ISSN 0248-076X

Newsletter

IN THIS ISSUE

SPC ACTIVITIES Page 2

NEWS FROM IN AND AROUND THE REGION Page 11

ABSTRACT Page 15

MILKFISH CAPTURE ON CHRISTMAS Page 16 ISLAND. KIRIBATI by Gl. Preston

TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL Page 19 MATERIAL ON MARINE ENGINES byM. Izumi

The milkfish, Chanos chanos

Readers already familiar with the SPC Newsletter will realise that this issue appears with a revised front page. We hope you like it and look forward to your comments.

L*• " South Pacific Commission Prepared by Jean-Paul Gaudechoux, Fisheries Information Officer SPC ACTIVITIES

REGIONAL FISHERIES TRAINING PROJECT (RFTP) The SPC Fisheries Training March and will end on 24 April. been running for the last two Associate, Michel Blanc, spent The workshop continues the years.. Michel has been working the first weeks of January training programme's empha­ to organise a report-writing making final arrangements for sis on 'train the trainers' and will skills course through distance the annual Nelson Polytechnic be followed by in-country education and is hopeful that a Fisheries Officers course which workshops for local extension programme for this will be opened in Nelson on 27 January officers and fishermen, con­ operational by mid-year. with 12 participants from ducted by participants in the around the region. Michel's task present course. This ICOD- Attention has also been given to was made considerably easier funded programme is likely to the possibility of developing a this year by having the ar­ continue for most of 1992. Certificate-in-Fisheries Pro­ rangements in Nelson co-ordi­ gramme and options for this nated by Alastair Robertson, In mid-April, the Training will be prepared for discussion who is now Head of School in Project will host a training at this year's Regional Technical Nelson after retiring in March workshop at SPC headquarters Meeting on Fisheries (RTMF). 1991 from his post as Fisheries in Noumea. This workshop Input from the University of the Education and Training Ad­ involves most Pacific Island South Pacific, the New Zealand viser with SPC. fisheries training institutions School of , the Austra­ and is being run by the Western lian Maritime College and re­ The practical module for this Pacific Fisheries Consultative gional institutions has been year's course will be held m Committee (WPFCC) with drafted into a discussion paper Vanuatu, based at the excellent funding support from CID A which will shortly be circulated new facilities of the Fisheries and the French Government. to Fisheries Divisions. Training Centre on Santo. SPC The workshop includes a Masterfisherman Paxton number of ASEAN training and The Training Project is looking Wellington has been busy in education institutions and is forward to a busy and inter­ Santo assisting with the de­ primarily concerned with pro­ esting year and is always keen ployment of FADs which moting greater co-operation to receive country input, be it should make for some exciting between the two regions in positive or negative. It is likely fishing for participants. fisheries training and educa­ that the workshop at this year's tion. RTMF will concentrate on The RFTP is now fully settled in training matters, so participants Noumea and, with the arrival of Other Project activities for the and interested persons will Hugh Walton, the new Fisher­ near future include the have plenty of opportunity to ies Education and Training completion of the long awaited direct the on-going activity of Adviser, is back at full strength training Directory, follow up to the project. and preparing for a busy year. the Human Resources Study, Hugh comes to the SPC from a and evaluation of the extension (Contributor: H. Walton) varied background in com­ training programme that has mercial fishing, fisheries re­ TO> search, training and education, and more recently the FAO Re­ gional Support Programme, where he worked as a programme officer with Bob Gillett.

A Chilled Post-harvest Workshop, run in conjunction with the SPC Fish Handling and Processing Project, com­ menced in Suva, Fiji on 16

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPC ACTIVITIES

• INSHORE FISHERIES RESEARCH PROJECT Beche-de-mer poster for Papua New Guinea In support of the Papua New The poster will be principally the poster will mainly feature Guinea Department of Fisheries aimed at fisheries inspectors photographs of the various and Marine Resources' research and other fisheries officers, and types of finished product, al­ work on beche-de-mer, being is intended to help them iden­ though for each species treated carried out by Paul Lokani at tify beche-de-mer correctly pictures of the live or fresh ani­ the Kavieng Fisheries Labora­ down to species level, in order mal will also be shown. As well tory, SPC is providing technical to improve export statistics on as distinguishing the various and financial support for the this group of animals. At the beche-de-mer types, the poster preparation of a poster on present time, there is much will also show examples of dif­ beche-de-mer species. mixing and most beche-de-mer ferences in quality to help in­ exports are not classified by spectors check on grading and Although compiled in response species. This makes it difficult on the approximate relative to a request from PNG, the final for fisheries research staff, who values of export consignments. version of the poster is likely to are expected to provide advice be of interest to fisheries offic­ to the government on manage­ Earlier in the year Detlef ers, traders and those involved ment of the fishery, to under­ Blumel, Graphic Arts Officer at in marine resource education in stand how heavily the various SPC's Regional Media Centre in all Pacific Island countries, es­ different species Suva, Fiji, spent some time pecially those with large beche- are being exploited. working with SPC scientist de-mer fisheries. Garry Preston, visiting beche- Because inspection of beche-de- de-mer traders in Fiji to pho­ mer happens after processing, tograph as many types and grades of beche-de-mer as possible. These were pasted up into a mock-up and forwarded to Papua New Guinea for comment. Feedback from PNG will be incorporated in the final version of the poster, which is expected to appear early in 1992.

Thelenota ananas (Contributor: G.L. Preston)

Research on pearl SPC Senior Inshore Fisheries research results to Pacific Island sity, Townsville (Coordinating Scientist Garry Preston has been countries. The Phase 1 project is organisation); the Australian working with Australian and to be submitted for funding Institute of Marine Science, Pacific Island marine scientists consideration to the Australian Townsville; the Queensland in the development of a major Centre for International Agri­ Department of Primary Indus­ three-year research programme cultural Research (ACIAR). tries; the South Pacific Com­ aimed at investigating specific mission; the Ministry of Marine research questions on the biol­ The project is still under devel­ ogy and culture of the black- opment, but at present Phase 1 lipped pearl Pinctada consists of four components, to margaritifera. The Pacific Island be carried out by three different Pearl Oyster Resource Devel­ Australian institutions working opment Project is expected to in collaboration with interested form Phase 1 of a two-part ac­ Pacific Island governments and tivity, the second phase of agencies. Collaborating institu­ which will focus on extension of tions are: James Cook Univer-

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPC ACTIVITIES

Resources, Cook Islands; and and early life history of pearl will involve surgical and histo-1 the Ministry of Natural Re­ oysters, and investigation of the logical studies of pearl seeding source Development, Kiribati. biological and technical char­ techniques and of the pearl: Other countries ate likely to join acteristics of low-key culture formation process, in order to in as the project develops. technologies that may be ap­ identify means of iricreasirigthe plicable to pearl oysters. proportion of gem-quality The overall aims of the project pearls produced by seeding are: — Identify and describe commonoperations . Specific areas of pathogens, diseases and para~investigatio n will be: possible — to support Pacific Island sites present in pearl oysters improvements in surgical countries' attempts to de­ and recommend practices to techniques used during velop and increase fisheries minimise disease outbreaks ihnucleatioh (stress reduction, and aquacultuf e activities anaesthetics, sterile technique, based on pearl oysters; Using samples collected by a etc.) that will lead to fewer re­ variety of means, including jected nuclei and deformed ^-' to investigate methods of pearl oyster surveys carried out pearls; to examine the histo­ restocking, hatchery pro­ by SPC and national fisheries logical process of pearl forma­ duction and husbandry of agencies, Drs John Norton and tion and identify characters of these organisms suited to Ian Anderson of the Oohooriba the pearl-sac responsible for application in the Pacific Is­ Veterinary Laboratory of QDPI variations in quality; and to lands; will conduct pathological and develop mantle'tissue culture veterinary examination of pearl lines that could ultimately be —-to improve understahdirig of oyster populations. Specific used as a superior alternative to the population biology, ge­ aims are to document the oc­ donor oyster mantle tissue as a netics, pathology and his­ currence and distribution of basis for pearl-sac formation. tology of these animals in parasites and pathogens within support of this work and between atolls, to estimate — Describe the population struc­ the likely potential for intro­ ture ofpearloyster resources in Specific research targets are: duction of pathogens and dis­ the Pacific, and monitor the ef­ eases when translocating pearl fects of translocation and stock — Develop a simple, low-technol­oysters from one location to , enhancement programmes on ogy method for increasing another> and to recommend genetic resources settlement and survival of pearlactio n that might be taken to oyster larvae in locations whereminimis e deleterious conse­ Samples collected at the same resources are impoverished quences of such translocations. time as those used in the pa­ thological/ histological studies This component will be carried — Develop more productive (above) will be analysed by the out by James Cook University, methods of seeding cultured Australian Institute for Marine under the direction of Dr John pearls using improved surgicalScience s using allozyme elec­ Lucas, and will involve devel­ techniques, and assess the fea­trophoresis techniques, to de­ oping and testing a simple, low- sibility of tissue culture as a termine variations in the genetic cost larval and juvenile rearing means of improving pearl-sacmakeu p of pearl oyster popu­ system for improving pearl and pearl quality lations from different Pacific oyster spat-falls. If this can be locations. This work, to be su­ done successfully, it is likely This component, to be carried pervised by Dr John Benzie, will that a substantial part of the out by the Queensland De­ enable documentation of the extension phase (Phase 2) of the partment of Primary Industries, degree of genetic differentiation project will involve applying the system in selected Pacific Island locations to assist pearl oyster replenishment in those islands.

Other activities will include the evaluation of simple hatchery culture techniques, the study of aspects of reproductive biology

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPC ACTIVITIES occurring within and between The activities to be undertaken In March 1992, the draft project locations; estimation of the de­ during the extension phase will outline will be discussed by gree of genetic interchange oc­ be developed in response to the representatives of the Austra­ curring; and elucidation of the results observed as Phase one lian agencies and Pacific Island likely consequences, in terms of proceeds. Likely activities dur­ countries that have so far been loss of genetic material, of ing the extension phase, which collaborating in its develop­ translocating pearl oysters should commence in 1995 (or ment. This will permit among atolls of the region. perhaps earlier) are: extension finalisation of the project docu­ Monitoring of the genetic effects to Pacific Island countries of ment in time for the ACIAR of translocation and resource low-technology methods for board of management meeting enhancement programmes enhancing pearl oyster repro­ at the end of March. In the through repeat analyses in se­ ductive success and spatfalls; meantime, SPC will be financ­ lected locations will also be held trials of improvements to ing the genetic analysis by undertaken. By the end of the surgical methods used in pearl AIMS of pearl oyster samples three-year research phase, it seeding to improve pearl collected from the Cook Islands should be possible to acquire a quality; and dissemination of (Penrhyn, Manihiki and broad picture of the pearl oys­ Phase one research results ^Suwarrow) and Kiribati ter population genetic structure through a technical workshop (Abaiang and Butaritari) during across the region, and to rec­ on pearl oyster resource de­ the first few months of 1992. ommend action that might be velopment. taken to minimise deleterious (Contributor: G.L. Preston) consequences of translocations.

• DEEP SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT NOTES In the first months of 1992, Project masterfishermen were engaged in three field assistance projects in Tonga, Palau and Vanuatu. Tonga: Flying fish scoop-net demonstration and training Masterfisherman Tuainetai trials revealed a significant re­ to be seem whether Ha'apai Rata, an experienced flying fish source of flying fish in the area, fishermen will adopt the tech­ who completed a at least during the summer nique on a regular basis and flying fish resource assessment months. Nightly captures per attempt to deliver their catches and fishing demonstration as­ boat averaged around 200 fish. to Tongatapu, where a strong signment in Vava'u in late 1991, By late March, Tuainetai had market for the fish exists. In the was, at the request of Tonga worked directly with five fish­ meantime, Ha'apai fishermen Fisheries Division, transferred ing crews in demonstrating the are discovering that flying fish to Ha'apai in late January this scoop-netting technique and make a very effective troll bait year to continue the had assisted these men rigthen - for wahoo and large .^^^^ programme there. Early fishing own nets and lights. It remains

Palau: FAD-based tuna fisheries development Following the success of verti­ assigned to Palau in October some success, with the use of cal longlining work conducted 1991. Since that time, before the lights and jigs to take small by Masterfisherman Peter Watt onset of Palau's prime tuna pelagic species offshore from in Western Samoa, Palau Ma­ season, he has concentrated his Babeldoap. Palau's long-term rine Resources Division re­ efforts on assisting the progress aim with this development ef­ quested the Project to assist lo­ of the FAD programme fort is to see local fishermen take cal fishermen make best use of through accurate site survey a share in the large sashimi tuna a series of new FAD deploy­ using a GPS navigation unit fishery currently controlled by ments, by exploring the poten­ and exploring the potential for foreign fishing fleets operating tial for development of small establishing a local bait fishery out of Palau. ^/^x and medium-scale tuna fishing to support later tuna fishing. gear and methods. Peter was Bait fishing trials are enjoying

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPG ACTIVITIES

Vanuatu: national FAD programme

Project i ; Masterfisherman, work will be the deployment, Santo where he has so far de­ Paxtoh, Wellington; was as­ monitoring and assessment of a ployed three inshore FADs in signed to Vanuatu in Novem­ series of shallow-water FADs in range of Tangoa Island and one ber 1991 to 'pro vide technical inshore waters designed to deep-water raft offshore from assistance and advice in. the gather small pelagic species and Araki, Island. At, the:: end of planning: and Implementation thus assist subsistence and March the inshore FADs were of. a national FAD programme. small-scale: commercial village reported to be aggregating Although several offshore FAD fisheries:'-: : small pelagic species as well as deployments are scheduled/ and fishing trials were making use of an experimental Paxtbn is based at the Fisheries commencing. vT^> FAD raft, the main thrust of this Training Centre on Espiritu

Nauru builds and deploys a Pacific FAD raft

Following the design by Lt. part of its first-ever domestic most competent steel fabrica­ Rich Boy of the US Coast FAD programme. Although the tion shops in the islands. The Guard, longtime consultant to construction of these rafts in project's Masterfisherman the DSFD Project in FAD engi­ Nauru was undertaken by the Paxton Wellington was as­ neering, of a steel FAD raft Nauru Phosphate Corporation, signed to assist in deploying the suited to construction in Pacific with its skilled metalworkers new FADs once they were island countries, the Republic of and extensive workshop facili­ complete. Nauru decided to construct and ties, it is believed that the raft deploy three of these units as type could be constructed by (Contributor: P. Cusack) ' ^

SPC Fisheries Statistician Tim Lawson and Nauxuan Fisheries Officer Peter Jacobs inspect the new rafts on the beach at Nauru

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPC ACWmES

-Flashing light 1": ^ Drill & tap 1"-13 ^ UNC for locking bolt Handling - eyes

-Radar reflector

-1/8" Plate 72"

~ 4" SCH 40 Pipe

Lighting/ tie off eyes Side View 3" radius - 41/2"'I 2® o 3/16" plate

60" diameter -

-3/16" plate

Top View

3/16" plate

42" Bottom plate : 1 piece Top plate: 3 pieces Stiffeners: -«£Cor Q Air test nipples: top on

2 '3" radius

1" diameter 1" = 2.54 cm 1

Sketch plan of the Pacific steel FAD raft designed by Lt Rich Boy, USCG (material specifications, estimated costings and plans for the Nauru steel raft are available from SPC)

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 SPG ACTIVITIES:

TUNA AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME Regional Tuna Tagging Project (RTTP)

Over the last three months, the q the Trapper until the full moon field-work component of the on 19 March and then to inves- RTTP has been in abeyance, as tigate the possibilities of tagging the Tuvalu pole-and-line vessel medium-size yellowfin on a Te Tautai, her crew, and the SPC local longliner. As mentioned in personnel who regularly spend SPC Fisheries Newsletter # 59, two-month stints on the vessel,'. 'this in-coun try project aims no t work amongst the U.S. purse have taken a well-earned break, only to determine the size and seine fleet. As shown on the EXiring 1991, the Te Tautai spent movement patterns of the tuna map of releases by five-degree 11 months away from her home stocks in Fiji waters but also to squares, this particular area has port of Funafu ti, including 302 measure the amoun t of interac- received little tagging effort days of RTTP charter and 254 tion between the various tuna over the past two years. days actually searching and fisheries operating in the zone. fishing for tuna. A similar Another area that requires at­ amount of time was spent in At me time of writing, the RTTP tention is to the east of Kiribati tagging operations in 1990. has tagged and released a total and Tuvalu, in the vicinity of of 118,772 tuna, of which 26 per the Phoenix and Howland/ Although the Te Tautai is the cent are yellowfin, 70 per cent Baker groups of islands. This major tagging platform of the are skipjack and 4 per cent are particular area is regularly RTTP, small-scale in-country bigeye (see table below). A fished by U.S. seiners and yields projects have been undertaken small number of longtail tuna significant catches of school in Solomon Islands and ('Other'in table) have also been fish. The Te Tautai will remain Kiribati, using local pole-and- tagged. With these numbers with the fleet as much as pos­ line vessels to extend both and the remaining three to four sible, but this will largely de­ spatial and temporal distribu- months of charter, the RTTP is pend on how far the seiners tion of releases. The most recent expected to achieve its stated roam from the bait-grounds in of these projects is currently goal of 40,000 yellowfin (and Kiribati and Tuvalu that are es­ under way in Fiji. Between mid- bigeye) releases. The goal of sential to the tagging operation. January and the beginning of 60,000 skipjack releases has March, this project has sue- been reached and surpassed, so Depending on the availabilty of ceeded in tagging 3,459 tuna the emphasis in 1992 will be on funds, there may also be further from the Stonefish Co. pole- catching and tagging yellowfin. but brief periods of tagging in and-line vessel Trapper. The north-eastern Australia and majority of these releases were Present plans are for the Te New Caledonia. There is also made around Vanuabalavu Tautai to begin the 1992 char- the possibility of tagging work and to the south of Taveuni, in ter in Fiji in early March and in Wallis and Futuna, but this the north-eastern part of Fiji, move north to the Tuvalu, is dependent on gaining access Plans are to continue tagging on Kiribati and Nauru area to to bait grounds at Uvea Island.

Tag releases to 1 March 1992

Vessel Area Yellowfin Skipjack Bigeye Other Total

SoUai 6, 8,12 Solomon Islands 574 7,729 1 0 8,304 Nei Kaneati Kiribati 1,058 3,165 43 0 4.266 Trapper Fiji 710 2,835 4 0 3.549 Te Taiilai Western tropical Pacific 28,359 68,917 5,003 82 102,361 Japanese Federated States seiner of Micronesia 144 118 30 ' 0 292

Total 30,845 82,764 5,081 .. 82 118,772

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Negotiations for this access are 10,266, consisting of 26 per cent ern Pacific, albeit of larger fish on-going, yellowfin, 72 per cent skipjack than those caught and tagged and 2 per cent bigeye. This rep­ by the pole vessels. "' A report on the first two months resents an interim overall return of fieldactivitie s of the Te Tautai rate of 8.6 per cent. Of these Although we can expect a time in 1992 will be included in the recoveries, 75 per cent were lag of one year or more between next SPC Fisheries Newsletter, made by purse seiners, 22 per release and recruitment into the along with further details on the cent by pole-and-line vessels longline fishery, we should Fiji in-country project. and the remaining 3 per cent by have considerably more handline, troll and longline longline recoveries than the The total number of recoveries gear. small number at present. As a of tagged fish now equals first step towards resolving this To date, only 4 tags have been problem, the RTTP has in­ returned by longliners, even creased its publicity of the though these vessels regularly project amongst the longline catch 10 to 15 per cent of the fleets working in the region.

•*>

Fisheries Experimental Officer Etimoni Palu tags a large during RTTP operations in the Coral Sea in November 1991

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 NEWS FROM IN AND AROUND THE REGION

• ARTIFICIAL REEF EXPERIMENTS IN THAILAND Fishery resources have declined Calculations showed that these Their condition may alter de­ rapidly over the last 20 years two types were at the time pending on the type of con­ because of the world-wide subjected to external forces struction used, materials, modernisation of the fishing close to or over the design lim­ transportation methods, sea industry. In 1987 a joint team of its. The remaining modules conditions, operation of fishing the Department of Fisheries were installed at the end of the gears and illegal fishing activi­ Thailand (DOF) and SEAFDEC month, along with nine bam­ ties. A follow-up study was began evaluation of an artificial boo-only modules weighted therefore conducted, beginning reef project in Thailand, in an with concrete blocks. three weeks after the modules' effort to aid the advancement of installation. Physical features marine resources technology. Artificial reef effectiveness were ascertained from diving largely depends on the dura­ observations and biological A report was published in 1989 bility of the modules used. features by looking at fish vol- and a Technical manual for re­ source enhancement in 1990. From January 1990, further ex­ periments were conducted to test the practicality and effec­ tiveness of the new artificial reef modules recommended by these reports. Test were carried out to verify the modules' hy- drodynamic physical stability and carry out biological sur­ veys.

When structures are placed on sand, rubbing and damage oc­ cur because of wave action and current forces; this can lead to movement and overturning. It is therefore important to use modules that are durable and do not move. To reduce this problem, areas in contact with the sea bed need to be mini­ mised or the module attached to plates. Two types were com­ pared, a triangular pyramid shape and a ball-joint pyramid; a cubic-base type was used for biological experiments in ma­ rine forestation with Sargassum.

The three types were built from bamboo-reinforced concrete. Although bamboo is less effec­ tive than steel, it was used because of its abundance and low cost. A total of 17 modules was made and the triangular and ball-joint varieties installed. Triangular module (upper) and ball-joint module (lower) D SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 NEWS FROM IN AND AROUND THE REGION

time at the site and the presence fied. The attempted construc­ greater weight? (2-^3; t, each) of sessile organisms. .;;:!.; tion of a marine forest by makes therri more stable; transplanting Sargassum was However, because project sites Surveys were carried out for unsuccessful. are often near small fishing vil­ one year, monthly for three lages and transportation' there-. months and at two-month Within the first three months fore difficult, careful thought intervals thereafter: Recording bottom fish were seen; a month must be given to methods of of results was by photo, video, later sweetlip, and ju­ both land and sea1 transport, so echograph and notes. Data on venile grouper; arid after six that daniage to the modules is wind, waves, sweli, currents months snapper, gfouper> cat­ avoided. In these surveys, a and transparency were re­ fish, siganid and sweet-lip. crawler crane was :used at the corded. A 4S^hour continuous Later, and cons tructrori site arid then fixed current meter was also oper­ wefe also in evidence. Move-1 onto a barge and used for in­ ated at the site. Sessile organ­ merit of fish in arid around the stallation of the modules at sea: isms were collected by scientific modules was variable accord­ divers, and fish by fishing gear ing to the type of fish. However, The economic viability of arti­ operations, hardline and trap. fish sampling at the site was ficial reefs was not considered thin arid two of the main spe­ in this study and is fundamen­ The bamboo modules began to cies seen were not reef fish. • tal to deciding their future use. disintegrate after four months, However with the rapid with only the concrete weight­ From the biological point of industrialisation of the fisheries ing blocks (no bamboo at all) in view, the number of modules industry, investment levels are evidence by the end of the year. was too small to judge their huge and only a small per­ Most of the compound mod­ effectiveness as aggregation centage is required for the ules were found to be stable on devices. To gain a better un­ fisheries developfhent and the sea bed throughout the ob­ derstanding of the relationship conservation that is becoming servation time. between prey and predator increasingly necessary. The true around the modules, further value of artificial reefs within Sand sedimentation rates at the study of data on sessile organ­ industrial budgets will become base of the modules Were, ini­ isms is needed. more clear in the future as their tially slow, at 5 cm in the first importance in the development three months. During the Other considerations, when of small-scale fisheries and the south-west monsoons this in­ looking at artificial reef con­ conservatibn of industrialised creased to 15—25 cm, but de­ struction, are module size and fishing grounds becomes ap­ creased again to 10—15 cm methods of transportation and parent. during the north-east monsoon, installation. Natural reef stud­ Over the year sand deposits ies have shown that large mod­ (Source: SEAFDEC Newsletter) were greater over the ball-joint ules are preferable and their modules. This type is easier to manufacture, however, and sand thickness could be re­ duced by design modification allowing a larger space between the base bars and sea bed.

Biological observations noted that within three weeks bar­ nacles were attached to the modules. These were followed by bryozoa, sponges/bristle worms, pearl shells, poly- chaetes, sea cucumbers and a variety of algae. Organisms were collected on concrete plates attached to the modules. Samples were preserved, pho­ tographed, sorted and identi­ Algae base module

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 NEWS FROM IN AND AROUND THE REGION

I THE MANGROVE FISHERY IN FIJI The mana, or mangrove lob­ The mana thrives better in the within the body. The egg-car­ ster, is scientifically known as sandy or silty shores of south­ rying capacity of females is in­ Thakssina anomak. This species eastern Viti Levu than those of creased by the distension of the is widely distributed in the northern shores, because the ovary to almost the entire tropical Indo-West Pacific re­ environmental conditions are length of the animal. gion and the eastern extremity more suitable in the wet zone of its distribution is probably than in the dry zone. Hence the In this condition, the egg-laden Fiji. Adult specimens can mea­ bulk of the mana is sold in the posterior extension of the ovary sure 26 cm in length and weigh Suva/Navua area. is visible as narrow bands of 250 g. orange colour, through the The 1986—1990 market statis­ translucent membranes of the The mangrove lobster is con­ tics compiled by the Fiji Fisher­ ventral side of the abdomen. sidered a pest in the coastal ies Division show that during The mana consumers attribute areas of the region where this five-yearperiod , an average a particularly nice taste to the is prevalent, be­ of 9 mt a year was sold. This developing eggs. cause its burrowing activities figure represents approxi­ release impounded water mately eight per cent of the total Fishing methods bounded by dikes or flood such marine sales of crustaceans in structures with unwanted wa­ Fiji for one year. About 15 years The mangrove lobster is a diffi­ ter. ago, two or three times as much cult animal to catch because it was sold. It would be interest­ leads a hidden, subterranean However, in Fiji, the mana con­ ing to know why mana sales life-style. However, the Fijians stitutes an important marine have declined so markedly over have devised an adroit method crustacean food resource; it also this period. of trapping it. has a sociological and mytho­ logical significance for many Mana is considered a delicacy The trap design cannot be Fijians, especially the people of by Fijians living on the south­ compared to any other. It was Rewa. Fiji may well be the only eastern coast of Viti Levu, but first described by J. Hornell, a country in the world where the is not commonly eaten by the former Director of Agriculture mana is regularly exploited for coastal dwellers of the north in Fiji in 1940 (his description human consumption. and north-west part of the is­ was not accompanied by a land (even if the mangrove diagram). The mana has more or less a lobster occurs in the of cryptic burrowing mode of life this region, as well as in other The raw materials necessary for within the sandy or silty sedi­ islands, Kadavu for example). the construction of the mana ment of estuaries (brackish trap are readily available in the water); it lives close to the up­ The mana fishery is seasonal. mangrove. per tide level, usually in asso­ The animals are normally ciation with mangroves. Its caught b etween December and The top of the mana mound is presence is usually manifested June, when adult females tend removed (to a depth of about indirectly in the form of conical to be gravid. During this period, 20 cm) with a cane knife. A mounds which can strongly the eggs are usually borne noose (a), usually made of vau break the micro-relief of the shores.

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 NEWS FROM IN AND AROUND .THE REGION

(Hibiscus tiliaceus) fibres is looselyikhbtted.. Finally the rnethod is 6iily possible during passed around a length of burrow opening is plugged high tides. It requires locating bamboo (b) with a diameter with mud. The trap is now one of the several lower ac­ approximately equal to that of ready and it is usually set on the cesses to the burrow. Pressing the burrow. The bamboo serves rising tide. vigorously into one of these as a mould in the artificial ex­ depressions with the foot (or tension of the burrow. When an adult mangrove lob­ less commonly with the hand) ster comes to the entrance to sets in motion the The open end of the bamboo is unload mud (or for any other inside the burrow. placed so that it just covers the reason), it sets off the trigger; the freshly truncated end of the pole then springs up and the The reciprocal movement of burrow and the mould is made noose tightens violently around water and/or the trapper in­ to rest at an obtuse angle to the the mid section of the animal's duces a disturbance in the axis of the shaft of the upper body. neighbourhood of the base of part of the burrow. the mound and drives the ani­ The action may result in the mal up the burrow to the sur­ Mud is placed over and around animal being dragged but of the face, where it is caught in the the bamboo and rammed down ground; otherwise it remains hands. with the hands. After an ap­ trapped underground. If the propriate framework of tiri (c) trapped animals are riotrecov ­ Of the two fishing methods, it has been made to support the ered soon enough, they may fall would seem that trapping is the tension trigger mechanism (d), prey to the mongoose. domain of men, whereas the bamboo is gently with­ kucocuko may be resorted to drawn in a single rotating mo­ The mana trap is an ingenious by either men or women. tion. device designed by a pre-tech- nological Fijian (probably from Skilled trappers can set up A vertical stick (e), a tiri twig the Province of Rewa). He was about 10 snares an hour, and a which was made to rest on the not only a highly skilled trapper success rate of 80-^-90 per cent bamboo, is then pushed down but also seems to have had a is not uncommon. The man­ to approximately three quarters thorough knowledge of various grove lobster is sold in bundles of the vertical depth of the aspects of the mana. of 5—6 individuals tied to­ burrow (see figure below). A gether at F$ 5 a bundle. bent pole (f) under tension — Another method of catching normally a dogo sapling — is mana exists and is known as (Source: G. F3M, USP, Suva, Fiji) coupled to the trigger device by kucokuco in Rewa (kucukucu- a small length of vau fibre (g). raki, butu or butubuturaki The free end of the noose (a) is elsewhere); this catching wound around the pole and

The mana trap: (A) Trap set up; (B) operational trap

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 ABSTRACT

Fisheries management and extended jurisdiction — Publication of Management of World Fisheries, subtitled Implications of extended coastal state jurisdiction and edited by Edward L. Miles, has been an­ nounced by the University of Washington Press, P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096. The volume constitutes the in the future. The contributions, Finally, in Part HI, J. A. GuUand, proceedings of a workshop by recognised fisheries au­ Robert Kearney and Edward organised by the World Fish­ thorities, are divided into three Miles present their views on eries Project, Institute for Ma­ parts. whether and how fishery man­ rine Studies, College of Ocean agement might be improved and Fishery Sciences, Univer­ Papers in Part I present an under EFJ. Some of the conclu­ sity of Washington, Seattle, and overview of the effects of ex­ sions include: managing fish­ held from 8 to 11 July 1985. tended fisheries jurisdiction eries by objective (indeed de­ (EFJ) on the management offish fining fishery management ob­ During the last 10—15 years stocks, including a comparison jectives); elaborating in more many changes have occurred in of the effects in a region under detail the nature of authority the world's fisheries and their the open-access regime with needed to make timely deci­ management, relating particu­ regions under EFJ. sions and take effective action; larly to the extension of au­ defining specific management thority of coastal nations over Part II evaluates in more detail alternatives and evaluating their resources to 200 miles. the trends that have occurred in their probable consequences; This volume provides a good six regions: North-East Atlantic, and others. Indexed, the 318- look at those changes and an East Central Atlantic, North- page hard-bound volume is assessment of their effect and East Pacific, West Central and sold by the publisher for implications for the improve­ South-West Pacific, and the East US$30. ^> ment of Central and South-East Pacific.

Vacancy advertiseiitertt-'—Marine Resources Adviser

tht United States Agfcrtcy fbt International Development ftf&UDj seeks qualified candidates iorthepisjtiitin of Marin* Resources Adviser in the Agrkulnrral Development Office, A &ree-year

Minimum otiauficatiohs for this petition, include; — BS in relevant field {fisheries, ewB«?micSjrt>wine5S)j —Thtsfryears experience iri fisheries And/or marine resources, development in a small island country,

Preferred qualifications include; — MS or Mgher degree in relevant field (fisheries,. eamQinks)} —Private stctot fcXperiente in fisheries in the Padffc Islands; —A.I.D- project implementation experience-

The Marine Rcsotrnjes Adviser tMRA> will beresponiablefor jutipleuientationand njanagcrhenl of KDQ/SF"s Padfic Islands Marine Resounds Project (PJMAR>> TrieMltA wittbd dimctfyreipoiisible ia && Agriculfezral Development Officer. Preference vftH be givers to U,S* citizens,

FIMARIs a 5-yeax, US$13.7 million foreign sssistanceipxojcct tq six PadScIshnd countries, PIMAR&a.s coun­ try components in: Cook Islands (black peari culture development), Tortga

firf farther information on this posting, please contact Ms. Sharon Fee, Agricultural Development Officer, USAID RDOiSF,P*Q. Box2l&Suva, Bji. Phone: (670 3lt3^,Faxi {6^)300 075, Fleasesend applications and curriculum vitae to Ms. Fee at the above address. Deadline for receipt of Applications is 30 April 1992.

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 themselves and their families, MILKFISH CAPTURE ON they also pointed out that fish­ ing-related tourism was practi­ CHRISTMAS ISLAND, KIRIBATI cally the only industry bringing money into the Kiritimati economy at that time. There Christmas Island,, or Kiritimati fey G.L. Preston was much talk that 'something as it is officially called, is in the South Pacific- Gprnnrussipn should be done', although no- Line Islands, one of the four is­ : Noumea,Nevy Caledonia one seemed sure exactly what. land groups that make up the Republic of Kiribati. It has the Much of the eastern part of the distinction of being the world's (Chanos chanos), which are a toll is covered in enclosed or largest island of purely coral prized as food by Gilbertese semi-enclosed hypersaline formation and for the most part people and are netted fairly in- which only refill on the it is flat and somewhat feature­ less, the highest point being only a few metres above sea level. The shallow lagoon is heavily loaded with sediment and has a single, wide passage in the west water in this area is exchanged fairly regularly and is of normal salinity, but water temperatures, salinity and tur­ bidity progressively rise the further one goes away from, the pass, due to the high rate of evaporation and low rate of water exchange.

These features make the lagoon a very favourable habitat for two related fish species: bone- Christmas Island lagoon fish (AWula spp.) which attract game fishermen from Hawaii tensively by local fishermen spring tides. Some of these are and the mainland USA to using monofilament giUnets. used for commercial salt pro­ Christmas Island for what is duction, while others have in widely acknowledged to be In fact, since also the past been successfully used some of the finest bonefishing captures bonefish, something of to cultivate brine , in the world; and milkfish a conflict was arising in late whose 'eggs' (they are actually 1989, when I visited not eggs but cysts) are a valu­ the island in connec­ able product used as food for tion with a survey of aquarium fish. More recently, pearl oyster re­ quite a number of the saline sources. Those local ponds have been linked in a people who acted as complex network of man-made guides for visiting canals equipped with simple game-fishermen wooden sluice gates or other were becoming in­ forms of barriers. By opening creasingly upset at and closing the sluices at ap­ net fishermen target­ propriate times of the tide, wa­ ing more and more ter-flow through the canal/ on bonefish. While system can be controlled they recognised the and this has led to the develop­ need of subsistence ment of an interesting fishery, fishermen to feed which is perhaps unique in the Pacific. Map of Kiritimati (Christmas Island)

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 MILKFISH CAPTURE ON CHRISTMAS ISLAND

Juvenile rnilkfish naturally fol­ low the tide, swimming up the beach, for instance, as the tide rises. This behavioural feature is widely known and allows the capture, by dip-netting or trap­ ping, of fry for rnilkfish farming in many South-East Asian countries. This feature also causes juvenile rnilkfish to enter the Kiriumati salt ponds at high tides, where they then remain their aggregations and sell them During one visit to one sluice and grow in a semi-captive to the Marine Export Division gate, about 20 good-size state, their escape being pre­ (MED), a government-run rnilkfish (1—2 kg each) were vented at first by their tide- company which is charged taken in 5—10 minutes. The following instincts. As the fish with commercial development Fisheries staff say they get any­ grow older, they lose the ten­ of Kiritimati's fisheries and ex­ thing from 250—500 kg a day dency to swim with the tide, but ports locally-caught fish to Ha­ when they are fishing seriously. by this stage they are too large waii. Serious days are Monday and to escape from the ponds Tuesday, since the fish are ex­ through or over the sluice Although some of MEE^s ex­ ported fresh to Hawaii on the boards. port fish is caught troll fishing weekly Wednesday flight to (Kiritimati is also one of the Honolulu. Milkfish are very Removing sluice boards in the richest wahoo grounds in the bony, but are nevertheless canals on an incoming tide lets Pacific) and deep-bottom fish­ much loved by Hawaii's large a flow of less saline water into ing (SPC Master Fisherman Filipino community, who are the hypersaline ponds. This at­ Pale Taumaia helped carry out the principal consumers, as well tracts the rnilkfish, which ag­ the first bottom-fishing trials in as by the Kiritimati Islanders gregate around those sluices Kiritimati in 1984, and achieved (including the Fisheries staff) that have been opened. The excellent catch rates), rnilkfishi s themselves. -*£*>> staff of Kiritimati's Fisheries the mainstay of the MED op­ Division then gill-net the fish in eration.

O

Man-made channels such as these criss-cross parts of Kiritimati, linking salt ponds and the main body of the Iagooru

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 MILKFISH CAPTURE ON CHRISTMAS ISLAND

l-fcn, • i , • 0. ' y - >, | , ra^ •A a J"' C3 '*>'••••• 2

•-.•.._ •_ Gill nets are set in a a circle in the enclosure in front of the gate. Splashing and noise-making by the fishermen help scare the fish into the net from which they are immediately removed.

Boxed fish are transported rapidly to Marine Export Division, which will send them fresh on ice to Hawaii within two days of capture

SBC Fisheries Newsletter #60 25 hp) and models (piston cyl­ TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL inder and propeller) are used for demonstration and practical MATERIALS ON MARINE work. Besides the outboard motor training, video-tapes on ENGINES post-harvest are introduced to the participants, who are gen­ erally interested in further fish­ This article introduces a local : training course in New :;u::-^'M/taJW?- y;-:•.;?';:: ing activities. The course is a Caledonia and provides some South pacific Cbmrnissibn good example of co-operation information on educational Noumea, New Caledohia between an experienced pro­ material available at SPC. The fessional technical teacher and Ecole des metiers de la mer —Mechanics and maintenance a local fisheries extension offi­ (Maritime College), Noumea of outboard motors (petrol, cer. and the Lycee professional de diesel and kerosene); Touho (Technical College), Besides the field training Poindimie, North Province, —Safety operation of outboard programme, EMM runs the New Caledonia, enquired motors; following programme in whether any educational ma­ Noumea. terial on marine engines (out­ — Safety operation and main­ board motors, diesel engines tenance of small boats; — Three-month course (twice etc.) and related information per semester): 25 m boat were available at SPC for im­ —Mechanics and maintenance navigation for the French provement of their college of inboard diesel engines; national certificate; programmes. — Fish handling and mainte­ — Six-month course (once per One of the fieldtrainin g courses nance of ice machines; semester): CMP (Maritime conducted by the Ecole des and Fisheries Certificate) for metiers de la mer (EMM) was — Demonstration of fishing New Caledonia's certificate; observed in order to see actual techniques; conditions of the training — Three-month course (once course and identify suitable — Electrical system of small per semester): marine en­ educational material for the boats. gine (450 hp) for the French training programme. national certificate; Each course is conducted for a The field training programme week at fieldlocations , about 20 —Three-week course (once per of the EMM, requested by the throughout the Territory. At semester): PCM (Certificate Provincial Governments each main location two or three of Small Boat Operation, (Northern, Southern and Loy­ training courses on the same engine: 150 hp) for French alty Islands) is organised and subject are conducted for the national certificate. conducted by the EMM under convenience of trainees' par­ the administration of New ticipation. For instance, there As a result of observation of the Caledonia's Territorial Gov­ are three training courses on field training course, commu­ ernment, in co-operation with outboard motors on Ouvea Is­ nications with major Japanese each provincial government. land, one in the north , one in marine engine companies and the centre (Fayaoue) and one in the material search at SPC, the This year's training programme the south (Mouli village). Also, a considerable amount of in­ started in January 1992. It will three training courses on boats formation was located. Tables continue for six months in the are conducted. Therefore, a to­ on the following pages show Northern Province and Loyalty tal of six training courses will be educational material on marine Islands and for a year in the organised on Ouvea from engines available at SPC. Southern Province. The training January to June 1992. programme consists of the fol­ Two major Japanese marine lowing courses: The teaching material and text/ engine companies provided manuals in the course are well educational material on marine prepared with originality. Ac­ engines such as textbooks, wall tual outboard motors (Yamaha charts, video-tapes, pamphlets,

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ON MARINE ENGINES slides and catalogues/ which are training courses and for self- A number of textbooks on ma­ available at a reasonable price learning, and are highly rec­ rine engines are published by from both companies. ommended for use in the international organisations, re­ course. gional organisations, bilateral Textbooks are used for the aid agencies, commercial com­ preparation of hand-out mate­ Pamphlets and catalogues give panies and others. rial in the training course. A good information to trainees on good combination of textbooks various engine models which An effective use of the above will produce adequate training are currently available in the material will help your training manuals. Wall charts (72 cm x world market. Films are only programmes. Further informa­ 102.5 cm) are good for spatial suitable for classrooms at col­ tion on educational material on workshops or classrooms at leges or training centres because marine engines would be very colleges or training centres. of the need for certain facilities much appreciated. ^^ Video-tapes and slides are good and equipment. supporting material for any

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Training course on outboard motor mechanics and maintenance held at Mduli village, Ouvea Island, New Caledonia from 24 to 28 February 1992

SVC Fisheries Newsletter #60 TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ON MARINE ENGINES

List of materials on marine engines for educational purposes

1. Yanmar Diesel (marine diesel & outboard motor)

Item Description Type Reference no. 1 Marine engine handbook book AOA1744 2 Diesel engine instruction book 1 book AOA0002 3 Diesel engine instruction book 2 (industrial) book AOA0003 4 Diesel engine instruction book 3 (marine) book AOA0004 5 Marine gear (mechanical lype for small engine) & stem arrangement wall chart AOA3253-8404 6 Cooling system (HA) wall chart AOA3254-8404 7 Lubrication system (HA) wall chart AOA3255-8404 8 Marine gear section (Yanmar) wall chart AOA3256-8710 9 Marine gear oil flow (Yanmar) wall chart AOA3257-8710 10 Marine gear power irain (NICO) wall chart AOA3258-8404 11 Marine gear section (NICO) wall chart AOA32S9-8404 12 Marine gear oil flow (NICO) wall chart AOA3260-8404 13 Fuel system (HA) wall chart AOA3262-8404 14 TD series periodical maintenance (1) wall chart AOA3336-B710 15 TD series periodical maintenance (2) wall chart AOA3336-8710 16 TD series periodical maintenance (3) wall chart AOA3336-8710 17 TD series major checkpoint* in installation wall chart AOA3336-8710 IS D27 RCL 3DIM (French/English) wall chart AOA3828-8806 19 D27 RCL (French/English) wall chart AOA3828-8806 20 YDOM (diesel outboard motor) PER wall chart AOA3850-8703 21 YDOM (diesel outboard motor) FLAT wall chart AOA3851-8703 22 Engine installation for workboat video tape 23 Y-DOM (diesel outboard motor) disassembly/reassembly video tape 24 TD engine disassemblyAeassembly video tape 25 Diesel outboard motor (French) pamphlet 26 Diesel outboard motor (English) pamphlet

2. Yamaha Motor (outboard motor)

Item Description Type Reference no. 1 Service promotion guide '91 copy 298128 2 Training text (1) to (7) book 071768 3 Training text (8) book 071793 4 What is an outboard motor slides 071671 5 Engine for outboard motor slides 071672 6 Lubrication slides 071673 7 Carburettor slides 071674 8 Ignition system slides 071675 9 Spark slides 071676 10 Power transmission system slides 071677 11 Propeller slides 071678 12 Cooling system slides 071679 13 Mounting and demounting slides 071680 14 Inspection and maintenance slides 071681 15 Troubleshooting slides 071682 16 Instruments slides 071683 17 Special tools slides 071684 18 General service 1 video tape NK-001E 19 General service II video tape NK-002E 20 Special tool video tape NK-003E 21 O/B basic knowledge video tape NK-004E 22 Crankshaft reassembly video tape YE-001E 23 Oil mixing chart (litres) wall chart 071642 24 Oil mixing chart (gallon) wall chart 071746 25 Service data chart ('91 all line-up) wall chart 296041 26 Service data book ('91 all line-up) book 296502 27 Inspection poster (pre-delivery inspection & service) wall chart 297001 28 Inspection poster (periodic inspection & service) wall chart 297000 29 Cirt-asvay view poster (25DA) wall chart 031408 30 Special tool manual (all line-up) book 298111 31 Special tool manual (supply (T.P.I.)) book 298121 32 Assembly chart (E25F, E25FK, E20FK) wall chart 295027 33 Assembly chart (other models) wall charts 34 Service manual (all models) books 35 Parts catalogue (all models) catalogues 36 Kerosene outboard motor pamphlet TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ON MARINE ENGINES

List of materials on marine engines for educational purposes - cont'd 3. Yamaha Motor (marine diesel)

Item description 'type- "~'? Reference no. 1 Service promotion guide'91 , copy 298128 2 ME & MEF how to use S.S.t. video tape 072224 3 Periodic mspectibn poster (ME63,'ME125, ME188) wall chart 072175 ' 4 Periodic inspection poster (ME130F, ME130FT, ME200F, ME200FTt wall chart 072186 ME200FTI):" 5 Periodic inspection poster (MU1, MU2) wall chart ' '• 0'72i98' ' • 6 Periodic inspection poster (ME380T, ME400(L), ME65Q)' • wail chart ' -072226 '; 7 Assembly chart (ME130F, MEfSOFT) wall chart '072194 8 Assembly chart (other'models) wall charts . > : • 9 Service manual (all models) books 10 Service guide (NSD 161) book 070201 11 Parts catalogue (all models) catalogues ''-' 12 Installation manual (ail models) books 13 Engine £ propeller selection manual (all models) books 14 Recommended pans list copies 15 Marine diesel sales guide (all models) book 072204

List of films on marine engines for educational purposes

Publication List of Marine Engine for Educational Purpose - films

Item Title Length Producer Distributor RefV 1 Clean air (hat engines may live ' 10 John Deere, U.S.A. John Deere, U.S.A. CD 2 Clean fuel that engines may live 9 John Deere, U.S.A. John Deere, U.S.A. (1) 3 Construction of diesel engines 15 U.S-Navy United World Films (1) Inc., U.S.A. 4 Diesel engine—ideal diesel cycle 6 McGraw-Hill Book McGraw-Hill Book (1) Co., U.K. Co., U.K. 1 5 Diesel engine lubrication 31 Mobil Oil Co., U.K. Mobil Oil Co .; U.K. (1) 6 The diesel fuel system 12 Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. (1) 7 DPA fuel pump 20 Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. (1) 8 Diesel lubricating and cooling 9 Audio Productions, United World Films (1) systems U.S.A. Inc.,U.S.A. 9 Efficient cooling system that 14 John Deere, U.S.A. John Deere, U.S.A, (1) engines may live 10 Four 99 servicingtechnique 20 Perkins Engines Ltd., UJC. Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. (1) 11 Functions of lubrication that 13 John Deere, U.S.A. John Deere, U.S.A. (1) engines may live 12 Good valve job pays 24 Ethyl Corporation, U.S.A. Ethyl Corporation, W 13 Ignition and sparkplug 19 Champion Spark Champion Spark W. Plug Co., U.S.A. Plug Co., U.S.A. 14 Introducing the turbpcharger 6 Perkins Engines Ltd,, U.K. Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. <1) 15 Six 354 servicing technique 19 Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. Perkins Engines Ltd, U.K. (1) 16 Thin film lubrication 29 Mobil Oil Co., U.K. Mobil Oil Co., U.K. (1) 17 Top overhaul 20 Perkins Engines Ltd., U.K. Perkins Engines Lid., U;K- (1) 18 Fishing is their business 17.5 Caterpillar Tractor Caterpillar Tractor (2) Co., U.S.A. Co., U.S.A. 19 The magic of a name 24 R.H.R. Productions & R.H.R. Productions & (2) Film Producers' Guild, U.K. Film Producers' Guild, U.K. 20 Diesel engine lubrication 33 B&W B&W (3) 21 Ensuring efficiency 27 B&W B&W (3)

Reference: (1) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1979). FAO film loan catalogue. 277 pages. (2) Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries Division (1973). Union catalogue of films on fisheries and related subjects available in Australia. Fisheries Paper, no. 13,173 pages. (3) Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries Division (1979). Union catalogue of films on fisheries and related subjects available in Australia. Australian Fisheries Paper, no. 13,224 pages.

SPG Fisheries Newsletter #60 TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ON MARINE ENGINES

List of books on marine engines for educational purposes

Item Title Author, year of Publisher Details Pages publication & page nos. 1 Marine engineering I Overseas Fishery Overseas Fishery 1. outline of fishing 1-46 Cooperation Cooperation boat engines Foundation Foundation 2. internal combustion 47- 219 (1985)-299 pages engine 3. shafting and propellers 220-257 4. fuel and lubricating agent 258 - 299 2 Visual training manual for Fisheries Division, Fisheries Division, 1. two stroke cycle in 17 Fiji's rural fishermen's Government of Fiji Government of Fiji outboard engines training programme (1985)-28 pages & Food and Agriculture 2. principles of oil in 18 Organization of the the engine United Nations 3. oil system diagram 19 4. fuel & air cycle 20 5. fuel system diagram 21 6. cooling water system 22 7. periodical check 23 8. power transmission 24 9. propeller shaft assembly 25 3 techniques for the G. L. Preston, South Pacific 1. fishing action - before 105 Pacific Islands • a manual P. D. Chapman, Commission setting off for fishermen P. D. Mead (avoiding accidents) Handbook no. 28 and P. Taumaia 2. after Fishing - care of the 139 (1987)-162 pages boat (engine maintenance) 3. trouble at sea - breakdowns 150 (engine maintenance) 4 Engineering applications: B. Mutton Food and Agriculture 1. installation and (1979): English version Organization of the maintenance of engines 127 pages United Nations in small fishing vessels (1979): French version Fisheries technical 128 pages report no, 196 S Engineering applications: B. Mutton Food and Agriculture 2. hauling devices for (1982): English version Organization of the small fishing craft 146 pages United Nations Fisheries technical (1985): French version report no. 229 154 pages 6 Internal combustion M. Tanaka Southeast Asian engine (Iff) (1979)-18 pages Fisheries Development Tent/reference book no. 9 Center 7 Operation and maintenance S.Yamamoto Southeast Asian of diesel engine (1980)-25 pages Fisheries Development Texl/reference book no. 10 Center g Introduction to engineering H. Mizuno Southeast Asian Text/reference book no. 14 (1980)-95 pages Fisheries Development Center 9 Combustion engine, M. Tanaka Southeast Asian parts I, II and III (1980) -163 pages Fisheries Development Text/reference book no. 15 Center 10 Marine engineering M. Tanaka Southeast Asian Text/reference book no. 16 (1980)-137 pages Fisheries Development Center 11 Trouble shoosing of diesel S. Yamamolo Southeast Asian engine (1981)-19 pages Fisheries Development Text/reference book no. 19 Center 12 A simplified meihod for S.Yamamoto Southeast Asian calculation of the cruising (1981)-41 pages Fisheries Development speed and cruising Center propeller dimensions of a small fishing boat Text/reference book no. 22 13 Selection and installation S. Yamamoto Southeast Asian 1. selection of fishing boat 1-6 of a fishing boat engine (1982) -54 pages Fisheries Development engine Text/reference boofcno. 23 Center 2. installation of fishing 6-11 boat engine 3. installation guidance 12-54

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60 TRAINING AND EDUCATJQNAL MATERIALS ON MARINE ENGINES

List of books on marine engines for educational purposes - cont'd

14 Stern equipment for S. Yamamoto Southeast Asian small fishing boat (1982)-60 pages Fisheries Development Text/reference book no. 24 Center 15 Fundamentals of diesel S. Yamamoto . Southeast Asian 1. horse power 1-9 engine (questions & (1982)-72 pages Fisheries Development 2. fuel consumption 9-13 answers) Center 3. engine load 13-17 Text/reference book no. 25 4. engine cycles 18-24 5. combustion 25-34 6. supercharging 34-41 7. valve timing 41-54 8. vibration 54-58 9. engine trouble 58-66 10. gas laws 66-71

Educational material on marine engines

© Copyright South Pacific Commission 1992

The South Pacific Commission authorises the reproduction of tJiis material, whole or in part, in any form, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given. Original text English South Pacific Commission, B.P. D5, Noumea Cedcx, New Caledonia Telephone: 26-20-00 - Cable: SOUTHPACOM NOUMEA - Telex: 31 39NM SOPACOM - FAX: (687) 26 38-18

SPC Fisheries Newsletter #60