THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIANDEFENSE INDUSTRY POST-COLD WAR ERA

Muhammad Arsy Ash Shiddiqy [email protected] International Relation Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Islamic University of Riau, Jl. Kaharuddin Nasution No. 13 Perhentian Marpoyan, Pekanbaru, 90221

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the development of Indonesian domestic defense industry after the end ofcold war. The focus of the discussion is how to improve Indonesian militarystrength and capabilitiesthrough the development of the domestic defense industry, currently Indonesia has three potential domestic defense industries (PT. Pindad, PT. Dirgantara Indonesia, PT. PAL). In the era of cold war,the securityof the Southeast Asian region countriesare very dependent on the two super power countriesUSA and USSR, but after the end of the cold war, every country in Southeast Asia has an obligation to fight for their own security, including Indonesia. Therefore, the defense industry needs to be built through the revitalization of the defense industry. According to GFP (Global Fire Power) and other institutions Indonesia is the strongest in Southeast Asia region. To increase its military strength Indonesiaintensely developing the capabilities of the domestic defense industry and doing a lot of defense cooperation with developed countries in the world. This military theme is very interesting to discuss because a country's military strength will reflect the strength of the country itself.

Keywords: Indonesian Military Strength, Defense Industry (PT. Pindad, PT. DI, PT. PAL), Cold War

A. INTRODUCTION countries, Southeast Asian countries The Indonesian defense industry began to aggressively increase their has actually been established since PT. military budgets and increase their Pindad in which produces military strength so that there was rifles, munitions and military vehicles. Security Dilemma in this region. PT. IPTN (Aerospace Industry) in However it is undeniably Bandung produces airplanes and geopolitical and geostrategic, Indonesia helicopters. And PT. PAL (Marine located in a strategic and decisive Industry) produces ships in . position in world and regional social These three industries are part of the 10 order. With potential threats that are strategic industries set by the not light and diverse social, economic government through presidential decree and cultural conditions,Indonesian number 59 of 1983 which is nation need the strong national defense incorporated in capabilities to ensure the continued BahanaPakaryaIndustriStrategis (BPIS). upholding of the sovereigntyof Since the economic crisis occurred, the Indonesia. However, after the outbreak three defense industries have of the crisis, the development of defense experienced funding difficulties, so they capabilities was relatively neglected began to be ignored. (Kirbiantoro, 2010). resulting in a decline in the country's The security conditions in the overall defense capability. Therefore, Southeast Asia region are relatively in with the increase in the defense budget peace, there has never been a direct each year, it is hoped that the confrontation or head to head war Indonesian military revival can truly between countries in the region, even if take place so that Indonesia is able to it has ever happened, its a confrontation face various threats both actual and between Indonesia and Malaysia, but potential. that did not happen. In the cold war era, History records at least twice in security in this region was guaranteed the history of the Republic of by the two super power countries the Indonesia,TNI was considered as an United States and the Soviet Union, after armed force that could not be mocked in the end of the cold war and the absence defense and its real impact on the of security guarantees from the two bargaining position of our foreign countries, practically Southeast Asian policy. First, the period 1960-19621, countries must build their military when President Soekarno encouraged strength to ensure their own security. the Armed Forces of the Republic of Although countries in this region are Indonesia (APRI) to prepare to seize quite friendly and are more likely to West Irian by military force. Although collaborate, but the potential for conflict the national economic situation was not in this region is also very large, very good, Bung Karno allowed the especially concerning border issues, purchase of on a large scale. In Southeast Asian countries still face a lot less than two years, APRI transformed of border conflicts between each other. into the largest war power in the The kind of bias happen in this region, southern part of the earth, including the when the cold war ended, European Navy force having 12 submarines countries were committed to reducing capable of patrolling to western coast of the military budget, and precisely the Australia without being able to be opposite happened in this region. After detected by the country.(Kirbiantoro, the end of the cold war and the absence 2010). of security guarantees from the two Meanwhile, Indonesian Air Force intermediate technology level. That is, has two TU-16 long-range bomber the Indonesian defense industry has squadrons, which easily reach all of been able to make and has been used by Southeast Asia and Australia, drop the TNI. For example, land use bombs, and safely return to base. equipment made by PT. Pindad ranging Second, era of 1980-1988. In the from pistols and assault weapons to leadership of General M. Jusuf (1978- mortars and tire wheel fighters (Anoa 1983) and General L.B. Moerdani (1983- armored vehicles) have supported the 1988), the Indonesian Armed Forces needs of the . In fact, were built into a modern and the products of PT.Pindad is now professional military institution and not standardized by the United Nations, as political. General Jusuf began his well as its tactical reconnaissance program with a simple method, reviving vehicles. At present an update on the the self-esteem of soldiers by increasing chain wheel combat vehicles (AMX-13 welfare, repairing the dormitories, and tanks) is the beginning of building light retraining the old troops experiencing a tanks. After that we are expected to be "smoothing" process because they able to make light to heavy tanks rarely practiced, outdated weapons, and ourselves. neglected their welfare. In the next era, For air force defense equipment, General Moerdani was able cleverly to PT. Dirgantara Indonesia is currently see the opportunity to buy a non-new developing a production partnership system main tool (such as the with Airbus Military to build a CN 2952 six Van Speijk frigates from the medium transport aircraft. Indonesia is Netherlands), repair and modernize it very interested in increasing the ability until it could be fully operational again. to produce light transport aircraft, such In his era, ABRI also bought 10 F-16 as C-212, CN 235 and CN 295, which Fighting Falcon fighters. Now with have 50 parachutes. The same was done Indonesia again trying to strengthen its in the manufacture of Bell-412 serbu defense, it is expected that Indonesian helicopters and Cougar 725 helicopters. bargaining position in all fields, both PT. Dirgantara Indonesia is expected to political, economic and cultural can also meet some of the needs of the TNI and is be increased. suitable for humanitarian Having a strong defense is a basic operations.(Kirbiantoro, 2010). need for every nation. Defense On themarine defense capability is not only important in equipment, Indonesia even has several maintaining the peace ofnation, but also reliable domestic defense industries. PT. a symbol of strength and a means to PAL is relied upon for the manufacture reach aims, goals, or national interests. of large-scale warships, such as corvette The effectiveness of national defense is and submarine classes. PT. PAL is also also determined by the ability of the encouraged to make warships for defense industry to meet the needs of tankers. Indonesia also has other state- the procurement and maintenance of owned enterprises, namely PT. Dock primary weapons systems (defense and PerkapalanKodjaBahari. This BUMN equipment) independently. Therefore, is given a portion to build Landing Ship the defense industry needs to be built Tanks or light and medium tank through the revitalization of the defense transport vessels. The private defense industry. industry has also contributed greatly to The ability of the Indonesian fast patrol boats measuring 60 meters domestic defense industry is now at the down, such as Palindo, Lundin, Anugrah. If qualified, the same opportunities are procurement of weapons have also given to several other private undergone a dynamic change, they shipyards in the country. The budget trying to minimize dependence on allocation to the defense industry is foreign-made weapons. The Indonesian quite large in the 2010– 2014 strategic government is working hard to plan, a minimum of Rp. 50, 4 trillion and empower the domestic defense industry certainly has increased to date. to release dependence on weapons from other countries. One of them is to redevelop the domestic which has been running well. (Connie B. Research Method Rahakundini, 2007). The study was conducted in Specifically, the things needed as a Indonesia focused on three defense strategic component in managing the industries, which are PT. Pindat, PT. domestic defense industry to create PAL, PT. DI. The reason for choosing defense independence, at least must be defense industries to be focused in this able to prepare and produce for the research is to measure how strong needs of three military forces, there are : Indonesian military strength. This For basic needs of the Indonesian research uses a qualitative method with Land Army, includes: an intrinsic case study approach. 1. Make individual assault Characteristics of informants are weapons, along with considered capable of providing munitions, equipment, and information on Indonesian domestic maintenance. defense industries. The data collected 2. Make team level aid weapons, through unstructured observation along with munitions, techniques, interviews conducted with equipment, and maintenance. the key informant that is the institution 3. Make platoon level aid defense industry. Study documentation weapons, along with obtained through Indonesian domestic munitions, equipment, and defense industry archives. Data maintenance. processing is done through interactive 4. Make company-level aid analysis approach from Miles and weapons, including 60 Huberman through stages: data mortars, medium machines, collection, data reduction, data ground machine guns. processing and data verification. (Miles 5. Make battalion level weapons & Huberman, 1992). including 81 mortars, 12.7 heavy machine guns plus C. Result and Discussion munitions. Since the United States wore an 6. Make aid weapons for the arms embargo on Indonesia, it opened brigade level and divisions: the eyes of many people to see the need 120 mm mortars, 105 mm for Indonesia to develop its own defense roll cannons, air defense industry so as not to depend on cannon (anti-aircraft outsiders. Indonesia needs to cultivate rockets), the power of defense equipment capabilities based on armored vehicles and tanks. its own capabilities through the For the basic strength of the development of planned research Indonesian Navy, includes: progress. The TNI Leadership Policy and the Ministry of Defense in the 1. Making standard 76 m, 105 licenses, such as assembling Belgian m, 155 m cannon bullets for FNCs, and so on. warships. Pindad production is not inferior 2. Making sea rockets to land, to Singapore and Malaysia, which are sea to air, sea to sea. also in demand by other countries that 3. Manufacture of 36 m, 100 m are cooperating with Indonesia. Pindad corvette ships and so on production that is widely used by TNI is small types. light rifle weapons and personnel 4. Making rockets with licenses transported tactical vehicles or also from countries that are called APC (armored personnel willing to cooperate carriers). This vehicle is suitable for use 5. Making radar. and has been tested on the battlefield in For the basic needs of the Air Force, Aceh. The replacement of the standard includes: M-16 weapon that has been used by TNI 1. Making rockets for and Polri has now been replaced with a helicopters and aerial gunfire, 4.5 kg(SS-2) serburifle made by Pindad air-to-ground rockets, air to whose license was purchased from air, air to sea. Belgium. Previously known as serbu 2. Making TNI fighter aircraft rifle 1 (SS-1) with a weight of 5 kg, then for air defense assistance developed into SS-2 as a new such as the Brazilian-made generation, except for the total length Ovitel class. and weight. If in an open condition, the 3. Making light helicopters is SS-1 is 997 mm, while the SS-2 is 930 bigger than puma, platoon mm. total SS-1 weight of 5 kilograms, level. SS-2 is around 4.5 kilograms, excluding 4. Making multy-purpose the aiming device accessories. Type of aircraft, fighter class F1, F16, 5.56x45 mm caliber bullet. SS-2 is Shukoi, Mig 29, by looking for designed to be lighter, more reliable, licenses from friendly high accuracy, approximately 70 inches, countries such as Japan, folding diaper makes the user more Taiwan, Italy, etc. flexible, can be equipped with various Overall, if we have a domestic accessories such as dampers, bayonets, defense industry plan, we will have a and various types of throwing guns, reliable defense independence. adapted to TNI soldiers' posture. The C.1. PT. PINDAD quality of weapons made by Pindad has Pindadis short word from Pusat been well tested, it can be proven when IndustriAngkatanDaratbased in in the shooting competition at the Bandung. So far, it has produced Brunei International Skill at Arm Meet weapons and military equipment to in Brunei Darussalam on 21-29 meet the needs of the TNI and Polri and September 2005, TNI using SS2-V4 the general public, including the weapons managed to become first international market. This Persero champions over nine other countries actually has long been established such as the royal Britain army is famous through a long evolutionary process for its sophisticated. In addition, Pindad since 1908 when it was still in the also developed a duck attack rifle (SPR 1 colonization of Dutch colonialism. Then version 1) of 7.62 mm caliber with an after being taken over by the Indonesian accuracy distance of up to 900 meters; government, Pindad produced a variety 76 mm cannon which will of military equipment using foreign continue to be 90 mm, 105 mm, 120 m, and so on; then Automatic Canon system whose quality is more weapons of caliber 20 mm, 30 mm and measurable. 40 mm, and so on.(Connie Rahakundini, By looking at the capabilities 2007). possessed by PT. Pindad and in order to Beginning in 2010, Pindad has support the domestic defense industry tested 12 unguided missiles and one revitalization program, it is the duty and guided missile. Currently Pindad obligation of all parties including the has only produced 70 D230 missiles TNI / Polri to use weapons and without warheads for experiments with made by PT. Pindad to a range of around 10 to 15 km. if the fulfill their individual needs. This is in trial meets the standard criteria, it will line with the instructions from the be mass produced. In addition, RX1210 President of the Republic of Indonesia type rockets are produced with a weight which requires the use of the domestic of 45 kg, a length of 2 meters, and a defense industry, except for things that thrust of 1,000 kg, as well as a range of cannot yet be produced. 11 km, other rockets are double stage C.2. PT. PAL type weighing 87 kg, 4 meters long, PT. PAL Indonesia is a State- thrust 1500/1000 kg, range 18 km, type Owned Enterprise engaged in the RKN (RoketKendali Nasional) weighing shipbuilding industry. The head office 130 grams with a length of 2.7 m, a and shipyard industry are located in thrust of 500/200 kilograms with a Surabaya, . PT. PAL Indonesia range of 6 km. (Persero), originated from a shipyard In the framework of the named MARINA and was founded by the Progressive Manufacturing Plan, Pindad Dutch government in 1939. During the management has carried out HR Japanese occupation, the Company development by sending study changed its name to Kaigun SE 2124. engineers abroad such as Germany, After independence, the Indonesian Belgium, Japan and so on. In addition to Government nationalized this Company developing the company's capital and and changed its name to the finance, Pindad produces and accepts PenataranAngkatanLaut (PAL). On April work orders from other private 15, 1980,Government changed the companies such as assembling Siemens status of the Company from a Public production, Frits Wemer (Germany), Company to a Limited Liability Yom 7 & Yam (Taiwan), Manhurin Company in accordance with deed No. (France), FN (Blgia), and others. Pindad 12, made by Notary HadiMoentoro, SH. production for civilian uses such as In order to release the lathes, mills, railroads for PJKA, dependence of naval warships on generators (Siemens licenses for PLN foreign parties, PT. PAL is encouraged to and Pertamina), car components for (PT produce Indonesian Navy warships. Astra), large-size pumps (for PT. produced ships such as the 80 meter Tambang Timah), all kinds of castings, long Corvet, fast patrol boats (28 and 57 and so on. About 40 percent of the meters), 2,500 Frigate ships, 2,100ton components used are produced locally. mine sweepers, ammunition production, Partnering with subcontractors in where around 25 domestic companies various fields such as vendor items, took part in supporting the supply of metal parts, paints, electrode welds, raw materials and the reserve rate, is castings, and so on. In production it has now operating well.Lated at Surabaya been equipped with a digital control with the consideration that Surabaya is the world of Indonesian shipping, the second largest port city in Indonesia considered to have the potential to after Jakarta, has developed a tradition realize the tactical plan. Since the launch of old ship industry since 1892, there of Landing Platform dock (LPD), PT. PAL are main naval bases in the east, many is considered to have high capability in experts are available from graduates of making sophisticated ships that can the ITS leading universitiy. Location of meet the needs of the Navy. technology PT. PAL occupies the former sea base controlled by PT. PAL has been tested to (formerly the Marine Establishment), make aircraft carriers Helicopters, such inherits the installation and has as the Banjarmasin KRI-592 which has a available the dock and its workers. carrying capacity of five helicopters, Infrastructure of PT. PAL is the carrying 562 personnel, very low boat most complete in Indonesia. Since 1988, vibrations that make the crew he has built a dock to make 30,000 DWT comfortable, 15.4 knots, a stealth design ships. Operates on a land area of 150 that can reduce radar cross section, so it hectares which is then expanded to 400 is not easily captured by enemy radar. hectares. There is one dock with a That hope is now reflected in the capacity of 20,000 tons, three shipyards Indonesian Navy, so that PT. PAL can do capable of accommodating 1000 tons, a lot to overcome the Indonesian Navy's 1,500 tons, and 5000 tons of defense equipment. Cooperation with deadweight. two caisson type docks the Indonesian Navy includes many (2,000 DWT), a large shiplift with a things, including in the development of capacity of 2,000 tons, capable of fast patrol vessels, now the Indonesian supplying 6 patrol vessels at a time of Navy has ordered 10 fast lifeboats and 400 tons or 2 Frigate vessels. Equipped 12 catamaran vessels. Through this with a variety of modern workshops, cooperation, it is expected to be able to wards, and adequate storage of goods. fulfill the needs of Indonesian Navy Present day the Department of Defense ships in the future in order to facilitate and PT. PAL is designing the military duties at sea.(Ikrar Nusa construction of a larger physical form of Bhakti,2001). the ship, especially its working mechanism, bridge control equipment, PT.PAL'sproductson marine and water deposition, more perfect than defense,includes: the Banjarmasin KRI-592. Greater than Sigma type Corvettes which are  Fast PatrolShip expected to be completed in July 14Meter 2010.(Connie Rahakundini, 2007).  Fast PatrolShip28 According to the latest report, Meter PT. PAL received a strong assessment on  Fast PatrolShip38 civil shipping which was able to build Meter FPB 57, a fast patrol vessel with a length  Fast PatrolShip57 of 57 meters. Commercially there have Meter NAV also been many customers, such as  Missile Fast Ship60 orders from shipping companies in meter Hong Kong, Germany, Turkey and  PAL Landing Platform others. Indeed, future plans, after the Dock 125m success of building a Landing Platform  PAL Motor Yacht 28 dock (LPD), PT. PAL is expected to be meter able to build Landing Ship Tank (LST) With experience in the design vessels for the Navy, because it is and building various types of warships, PT. PAL INDONESIA is currently In addition to producing regionally the main builder of the ship. airplanes in general for civilian Naturally, warships prioritize speed, purposes, in the activities of PT. DI, reliability, sophisticated equipment and there is a special division that develops means of communication, engineers of the defense industry, namely producing PT. PAL is very dedicated to building military equipment, for example warships as needed. To help warship military version helicopters NC-212 and missions, each warship is equipped with CN-235, training aircraft, SUT type a computer navigation system, a torpedoes (Surface Underwater sophisticated communication control Torpedo), using telefunken (Madura) system and standard war equipment AEG licenses. Rocket Sura is licensed with specifications installed depending fromOerlikon (Switzerland) factory in on demand. Tasikmalaya with a production capacity C.3. PT. Dirgantara Indonesia of around 300 pieces per month, a 2.75- PT. Dirgantara Indonesia (DI) is the inch rocket type FFAR (Fin Folding first and only air craft industry in aircraft Rocket) licensed by FX Indonesia and in the Southeast Asia (Belgium). It is also planned to produce region. This company is owned by the F-16 hunting aircraft, British Rapier Government of Indonesia. PT. DI was missiles (British Aerospace). established on April 26, 1976 under the PT. DI is very proud of the name of PT. Industri Pesawat Terbang Indonesian people, for example the Nurtanio and BJ Habibie as President Armament Division, who have Directors. Industri Pesawat Terbang succeededmaking NDL40 and ADL40 Nurtanio later changed its name to rocket launchers, and also deserve Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara praise for the success of producing (IPTN) on 11 October 1985. After airplanes, training aircraft, helicopters restructuring, IPTN later changed its and so on, and have even been exported name to Dirgantara Indonesia on 24 overseas. One of them is a Bolkow-105 August 2000. or NBO-105 helicopter that is not noisy, The tradition of mastering capable of carrying five passengers, can airplanes for Indonesian people is be fitted with rifles and missiles, actually not new. On October 5, 1945 produced by PT. DI which is suitable for since the inception of the Indonesian military operations on the battlefield. National Army, in October two of our Finally, it is busy to fulfill the target of aircraft engine experts in Cibeureum, making tailbone (ekor) and fuselage for West Java, successes in repairing the the manufacture of the latest helicopters Japanese Nishikoren hunter aircraft and owned by leading manufacturer flown by Adisoetjipto pilot over the city Eurocopter. The cooperation produces of Tasikmalaya. Then the Air Force 125 airframe, tailbone and fuselage established the Bureau of Planning and components for the EC-725 / EC-225 Construction in Magetan (East Java). helicopter, now making PT. DI as the Two Air Force officers, WiwekoSoepono main supplier of airframe components (later serving as Garuda Managing and other components of airplanes in Director) and NurtanioPringgodisuryo the world as they are currently running designed six zogling type gliders which with this European flight consortium. they called NWG (Nurtanio-Wiweko- The EC-725 and EC-225 aircraft, which Glider). During the independence war are the latest products of Eurocopter small aircrafts and 1 helicopter were which is also a development of the type built with simple equipment. NAS-332, also known as Super Puma, will replace Super Puma helicopters, as the Indonesian military was very soon as possible in Indonesia. The last alarming. The decline in Indonesian three Super Puma were made by PT. DI military power was caused by many will be used for the TNI.(Connie factors, the economic crisis that Rahakundini, 2007). ensnared Indonesia, the chaotic domestic politics, and the full military D. Conclusion embargo by the United States. At After seeing the condition of present Indonesia is in the process of the Indonesian military as alarming rebuilding military power that has and since the United States imposed long been deteriorated, increasing the an arms embargo on Indonesia, it capacity of the domestic defense opened the eyes of many people to industry is the most effective way to see the need for Indonesia to develop increase Indonesian military strength its own defense industry so as not to and that process is being carried out depend on outsiders. Indonesia needs by Indonesia today. Indonesia has to cultivate defense equipment begun to pursue defense cooperation capabilities based on its own with developed countries in order to capabilities through the development be able to work together in producing of planned research progress. military equipment. There are three Enhancing the capacity of the state-owned enterprises engaged in domestic defense industry is the best the defense industry that are highly way to increase Indonesia's military relied on, there are PT. Pindat, PT. strength. And to improve the PAL, and PT. DI the three BUMNs are capability of the defense industry, of very reliable, PT. Pindad which is course, there must be a lot of engaged in land defense equipment defensecooperation with developed has been able to produce rifles, countries. That's what Indonesia is cannons, and combat armored doing now. vehicles, while PT. PAL has been able Indonesia's military strength to produce corvette and frigate in the Southeast Asian region after warships, and is now in the process of the cold war has practically making submarines as a result of decreased. Indonesia, which in the old cooperation with South Korea, while order era was dubbed the Asian tiger PT. DI engaged in aerospace are able no longer able to roar, national to make airplanes and combat defenseequipment began to run out helicopters. It is desirable that all of of age, the welfare of soldiers was these BUMNs can complete all TNI very alarming, and the allocation fund Alutsista needs. for defense was very little so that all We must believe and of these Asian tigers could no longer recognize that Indonesia is the roar loudly on the continent biggest strongest in Southeast Asia. We in this hemisphere. But it was all in realize that many are pessimistic and the past, now it is and has been trivial towards Indonesian military passed through a rich, fertile and power, apart from the frequent prosperous country, he said, namely occurrence of military defense our beloved country Indonesia. equipment accidents due to aging, as Indonesian military strength began to well as the insufficient allocation of improve and increase at this time. funds and the development of the After the cold war until the beginning defense industry which tends to of the reformation the condition of decline, but we are all phases, skip and in the process towards Fatah, Abdoel, DemiliterisasiTentara: improvement and we must realize we PasangSurutPolitikMiliter 1945- have felt the good impact of the 2004, Yogyakarta, LKis, 2005. process. Indonesia firmly raises its military budget every year and Globalisasidankeamanan Negara, di develops a rapidly developing unduhdari defense industry, Indonesia has PT. http://dewitri.wordpress.com/2 PINDAD is great at making weapons 008/02/01/globalisasi-dan- and tanks, Indonesia also has PT. PAL keamanan- negara/ is engaged in the manufacture of ships, and also PT. DIGANTARA http://dunia.news.viva.co.id/news/read INDONESIA which is ready to create /350132-ktt-apec--dunia-kini- high-tech fighter planes and great TNI transport aircraft. Indonesia also has Kekuatan TNI angkatandarat, di a lot of international cooperation in unduhdarat “TNI ANgkatanDarat the military, Indonesia has – Situs Resmi TNI collaborated with developed AngkatanDarat” (dalambahasa countries to increase military Indonesia) strength, one of which is cooperation with South Korea in the manufacture Kekuatanpertahananmiliter Indonesia, of warplanes and submarines. diunduhdari http://borneofile.blogspot.com/ E. 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