SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Monthly MAY 2008 30 April 2008 This report is available online and can beFORECAST viewed together with Update Reports on developments during the month at www.securitycouncilreport.org

OVERVIEW FOR MAY CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE In May the UK will have the presidency of Brown in the Council on 16 April, will be Status Update since our the Council. There are no mandates up for the subject of an open debate. Possibly April Forecast...... 2 renewal during the month. this will be at the ministerial level and Security Sector Reform...... 3 chaired by British Foreign Secretary Four important thematic public Council Protection of Civilians...... 5 David Miliband. The agenda item for meetings are expected: the debate is likely to be Post-Conflict Sudan/Darfur...... 8 n On 6 May, an open debate on Counter- Peacebuilding. But the issue is not so Burundi...... 10 Terrorism, following briefings by the much the work of the Peacebuilding Chairs of the three Council anti-terrorism Bosnia and Herzegovina...... 12 Commission (PBC). Rather the goal is to committees (1267, CTC and 1540). Nepal...... 14 address the situations not covered by n On 12 May, an open meeting on Security the PBC where the Council is engaged Sierra Leone...... 15 Sector Reform is likely. There will be a but does not have the tools to properly Counter-Terrorism: Briefings to series of statements including by Slovakia oversee the effective integration of which sponsored this topic in 2006-2007 the Council...... 16 security, humanitarian, development, when it was on the Council. This will be Iraq (Oil-for-Food)...... 18 human rights and governance activi- followed by discussion in Informals on a ties in the field. Notable Dates for May...... 20 possible Council statement. n On 27 May, the six monthly open debate Important Dates over the Horizon.... 20 n On 20 May, a UK national initiative, on Protection of Civilians in Armed foreshadowed by Prime Minister Gordon Conflict is expected. >>page 2

Aide-Memoire

Important matters pending for the Council 928) to update the index to Council notes n The Secretary-General has yet to put include: and statements on working methods. This forward proposals for the delineation of n The Secretariat is still to respond to has not been published. the international borders of Lebanon, the Council’s 21 November 2007 letter n The 2005 World Summit requested that especially in the Sheb’a Farms area, in (S/2007/680), requesting monthly updates the Security Council consider reforms for accordance with resolution 1701, and on the process of closing down of UNMOVIC the Military Staff Committee. This has yet respond to the cartographic, legal and as well as a briefing on steps the Secretar- to be addressed. political implications of the alternative path iat is planning to provide for the enhanced n On the DRC, the Council Sanctions Com- suggested by the government of Lebanon physical security of the UNMOVIC mittee has not acted on individual sanctions in its seven-point plan. archives, in particular those containing under resolution 1698 against armed n The Secretariat is yet to report to the Coun- sensitive proliferation information. groups that recruit children, despite cil on Kenya as requested in its 6 February n In its resolution 1327 (2000) on the imple- MONUC reports about the problem con- presidential statement (S/PRST/2008/4). mentation of the report of the Panel on tinuing on a serious scale. Nor has the n In a letter from its president (S/2007/722) United Nations Peace Operations (the Council resumed discussion of the issue of on 7 December 2007 the Council asked the Brahimi report, S/2000/809), the Council natural resources in the DRC, which was Secretary-General to provide an outline of decided to review periodically the imple- raised in its open thematic debate on the the new mandate of the advisor on the mentation of the provisions contained in subject of natural resources and conflict in prevention of genocide and of the impli- the resolution’s annex. No such reviews June 2007 (S/PV.5705). cations of upgrading this position from an have occurred in the past three years. n On West Africa, the Council has yet to Assistant Secretary-General to Under n The Council requested the Secretary- follow up its 16 March 2007 consultations Secretary-General. At press time, it appears General on 29 November 2006 (S/2006/ on cross-border issues. that a response had not been released yet.

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org  OVERVIEW FOR MAY (continued) A public session on the Middle East, in consultations is expected—perhaps to - please see our April Forecast Report for accordance with normal practice, is be followed by a Council statement. background); expected—probably about the middle of (Please see our April Forecast Report for n Uganda (a briefing from UN Envoy the month. A briefing followed by consulta- background.); Joaquim Chissano on the LRA issue is tions is likely, although the format will n Sudan (at press time discussions were possible - please see our 11 April Update depend on developments. underway informally about the need—in Report for background); and preparation for the Council visiting mis- n Iraq (action on outstanding issues under Open meetings are also likely on: sion to the country at the end of May—to the now terminated “oil for food pro- n Somalia (it seemed at press time that the articulate a clearer strategy on Darfur.); gramme” is possible—most likely in the Council would need to carry over into n Sierra Leone (a briefing is expected); form of a letter to the Secretary-General.) May its discussions on action (two draft n Burundi (a briefing is expected); and resolutions seem to be being considered) In addition consultations are possible on: n Bosnia and Herzegovina (a briefing is to respond to the Secretary-General’s n Lebanon (progress with the Tribunal and expected). “strategic approach” presented on 14 UNIIIC); March. (Please see our April Forecast Action is also possible on: n “Terms of Reference” for the Council Report for background.); n Nepal ( in the light of developments in the visiting mission to Sudan and the n Lebanon (similarly it seemed that a post election situation); neighbouring region in late May and response to the Secretary General’s n Ethiopia/Eritrea (major decisions on the early June will need to be decided; and report under resolution 1559 would need future of the force may need to be taken n Myanmar (in the aftermath of the referen- to be deferred till May and discussion in dum on the new constitution). Status Update since our April Forecast

Recent developments on the situations cov- (S/PRST/2008/8) regarding implementation Putin’s call for closer relations between ered in this Forecast are addressed in the of resolution 1701. Russia and Abkhazia and South Ossetia and relevant briefs. Interesting developments in n Haiti: On 8 April the Council heard a briefing at the request of Georgia (S/2008/257). the Council on other issues included: (S/PV.5862) by the Special Representative n Western Sahara: The Council received the n The Democratic Republic of the Congo: of the Secretary-General in Haiti, Hédi latest report on Western Sahara on 14 April On 31 March the Council adopted resolu- Annabi, following the latest report on UN (S/2008/251). The Secretary-General noted tion 1807 extending the sanctions regime Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) that “the momentum can only be attained on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2008/ 202). The Council adopted a press by trying to find a way out of the current (DRC) until 31 December. Additional statement (SC/9293) welcoming progress political impasse through realism and a provision was made for the imposition of while deploring recent violence and attacks spirit of compromise from both parties.” sanctions on those who commit acts against MINUSTAH. It also expressed Prior to Council consultations on 21 April, of violence against women in the context concern at the humanitarian situation and the Personal Envoy Peter van Walsum of armed conflict in the DRC. The encouraged international donors to provide circulated to all Council members his per- resolution also clarified that the arms emergency relief. sonal and non-official assessment of the embargo applied only to illegal armed n Chad/Central African Republic: On 9 situation regarding the ongoing talks groups and also that the related notifica- April the Council held consultations on between Morocco and the Polisario— tion system required only the states of Chad and the Central African Republic apparently dissenting to some extent from origin for arms imports to notify the Secu- (CAR). Discussions included a briefing by the Secretary-General’s report. He argued rity Council Sanctions Committee on the Assistant Secretary-General Edmond that the parties had effectively exhausted DRC. The restrictions applying to air traffic Mulet on progress with the deployment of the current discussions and now needed were retained. the UN Mission in the CAR and Chad and clear guidance from the Council. At press n DPRK (North Korea): Ambassador Marcello the EU Force. In a press statement, mem- time, the Council was discussing a draft Spatafora of Italy, Chairman of the Sanctions bers expressed concern with the situation resolution renewing the MINURSO man- Committee on the Democratic People’s in eastern Chad and north-eastern CAR, date, submitted by the Group of Friends Republic of Korea, briefed the Council on encouraged the governments of both (France, Russia, Spain, the UK and the US). the Committee’s activities on 2 April. (See countries to promote national dialogue and n Liberia: On 14 April the Council was briefed S/2007/778 for an overview of the Commit- also encouraged implementation of the in an open meeting by the Special Repre- tee’s 2007 activities.) Sudan-Chad Dakar Agreement (SC/9295). sentative of the Secretary-General for n Lebanon: On 8 April the Council heard a n Georgia: The Council held consultations on Liberia, Ellen Margrethe Løj, on the situation briefing (S/PV.5863) by UNIIIC Commis- Georgia on 14 April and adopted resolution in the country and the Secretary-General’s sioner Daniel Bellemare on progress in the 1808 on 15 April extending the mandate of plans on drawing down the numbers of investigation of the assassination of former UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) United Nations Mission in Liberia troops. Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. (He until 15 October. The Council held further The briefing was followed by a Council had submitted the latest report to the Coun- consultations on Georgia on 21 April and a meeting in private consultations on the mat- cil on 28 March S/2008/210.) On 15 April the private meeting on 23 April (S/PV.5874) in ter. The Secretary-General visited Liberia on Council adopted a presidential statement the aftermath of Russian President Vladimir 21 April. >>page 3

 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Status Update since our April Forecast (continued) n Cyprus: On 15 April Under Secretary- the role of regional bodies in the peaceful ing. She however noted the continuation of General for Political Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe resolution of conflicts. violence and the heightened humanitarian briefed the Council during consultations on n Kosovo: On 21 April the Council held a closed distress in Gaza, while conditions in the West his recent trip to Cyprus. He seems to be meeting in which Council members, Joachim Bank including East Jerusalem have not optimistic about upcoming negotiations Rücker (the Special Representative of the improved. She urged Israel to ease restric- between the new Cyprus President Secretary-General and head of UN Interim tions on Gaza (S/PV.5873). Demetris Christofias and the Turkish Cypriot Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)), n Counter-terrorism: Ambassador Johan leader Mehmet Ali Talat, although, he said, Boris Tadic (President of Serbia) and Hasim Verbeke of Belgium, the Chairman of they would not be easy. In a presidential Thaci of Kosovo discussed UNMIK (S/ the Security Council’s 1267 Committee, statement (S/PRST/2008/9), the Council PV.5871, issued as a communiqué). At the which monitors sanctions imposed on the warmly welcomed the agreement reached stakeout after the meeting, Thaci thanked Taliban and Al-Qaida, briefed the Council on 21 March between the two leaders to states that had recognised Kosovo’s inde- in closed consultations on 24 April. (Please resume negotiations as well as the opening pendence and said that Kosovo was building see our Update Report of 21 April on the of the Ledra street crossing, reaffirmed its democratic, multi-ethnic institutions. Also at 1267 Committee.) commitment to the reunification of Cyprus the stakeout, Tadic asserted that Serbia was n Iraq: On 28 April the Council heard a brief- based on a bicommunal, bizonal federation defending its “territorial integrity and sover- ing by Under Secretary-General for Political and political equality and called for more eignty” in response to Kosovo’s declaration Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe on progress regard- confidence-building measures. of independence. ing the fulfillment of UNAMI’s mandate. (The n Cooperation with Regional Organisa- n Ethiopia-Eritrea: The Council was briefed latest Secretary-General’s report on UNAMI tions: On 16 April a high-level debate of the on 22 April in closed consultations by Jean- was published on 22 April, S/2008/266). US Council on the dual themes of UN Coopera- Marie Guéhenno, the head of the UN Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad also briefed tion with Regional Organisations, in particular Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Council on behalf of the Multinational the African Union and Conflict Prevention on the latest report of the Secretary-General Force in Iraq (S/PV.5878). resulted in the adoption of resolution 1809. on the situation in the country. n Somalia: At press time, the Council was The resolution encouraged increased n Timor-Leste: On 23 April the Council held expected to extend the mandate of the engagement between the AU and the UN consultations on Timor-Leste. Members Somalia Monitoring Group on 29 April. and called on the UN Secretariat to develop heard a briefing on the preliminary findings n Côte d’Ivoire: At press time, the Council a list of needed capacities and recommen- and recommendations of an expert mission was scheduled to review the Secretary- dations on ways that the AU could further on policing that visited Timor-Leste in late General’s latest report (S/2008/250), develop its military, technical, logistic and March. The mission’s report is expected to highlighting preparations for the electoral administrative capabilities. It welcomed a be completed in May. process in Côte d’Ivoire, and to review the proposal by the Secretary-General to n Middle East: The Council held its monthly sanctions regime on 29 April. establish an AU-UN panel comprising of consultations on the Middle East on 23 April. n Small Arms: At press time, the Council was distinguished persons to carry out a detailed In a public briefing, Assistant Secretary- planning to hold an open debate on small consideration of financing of peacekeeping General for Political Affairs Angela Kane arms on 30 April. A report by the Secretary- operations undertaken by regional organi- noted that the direct bilateral negotiations General on small arms was published on sations. The resolution also encouraged between Israelis and Palestinians were ongo- 17 April (S/2008/258).

Security Sector Reform questions concerned with better integration In its country-specific work, the Council has of activity by peacekeeping missions, more progressively recognised that a key factor in Expected Council Action focus on root causes of conflict and the achieving peace in post-conflict situations is The Council is expected to take up the wider challenges of the peacebuilding con- the transformation of old security sector Secretary-General’s 23 January report on text. In this regard, there is a lot of synergy structures that reflected past power align- security sector reform (SSR) in May. A public with the problems and issues likely to be ments. This has increasingly affected the meeting is planned at which several speakers addressed at the wider high-level debate mandates for UN peacekeeping operations are expected, including possibly the envisaged for 20 May and foreshadowed by —most notably in Timor-Leste, Haiti, the Secretary-General and Slovakian Ambassa- British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, dor Peter Burian, whose delegation played Security Council on 16 April. Sierra Leone, Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire. Prog- an important role in highlighting this issue ress with SSR has often become a key Background during its 2006-2007 term in the Council. benchmark in assessing countries’ overall On 20 February 2007, the Council held its (Please see our 14 February 2007 Update progress towards stability—and especially first thematic debate specifically on SSR at Report for detailed information.) At press time, the impact of the UN’s involvement—and for the initiative of Slovakia. The discussion it seemed likely that negotiations on a presi- the exit strategies of multidimensional peace- acknowledged the growing importance of dential statement would continue at informal keeping operations. SSR in the work of the Council. It also consultations after the public meeting. reflected that discussions on how best to The 2007 Council debate provided an As the analysis below shows, the issues develop principles, guidelines and lessons opportunity for members and representa- underlying SSR are also related to wider learned on SSR were still at an early stage. tives from the wider UN membership, as

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org  well as the presidents of the General Assem- legislative bodies and civil society; and with the UN Charter and human rights law; bly and the Economic and Social Council n other non-state actors such as n national ownership and commitment; (ECOSOC), the chairman of the Peace- customary or informal authorities and n flexibility and country specificity; building Commission (PBC), and the private security actors. n gender sensitivity; Secretary-General to participate. n a clearly defined strategy with priorities, The report proposes a definition of SSR as timelines and partnerships; The Council adopted a presidential state- “a process of assessment, review and n effective international support as defined ment confirming that SSR is a “critical” implementation as well as monitoring and by the integrity of motive, level of aspect of post-conflict efforts. The state- evaluation led by national authorities that accountability and amount of resources ment sought to balance various existing has as its goal the enhancement of effective provided; concerns by emphasising the “sovereign and accountable security for the State and n coordination among national and inter- right and the primary responsibility of the its peoples without discrimination and with national partners; and country concerned to determine the national full respect for human rights and the rule of n monitoring and regular evaluation. approach and priorities,” while emphasis- law.” In this regard, the process should ing the importance of regional and go beyond the role of the military and the The report suggests that only rarely will the international input, and the PBC’s role. It police and include a “much wider range” of UN be the sole partner supporting SSR; further noted: national institutions and actors. rather, a multitude of actors is expected. n the UN’s crucial role in a “comprehensive, Given this context, the organisation’s pri- He proposed that international assistance coherent, and co-ordinated international mary roles could be normative (i.e., the to SSR programmes should involve a range support to nationally-owned security development of general principles and of players with varying expertise and capac- sector reform programmes”; and standards) and operational, encompassing ity, including UN peacekeeping operations n that SSR programmes should be context- the establishment of a secure environment, and political offices, UN funds, programmes driven and have a comprehensive, holistic providing strategic planning, facilitating and agencies, bilateral and institutional focus, along with “a balanced realisation national dialogue, and providing technical donors, and regional and sub-regional of all aspects of security sector reform, advice, coordination, capacity-building, organisations and agencies. including institutional capacity, affordabil- and monitoring and evaluation. He recom- ity, and sustainability of its programs.” He identified various challenges and les- mended that an effective UN approach sons learned in SSR, including: would also require work on improving UN As a follow–up, South Africa and Slovakia n recognition that SSR is a highly political system-wide coherence and coordination, organised a workshop on African perspec- and country-specific endeavour depend- and assessment of and response to exist- tives on SSR in Cape Town on 7-8 November ing upon political commitment, basic ing gaps and resource requirements. 2007, issued as S/2007/687. consensus and coordination among Key Issues The Secretary-General’s Report on national actors; The key question for the Council is whether it Security Sector Reform n the need for the inclusion of SSR in should continue with a proactive role in The Secretary-General responded to the national reform agendas, poverty developing a common strategic approach to requests from the Council and the General reduction strategies and development SSR. On one hand, there seems to be a gen- Assembly and tendered his recommenda- programmes; uine need for strategic thinking (or what the tions on 23 January 2008. He noted that n the need for a “clear and realistic consid- Secretary-General called “normative” work) security sector is “a broad term often used to eration” of financial, operational and on SSR given the large number of players, describe the structures, institutions and logistical feasibility as well as attention the need to ensure that “national ownership” personnel responsible for the management, to capacity-building and effective gover- means an inclusive, participatory and trans- provision and oversight of security in a coun- nance and civilian oversight, including parent process, and the huge potential for try.” He stressed that the lessons of the past civil society; and incoherence and lack of coordination and sixty years have shown that security, devel- n the current lack of a coherent SSR frame- commitment at the operational level espe- opment and human rights are interlinked work amongst national and international cially in peacekeeping operations with conditions for sustainable peace. As such, players, as well as in the UN, and the Council mandates. The lack of strategic clar- the development of effective and account- resulting absence of coherent and con- ity has led to a diversity of explicit or implicit able security institutions on the basis of sistent approaches including in the focus SSR mandates, ad hoc and inadequately- non-discrimination, full respect for human for UN peacekeeping operations. funded implementation and confusion about rights and the rule of law is an essential ele- In view of those challenges, the report pro- leadership and division of labour among ment if a peace process is to be maintained. poses guiding principles for UN involvement donors as well as within the UN system. He identified national actors involved in the in SSR: On the other hand, Council members are security sector as including: n the organisation’s goal would be to sup- aware of the vast complexity and sensitivity n security services (including armed forces, port states and societies in developing of the subject. Any overarching strategic police and intelligence); effective, inclusive and accountable framework needs to bear in mind the acute n the judiciary; security institutions; political sensitivities as between the Council n institutions responsible for managing and n SSR should be undertaken under a Secu- and the General Assembly, the different overseeing the design and implementa- rity Council mandate and/or a General capabilities and interests of the General tion of security, including ministries, Assembly resolution, and in accordance

 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org Assembly and ECOSOC, and the roles of perhaps linkages with other concepts they the PBC, national authorities, donors and oppose such as the responsibility to protect). regional organisations. Options SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Nevertheless, country-specific involvement Options for the Council include: Monthly in SSR also raises for the Council a number n adopting a statement confirming an MAY 2008 of recurrent questions requiring a coherent ongoing proactive role in developing FORECAST strategy at the operational level: SSR norms, welcoming the Secretary- meeting chaired by the UK in prepara- n the need for improving mission integration; General’s report and requesting a new tion for the SSR debate. n ensuring that sufficient attention to SSR is report at a specific date; • S/PV.5632 (20 February 2007) was the given in the early stages and that national n stepping back from a specific normative record of the Council thematic debate security strategies are timely adopted; role but signalling in the text that the on SSR. n ensuring that peacekeeping operations Council will focus on some strategic prin- • S/2007/72 (8 February 2007) was are coherently incorporated into a national ciples relevant for its development of the concept paper for the Council’s and regional peacebuilding strategy; mandates for future peacekeeping oper- thematic debate on SSR. n adopting clear mandates; ations and oversight of existing ones; n securing sufficient resources; and n inviting the Council’s Working Group on Useful Additional Sources n paying sufficient attention to rule of law, Peacekeeping Operations to come up n African Union, “Post-Conflict Reconstruc- justice and human rights components. with specific recommendations for the tion and Development Policy Framework”, Council in that regard; Council and Wider Dynamics July 2006. n initiating discussions with a role for the There are some lingering differences n OECD, Handbook on Security System PBC in joint lessons-learned exercises; within the Council on the desirable extent Reform: Supporting Security and Justice and of the Council’s role on normative aspects. (2007) n adopting a statement welcoming the This largely mirrors previous differences Secretary-General’s report and request- over the Council’s thematic role that some ing a follow up report by a specific date, perceive as infringing upon the competen- but indicating that the Council would Protection of Civilians cies of the General Assembly. There are welcome working jointly with the also differences—but probably of a more Expected Council Action General Assembly on an overarching limited kind—about the need for a com- In May the Council is expected to hold an normative framework for SSR taking mon SSR strategic approach for open debate on protection of civilians in into account all of the elements in the operational activities. armed conflict. (In recent years, there has Secretary-General’s recommendations. been an understanding in the Council that Some Council members are very support- UN Documents there would be two major public meetings ive of a Security Council role in establishing on protection of civilians each year.) Under a quite wide-ranging normative approach to Selected Security Council Secretary-General John Holmes will update Presidential Statements SSR standards. They do not oppose mak- the Council on developments since the ing this a collaborative effort with the • S/PRST/2007/3 (21 February 2007) Secretary-General’s last report on the topic General Assembly. Those members, and was the outcome of the thematic in October. Issues expected to be raised key donors, seem to support the notion that SSR debate. include humanitarian access, impact of SSR should be nationally owned, but they Selected Secretary-General’s Reports hostilities on civilians, sexual violence, also strongly emphasise that it must not be • S/2008/39—A/62/659 (23 January forced displacement and accountability for at the expense of effectiveness, coherence, 2008) was the recent SSR report. crimes against civilians. accountability and human rights standards • S/2006/980 (14 December 2006) was as key aspects in any SSR approach. At press time, it was unclear whether the report “Uniting our strengths: Council members would adopt any formal Some—in particular from the Non-Aligned Enhancing United Nations support for outcome. Agreement on a forum for Movement—appear to prefer that wide- the rule of law.” ongoing discussion of protection issues is a ranging normative discussions should occur Other possibility. However, the idea of setting up in the General Assembly. They also seem • S/2007/773 (28 December 2007) was formally a new working group on protection concerned about generic approaches that a letter from Slovakia forwarding appears unlikely. could limit future flexibility to accommodate an SSR concept paper by the the prerogatives of national governments. This report provides only a brief snap- Organisation for Security and For those reasons, they also support a shot of the protection issue and the Cooperation in Europe. broader role for regional discussion. Council’s approach. Our forthcoming • S/2007/687 (29 November 2007) Cross-cutting Report on protection of It was clear from recent discussions in the was a letter from Slovakia and South civilians in armed conflict will analyse General Assembly’s Special Committee on Africa containing the statement of the issues, the Council’s performance in Peacekeeping Operations that a number of the co-chairs of the Cape Town country-specific contexts and the under- UN member states appear particularly con- SSR workshop. lying dynamics in much greater detail. • S/2007/107 (23 February 2007) cerned SSR will open doors to notions of This report is expected in mid-year. human rights and human security (and contained the results of an Arria-style

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org  Background Even the Cambodia situation is now being protection elements in their mandates; While historians disagree about the abso- addressed belatedly with accountability n peacekeeping carried out by regional lute numbers, there is little disagreement trials for Khmer Rouge leaders. organisations has little expertise, capac- that, in the twentieth century, the number of ity or resources for protection (for Another important development has been civilian casualties in conflict not only grew instance, the AU missions in Darfur and the increasing support for peacekeeping to huge numbers, but also dwarfed that of Somalia); and missions with strong and explicit mandates military casualties. It ranges around 100 to n sanctions regimes, especially in Somalia, for protection, including authorisation to over 200 million people. The estimate of Darfur and the DRC, have been flagrantly use force to protect civilians. UN missions casualties since the formation of the UN violated, and targeted measures are often have also in addition been tasked with main- ranges from 45-86 million. not implemented. taining law and order, monitoring human Despite this background, the Council his- rights, providing support and training to Political dynamics have also meant torically addressed protection issues only governments on human rights and justice that other cases where civilians have occasionally. Some of the largest humani- and accountability, and securing humani- been subjected to serious impact from tarian crises impacting on civilians—such tarian assistance and safe refugee returns. hostilities—such as with the conflicts in as Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge— Lebanon in 2006 and elsewhere in the Some specific indicators since the late were not addressed. Two major exceptions Middle East—are not addressed or are 1990s reflect this trend: were Southern Rhodesia in 1966 and South instead left to regional neighbours and n of the fourteen UN peacekeeping mis- Africa in 1977, which led to Council action in other international players. sions established since 1999, only one the form of arms embargoes and other (Ethiopia-Eritrea) does not have a protec- Council Thematic Discussions on sanctions. And a humanitarian impulse was tion-related element in its mandate (this Protection of Civilians certainly a major force in the Secretary- excludes political offices such as in The Council’s failures in the mid-1990s to General’s recommendations in 1960 for a Afghanistan, Nepal and Iraq, which are protect civilians in Rwanda and Bosnia, and UN operation in the Congo. not physically structured to carry out the renewed challenges in the late 1990s, With the end of the Cold War, protection protection mandates); prompted the Council to start holding peri- issues came into clear view, and Bosnia n of those fourteen, even where the UN does odic thematic debates and seek regular and Somalia were two early cases. Council not have the lead in terms of military capa- Secretariat reporting on protection of civil- action on Bosnia was permeated by a strong bilities, such as in Kosovo, Timor-Leste, ians. In a landmark report in 1999, the concern with the humanitarian dimension. and Chad/Central African Republic (CAR), Secretary-General recommended that the But major divisions within the Council and the Council authorised multinational Council: the political concerns of key players meant deployments with protection mandates; n underscore the need for compliance, that action to protect civilians was hesitant, n of the fourteen sanctions regimes estab- ratification and implementation of instru- sometimes ineffective, under-resourced lished since 1997, nine were created as a ments of international humanitarian law; and inconclusive. In Somalia, the impulse means of containing violent conflict; n consider measures for conflict preven- for UN involvement was from the beginning n all fourteen of those sanctions regimes tion, including greater use of its Chapter a humanitarian one, but the failure there have consisted of “smart sanctions,” i.e. VI powers, peacekeeping deployments contributed to the Council’s ineffective measures customised to avoid the and a working group; response to the genocide in Rwanda, and humanitarian consequences of blunt n make greater use of targeted sanctions the regional war in the former Zaire. comprehensive sanctions such as those and arms embargoes; created in the early 1990s regarding Iraq n take steps to strengthen the UN’s rapid In the 1990s, the Council began to focus on and the former Yugoslavia; and deployment capacity; the linkages between civilian casualties and n of the six sanctions regimes created since n establish temporary security zones and accountability. Initially, this involved the 2004, three (Côte d’Ivoire, Darfur and the safe corridors as a last resort and subject establishment of the international tribunals Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC) to the availability of credible forces; for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to try contain provisions for targeted measures n use enforcement measures to protect individuals responsible for violations of linked with violations of human rights or civilians; and international humanitarian law. international humanitarian law. n ensure that regional deployments are in accordance with international standards, By the late 1990s, the conflicts in Sierra Despite this progress, civilians still face and effectively monitor those operations. Leone and Liberia, Timor-Leste, and Kosovo huge problems in conflict situations: stimulated enhanced international interest in n in some cases, robust operations (such Initial discussions culminated in resolution protection issues. Another important devel- as those in Darfur, Chad/CAR and the 1265 of 17 September 1999, which consoli- opment was the finalisation of the Rome DRC) have met considerable challenges dated key norms of international humanitarian Statute of the International Criminal Court regarding resources, equivocal Council law, humanitarian access, and justice and and the gradually emerging notion of the political support, and extremely volatile accountability. The resolution also estab- responsibility to protect, eventually enshrined operational environments; lished a working group to look into the in the 2005 World Summit Outcome. n some peacekeeping operations— Secretary-General’s recommendations. particularly in Lebanon and southern In hindsight, it is clear that over the past two Resolution 1296 followed on 19 April 2000 Sudan—find it extremely difficult for decades some progress has been made. and largely set the tone for the Council’s political reasons to exercise the

 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org future thematic involvement on protection priority, establishing a Council working of civilians. It emphasised that substantive group to facilitate consideration and analy- Council action on protection of civilians sis of protection issues. (For more details, SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT would largely proceed on a case-by-case see our 16 November 2007 Update Report.) Monthly basis. It stated the Council’s intention to Council and Wider Dynamics ensure that peacekeeping was suitably MAY 2008 Discussions made significant progress at FORECAST mandated and resourced for protection the thematic level in the first five years after purposes, and highlighted the importance fraught with difficulties. Political controversy the 1999 report. However, progress seems of justice and accountability. This approach has marred Council action vis-à-vis protec- to have stalled in the past few years. In par- was largely reflected in resolution 1674 of tion issues in Lebanon and Israel-Palestine, ticular, further development of the normative 28 April 2006. In addition, after much for example. dimension of protection of civilians has controversy and several months of negotia- been fraught with huge disagreement. Some members with a keen interest in pro- tions, that resolution reaffirmed the tection and human rights—in particular, responsibility to protect as formulated in the Council members struggle because there European and Latin American Council World Summit Outcome document. (For are divisions as to whether the Council members—appear to have redirected their more details, see our December 2005 and should take the lead to ensure compliance efforts towards particular issues, especially 2006 Forecast Reports, as well as our 13 with international humanitarian law and to humanitarian access, justice and account- January 2006, 8 March 2006, 20 April 2006 address gaps, particularly in terms of uni- ability, and sexual violence. (The Secretariat and 18 June 2007 Update Reports.) versal commitment to and implementation seems to be making progress with estab- of existing instruments. Earlier Council discussions also produced lishing a mechanism for monitoring humanitarian access, which is expected to an Aide Memoire, adopted by the Council in This contrasts with the ongoing progress provide information to the Council on the a presidential statement on 15 March 2002 during the same period within the Coun- causes and consequences of lack of access and revised in 2003, which sets out the cil and among the wider UN membership and enable Council action. A broad study Council’s primary objectives on protection- on advancing discussion of another on the implementation of protection man- related issues for case-by-case consider- thematic and normative issue, children dates by peacekeeping operations is also ation and precedents. and armed conflict. in the works.) Most recently, issues raised for Council China, Russia and some Council/Non- There has also been some interest in less consideration in the reports of the Aligned Movement members seem to have formal, more flexible approaches to protec- Secretary-General include: strong concerns that progressive develop- tion of civilians than the high profile open n complying with international humanitar- ment of norms by the Council at the thematic debates of the past. There appears to be ian law; level on protection of civilians could impinge support in principle for an informal group, n taking action against sexual violence; upon the prerogatives of governments and in but some also appear concerned about n ensuring humanitarian access; particular their ability to contain rebel move- the multiplication of subsidiary bodies. And n addressing certain conventional weapons ments. They prefer case-by-case responses still others—including Russia and China— which have significant impact on civilians that emphasise quiet diplomacy and support appear hesitant. such as cluster munitions, in addition to for political processes, in particular with the ongoing concerns over the impact of regional leadership. Concern about widen- Options small arms and landmines; and ing Council discussions on protection issues One option is to formalise the current mood n the impact on civilian housing, land and also seems to be in the minds of other Coun- in the Council described above and decide property arising from conflict. cil members as well, particularly those whose to focus primarily on country-specific action. forces (or whose allies’ forces) may be Of those issues, the last two have not really This may include a statement largely renew- involved in complex conflict situations. been discussed by the Council at all. Clus- ing past commitments and requesting a new Secretary-General’s report. ter munitions, small arms, land mines and Members seem to be acquiescing around other conventional weapons have largely an approach to protection issues under Under this option, another possibility (as been the object of a series of negotiations which more substantive action will in the part of a compromise) may be to agree to aimed at establishing international regimes future proceed on a largely country-specific receive humanitarian updates on emerging and conventions. Particularly regarding basis. Myanmar and Kenya are two very threats to civilians in informal consultations, cluster munitions, negotiations are ongoing recent examples in which the Council has perhaps every month or two. for the adoption of an international conven- shown its willingness to respond to situa- tion in 2008; a final negotiating conference tions where there is significant violence A second option is to preserve the status is currently scheduled for 19-30 May in against civilians. In practice, members quo but ask experts to begin an inevitably Dublin. On housing, land and property seem ready to follow some of the recom- long discussion at the working level on the issues, it seems that informal discussions mendations of the Secretary-General on Secretary-General’s existing recommenda- are more likely in the context of the Peace- protection and this is beginning to emerge tions—including the expert group. One building Commission. in Council country-specific practice. possibility in this regard would be an infor- mal expert group on protection of civilians The Secretary-General further strongly Nevertheless, even at the country-specific with flexible working methods. The expert recommended in late 2007, as a matter of level, implementation has often been group would receive regular humanitarian

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org  updates and would be expected to advise Selected Reports of the Secretary- by the conflict; 2.45 million are internally on, inter alia: General on Protection of Civilians displaced, while 260,000 fled to neigh- n the establishment, assessment and • S/2007/643 (31 October 2007) is the bouring countries. renewal of peacekeeping missions; most recent report. Attacks against aid workers and associated n language on protection of civilians in draft • S/1999/957 (8 September 1999) was personnel are rising. Since January, 106 resolutions and statements; and the first landmark report. vehicles have been attacked. The World n protection issues in the context of terms Food Programme (WFP) announced in of reference for visiting Council missions. Latest Council Meeting Record • S/PV.5781 (20 November 2007) April that deliveries had been severely A third option is to maintain the status quo affected and food rations would be halved. and task experts with working with the Sec- About 2.1 million civilians are currently retariat on an update to the 2003 aide assisted by WFP. memoire, perhaps including a focus on: Sudan/Darfur The situation between north and south n ensuring that language regarding threats Expected Council Action Sudan also seems to have reached a key to civilians is consistently included in rel- A strong Council focus on Darfur is expected stage. After considerable delays and dis- evant Council resolutions and statements in May, in particular in the lead up to the agreement, the national census started on as a key issue; scheduled Council visit to the region at the 22 April. (This is of critical importance for n including a section on preventive measures, end of the month. the implementation of the Comprehensive such as support for peacemaking efforts; Peace Agreement, or CPA—which pro- n including suggestions for model language Discussions in the Council are expected to vides a national political and economic for protection mandates for peacekeeping continue on proposed action to apply framework for the entire Sudan—and, in operations, in particular regarding security pressure to the parties to make progress particular, for the national elections set for for humanitarian assistance and relations with reaching a ceasefire, resuming the 2009.) At press time, the south remained with aid organisations; political process, and cooperating with the concerned and suspicious of the accuracy n including a section on regional peace- deployment of the UN-AU Mission (UNA- of forthcoming results. keeping, especially regarding UN support MID) and perhaps the International and Council oversight; Criminal Court (ICC). There were reports that leading Darfur rebel n similarly, suggesting model language for commanders and some in displaced com- At press time elements of a draft presiden- sanctions regimes with targeted mea- munities oppose the census. The argument tial statement, which would set out Council sures against violators of international seems to be that continuing insecurity expectations and provide a framework for humanitarian law; and prevented its meaningful completion, espe- assessing progress, were expected to n including a wider range of measures cially as some communities would be emerge. In May, members will also work on under justice and accountability, such as inaccessible, and refugees in Chad would the terms of reference for the Council visit to commissions of inquiry. not be included. (The current insecurity the region, which could potentially include also poses significant challenges to the this new framework if and when agreement UN Documents 2009 elections.) is reached. Selected Security Council Resolutions The UN-AU mediation team held talks with The midterm briefing of the Panel of Experts • S/RES/1674 (28 April 2006) reaf- rebel groups and government officials in to the Sudan sanctions committee is firmed,inter alia, the responsibility to April. This latest round was aimed at gaug- expected in May, delayed from March. protect as formulated in the World ing prospects for negotiations on security Summit Outcome (A/RES/60/1). (On the north-south issue, at press time arrangements, including a ceasefire or a • S/RES/1265 (17 September 1999) and members were also poised to renew the cessation of hostilities. The team seems 1296 (19 April 2000) expressed mandate of the UN Mission in the Sudan intent on continuing an all-inclusive the Council’s willingness to take (UNMIS) by 29 April.) approach with the main rebel groups, measures to protect civilians. apparently bearing in mind the lessons from • Resolution 418 (4 November 1977) Key Recent Developments shortcomings faced by the former Abuja imposed an arms embargo in In April the conflict in Darfur reached its process regarding the risks of not having all connection with South Africa. fifth anniversary amidst unrelenting vio- main groups on board. • Resolution 232 (16 December 1966) lence, banditry and worsening humanitarian imposed a sanctions regime in conditions. Clashes between rebels and The parties reportedly agreed in principle connection with Southern Rhodesia. government forces persist, particularly in to discussions on security arrangements, • Resolution 143 (17 July1960) estab- West Darfur. Humanitarian access has also but suspicion, rebel fragmentation and lished the UN operation in the Congo. been constrained by the presence of fundamental issues of substance remain Selected Security Council Chadian rebels. In a Council briefing on 22 unresolved. Presidential Statements April, Under Secretary-General for Human- The team has reiterated that a meaningful itarian Affairs John Holmes estimated that • S/PRST/2002/6 (15 March 2002) solution to the conflict in Darfur would among Darfur’s six million people, 4.27 and its update S/PRST/2003/27 require parallel progress with normalising million have now been seriously affected (15 December 2003) contained the Chad-Sudan relations. However, progress aide memoire. on this front remained elusive as Khartoum

 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org and N’Djamena continued to trade accusa- mission (AMIS) on 1 January. He noted that, tions—including letters to the Council—of in light of existing logistical challenges, the violations of the Dakar Agreement signed mission would need to re-evaluate deploy- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT in March. ment goals and work on a list of vital Monthly measures to implementation. The Dakar Agreement Contact Group MAY 2008 (comprising the Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Units from Egypt, Bangladesh and Nigeria FORECAST Gabon, Libya and Senegal) met in Libre- contributed as part of the earlier heavy sup- discuss the issues with the Secretariat ville in mid-April to discuss the Agreement’s port package for AMIS were expected in and potential contributors. implementation. Members agreed to April and May, as well as two Ethiopian and reconvene in late April to negotiate the size Egyptian battalions as main UNAMID con- Another option, particularly if agreement is and modalities for a Chad-Sudan border tingents. Units from Thailand and Nepal are not found on setting benchmarks and monitoring contingent. expected to follow. Support from the deadlines, is continuing with the current “Friends of UNAMID” has continued, par- wait-and-see approach leaving deploy- In April the UK unveiled a proposal for peace ticularly with equipment, training and ment issues to the Secretariat and the talks in London between Khartoum and Dar- technical assistance to help troop contribu- Friends of UNAMID. fur rebel groups. This seems to underline a tors meet peacekeeping standards. broader high-level UK interest in progress in Key Issues the political and peacekeeping tracks. Pros- Options Since the November 2006 agreement mark- pects for such talks remain unclear. At press Options for the Council in May include: ing Khartoum’s acceptance of the hybrid time, it appeared that a government delega- n increasing pressure on the parties by operation, the key issue for the Council has tion was expected to go to London to adopting a statement setting out Council been its implementation and how to pro- discuss further details in late April. expectations and establishing a frame- mote progress with political reconciliation. work for assessing progress with a Several interconnected factors have meant US envoy Richard Williamson met rebel ceasefire, peace talks and UNAMID’s that progress has been painfully elusive: groups and government officials to discuss deployment. (Some members prefer firm n Khartoum’s continued ambiguity towards a future ceasefire and UNAMID’s deploy- benchmarks and deadlines, others are UNAMID; ment. Williamson also reportedly sent a looking at less prescriptive terminology); n the parties’ apparent preference for mili- letter to the Secretary-General in late March n adopting a statement with clear expec- tary solutions, and the resulting escalation outlining US concerns with UNAMID’s prog- tations but more flexible timelines for of fighting; ress, and urging the Secretariat to consider UNAMID’s deployment and progress in n deteriorating Chad-Sudan relations; more flexible standards in order to acceler- the political track, which could be n rebel fragmentation and opposition to ate the deployment of 3,600 peacekeepers revised in consultation with the Secre- starting peace talks; and by 1 June. (Some are concerned about the tariat and the mediation team if and n the mission’s troop and asset shortages. risks associated with any relaxing of opera- when the need arises; tional standards.) Improving security has emerged as the n adopting more specific language than in single most important aspect for enabling The 14 April report of the Secretary-General the past about possible measures if the some progress with political reconciliation on UNAMID underscored the continuing parties do not cooperate; at this stage and, hopefully, a longer-term challenges surrounding the mission’s n including in the text a reminder to the par- solution for the conflict. The consequential deployment. The Secretary-General reiter- ties of their obligations towards the ICC issues are: under resolution 1593, or, alternatively, ated that it was imperative that contingents n securing UNAMID’s full deployment; including such obligations in the bench- arrive in Darfur “adequately trained and fully n reaching a ceasefire; and marks above; and self-sustaining in order to add value without n a sustainable Chad-Sudan Dakar overtaxing the mission’s capabilities.” n using the framework as the basis for the Agreement. terms of reference of the Council’s The report also noted that the mission lacked upcoming visiting mission to the region. The Council is preparing to enhance its three medium utility helicopter units, four light involvement in these three aspects which tactical helicopters, one aerial reconnais- Other options include: will focus around an extended visit to Sudan sance unit, one medium transport unit, one n adopting a broader regional approach by at the end of May. In the lead up, an impor- heavy transport unit and one multi-role logis- including demands that Chad and Sudan tant issue is whether the Council will be able tics unit. These contributions were deemed implement the Dakar Agreement, and to find unity around a new strategy which essential for protection, deterrence, surveil- inviting the Contact Group and the AU for sets out its expectations and establishes a lance, logistics and force sustainability. an exchange of views; framework for assessing progress in the n seeking regular exchanges with the security and political tracks. On 22 April the Joint Special Representative mediation team, perhaps in an informal and head of UNAMID, Rodolphe Adada, setting of meetings of experts; and Specifically, one issue is whether the Coun- briefed the Council alongside Under n adopting a more proactive approach cil will be able to find compromise around a Secretary-General Holmes. Adada said that regarding UNAMID’s shortage of troop balanced strategy that: the mission’s deployment had not increased and asset contributions by mandating n ensures that UNAMID is deployed orderly, substantially since taking over from the AU Council experts to meet regularly to as well as well-resourced and in accor- dance with peacekeeping standards;

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org  n leaves sufficient room for the work of the UN Documents UNMIS: Special Representative of the mediation team; and Secretary-General Selected Security Council Resolutions n is broad enough to recognise and mean- Ashraf Qazi (Pakistan) ingfully address the regionalisation of the • S/RES/1769 (31 July 2007) estab- UNMIS: Size, Composition and Cost Darfur problem. lished UNAMID. • S/RES/1672 (25 April 2006), 1591 (29 • Maximum authorised strength: An important underlying issue is whether March 2005) and 1556 (30 July 2004) up to 10,000 military and 715 police and how the Council will address the poten- imposed sanctions. personnel tial for defiance from the parties. • S/RES/1593 (31 March 2005) referred • Strength as of 31 March 2008: 8,714 troops, 574 military observers, and Finally, the issue of justice and account- Darfur to the ICC. 664 police ability remains alive. However, the issue is • S/RES/1590 (24 March 2005) estab- • Main troop contributors: India, rarely discussed in the Council, even in the lished UNMIS. Pakistan and Bangladesh light of Sudan’s non-compliance with reso- Latest Secretary-General’s Reports • Cost: 1 July 2007 - 30 June 2008: lution 1593 and its lack of cooperation with • S/2008/267 (22 April 2008) was the $887.33 million the ICC. latest UNMIS report. UNMIS: Duration Council and Wider Dynamics • S/2008/249 (14 April 2008) was the 24 March 2005 to present; mandate US/UK activism on Darfur has resumed, latest UNAMID report. expires 30 April 2008 driven by concern about the uncertain pros- Other pects for improvement in the political and • S/PV.5872 (22 April 2008) was the security tracks. most recent Secretariat briefing on UNAMID and the humanitarian situa- In April the UK began consulting about a Burundi tion in Darfur. draft presidential statement to press the • S/2008/255 (14 April 2008), 222 (1 Expected Council Action parties on their obligations on the political, The Council expects to consider the April 2008), 217 (28 March 2008), 216 security and justice and accountability Secretary-General’s semi-annual report on (31 March 2008), 212 and Corr. 1 (28 tracks. It seems that there was interest even the UN Integrated Office in Burundi March 2008), 207 (28 March 2008), in annexing a chart detailing a timeline and (BINUB). The mandate of BINUB does not and 193 (24 March 2008) were letters benchmarks for the parties on the political expire until 31 December. However, from Sudan and Chad with mutual process, UNAMID’s deployment and because of the recent heavy fighting, the complaints of violations of the Dakar improving security, and justice and account- Council will be following the situation Agreement. ability. At press time, nothing formal had closely and a further statement is possible. • A/HRC/7/22 (3 March 2008) was the been circulated. most recent Sudan human rights Recent Developments Some members are concerned about the report to the Human Rights Council. Serious difficulties remain with respect to term “benchmarks” and are uncomfortable • S/2007/584 (2 October 2007) was the the Forces Nationales de Libération (Palipe- with strict deadlines or numerically quantify- latest Panel of Experts’ report. hutu-FNL) which withdrew last July from the ing the exact number of UNAMID Joint Verification and Monitoring Mecha- peacekeepers. This includes a concern Other Relevant Facts nism (JVMM), established to monitor the about the need for quality and fear that UNAMID: Joint AU-UN Special comprehensive ceasefire agreement that being too prescriptive may not be feasible, Representative for Darfur it signed in September 2006 with the given existing difficulties with logistics, as Rodolphe Adada (Republic of Congo) government. Clashes continued between well as generation of troops and assets. Burundian government forces and FNL UN and AU Special Envoys There is also concern that benchmarks for fighters, culminating in particularly troubling the political process may not leave sufficient UN: Jan Eliasson (Sweden) events during the weeks of 14 and 21 April, room for adaptation and compromise for AU: Salim A. Salim (Tanzania) including an armed confrontation in the hills the mediation team. UNAMID: Size, Composition and Cost around Bujumbura in mid-April, when four soldiers and ten rebels were killed. Russia and China, in particular, appear con- • Maximum authorised strength: up to cerned that the term “benchmarks” may be 19,555 military, 3,772 police and 19 This wave of violence prompted an update a precursor to automatic sanctions, which formed police units on 24 April by the UN Department of Peace- they apparently believe would be unhelpful. • Strength as of 31 March 2008: 7,372 keeping Operations (DPKO) on the situation troops, 137 observers, 1,704 police, in the country. In a statement, the Council The US and Sudan appear to have started and one formed police unit expressed concern at the confrontations talks to normalise bilateral relations. How- • Main troop contributors: Nigeria, between the FNL and the Burundian ever, prospects remain unclear. The move Rwanda, South Africa and Senegal national forces, and condemned the use of seems to have attracted some domestic • Cost: 1 July 2007 - 30 June 2008: violence. It urged the FNL to return imme- criticism within the US and calls for more $1.28 billion diately and without preconditions to the pressure over China. UNAMID: Duration JVMM and called on both parties to resume 31 July 2007 to present; mandate expires their dialogue to overcome obstacles to the 31 July 2008

10 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org implementation of the ceasefire agreement Burundian government and FNL rebels to and the conclusion of the peace process in abide by the peace agreement and refrain Burundi. The Council further expressed “its from actions that would undermine its SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT intention to consider possible additional implementation. The Council urged the Monthly measures, as appropriate, in support of South African facilitation, the regional peace peace and stability in Burundi.” initiative, the AU, BINUB and other interna- MAY 2008FORECAST tional partners to enhance efforts and find a The political situation also continues to be closure to the peace process. The Council Key Issues very tense, as the stalemate persists issued a similar call in a statement issued A key issue for the Council is whether between the government and opposition after a briefing on 28 November 2007 by the Burundi—which looked like a possible suc- in parliament, and there is a rift within the Facilitator of the Burundi Peace Process, cess story ready to be passed to the PBC ruling party, Conseil national pour la Charles Nqakalu. for intense post conflict peacebuilding— défense de la democratie-Forces pour la may have to be characterised as relapsing défense de la democratie (CNDD-FDD). Related Developments in the into conflict. A related issue is whether in On 4 April Burundi’s Supreme Court sen- Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) fact the peacekeeping operation was actu- tenced the former chairman of the On 27 November 2007, the PBC finalised ally withdrawn prematurely. The deadlock CNDD-FDD ruling party, Hussein Radjabu, its Monitoring and Tracking Mechanism in implementing the ceasefire agreement to 13 years in prison for subversion. (Rad- (PBC/2/BDI/4) for the Strategic Frame- between the Government and the FNL jabu’s differences with President Pierre work for peacebuilding in Burundi, created by the suspension of the work of Nkurunzinza came to the fore at a special adopted in June 2007), signaling an the JVMM is an immediate practical congress of the FDD in February 2007 entry into the phase of implementation of concern. Also the political stalemate in par- where delegates ousted him as chairman. the peacebuilding priorities of the coun- liament, internal struggles within the ruling He was arrested in April 2007 and charged try. The first review of the Framework is party and the perceived heavy-handedness with plotting an armed insurrection and scheduled for 25 June. of the government in dealing with oppo- insulting President Nkurunziza.) nents continue to pose problems in On 6 December 2007, the Chairman of The standoff between the opposition and achieving benchmarks of BINUB’s mandate the country-specific configuration of the the ruling party in parliament continues, (including elements on peace consolida- PBC on Burundi, Norwegian Ambassa- bringing work to a standstill. Opposition tion, security sector reform and civilian dor Johan Løvald, briefed the Security leaders have been targets of violent attacks. disarmament, human rights and justice and Council in private on the work of the PBC On 9 March simultaneous grenade attacks socioeconomic development). with regard to Burundi. He also visited were launched on the homes of four parlia- Washington DC on 27 and 28 February Another key issue in light of the above is mentarians who defected from the to discuss the priorities of Burundi with how to enhance the complementary efforts CNDD-FDD in Bujumbura, with no reported the Bretton Woods institutions and the by the Council and the PBC in more effec- injuries. Three legislators, including Alice US government. tive ways for dealing with the situation in Nzomukunda, the former Vice-President of the country. the National Assembly and sister of the The PBC issued its second conclusions jailed former ruling party leader Radjabu, and recommendations on Burundi on 20 Options were among a group of 46 opposition March. This highlighted peace process Possible options for the Council include: parliamentarians who wrote to the UN Sec- developments. The report noted that the n a resolution demanding that the FNL retary-General and BINUB in February UN, together with such groups as the re-engage in the JVMM and with the requesting protection after receiving death Regional Peace Initiative and the AU, were government in political and other confi- threats and alleging a “death list” of 350 working in tandem to assist in putting the dence-building incentives, and deciding opposition members. (Although no formal Agreement into effect. It indicated that on targeted sanctions measures that response was given by the Secretary- a new political directorate had been could be brought into force if the FNL General, he has issued a number of established in Bujumbura comprising leaders refuse to comply; statements conveying concern about devel- representatives from the government, the n a statement addressing the mounting opments in the country. He apparently also FNL, the AU, Tanzania, Uganda, South evidence of heavy handedness by the expressed concern about the situation in Africa and the EU, among others, with the government, and applying leverage to Burundi during his monthly luncheon with objective of promoting dialogue on obsta- steer it towards a more sustainable Council members on 15 April and asked the cles to implementing the Agreement. The approach to the stalemate; Council to consider what could be done PBC recommended that the government n reopening the need for justice and help resolve the situation.) continue to explore all ways to resolve dif- accountability; and ferences with leaders of the FNL. n requesting a joint meeting with the PBC On 19 December 2007, the Council and other international stakeholders to extended BINUB’s mandate until 31 Decem- A PBC field trip to Burundi scheduled for highlight the need to keep the peace pro- ber 2008. The resolution urged the FNL to the week of 21 April, to follow up on the cess on track. return to the JVMM immediately and with- country’s peacebuilding priorities, was out preconditions and release all children delayed at press time because of clashes Council Dynamics associated with it. It also encouraged the between Burundian government forces Council members are concerned about and FNL elements in Bujumbura. the deteriorating security and political

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 11 situation in Burundi and appear to be ready start negotiations on transitional Duration to consider “additional measures.” While justice mechanisms in Burundi. January 2007 to present; mandate this has been taken to mean the possibility Selected Security Council expires 31 December of sanctions against the recalcitrant FNL to Presidential Statement curb the down-hill trend, members are yet Recommended Budget to formally consider this option and await • S/PRST/2008/10 (24 April 2008) was $33.1 million the Secretary-General’s report and the latest statement of the Council on developments in the country to inform the situation in Burundi. subsequent action. • S/PRST/2007/16 (30 May 2007) was a statement in which the Council wel- Bosnia and Herzegovina A tacit division of labour has developed comed the establishment of BINUB and between the Council and the PBC over the called on parties to resolve outstanding Expected Council Action In mid-May, the Council is expected to be past 18 months under which the Council issues in a spirit of cooperation. briefed by the High Representative for the takes up its peace and security role (as Selected Secretary-General’s Report illustrated by the latest Council statement) Implementation of the Peace Agreement in • S/2007/686 (28 November 2007) and the PBC pursues the wider peace- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Miroslav Lajcak of was the report on children and armed building agenda. It seems that recent Slovakia. His latest report is expected in conflict in Burundi. events may lead the Council to take up early May. • S/2007/682 (23 November 2007) was Burundi more intensively, but many mem- the latest report on BINUB. These regular reports are in accordance with bers will be more comfortable if it is done in • S/2007/287 (17 May 2007) was the annex 10 of the 1995 Dayton Peace Agree- harmony with the PBC. first BINUB report. ment and the conclusions of the London Peace Implementation Conference of 1995. France, South Africa and Belgium play a Other Selected Documents lead role on this issue. • PBC/2/BDI/7 (20 March 2008) was the For several years, the Council has tended to Underlying Problems PBC’s conclusions and recommenda- limit its involvement in this issue to the The major security problem stems from the tions on the situation in Burundi. annual re-authorisation of the EU force in fact that the FNL seems unpersuaded that • SC/9181 (28 November 2007) was the Bosnia and Herzegovina every November. the peace agreement is sustainable. It is latest Council press statement on the But recent signs of increasing nationalism unclear how much the government’s inabil- situation in Burundi. among political parties may lead the Coun- ity to manage cordial and productive • PBC/2/BDI/4 (27 November 2007) was cil to pay closer attention to the underlying relationships with the other opposition fac- the Monitoring and Tracking Mecha- problems obstructing progress in Bosnia tions feeds into the underlying FNL sense nism of the Strategic Framework for and Herzegovina—although no formal of insecurity. Peacebuilding in Burundi. action is expected at this stage. • SC/9056 (21 June 2007) was a Coun- Fundamental peacebuilding needs also Key Recent Developments cil press statement on the 17 June At the time of writing, Bosnia and Herzegov- confront Burundi, including security sector talks in Dar es Salaam between the reform and judicial reform, dire economic ina appeared to be close to signing a president of Burundi and the leader of Stabilisation and Association Agreement constraints, lack of basic social services the rebel FNL. and infrastructure difficulties. Human rights (SAA) with the EU. The SAA was initialed on • PBC/1/BDI/2 (21 May 2007) was the 4 December 2007. The main outstanding concerns and lack of accountability con- report of the PBC mission to Burundi. tinue to loom large. condition for signing the SAA is the comple- tion of police restructuring. There are concerns that the sentencing of Other Relevant Facts On 26 February, the EU enlargement Radjaba could further deepen the political Executive Representative of the rifts. (He is believed to have the support of a Secretary-General and Head of BINUB commissioner, Olli Rehn, announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina might be able to third of MPs.) There is also potential for Youssef Mahmoud (Tunisia) alienating the minority Muslim community, sign the SAA at the end of April. This date Size and Composition of Mission was earlier than expected, and some of which Radjaba is a leading member. (1 January 2007) observers see this as a strategic move to UN Documents • Proposed strength: 448 personnel provide incentives for stability in Bosnia (including 141 international civilians, and Herzegovina given the uncertainties in Selected Resolutions 235 local civilians, four military observ- the region following Kosovo’s declaration • S/RES/1791 (19 December 2007) ers, 11 police, 51 UN volunteers) of independence. extended the mandate of BINUB until • Strength as of October 2007: 399 31 December 2008. personnel (including 116 international On 3 April, NATO invited Bosnia and Herze- • S/RES/1719 (25 October 2006) civilians, 217 local civilians, eight govina to “intensified dialogue,” a key step established BINUB. military observers, 12 police, 46 UN towards membership. Next, Bosnia and • S/RES/1606 (20 June 2005) volunteers) Herzegovina would need to present the requested the Secretary-General to Membership Action Plan (MAP) as a final

12 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org step before being invited to full membership recognised by a majority of EU and UN by NATO. The High Representative, Miro- states. There were also demonstrations slav Lajcak, has indicated that NATO’s protesting Kosovo’s independence. Police SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT decision was a reward for “concrete prog- used tear gas to stop protestors from enter- Monthly ress on the defence reform agenda.” ing the US consulate in Banja Luka. MAY 2008 At its 26-27 February meeting, the Steering Key Issues FORECAST Board of the Peace Implementation Council A key issue is whether the Council will be n urging Bosnia and Herzegovina to take (PIC)—a Council which is made up of 55 inclined to become more active and seek to steps to complete outstanding reforms; countries and agencies and was estab- encourage progress on policy objectives n reaffirming the final authority of the High lished at the Peace Implementation for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Representative; Conference held in London and following n expressing concern over official calls for A related issue is whether to try and prod the Dayton Peace Agreement in November secession and reminding authorities that Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Muslim, Croat 1995—decided to extend the mandate of under the Dayton Agreement no entity and Serbian political leaders towards con- the Office of the High Representative until has the right to secede from Bosnia and sensus on constitutional reform. The the following political benchmarks are met: Herzegovina; and increase in nationalist sentiments among n resolution of state and defence property n encouraging swift completion of the key the political parties may suggest that this is by the authorities (This relates to the own- conditions set by the PIC for closure of becoming relatively more important. ership and use of state property and the the Office of the High Representative. transfer of property for defence pur- A further issue is whether the police reform Other options include: poses.); is real. The EU has asked for a police force n holding a Council open debate; n implementation of the Brcko Final Award that is effective, not subject to political n reviewing the structures set up by the (The Dayton Conference postponed a influence and centrally funded. However, Dayton Agreement to assess if they are decision on which entity, Federation of in order to pass the two police reform bills still effective in supporting Bosnia and Bosnia and Herzegovina or Republika and meet a key EU condition, a compro- Herzegovina’s political development; Srpska, should control Brcko. The Brcko mise was reached in April to establish n suggesting that the High Representative Arbitration in 1997 created the “Brcko seven bodies instead of merging the two draw up an action plan outlining how District of Bosnia and Herzegovina” existing forces and integrating some areas Bosnia and Herzegovina can meet the under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Her- like training and forensics. This is an indi- benchmarks demanded by the PIC for zegovina.); cation that fundamental differences are far the closure of the Office of the High Rep- n establishment of the administrative and from resolved. Haris Silajdzic, leader of the resentative, and asking him to share this legal structures for fiscal sustainability of Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and with the Council before June; and the state; and current head of Bosnia’s rotating three- n requesting the Contact Group to find n entrenchment of the rule of law by pass- member presidency, sees police reform as ways of playing a more significant role in ing legislation on war crimes, asylum and the first step towards a police force con- helping the key political actors find con- judicial reform. trolled by the central government, while sensus on reform issues. Milorad Dodik, the Bosnian Serb prime The PIC will meet again in June and will minister, has said that the Serbs will never then assess progress made on these Council and Wider Dynamics give up their police force. benchmarks. Some Council members have a degree of “Balkans fatigue” as a result of the intense Another issue is the regional uncertainty On 10 April, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s focus on Kosovo over the past year. Others following Kosovo’s declaration of inde- parliament adopted two police reform feel that, compared to many other issues pendence and its possible future impact bills. Fundamental differences remain but on the Council’s agenda, the situation in on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s political a compromise solution was adopted set- Bosnia and Herzegovina is relatively stable development. ting up seven coordinating bodies. The and therefore does not need to be given compromise does not fully integrate the A connected issue is how far RS is willing to much attention. two police forces in Bosnia and Herze- take the threat of secession, and whether it On the issue of closing down the Office of govina and in Republika Srpska (RS), but sees this in part as leverage in the reform the High Representative there are differ- given that police reform has long been a negotiating, and how the High Representa- ences over how quickly this should happen. contentious issue among the parties in tive should respond if there are continued Russia has been advocating a closure of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is an impor- calls for secession from RS. tant development. the office but agreed as part of the PIC to Options keep it open till key political benchmarks Shortly after Kosovo declared indepen- A possible option is a presidential state- could be met while stressing that this should dence, the Bosnian Serb parliament ment covering the following: be done in the shortest time possible. adopted a resolution calling for a referen- n welcoming progress made, especially The Council’s divide over Kosovo’s declara- dum on Srpska seceding from Bosnia and if Bosnia and Herzegovina has signed tion of independence could colour any Herzegovina if Kosovo’s independence is the SAA;

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 13 discussions surrounding territorial integrity Nepal and fair” until the counting was concluded, and the right of Republika Sprska to secede most of the international observers said from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Expected Council Action the initial signs were that the elections were A briefing by the Secretary-General’s Spe- successful and credible. UN Documents cial Representative in Nepal and head of the Nonetheless, four people were killed on Selected Security Council Resolutions UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), Ian Martin, is polling day, and the lead-up to the election expected in early May. A key issue will be the • S/RES/1785 (21 November 2007) was filled with violence and intimidation. UNMIN’s future activities. (Resolution 1796 reauthorized EUFOR till 21 November The increase in incidents of obstruction and extended UNMIN until 23 July 2008.) 2008. violence by the Maoists and other militant • S/RES/1575 (22 November 2004) Recent Key Developments groups raised concerns about voter intimi- established the European Union Force The Council was briefed by Angela Kane, dation. On 9 April, the eve of the election, six in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR). Assistant Secretary-General for Political members of the Communist Party of Nepal- • S/RES/1088 (12 December 1996) Affairs, on 21 April on the 10 April constitu- Maoist (CPN-M) were killed by security contained the authorisation of the ent assembly elections. The Council personnel protecting the Nepali Congress establishment of a multinational president made a statement to the press on party. Earlier in the week a United Marxist Stabilisation Force (SFOR). behalf of the Council that congratulated the Leninist party candidate was killed and a • S/RES/1035 (21 December 1995) people of Nepal on the largely peaceful protestor shot to death for defying a curfew. established the International Police elections, urged all Nepalese parties to UNMIN urged all parties to exercise restraint Task Force (IPTF). respect the will of the people and the rule of while the Secretary-General voiced concern • S/RES/1031 (15 December 1995) was law, looked forward to the formation of the about the pre-election violence. on the implementation of the Peace constituent assembly and government and With the Maoists playing an important role in Agreement for Bosnia and Herze­ noted UNMIN’s important supportive role in the newly elected assembly, an early decision govina and transfer of authority from the elections. the UN Protection Force (UNPRO- on abolition of the 240-year old monarchy is FOR) to the multinational The turnout at the elections was sixty per- likely. (An agreement was signed between the implementation force (IFOR). cent. Re-polling was needed in 98 stations government and the Maoists in September to • S/RES/743 (21 February 1992) out of the twenty thousand across the coun- get the Maoists back into the peace process established UNPROFOR. try where voting had been cancelled or under which it was agreed that an end to the • S/RES/713 (25 September 1991) suspended as a result of violations of the monarchy would be an early task for the con- marked the start of the UN’s involve- election law or the code of conduct for polit- stituent assembly.) On 18 April, Maoist leader ment in the former Yugoslavia. ical parties participating in the elections. Prachanda offered to meet with the King. He The elections were a key component of the noted that if the King were to resign, he would Selected Letters November 2006 Comprehensive Peace have the opportunity to remain in Nepal as a • S/2008/242 (11 April 2008) was the Agreement (CPA) and will produce a 601- private citizen, pursuing “business affairs or letter from the Secretary-General member constituent assembly to draft a other activities.” The royal palace denied that transmitting the latest report on the new constitution. The constituent assembly the King was planning to resign or go into activities of the EUFOR in Bosnia and will also govern Nepal over the next two exile, indicating that this would be “prema- Herzegovina from 1 December 2007 years while the constitution is drafted. ture” and that it was necessary to allow “legal to 29 February 2008. procedure (to) take its course.” • S/2007/651 (5 November 2007) was The Maoists may be emerging as the single the letter from the Secretary-General largest party following the elections. At the The Maoists are also likely to press for an conveying the most recent report of time of writing, initial results suggest the executive president and redrawing the High Representative on the implemen- Maoists had won 120 of the directly-elected provinces along ethnic lines. tation of the Peace Agreement 240 seats and about 100 of the 335 seats Demonstrations by Tibetan protestors in including an annex of the PIC’s elected by proportional representation. A front of the Chinese embassy have contin- Declaration of 31 October 2007. further 26 seats will be allocated by the ued. (Protestors refrained from demonstrating new government. Other during the week of the constituent assembly • S/1995/999 and annexes (29 Novem- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratu- elections.) The Nepalese police detained ber 1995) was the General Framework lated the people of Nepal for their several hundred protestors. Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and “enthusiastic participation” in the constitu- Key Issues Herzegovina and Annexes, signed ent assembly elections. The head of The key issue for the Council is weighing in Dayton. UNMIN, Ian Martin, praised the Nepalese the risks to Nepal’s stability if UNMIN is for demonstrating their commitment to asked to close down completely in July. Useful Additional Sources democracy by turning out in such large n Declaration of the PIC Steering Board of numbers. International election observer A related issue is that the election may not 27 February 2008. groups acknowledged that the polling had of itself provide an answer to how an execu- been technically sound and that voters had tive government is actually formed after the turned out in significant numbers. Although election. As events in Kenya have shown unable to declare the elections as “free

14 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org recently even agreement to share power A further possible option is to schedule an can be difficult to implement. open debate in June in active consultation with the Nepalese government so its views SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT Another related issue is whether the Mao- can be clearly conveyed to the Council well ists will remain cohesive. Their more militant Monthly ahead of Council discussions on the man- wing, the Young Communist League, may date renewal in July. MAY 2008 have a separate agenda. If there is a divide FORECAST within the CPN-M, this could destabilise the Council Dynamics Presidential Statement security situation. In January 2007, when UNMIN was set up, • S/PRST/2006/49 (1 December 2006) most Council members, and notably A further issue is whether an immediate expressed support for the Secretary- China, made it clear that it should be a move to remove the monarchy could lead to General’s intention to send a technical focused mission of limited duration. action by its supporters, some of whom may assessment team to Nepal and noted Extending UNMIN beyond July is unlikely argue that this should properly be included that the Council would await formal unless there is clear support for this from as an element in the new constitution and be proposals. Kathmandu. Those who see value in addressed in the context of an overall pack- UNMIN continuing past July want to see a age of new constitutional measures. Other Relevant Facts new focused mandate which gives UNMIN Special Representative of the Also an issue will be implementation of the a clear and appropriate role in the post- Secretary-General and Head of Mission pre-election promises made to the Madhesi election environment. Most members feel groups from Nepal’s Terai region such as that now that the elections are over a lot of Ian Martin (UK) giving them autonomous regions under a UNMIN capacity that was focused on that Size and Composition federal structure. If progress on this is slow, process can be downsized. 871 staff (208 international staff, 126 UN more strikes and protests seem likely. Members like China, Indonesia and Viet- volunteers, 387 national staff, 144 arms monitors and six police advisers as of A potential issue is the possibility that by the nam will take a clear lead from the Nepalese end of January 2008) end of UNMIN’s mandate in July a new themselves. executive government will not yet be in Duration Members are uncertain as to how the Mao- place or not be in a position to make a deci- ists will play the post election situation 23 January 2007 to 23 July 2008 sion on UNMIN’s future role in Nepal. A including continuing with integrating the Cost rollover of UNMIN at the request of the People’s Liberation Army and the Nepal- $88.8 million Seven-Party Alliance (made up of the politi- ese army. cal parties that signed the Comprehensive Useful Additional Sources Peace Agreement and asked for UNMIN to The Maoists are still listed as a terrorist n UNMIN Election Report, No. 1, 22 March be set up) might be the only option and organisation in the US. This could affect its 2008, http://www.unmin.org.np/ would give a new government time to come perception of developments in Nepal. n UNMIN Election Report, No. 2, 30 March to a decision on UNMIN. India is expected to be wary of a Maoist-led 2008, http://www.unmin.org.np/ Another future issue is how the Maoists’ government, given its problems with Mao- n UNMIN Election Report, No. 3, 6 April promises of land reform and wiping out cor- ist insurgents, but has said that it will accept 2008, http://www.unmin.org.np/ ruption made during the elections will be the decision of the people. Prachanda, addressed in the short term—given the leader of the CPN-M, has stated that he is potential instability if they do not deliver. ready to develop relations with both China Sierra Leone and India, a possible first indication of a Options new equilibrium in Nepal’s relationships Expected Council Action One option in May is for the Council to sim- with its neighbours. The Council is expected to consider the ply receive the briefing by the Secretariat Secretary-General’s report on the now very and use this review to start discussions on The UK is the lead in the Council on Nepal. small UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone UNMIN’s future at the expert level. (UNIOSIL). The report is due by 30 April, UN Documents A second option might be for members to and UNIOSIL’s mandate expires on 31 Security Council Resolution agree that UNMIN should be immediately September. (The post of the Executive Rep- downsized as suggested in the last • S/RES/1796 (23 January 2008) resentative of the Secretary-General has Secretary-General’s report, but to request extended UNMIN until 23 July 2008. been vacant since January.) A statement by the Secretary-General to provide a roadmap • S/RES/1740 (23 January 2007) the Council is a possible outcome. established UNMIN for 12 months. in early June of how he plans to do this lead- Key Developments ing to the end of its mandate in mid-July. Secretary General’s Reports On 31 January, the Secretary-General sub- If the new government indicates that it is • S/2008/5 (3 January 2008) was the mitted a completion strategy for UNIOSIL to open to UNMIN remaining in Nepal, a pos- last report of the Secretary-General on the Council. Subsequently, the Council on sible option is a smaller UNMIN continuing the request of Nepal for UN assistance 28 February requested that the Secretary- with its arms monitoring role but with in support of its peace process. General include in his April report further enhanced peacebuilding tasks. information on the drawdown of UNIOSIL

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 15 after local elections scheduled for 5 July but UNIOSIL based on the Secretary- requesting for further information from in time for the completion of the mission in General’s expected recommendations, the Secretary-General on the draw- September. The Council also requested but stressing the need to maintain vigi- down of UNIOSIL between 5 July 2008 proposals on the mandate, structure and lance with regard to effective peace local elections and its completion in strength of the integrated political office that consolidation in the country; September 2008. would succeed UNIOSIL. n a more general statement supporting • S/2008/63 (31 January 2008) was the UNIOSIL’s activities in the country pend- On 22 February, the Special Court for Sierra letter from the Secretary-General con- ing the termination of its mandate but Leone dismissed the appeals of three former veying the completion strategy for leaving drawdown decisions to the Sec- leaders of the Armed Forces Revolutionary UNIOSIL. retary-General and also reminding all Council, which formed the military junta that • S/2007/777 (28 December 2007) was stakeholders in Sierra Leone of the impor- ousted former Sierra Leonean President a letter conveying the annual report of tance of ensuring that the local elections Ahmed Tejan Kabbah in 1997. The three the Sanctions Committee on Sierra in July take place in a peaceful, free and leaders—Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Leone. fair manner; Kamara, and Santigie Borbor Kanu—were n urging prompt appointment of an Execu- Peacebuilding Commission each convicted last June of war crimes, tive Representative of the Secretary- • PBC/2/SLE/1 (3 December 2007) was crimes against humanity and other serious General, to lead UNIOSIL during the the Sierra Leone Peacebuilding Coop- violations of international humanitarian law. period of the local elections; and eration Framework. Kamara received a 45-year sentence while n including in the statement positive refer- • PBC/OC/1/2 (21 June 2006) was a Brima and Kanu each received sentences of ences to the contribution of the PBC in letter from the Council president to the 50 years. peace consolidation. Secretary-General referring Sierra Related Developments in the Leone to the PBC. Council Dynamics Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) While Council members remain open to Other Relevant Facts In January the PBC country-specific con- drawing down UNIOSIL with the view to ter- figuration on Sierra Leone drew up an minating its mandate, some (especially the UNIOSIL Executive Representative of the Secretary-General action plan covering the January-June African members) wish to avoid premature period for implementing the Cooperation signals of disengagement, both in light of Vacant Framework for Sierra Leone. (The Frame- the violence that surrounded last year’s Size and Composition of Mission work is to guide PBC work with the presidential elections in Sierra Leone and Total budgeted staff of 298, comprising government of Sierra Leone over the next painful recent experiences in other places, 82 international staff, 192 local staff and three years.) Since January the Chair of in particular Timor-Leste. Council mem- 24 UN volunteers the configuration, Ambassador Frank bers are awaiting the Secretary-General’s Duration Majoor of the Netherlands, has visited a report to facilitate their deliberations on number of key capitals of stakeholders to this matter. 1 January 2006 to present; current elaborate on the Framework to govern- mandate expires 30 September 2008 The UK is the lead country on this issue. ments and relevant international actors including Washington (the World Bank, UN Documents IMF and the US government), Brussels Selected Security Council Resolutions Counter-Terrorism: (the EU and the Belgian government), Briefings to the Council London, Berlin, The Hague and Free- • S/RES/1793 (21 December 2007) town. A high-level meeting of stakeholders extended the mandate of UNIOSIL Expected Council Action from capitals and the headquarters of until 30 September 2008 and Twice a year the Council is briefed by the international institutions will be held on requested a completion strategy for chairs of its three counter-terrorism commit- 19 May in New York to review progress the mission by 31 January, as well as tees. The next briefing is expected on 6 May on the Framework. In April the PBC specific proposals on the successor when the chairs of the Al-Qaida and Taliban decided to embark on a field mission to office in April. Sanctions Committee (the 1267 Commit- Sierra Leone in June to further follow up Selected Presidential Statement tee), the Counter-Terrorism Committee the country’s peacebuilding needs. • S/PRST/2007/23 (28 June 2007) (CTC, established under resolution 1373) and the committee on weapons of mass Key Issues addressed the work of the Special destruction and terrorism (or the 1540 Com- Key issues for the Council remain keeping Court for Sierra Leone. mittee) will address the Council. The joint on track with a successful drawdown and Selected Secretary-General’s Report briefings started in April 2005 and usually completion of UNIOSIL’s mandate, while • S/2007/704 (4 December 2007) was include a debate extended to all UN mem- continuing to support consolidation of the latest report of the Secretary- ber states. No formal outcome is expected. peace in the country. General on UNIOSIL. Recent Developments Options Other The 1267 Committee (Al-Qaida and Tal- Options before the Council include: • S/2008/137 (28 February 2008) was a iban) is likely to report on problems that n a statement confirming the drawdown of letter from the Council president some member states have in complying

16 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org with the sanctions, improvements to its list CTED which supports the Committee now of individuals and entities subject to sanc- spends less time on determining whether tions, the criminal use of the Internet and a member states have enacted the neces- SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT follow-up on reports from its support group, sary legislation and machinery and more Monthly the Analytical Support and Sanctions Moni- time on evaluating the effectiveness of toring Team (Monitoring Team). The group’s states’ actions. MAY 2008FORECAST 8th report is currently in translation and its At the May briefing the Chairman, Ambas- mandate expires at the end of June. By the end of 2007, more than 140 states sador Neven Jurica of Croatia, is expected had submitted their first reports to the Com- The Council on 15 October 1999 in resolu- to report on the more than 170 assessments mittee. But many states have not reported tion 1267 imposed an air embargo and an prepared by the CTED on how member at all, either because of lack of capacity or assets freeze on the Taliban, which was states have implemented the resolution. because of what diplomats call “reporting then the de facto Afghan government, for Called Preliminary Implementation Assess- fatigue.” Committee members, however, refusing to extradite Usama bin Laden in ments, these documents are aimed at say that reporting is not an end in itself and connection with the 1998 bombings of US reducing the need for continual requests to their primary role is investigating implemen- embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The member states to update reports. The new tation. Their sources include not only sanctions are monitored by the 1267 Com- assessments will seek to match every coun- country reports but also documents from mittee and were expanded in subsequent try’s performance with a set of criteria, make the International Atomic Energy Agency years and now cover Al-Qaida, Bin Laden note of human rights abuses, gaps that and other official sources. The investiga- and/or the Taliban, their associates or facili- other UN bodies have identified, and anti- tions include dual use technology and raw tators anywhere in the world. They now terrorism conventions that the country has materials such as natural unranium. It is include an assets freeze, an arms embargo ratified. The CTED has prepared a table on possible that the Chairman, Ambassador and a travel ban. Targeted individuals and its findings of how countries have imple- Jorge Urbina of Costa Rica, in his briefing entities are indentified by the Committee mented the resolution, which the Committee may report on a matrix that experts are and placed on the consolidated list on the is reviewing before submitting an official developing based on information nations Committee’s website. report to the Council. But this table is not have reported to the Committee and other expected to be published at this time so as UN bodies or conventions. A group of UN member states critical of the to avoid any sense that member states are procedures which the Committee uses for being publicly “named and shamed.” Terrorism Issues in the Wider listing and delisting targeted individuals UN System intends to present a proposal for an inde- The mandate of the 1540 Committee on Council members and others listening to pendent judicial review panel to the weapons of mass destruction and terror- the briefings on 6 May will also have in mind Committee before the Council takes up the ism was extended by the Council in the General Assembly Global Counter-Ter- 1267 issues in a June resolution. (Please resolution 1810 on 25 April for three years, rorism Strategy which was adopted in see our Update Report of 21 April for a more to 25 April 2011. The Committee was also September 2006. This subject will be on the detailed discussion of the 1267 Commit- given another two months, until 31 July, to General Assembly agenda again in Sep- tee.) (On 24 April, the British High Court submit its next report on its work, now tember this year. In response to the strategy, ruled in favor of five men who challenged nearly complete. a Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task UK orders to implement the assets freeze. Force, comprising some 24 UN bodies and The Council adopted resolution 1540 in The Court said the evidence relied on suspi- agencies, was established within the Secre- April 2004 in an effort to close a loophole cion, not proof, and that the suspects had tariat but as yet the General Assembly has benefiting would-be proliferators, terrorists had no opportunity to challenge the listing. not dedicated any Secretariat resources or and other non-state actors not covered The government is appealing.) staff to the task force. Nor has it established under the treaties on the proliferation of concrete tasks to flesh out the strategy. A The Counter-Terrorism Committee, nuclear arms (Nuclear Nonproliferation representative of each of the Security Coun- established on 28 September 2001, in the Treaty), chemical weapons (Chemical cil monitoring mechanisms supporting the wake of the 11 September attacks on the Weapons Convention) and biological arms three Council counter-terrorism committees United States, has revamped its organisa- (Biological and Toxin Weapons Conven- participates in the meetings of the Task tional plans for its support team of experts, tion). Resolution 1540 requires all countries Force. There are some, in both the Council known as the Counter-Terrorism Commit- to establish strong export controls and and the General Assembly, who consider tee Executive Directorate (CTED). On 20 demands they protect sensitive materials that there is significant scope for rationalisa- March, the Council adopted a resolution that can be used to develop, manufacture, tion of capacity, resources and tasks that welcomed the new CTED recommen- acquire, transport or traffic in unconven- between these bodies. dations and extended its mandate until 31 tional weapons and their delivering December 2010. systems. (The measure was spurred, in Council Dynamics part, after it was disclosed that the Pakistani On the surface, it is apparent to most The CTC monitors implementation of mea- nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan had been observers that there is an overlap of duties sures that all countries need to take to involved in disseminating nuclear technol- and responsibilities among the three coun- combat terrorism, deny suspected terror- ogy to Libya, Iran and North Korea.) The ter- terrorism committees, despite their ists safe haven and financial resources 1540 Committee was established to moni- individual mandates. Particularly vocal on and bring perpetrators to justice. The tor implementation. this issue is South Africa’s ambassador,

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 17 Dumisani Kumalo, who told the Council in Group established in November 2007 to • S/PV.5806 (17 December 2007) is a November that “continuing with separate speed up the processing. The Council is transcript of the last open debate in mandates will only perpetuate duplication, expected to respond by way of a letter to which the chairs of all the Security waste resources and result in confusion the Secretary-General. Council committees spoke to the among member states.” But there appears Council. Key Facts to be little political support for restructuring, • S/PV.5779 (14 November 2007) is Established by the Council in 1995, the oil- especially among the permanent members the transcript of the meeting of the for-food programme allowed Iraq a limited that were instrumental in drafting the resolu- Security Council debate at which the exemption to the sanctions regime and to tions that created the committees and their chairs of the three counter-terrorism sell oil via a UN managed programme in respective expert groups. committees briefed the Council. exchange for humanitarian goods. Purchas- In general there is wide support in the Coun- Other Relevant Facts ers of Iraqi oil had to settle transactions with cil for the tasks of all three committees. On Committee Chairs are: BNP Paribas, and the funds were held in a the 1267 Committee, as indicated above, • Ambassador Neven Jurica (Croatia): UN Iraq escrow account. The majority of the there is growing support outside the Coun- CTC (1373) revenue in the account was made available cil for an independent judicial panel to • Ambassador Jorge Urbina (Costa for the purchase of regulated items (e.g.: review delisting applications. But so far the Rica): 1540 Committee (WMD) food, medicines and equipment for agricul- permanent members are opposed to any • Ambassador Johan Verbeke ture, housing, oil production, food processing, new body that would encroach on the (Belgium): 1267 Committee (Al-Qaida electricity, water and sanitation, etc.). Council’s prerogatives. As for the Counter- and Taliban) Following the fall of Saddam Hussein’s Terrorism Committee, Council members regime in March 2003, the Council adopted are divided about how effective public dis- Useful Additional Sources resolution 1483, which envisaged the termi- closure will be as a tool to enhance n http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/ nation of the oil-for-food programme within compliance. As a result, there are some dif- Admin/2008/869.html (24 April 2008) is six months, after which surplus funds would ferences about whether to make public its the website for UK High Court of Justice be transferred from the Iraq escrow account survey of compliance and implementation decision on challenges to the assets to the Development Fund for Iraq (DFI). This among member states. freeze in resolution 1267 fund was established by the same resolu- n http://www.un.org/sc/committes/1267/ tion to meet Iraq’s humanitarian needs and UN Documents index.shtml is the website of the 1267 economic reconstruction. The oil-for-food Selected Security Council Resolutions Committee (Al-Qaida and the Taliban) programme was officially terminated on 21 n http://www.un.org/sc/ctc is the website of • S/RES/1810 (25 April 2008) extended November 2003 and no new contracts the Counter-Terrorism Committee (1373) the mandate of the 1540 Committee could be made. However, many existing n http://www.un.org/sc/1540/index.shtml is until 25 April 2011. contracts remained (3,168 contracts for a the website of the 1540 Committee on • S/RES/1805 (20 March 2008) value of more than $8.5 billion). Funds to weapons of mass destruction. extended the mandate of the Counter- cover obligations under these contracts n http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/ Terrorism Executive Directorate to 31 were retained in the Iraq escrow account. December 2010. resources.cfm?id=255 is the record of • S/RES/1540 (28 April 2004) the Stanley Foundation’s conference of Each contract between the Iraqi government established the 1540 Committee and August 2007 on U.N. Counter-terrorism and a foreign company had a corresponding its mandate of keeping weapons of strategies, including fact sheets. letter of credit, issued by BNP Paribas, guar- mass destruction away from non- n http://www.newyork.liechtenstein.li/ is anteeing that payment to the companies state actors. the website of the Mission of Liechten- would be made on time and for the correct • S/RES/1535 (26 March 2004) stein that provides Ambassador Christian amount. In order for the payment to occur, established the CTED. Wenaweser’s Council speech on the companies had to present the bank with • S/RES/1373 (28 September 2001) counter-terrorism on 14 November 2007. the necessary shipping documents confirm- established the CTC and its mandate. ing the delivery of goods, and the Iraqi • S/RES/1267 (15 October 1999) government had to provide authentication established the Al-Qaida and Taliban Iraq (Oil-for-Food) proving that the goods were received. Committee and its sanctions mandate The Council agreed to extend some letters Expected Council Action (modified and enhanced by subse- of credit for delayed deliveries but with a The Iraq oil-for-food programme came to quent resolutions). deadline of 31 December 2007. However, an end on 31 December 2007. However, Security Council Debate Records not all of these outstanding letters (with many issues concerning letters of credit corresponding funds in the escrow • S/PV.5855 (19 March 2008) is the remain outstanding and the Council con- account) could be processed by that date. transcript of the debate on the CTED tinues to receive progress reports from the Some letters have no evidence of delivery and its revamped organisational plan Secretary-General on the processing of by the suppliers. Those letters are likely to as described in S/2008/80 (7 February those issues. The next progress report is be cancelled and the corresponding 2008). expected in May. It will contain a summary amount transferred to the DFI. And there of activities of a joint Iraqi-UN Working are claims of delivery for a majority of the

18 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org outstanding letters, but payment has not documents were still outstanding at the end been released because of a lack of Iraqi of February). He recommended that the authentication documents. working group review the situation early SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT in May. Key Recent Developments Monthly A joint Iraqi-UN working group (composed It seems that the letters of credit that had no MAY 2008 of representatives of the Iraqi government, claims of delivery have all been cancelled FORECAST the Central Bank of Iraq and the UN Secre- and the associated funds (approximately requested in 2005 that the General Assem- tariat) met in Amman on 20 and 21 $161 million) were transferred to the Devel- bly follow-up on the recommendations of November to resolve issues relating to the opment Fund for Iraq on 27 December the Inquiry Committee into the oil-for-food unpaid letters of credit. They concluded 2007. The Secretary-General’s report in programme and never received any reply). that a claims’ settlement mechanism should May will also discuss letters that have be established for all letters missing an expired without claims of delivery. UN Documents authentication document ninety days after At press time the Council was considering a Selected Resolutions the 31 December termination of the oil-for- response to the 12 March report in the form • S/RES/1483 (22 May 2003) requested food programme. of a draft letter which would: that the Secretary-General terminate The Council in November requested the n decide to give the Iraqi government 45 within six months the ongoing opera- Secretary-General to develop proposals for days to transmit the authentication docu- tions of the oil-for-food programme, arbitration or mediation mechanisms for ments allowing payment to the suppliers transferring responsibility for the commercial disputes between the Iraqi gov- or to provide documents contesting the administration of any remaining ernment and companies for all outstanding claims of delivery, in the absence of which activity to the Coalition Provisional letters after the 31 December 2007 deadline. the Council would authorise the Secre- Authority, and decided that until 31 He did so in a report he presented to the tariat to proceed with the payment of December 2007, unless the Council Council on 12 December, and proposed the suppliers; decides otherwise, sales proceeds of creation of a Council subsidiary organ, the n request that all disputes be handled Iraqi oil products shall continue to oil-for-food Claims Settlement Committee, according to mechanisms established in enjoy privileges and immunities equiv- to be established by 1 July 2008. The Coun- each contract or, if there are none, alent to those enjoyed by the UN. cil in a 29 February letter took note of this according to other existing commercial Latest Reports by the Secretary-General proposal but was reluctant to act, preferring arbitration mechanisms; and on the Termination of the Oil-for-Food instead to request a further report. It seems n endorse cancellation of letters of credit Programme that the hesitation within the Council was with no claims of delivery, and transfer of • S/2008/175 (11 March 2008) based on a concern about establishing a associated funds to the DFI. • S/2007/725 (7 December 2007) also potentially complex and costly mechanism. Council Dynamics enclosed a proposal for the establish- ment of a Claims Settlement As of 7 December 2007, there were 215 out- There is a consensus within the P5 on the Committee. standing letters of credit that had already necessity to process all remaining letters of • S/2007/476 (25 July 2007) expired or were expiring on 31 December credit as soon as possible. French, Chinese 2007. In 179 of those letters, there were and Russian companies in particular still Selected Letters claims of delivery of goods from suppliers, have unpaid contracts under the oil-for-food • S/2008/140 (29 February 2008) was a but no authentication documents from the programme. But both the UK and the US letter from the Council requesting a Iraqi government necessary to release the also believe that it is not in the Council’s further progress report by 15 March. corresponding funds from the UN Iraq interest micromanage the oil-for-food pro- • S/2008/41 (23 January 2008) was a account (approximately $206 million). gramme’s outstanding issues. letter from the Secretary-General enclosing a summary of the latest In a letter to the Council on 23 January, the Historically the elected members of the Working Group meeting outlining Secretary-General noted that the number of Council have tended to pay only limited progress made with respect to the outstanding letters of credit with claims of attention to these issues. However, this time termination of operations relating to delivery was reduced only from 179 to 162. around Costa Rica is expressing concern at letters of credit. He also identified 14 cases of commercial the process which has tended to leave the • S/2007/661 (8 November 2007) was a disputes that may not be resolved by 1 April drafting exclusively to the P5. At press time, letter by the Council requesting the 2008. Confirmation of the past arrival of Costa Rica was blocking the adoption of the Secretary-General to develop propos- goods continued to be slow or not forth- latest Council letter arguing that there had als to address unresolved issues, coming (this has been a major concern for not been enough time to consider this issue including the possible need for the the Council). However, the Iraqi government (the draft letter was circulated by the UK on establishment of mechanisms to deal said that it would urgently transmit all 28 March) and that it would be best to wait with outstanding issues, and to report authentication documents for outstanding for the results of the next Iraq-UN Working again to the Council on such issues claims of delivery. Group in Amman on 28 April. It seems that within three weeks, bearing in mind Costa Rica’s interest is also driven by wider The latest Secretary-General’s report dated the non-negotiable termination date of concerns at the Council’s handling of the 11 March revealed continuing slowness in the 31 December 2007 for the programme. oil-for-food programme in the past (it had authentication process (148 authentication

Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org 19 Notable Dates for May Important Dates over the Reports Due for Consideration in May Document Requesting Report Horizon

21 April SG semi-annual report (S/2008/264) on the implementation S/RES/1559 n Local government elections are sched- of resolution 1559 (Lebanon) uled for June in Sierra Leone. late April SG monthly report on the AU-UN Hybrid S/RES/1769 Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) n By 21 June the Greek Cypriot leader late April SG report on UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone S/RES/1793, Demetris Christofias and Turkish Cypriot (UNIOSIL) (every four months) S/2008/137 leader Mehmet Ali Talat have agreed to early May Report from High Representative for the Implementation S/RES/1785 meet again and decide on the resump- of the Peace Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina tion of full-fledged negotiations under the May SG semi-annual report on UN Integrated Office in S/RES/1791 auspices of the Secretary-General. Burundi (BINUB) n An international conference to review May SG report on the termination of operations related to S/2008/175 letters of credit issued in the oil-for-food programme progress on implementation of the Afghan Compact is scheduled for June May 2008 Other Important Dates in Paris. early May Ian Martin, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative in Nepal and head of UNMIN, is expected to brief the Council. n A meeting of states to consider the imple- early May The Council is expecting the semi-annual briefing of the chairs of the three mentation of the Programme of Action to counter-terrorism (resolutions 1267, 1373 and 1540) committees. Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit mid-May A Secretariat briefing and Council consultations on security sector reform Trade in small arms and Light Weapons are expected. in all its Aspects is planned for 14-18 July mid-May The Sudan sanctions committee expects the midterm briefing of the Panel 2008 in New York. of Experts. mid-May The Council is expecting a briefing by the High Representative for the n Presidential elections in Côte d’Ivoire are Implementation of the Peace Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, now expected on 30 November 2008. Miroslav Lajcak of Slovakia.

Also expected in May: SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT STAFF • An open debate on protection of civilians is expected. Colin Keating, Executive Director • An open debate on post-conflict peacebuilding is expected. Joanna Weschler, Director of Research • The Middle East Quartet principals will gather in London on 2 May in a meeting chaired by Secre- Robert Afriyie, Research Analyst tary-General Ban Ki-moon to assess the peace process launched in Annapolis in November 2007. Anne-Gaëlle Claude, Research Analyst • A meeting of the Sudan Donor Consortium is scheduled for 5-7 May in Oslo. In the margins, UN-AU Fernanda Rafaela Fernandes, Research Analyst Joint Special Representative Rodolphe Adada is expected to chair a closed-door meeting on Darfur. Shamala Kandiah, Research Analyst • The Sudan national census is expected to be completed by 6 May. Amanda Roberts, Programme Coordinator • A referendum on a new constitution in Myanmar has been scheduled for 10 May. Paul Romita, Programme Consultant • Parliamentary elections are planned for 11 May in Serbia. Brian Lockstone, Communications Consultant • The report of the expert mission on policing with findings and recommendations regarding Timor- Robbin VanNewkirk, Administrative Assistant Leste is expected to be completed in early or mid-May, when it will possibly be formally circulated to members in a letter from the Secretary-General. Security Council Report is published with • The Iraq Compact Annual Review Conference is scheduled to be held in Stockholm, Sweden on 29 May. the support of the Governments of Canada, • The Council is expected to depart on a visiting mission to Africa in late May. A final schedule is still Greece, Liechtenstein and Norway, The pending. Rockefeller Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. It is incorporated as a not for profit Organisa- tion and operates in affiliation with the Center on International Organization in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University in New York.

The material in this publication is subject to copyright ownership. Material in this publication may be freely used as in the public domain. You are free to copy, distribute, or make derivative works of the work under the following conditions: you must attribute the work to Security Council Report, Inc.; you may not use this work for commercial purposes; if you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one.

20 Security Council Report One Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, 885 Second Avenue, 31st Floor, New York, NY 10017 T:1 212 759 9429 F:1 212 759 4038 www.securitycouncilreport.org