series publications. Copies may be obtained by contacting: BRICS Department of Computer Science University of Aarhus IT-parken, Aabogade 34 DK–8200 Aarhus N Denmark Telephone: +45 8942 9300 Telefax: +45 8942 5601 Internet: [email protected] BRICS publications are in general accessible through the World Wide Web and anonymous FTP through these URLs: http://www.brics.dk ftp://ftp.brics.dk This document in subdirectory RS/07/14/ On Barron and Strachey’s Cartesian Product Function Possibly the world’s first functional pearl∗ Olivier Danvy Michael Spivey Department of Computer Science Computing Laboratory University of Aarhus Oxford University IT-parken, Aabogade 34 Wolfson Building, Parks Road DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark† Oxford OX1 3QD, England‡ July 20, 2007 Abstract Over forty years ago, David Barron and Christopher Strachey published a startlingly elegant program for the Cartesian prod- uct of a list of lists, expressing it with a three nested occurrences of the function we now call foldr. This program is remark- able for its time because of its masterful display of higher-order functions and lexical scope, and we put it forward as possibly the first ever functional pearl. -
Early Nordic Compilers and Autocodes Version 2.0.0 of 2014-09-21
Early Nordic compilers and autocodes Version 2.0.0 of 2014-09-21 Peter Sestoft IT University of Copenhagen Rued Langgaards Vej 7, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark [email protected] Abstract. The early development of compilers for high-level program- ming languages, and of so-called autocoding systems, is well documented at the international level but not as regards the Nordic countries. The goal of this paper is to provide a survey of compiler and autocode development in the Nordic countries in the early years, roughly 1953 to 1965, and to relate it to international developments. We also touch on some of the historical societal context. To appear in Gram, Heide, Impagliazzo (editors): History of Nordic Com- puting 2014. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 1 Introduction A compiler translates a high-level, programmer-friendly programming language into the machine code that computer hardware can execute. An \autocode" is a term used in the 1950s to denote a combination of simple compiler, assembler, linker and loader; in general, a program that made loading another program into a computer more convenient than using binary or hexadecimal codes. Whereas the history of computer hardware and the history of programming languages both are well described, the history of compilers, tying the two other subjects together as it were, is not as thoroughly charted. Nevertheless, surveys by Bauer (1974), Knuth (1977) and Ershov and Shura-Bura (1980) give inter- esting descriptions of the history of compiler development at the international level. However, they mostly neglect the particular developments in the Nordic countries, especially those before 1960. -
1900 Software - Two Views from the Board
VVP issue 1.0 05/02/2004 3- ICT/ICL 1900 Range Software......................................................................................................... 2 3.1 – The FP 6000 Software (Before the 1900 Range)..................................................................... 2 3.2 - ICT 1900 Range Software – The Start ..................................................................................... 4 3.3 – Programming Aids (Software) in 1966.................................................................................... 6 3.4- The Operating Systems (George). ............................................................................................. 7 3.5 ICT/ICL 1900 Software - Two views from the Board.............................................................. 14 3.6- ICT/ICL 1900 Software -............................................................................................................ 15 3- ICT/ICL 1900 Range Software During the period of development of the1900 Range, the Software activity evolved from a Sales Support Aid into a major computer industry driver, which, towards the end of the period, was absorbing development resources in excess of the hardware. This Section will outline its evolution in the context of the ICT/ICL 1900 Range 3.1 – The FP 6000 Software (Before the 1900 Range) The following is the relevant extract from the “FP6000- Report on Visit to Ferranti-Packard” in April 1963, detailing present or planned software while recommending the adoption of the FP6000 as the Ferranti 1900 (To -
Atlas 2 at Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory (And Aldermaston and CAD Centre)
Atlas 2 at Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory (And Aldermaston and CAD Centre) Barry Landy, November 2012 How it came about The Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory (“Maths Lab”) had a long history of designing its own machines. EDSAC (1949-1958) was the world’s first fully functional stored program (Von Neuman) computer on which it offered a full computing service for users (the world’s first). EDSAC 2 (1958-1965), the first micro-programmed computer, carried on the innovative tradition. However, by 1961 it was time to buy or design a new machine, but this time Maurice Wilkes didn’t want another home-made one. He had £250,000 offered by the UK government available to buy a replacement for EDSAC 2. This could have bought a KDF9 but that was only about the power of EDSAC 2. The only viable machines were an IBM 7090 or an Atlas, neither of which could be afforded. The price tag for the Atlas was £2,000,000. Peter Hall (Ferranti’s Computer Manager at the time) suggested they sell Cambridge the processing unit of Atlas at “works cost”, with Cambridge and Ferranti designing a simpler memory and peripheral arrangement, thereby providing a machine for Cambridge, and a cheaper version of Atlas for Ferranti to market. David Wheeler was design authority for the joint team, responsible for design of the memory access and peripheral coordinator and any consequential modifications to the basic hardware. The wiring diagrams were designed on EDSAC 2 by Roger Needham. While the hardware was built at West Gorton it was agreed that commissioning would happen at Cambridge and two engineers from West Gorton were seconded to Cambridge for that purpose. -
CA341 - Comparative Programming Languages Introduction
Introduction CA341 - Comparative Programming Languages Introduction Dr. David Sinclair Introduction Overview This module will examine the essential concepts on which modern programming languages are based, to understand the design decisions in current languages and the design features that may be introduced into future languages. In this module we will cover: • Data Types and Scope • Pointers and Memory Management • Abstraction • Control • Data Abstraction • Functions, Parameter Matching and Parameter Passing • Assertions and Exceptions • Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm • Memory Models • Logic Programming Paradigm • Functional Programming Paradigm Introduction Texts Supplementary: • Robert V. Sebesta 2015, Concepts of Programming Languages, 11 Ed., Pearson [ISBN: 9780133943023] • Michael L. Scott 2015, Programming Language Pragmatics, 4 Ed., San Diego; Morgan Kaufmann [ISBN: 9780124104099] • David A. Watt 2004, Programming Language Design Concepts, John Wiley & Sons [ISBN: 978-047085320] • John C. Mitchell 2003, Concepts in programming language, Cambridge University Press New York [ISBN: 978-052178098] • M. Ben-Ari 1996, Understanding Programming Languages, John Wiley & Sons [ISBN: 978-047195846] Introduction Contact Details Lecturer: Dr. David Sinclair Office: L253 Phone: 5510 Email: [email protected] WWW: https://www.computing.dcu.ie/∼davids Course web page: https://www.computing.dcu.ie/∼davids/courses/CA341/CA341.html Introduction How do I successfully complete this module? The module mark is a straight weighted average of: • -
Edsac, David Wheeler and the Cambridge Connection
CODING EDSAC AND DAVID WHEELER EDSAC, DAVID WHEELER AND TUTORIAL THE CAMBRIDGE CONNECTION Programmers everywhere, give thanks for EDSAC and David JULIET KEMP Wheeler, first implementer of the subroutine. his month we return to the early days of first bit couldn’t be used, so an instruction consisted modern computing. Specifically, to Cambridge of a 5-bit instruction code, one unused bit, a 10-bit T(UK) in the late 1940s, and the first electronic memory address, and a marker bit that identified digital stored-program computer to see regular whether the instruction was to operate on a number service: the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic that was contained in one word or in two. This meant Calculator, or EDSAC (inspired by von Neumann’s First that EDSAC wasn’t restricted to 17-bit numbers but Draft of a Report on the EDVAC). The machine itself could also use 35-bit numbers contained in two shared a lot of features with other computers of words. Numbers were stored as binary two’s similar vintage, but it was while working on EDSAC complement. The accumulator held 71 bits, so two that David Wheeler developed the idea of subroutines 35-bit numbers could be multiplied without loss of and the first very basic assembler, making a precision. Initially it had only an accumulator and a contribution to computing that continues to this day. multiplier registers -- David Wheeler designed and EDSAC was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his added an index register in 1953. team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory. It first ran in May 1949 and was EDSAC and subroutines immediately operational for research. -
Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages
Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Programming Languages from Introduction to Programming Languages by Yinong Chen Sixth Edition | 9781792407994 | 2020 | Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing Chapter 1 Basic Principles of Programming Languages Although there exist many programming languages, the differences among them are insignificant compared to the differences among natural languages. In this chapter, we discuss the common aspects shared among different programming languages. These aspects include: programming paradigms that define how computation is expressed; the main features of programming languages and their impact on the performance of programs written in the languages; a brief review of the history and development of programming languages; the lexical, syntactic, and semantic structures of programming languages, data and data types, program processing and preprocessing, and the life cycles of program development. At the end of the chapter, you should have learned: what programming paradigms are; an overview of different programming languages and the background knowledge of these languages; the structures of programming languages and how programming languages are defined at the syntactic level; data types, strong versus weak checking; the relationship between language features and their performances; the processing and preprocessing of programming languages, compilation versus interpretation, and different execution models of macros, procedures, and inline procedures; the steps used for program development: requirement, specification, design, implementation, testing, and the correctness proof of programs. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.1 introduces the programming paradigms, performance, features, and the development of programming languages. Section 1.2 outlines the structures and design issues of programming languages. Section 1.3 discusses the typing systems, including types of variables, type equivalence, type conversion, and type checking during the compilation. -
Software & Sample Programs
Ferranti Atlas 1 & 2 Version 1 X4: Software & Sample Programs Ferranti Atlas 1 & 2 – Software & Sample Programs Version 1: 11 November 2003 Contents 1. Available Software 2. Sample ABL 3. Job Descriptions 4. A Simple Program 5. References 1. Available Software Atlas was provided with an assembler language and compilers for a number of high level ‘scientific’ languages, both international standards and special developments. The assembler was called Atlas Basic Language - ABL – and is detailed in section 2 below. The other languages were: International standards and pre-existing languages • FORTRAN • Algol 60 • Extended Mercury Autocode (EMA) Specific Atlas languages • Atlas Autocode • CPL (Combined Programming Language) • BCPL (Basic CPL) Atlas Autocode was developed at Manchester, and CPL at Cambridge and London Universities. BCPL was a reduced version of CPL used to write the CPL compiler. It allowed more flexible data manipulation and was a direct precursor of the C and C++ languages. Ferranti, and, after being taken over, ICT, provided a number of packages for computer service users. These included: • A General Survey Program • Linear Programming The DTI CAD Centre at Cambridge provided a large number of application packages for the users of its Atlas and the STAR network. 2. Sample ABL ABL remains close to Atlas machine code – see section X3 and the instruction summary. The basic instruction layout is thus: Field: Function Index register 1 Index register 2 Address Atlas Notation: F Ba Bm S Instructions are written with commas after each field; thus: 121, 1, 0, 10, jkb/ccs/X4 11 November 2003 1 Ferranti Atlas 1 & 2 Version 1 X4: Software & Sample Programs sets B1 to 10. -
1 Version 3, November 2011 E3X4 Programming and Software for The
Version 3, November 2011 E3X4 Programming and software for the Elliott 800 series and 503 computers. 1. Early 802 and 803 software. Until the end of the 1950s all programming for Elliott computers was carried out in machine code or assembler. In this respect, Elliotts lagged behind many other computer manufacturers. Roger Cook, who joined the company in 1954 and became, in due course, Manager of Elliott’s Scientific Computing Division and later Assistant General Manager of the Computing group remembers that: “during the 1950s there was no operating system as such. A set of library routines and programs were provided but all customers’ programming was in machine code written with the minimum of mnemonic naming, translated and loaded via a simple program” – (see reference 4). Then in about 1960 Elliott Autocode was introduced. 2. Elliott Autocode for the 803 computers . The Autocode allows simple arithmetic expressions to be written in algebraic form. The following description and examples are taken from the 803 FACTS booklet (reference 14). In these examples: A, B, C and D represent floating-point variables; I, J, K and L represent integer variables; l, m and n represent positive integer constants; p, q and r represent any integer constants; x, y and z represent floating-point constants. @K represents a label, K, corresponding to a memory address Any variable except the one before the = sign may be replaced by a constant. Allowed arithmetic expressions: A = B A = -B I = J I = -J A = B + C A = -B + C I = J + K I = -J + K A = B – C A = -B –C I = J – K I = -J – K A = B*C A = -B*C I = J*K I = -J*K A = B/C A = -B/C Standard functions: A = SIN B A = LOG B A = FRAC B A = COS B A = EXP B A = INT B I = INT A A = TAN B A = SQRT B A = STAND I A = ARCTAN B A = MOD B I = MOD J Control transfers: JUMP @K JUMP IF A = B@K JUMP IF I = J@K 1 JUMP UNLESS A = B@K JUMP UNLESS I = J@K (K may not have any form of suffix. -
Computer Programming
Computer Programming DRAGOS AROTARITEI [email protected] University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi Department of Medical Bioengineering Romania May 2016 Introduction History - before1950’s What was the first computer programming language? Officially, the first programming language for a computer was Plankalkül - developed by Konrad Zuse for the Z3 (first working computer based on Turing complete machine, constructed in 1941) between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998. First high-level programming language, Short Code, which was proposed by John Mauchly in 1949. It was designed to represent mathematical expressions in a format readable by human beings. However, because it had to be translated into machine code before it could be executed, it had relatively slow processing speeds. Other early programming languages were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, including Autocode, COBOL, FLOW-MATIC, and LISP. Of these, only COBOL and LISP are still in use today. 1972 C language, Dennis Ritchie (How was made the first C compiler, written in C?) 1983, C++ , Bjarne Stroustrup C with Classes How many programming languages exists in the world? More than 500 but probably in reality the number of programming languages goes to over 2750! A criteria classification – imperative and declarative An imperative program consists of explicit commands for the computer to perform. (e.g. Visual Basic, Java, Visual C++.net, Visual C#) A declarative programming, focuses on what the program should accomplish without specifying how the program should achieve the result (relational or functional language), e.g. HTML, MXML, XAML, XSLT, LISP Other classifications exists, e.g.