The Modification Stage of Basin Formation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Educator's Guide
EDUCATOR’S GUIDE ABOUT THE FILM Dear Educator, “ROVING MARS”is an exciting adventure that This movie details the development of Spirit and follows the journey of NASA’s Mars Exploration Opportunity from their assembly through their Rovers through the eyes of scientists and engineers fantastic discoveries, discoveries that have set the at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Steve Squyres, pace for a whole new era of Mars exploration: from the lead science investigator from Cornell University. the search for habitats to the search for past or present Their collective dream of Mars exploration came life… and maybe even to human exploration one day. true when two rovers landed on Mars and began Having lasted many times longer than their original their scientific quest to understand whether Mars plan of 90 Martian days (sols), Spirit and Opportunity ever could have been a habitat for life. have confirmed that water persisted on Mars, and Since the 1960s, when humans began sending the that a Martian habitat for life is a possibility. While first tentative interplanetary probes out into the solar they continue their studies, what lies ahead are system, two-thirds of all missions to Mars have NASA missions that not only “follow the water” on failed. The technical challenges are tremendous: Mars, but also “follow the carbon,” a building block building robots that can withstand the tremendous of life. In the next decade, precision landers and shaking of launch; six months in the deep cold of rovers may even search for evidence of life itself, space; a hurtling descent through the atmosphere either signs of past microbial life in the rock record (going from 10,000 miles per hour to 0 in only six or signs of past or present life where reserves of minutes!); bouncing as high as a three-story building water ice lie beneath the Martian surface today. -
Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity
Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars Rover Opportunity The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Squyres, Steven W., Andrew H. Knoll, Raymond E. Arvidson, James W. Ashley, James F. III Bell, Wendy M. Calvin, Philip R. Christensen, et al. 2009. Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Mars rover Opportunity. Science 324(5930): 1058-1061. Published Version doi:10.1126/science.1170355 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3934552 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Exploration of Victoria Crater by the Rover Opportunity S.W. Squyres1, A.H. Knoll2, R.E. Arvidson3, J.W. Ashley4, J.F. Bell III1, W.M. Calvin5, P.R. Christensen4, B.C. Clark6, B.A. Cohen7, P.A. de Souza Jr.8, L. Edgar9, W.H. Farrand10, I. Fleischer11, R. Gellert12, M.P. Golombek13, J. Grant14, J. Grotzinger9, A. Hayes9, K.E. Herkenhoff15, J.R. Johnson15, B. Jolliff3, G. Klingelhöfer11, A. Knudson4, R. Li16, T.J. McCoy17, S.M. McLennan18, D.W. Ming19, D.W. Mittlefehldt19, R.V. Morris19, J.W. Rice Jr.4, C. Schröder11, R.J. Sullivan1, A. Yen13, R.A. Yingst20 1 Dept. of Astronomy, Space Sciences Bldg., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 2 Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA 3 Dept. -
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Opportunity Observations Of
PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Opportunity 10.1002/2014JE004686 observations of the Burns formation: Crater Key Point: hopping at Meridiani Planum • Hydrated Mg and Ca sulfate Burns formation minerals mapped with MRO R. E. Arvidson1, J. F. Bell III2, J. G. Catalano1, B. C. Clark3, V. K. Fox1, R. Gellert4, J. P. Grotzinger5, and MER data E. A. Guinness1, K. E. Herkenhoff6, A. H. Knoll7, M. G. A. Lapotre5, S. M. McLennan8, D. W. Ming9, R. V. Morris9, S. L. Murchie10, K. E. Powell1, M. D. Smith11, S. W. Squyres12, M. J. Wolff3, and J. J. Wray13 1 2 Correspondence to: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, USA, School of Earth and Space R. E. Arvidson, Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA, 3Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 4Department of [email protected] Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 5Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA, 6U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, 7 8 Citation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Department Arvidson, R. E., et al. (2015), Mars of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA, 9NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA, Reconnaissance Orbiter and Opportunity 10Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland, USA, 11NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, observations of the Burns formation: Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, 12Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 13School of Earth and Crater hopping at Meridiani Planum, J. -
FIELD STUDIES of CRATER GRADATION in GUSEV CRATER and MERIDIANI PLANUM USING the MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS. J. A. Grant1, M. P. Golombek2, A
Role of Volatiles and Atmospheres on Martian Impact Craters 2005 3004.pdf FIELD STUDIES OF CRATER GRADATION IN GUSEV CRATER AND MERIDIANI PLANUM USING THE MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS. J. A. Grant1, M. P. Golombek2, A. F. C. Haldemann2, L. Crumpler3, R. Li4, W. A. Watters5, and the Athena Science Team 1Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Tech- nology, Pasadena, CA 91109, 3New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, 4Department of Civil Engineering and Remote Sensing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, 5Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. Introduction: The Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit Impact Structures in Meridiani Planum: Craters and Opportunity investigated numerous craters since explored at Meridiani are fewer and farther between landing in Gusev crater (14.569oS, 175.473oE) and than at Gusev and all are formed into sulfate bedrock Meridiani Planum (1.946oS, 354.473oE) over the first [3]. With the exception of the most degraded examples, 400 sols of their missions [1-4]. Craters at both sites Meridiani craters have depth-to-diameter ratios >0.10 are simple structures and vary in size and preservation and preserve walls sloped generally >10 degrees. En- state. Comparing observed and expected pristine mor- durance crater is 150 m-in-diameter, 22 m deep, and phology and using process-specific gradational signa- possesses walls sloped between 15-30 degrees, but tures around terrestrial craters as a template [5-7] al- locally exceeding the repose angle (Table 1). -
Sedimentary Textures Formed by Aqueous Processes, Erebus Crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Sedimentary textures formed by aqueous processes, Erebus crater, Meridiani Planum, Mars J. Grotzinger Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA J. Bell III Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA K. Herkenhoff United States Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA J. Johnson A. Knoll Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA E. McCartney Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA S. McLennan Department of Geosciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100, USA J. Metz Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA J. Moore National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA S. Squyres Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA R. Sullivan O. Ahronson Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA R. Arvidson Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA B. Joliff M. Golombek Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA K. Lewis Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, -
Mars-Base-Camp-2028.Pdf
Mars Base Camp An Architecture for Sending Humans to Mars by 2028 A Technical Paper Presented by: Timothy Cichan Stephen A. Bailey Lockheed Martin Space Deep Space Systems, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] Scott D. Norris Robert P. Chambers Lockheed Martin Space Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] [email protected] Robert P. Chambers Joshua W. Ehrlich Lockheed Martin Space Lockheed Martin Space [email protected] [email protected] October 2016 978-1-5090-1613-6/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE Abstract—Orion, the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, near term Mars mission is compelling and feasible, is a key piece of the NASA human exploration and will highlight the required key systems. architecture for beyond earth orbit (BEO). Lockheed Martin was awarded the contracts for TABLE OF CONTENTS the design, development, test, and production for Orion up through the Exploration Mission 2 (EM- 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2 2). Additionally, Lockheed Martin is working on 2. ARCHITECTURE PURPOSE AND TENETS ....................... 3 defining the cis-lunar Proving Ground mission 3. MISSION CAMPAIGN, INCLUDING PROVING GROUND architecture, in partnership with NASA, and MISSIONS ................................................................ 5 exploring the definition of Mars missions as the 4. MISSION DESCRIPTION AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS . 7 horizon goal to provide input to the plans for 5. ELEMENT DESCRIPTIONS ....................................... 13 human exploration of the solar system. This paper 6. TRAJECTORY DESIGN ............................................ 16 describes an architecture to determine the 7. SCIENCE ............................................................. 19 feasibility of a Mars Base Camp architecture 8. MARS SURFACE ACCESS FOR CREW ......................... 14 within about a decade. -
Endurance Crater at Meridiani Planum, Mars ⇑ Wesley A
Icarus 211 (2011) 472–497 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Origin of the structure and planform of small impact craters in fractured targets: Endurance Crater at Meridiani Planum, Mars ⇑ Wesley A. Watters a, , John P. Grotzinger b, James Bell III a, John Grant c, Alex G. Hayes b, Rongxing Li d, Steven W. Squyres a, Maria T. Zuber e a Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA b Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 21125, USA c National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA e Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA article info abstract Article history: We present observations and models that together explain many hallmarks of the structure and growth Received 29 March 2010 of small impact craters forming in targets with aligned fractures. Endurance Crater at Meridiani Planum Revised 12 August 2010 on Mars (diameter 150 m) formed in horizontally-layered aeolian sandstones with a prominent set of Accepted 18 August 2010 wide, orthogonal joints. A structural model of Endurance Crater is assembled and used to estimate the Available online 19 September 2010 transient crater planform. The model is based on observations from the Mars Exploration Rover Oppor- tunity: (a) bedding plane orientations and layer thicknesses measured from stereo image pairs; (b) a dig- Keywords: ital elevation model of the whole crater at 0.3 m resolution; and (c) color image panoramas of the upper Impact processes crater walls. -
Structural Analysis of Victoria Crater: Implications for Past Aqueous Processes on Mars
Structural Analysis of Victoria Crater: Implications for Past Aqueous Processes on Mars By Serenity Mahoney A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Geology) at Gustavus Adolphus College 2015 Structural Analysis of Victoria crater: Implications for Past Aqueous Processes on Mars By Serenity Mahoney Under the supervision of Dr. Julie Bartley ABSTRACT Visible across the surface of Mars, sedimentary structures are all that remains of the liquid water that once covered the planet. Despite their excellent exposure and wide extent, little is known about the exposed stratigraphy found in impact craters on Mars. With the next Mars rover mission scheduled for 2020, impact craters preserve multiple structural features formed both during impact and later during diagenesis, making them an ideal place to look for aqueous markers and therefore conditions suitable for ancient life. Analyses of exposed structural features in Victoria crater permits calculation of the orientation of these features and, combined with mineralogical evidence, provide definitive support for past regional aqueous processes. In this study, three images of the well-exposed promontory Cabo Anonimo in Victoria were analyzed using the program ImageRover. These analyses suggested evidence for multiple types of sedimentary bedding, including bedding within clasts in the crater wall and bedding within the wall itself. Bedding within the clasts suggests primary bedding pre-impact, possibly formed by aqueous processes. 2 ACKNOLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Julie Bartley as well as Dr. Jim Welsh and Dr. Laura Triplett of the Geology department at Gustavus Adolphus College for their unwavering support and guidance. -
Mars: Earth's Little Brother
Mars: Earth’s little brother What are the similarities and differences you notice? Mars’s axis is tilted at 25 deg. What are seasons on Mars like? Mars’s axis tilt changes dramatically. What happens when the tilt is less/more? Artist’s depiction of an ‘icy Mars’ Do the Earth and Mars have similar interiors? Why? How do we even know what’s inside a planet? Atmospheres: Are they similar? Why? Constituents: Nitrogen: 78%! Carbon Doxide: 95.% Oxygen: 21 %! Nitrogen: 3%! Argon: 0.9%! Argon: 2%! Water: > 1%! Oxygen: 0.1%! Carbon Doxide: 0.002%! Water: > 0.03%! Is there water on Mars? Why or why not? Is there water on Mars? Why or why not? Mars’s south pole Is there water on Mars? Why or why not? Phase Diagram of Water Earth Partial Pressure of Water PartialPressure of Water Mars Temperature Is geology on Mars similar to that on Earth? Does this look like the Earth? What kind of geologic processes can you see evidence for? Notice any big impact craters? Olympus Mons: The biggest volcano in the solar system Olympus Mons: The biggest volcano in the solar system Is this similar to volcanoes on Earth? Valles Marineris: The solar system’s biggest canyon Our ‘grand’ canyon Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Columbia Hills, Mars Atacama Desert, Chile Columbia Hills, Mars Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Kilauea Volcanoe, Hawaii Olympus Mons, Mars Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Dubai, UAE Endurance Crater, Mars What is the evidence for past water on Mars? Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Djado Plateau, Niger Valles Marineris, Mars Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Holden Crater NE, Mars Lena Delta, Argentina Mars or Earth? Yemen Mars or Earth? Mars Mars or Earth? Mars or Earth? Niger Mars Seven minutes of terror Curiosity descent http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZX5GRPnd4U Google Mars Mars: Take-away messages •"Although smaller than Earth, Mars and Earth are similar in many ways. -
Seeds and Supplies 2021
FEDCO 2021 Seeds and Supplies Where Is erthing Ordering Instructions page 160 Order Forms pages 161-166 Complete Index inside back cover begin on page Welcome to Fedco’s rd ear Vegetable Seeds 5 “May you live in interesting times”… redux. Herb Seeds 79 How eerily prescient it was to invoke that adage a year Flower Seeds 86 ago—and then to experience it play out as both a curse and a blessing. Onion Sets & Plants 110 So much has shifted in a year. In our last catalog we Ginger, turmeric, sweet potato 111 brought you interviews with innovators in agriculture whose Potatoes 111 wisdom spoke to a more inclusive, regenerative and Farm Seed / Cover Crops 118 holistic future. Those visions, with all the excitement and challenge they bring, are rapidly taking hold and Soil Amendments 124 rooting in the disturbance of 2020. Pest Control 134 We see it all around us: my son’s cul-de-sac Tools 140 organized to grow food together. Neighborhoods Books 151 started seed banks. Signs sprang up in towns for Planting Guides & Lists: Give & Take tables for garden produce, to share what you can and take what you need. Winona La Duke, in Vegetable Chart 77 her (online) Common Ground Fair keynote, stressed the Botanical Index 78 building of local infrastructures. If we look outside the Herb Chart 79 strident newsfeed, we see new structures evolving from Flower Chart 86 common values. Seed Longevity Charts 92, 106 So in this year’s interviews we take a closer look at Organic Variety List 104 what’s unfolding. -
Ebook < Impact Craters on Mars # Download
7QJ1F2HIVR # Impact craters on Mars « Doc Impact craters on Mars By - Reference Series Books LLC Mrz 2012, 2012. Taschenbuch. Book Condition: Neu. 254x192x10 mm. This item is printed on demand - Print on Demand Neuware - Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 50. Chapters: List of craters on Mars: A-L, List of craters on Mars: M-Z, Ross Crater, Hellas Planitia, Victoria, Endurance, Eberswalde, Eagle, Endeavour, Gusev, Mariner, Hale, Tooting, Zunil, Yuty, Miyamoto, Holden, Oudemans, Lyot, Becquerel, Aram Chaos, Nicholson, Columbus, Henry, Erebus, Schiaparelli, Jezero, Bonneville, Gale, Rampart crater, Ptolemaeus, Nereus, Zumba, Huygens, Moreux, Galle, Antoniadi, Vostok, Wislicenus, Penticton, Russell, Tikhonravov, Newton, Dinorwic, Airy-0, Mojave, Virrat, Vernal, Koga, Secchi, Pedestal crater, Beagle, List of catenae on Mars, Santa Maria, Denning, Caxias, Sripur, Llanesco, Tugaske, Heimdal, Nhill, Beer, Brashear Crater, Cassini, Mädler, Terby, Vishniac, Asimov, Emma Dean, Iazu, Lomonosov, Fram, Lowell, Ritchey, Dawes, Atlantis basin, Bouguer Crater, Hutton, Reuyl, Porter, Molesworth, Cerulli, Heinlein, Lockyer, Kepler, Kunowsky, Milankovic, Korolev, Canso, Herschel, Escalante, Proctor, Davies, Boeddicker, Flaugergues, Persbo, Crivitz, Saheki, Crommlin, Sibu, Bernard, Gold, Kinkora, Trouvelot, Orson Welles, Dromore, Philips, Tractus Catena, Lod, Bok, Stokes, Pickering, Eddie, Curie, Bonestell, Hartwig, Schaeberle, Bond, Pettit, Fesenkov, Púnsk, Dejnev, Maunder, Mohawk, Green, Tycho Brahe, Arandas, Pangboche, Arago, Semeykin, Pasteur, Rabe, Sagan, Thira, Gilbert, Arkhangelsky, Burroughs, Kaiser, Spallanzani, Galdakao, Baltisk, Bacolor, Timbuktu,... READ ONLINE [ 7.66 MB ] Reviews If you need to adding benefit, a must buy book. Better then never, though i am quite late in start reading this one. I discovered this publication from my i and dad advised this pdf to find out. -- Mrs. Glenda Rodriguez A brand new e-book with a new viewpoint. -
Polygonal Impact Craters in Argyre Region, Mars: Implications for Geology and Cratering Mechanics
Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43, Nr 10, 1605–1628 (2008) Abstract available online at http://meteoritics.org Polygonal impact craters in Argyre region, Mars: Implications for geology and cratering mechanics T. ÖHMAN1, 2*, M. AITTOLA2, V.-P. KOSTAMA2, J. RAITALA2, and J. KORTENIEMI2, 3 1Department of Geosciences, Division of Geology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland 2Department of Physical Sciences, Division of Astronomy, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland 3Institut für Planetologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 20 November 2007; revision accepted 15 April 2008) Abstract–Impact craters are not always circular; sometimes their rims are composed of several straight segments. Such polygonal impact craters (PICs) are controlled by pre-existing target structures, mainly faults or other similar planes of weakness. In the Argyre region, Mars, PICs comprise ∼17% of the total impact crater population (>7 km in diameter), and PICs are relatively more common in older geologic units. Their formation is mainly controlled by radial fractures induced by the Argyre and Ladon impact basins, and to a lesser extent by the basin-concentric fractures. Also basin-induced conjugate shear fractures may play a role. Unlike the PICs, ridges and graben in the Argyre region are mostly controlled by Tharsis-induced tectonism, with the ridges being concentric and graben radial to Tharsis. Therefore, the PICs primarily reflect an old impact basin-centered tectonic pattern, whereas Tharsis-centered tectonism responsible for the graben and the ridges has only minor influence on the PIC rim orientations.