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Ecological Problems in Mass Media in Kazakhstan

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Ecological Problems in Mass Media in Kazakhstan B. Zh. Karimova et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 10(6), 2018, 1422-1427 Ecological Problems in Mass Media in Kazakhstan B. Zh. Karimova1, S. K. Alimbekova 1, A. D. Mukhatova 2 1Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Republic of Kazakhstan, 050040, Almaty City, Al-Farabi Street, 71 2L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Republic of Kazakhstan, 010008, Astana City, Kazhimukhan Street, 11 Abstract Ecological problems in Kazakhstan are presented in this article. Firstly, it considers ecological journalism in Kazakhstan Secondly, effective coverage of environmental and natural resources in Central Asia by the media are analyzed. Thirdly, environmental problems in the media are discussed. The purpose of research is to study ecological issues in Kazakhstan, to define the consequences of Semipalatinsk testing site and the Aral Sea. The role of media in informing people about environmental problems, measures taken in Central Asia to support environmental journalists will be examined more deeply and the results of the survey, which was conducted among students to learn of their ecological consciousness, will be analyzed. The methods include: Historical comparative method, methods of systematization, analysis, synthesis, questionnaire are applied in this paper. Keywords: ecological journalism, environment, media, nuclear weapons. INTRODUCTION during irradiation to future generations. Today, thousands of Since the beginning of the XXI century, the ecological victims living adjacent to the landfill have no support from the situation and the state of the environment have sharply worsened. state. And although the law "On Rehabilitation of the Population Every year, environmental problems increase, many of them Affected by Nuclear Tests" was passed in 1992, it does not work directly a result of the lack of public awareness. Society should to the fullest extent due to the difficult economic situation in the receive reliable, objective and up-to-date information about what country. [3] "The remote consequences of nuclear tests, is a threat to their health and what factors affect the environment. transmitted from generation to generation, are increasingly People need to know what they are doing, what measures the state detrimental.” is taking to improve and maintain the ecological balance, and who The Aral Sea problem has long been troubling (Figure is responsible for their implementation. In addition, everyone 2). To date, much effort has been put into restoring the vital water should be aware of the contribution they are making to the state of resource on the Kazakhstan portion of the sea. Analysis of the the environment by their own activities. This contribution can be dynamics of the Aral Sea basin and desertification of the both positive and negative. The role of the informer about surrounding areas leads to a depressing forecast of the complete environmental issues, like in many other public policy issues, falls disappearance of the sea by 2010. The new desert of Aralkum will on the media. One of the main goals of the media is educational. merge with the existing Karakum and Kyzylkum and compete Thus, the quality of journalists’ work largely depends on the with the Sahara, which only 150-200 thousand years ago was awareness of the population in matters of environmental covered with lush vegetation. The diversion of water mainly for protection, as well as the level of environmental culture in the irrigation, from the two largest rivers flowing into the Aral led to society. the fact that their annual runoff, which amounted to 60 km3 in Looking back to the past, looking to the future and 1980, decreased to 4 km3. The Syr Darya currently does not reach recognizing the achievements of civilization, the global nature of the sea, ending its path in the fields, and the Amu Darya reaches environmental problems is evident, and people should plan their the Aral only in the winter with a thin stream. As a result, the area activities taking into account the need to address these problems of the water area decreased by more than 1/3, the coastline in and advance along the path of sustainable development. some places retreated by 90 m, and the volume of water in the sea The nuclear age of the planet is coming to an end. decreased by 60%. As a result, the average salinity of water has Kazakhstan played a role in the nuclear age with the Soviet increased 2.5 times, and all living things in it die. The Aral has Union’s large nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk. Tests of nuclear become the largest supplier of dust within the former USSR. The weapons, conducted for 40 years at the site in Semipalatinsk drained bottom of the sea became a source of dust and salts, Region caused irreparable damage to human health and the carried over very long distances. [4] Approximately 50 to 60 environment, caused an increase in the overall morbidity and million tons of salt and dust annually rise into the air and carry for mortality of the population. [1] many kilometers onto the cotton and rice plantations. The The nuclear age of the planet is coming to an end. degradation of the ecological system has lead to a worsening of Kazakhstan played a role in the nuclear age with the Soviet the already sharply continental climate of the Aral Sea. Union’s large nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk. Tests of nuclear What has led to such results? Irrigated lands are not weapons, conducted for 40 years at the site in Semipalatinsk equipped with the necessary engineering irrigation network and Region caused irreparable damage to human health and the do not have effective drainage. Therefore, in order to prevent their environment, caused an increase in the overall morbidity and salinization, it is necessary to increase irrigation rates. To obtain mortality of the population. The entire territory of Semey and the high yields, huge amounts of fertilizers were introduced into the adjacent areas of Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan and Karaganda soil - up to 600 kg per 1 hectare of arable land, and the amount of oblasts are recognized as an ecological disaster zone (See Figure pesticides used was 15-20 times higher than the MPC (maximum 1) According to statistics, in the Semey region in 1980 there were permissible concentration). After draining into the soil under such 158 cases of cancer per 1000 population, and by 1990 this figure conditions, the water not only strongly mineralizes, but also increased by one third. Mortality from lung cancer has tripled, becomes progressively saturated with toxic substances. These from cancer of the oesophagus increased 8 times, and from cancer waters are discharged in large quantities into the Amu Darya and it was 39 percent higher than in the control group. [2] Syr Darya and downstream are again used for irrigation, as well as Scientists have found that 1.5 million people living in for domestic needs. Thus, extremely unfavorable conditions for the territories of the Semey, Karaganda and Pavlodar oblasts human habitation were created in the region, plus a serious adjoining the landfill were exposed to radiation at doses of more epidemiological situation developed. [5] than 1 Ba, and passed their chromosomal disturbances received 1422 B. Zh. Karimova et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 10(6), 2018, 1422-1427 Scientists all over the world have identified the urgency and about global problems in general. Competent coverage of of a of a threatened global ecological catastrophe associated with these issues in the media can lead to an increase in awareness and the destruction of the ecosystem balance in the biosphere. stimulate each individual to act for the benefit of the environment, The process of desertification of lands in arid, semi-arid and therefore for the benefit of the whole planet. [7] and dry areas, resulting from human activities, has reached In Kazakhstan, this practice is only gaining momentum. unprecedented levels. Meanwhile, all life on Earth depends on a A 2015 study by two scientists of the Eurasian National thin, unstable layer of soil covering the land. This layer, according University. L.N. Gumilev Aitmukhanbet and Ardak Esdauletov, to scientists, is the youngest on our planet, formed over a examined coverage of water and other environmental problems in painfully long time but can be destroyed with incredible speed. the press of Kazakhstan during the period of perestroika to the The formation of a layer of soil a few centimeters deep takes present. It was the work of the head of the press and publishing centuries, but with irrational use it can be carried away by the department of the journalism and political science department, wind and washed away with water in just one year. Esdauletova and a professor of international relations, Esdauletov. Combating desertification is particularly relevant in Kazakhstan, where, in addition to the presence of environmentally Support for environmental journalism adversarial regions, the characteristic instability of the soil, There is now support for environmental journalists. One scarcity of vegetation, continental climate and anthropogenic of the ways is the Aarhus Convention of the United Nations influences many times accelerate the process of desertification. It Economic Commission for Europe on Access to Information, is not surprising that more than 66% of the land is affected by Public Participation in Decision Making and Access to Justice in desertification; As a result of the massive development of the Environmental Matters. The aim of the convention is to support steppe’s virgin land, arable land has lost up to 30% of its humus, protection of human rights in a favorable environment for health there has been industrial extraction of mineralsand salinization and well-being; access to information; public participation in and decrease in soil fertility occurred in many regions. The result decision-making; and access to justice in environmental matters.
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