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Italian Industrial Production, 1861-1913: a Statistical Reconstruction. D. the Chemical, Coal and Petroleum Products, And

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Italian Industrial Production, 1861-1913: a Statistical Reconstruction. D. the Chemical, Coal and Petroleum Products, And ISSN 2279-9362 Italian Industrial Production, 1861­1913: A Statistical Reconstruction D. The Chemical, Coal and Petroleum Products, and Rubber Industries Stefano Fenoaltea No. 415 May 2015 www.carloalberto.org/research/working-papers © 2015 by Stefano Fenoaltea. Any opinions expressed here are those of the authors and not those of the Collegio Carlo Alberto. Stefano Fenoaltea ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1861-1913: A STATISTICAL RECONSTRUCTION D. THE CHEMICAL, COAL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES 2015 ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1861-1913: A STATISTICAL RECONSTRUCTION Reader’s guide Acknowledgments A. Introduction B. The extractive industries C. The non-metallic mineral products industries D. The chemical, coal and petroleum products, and rubber industries E. The metalmaking industries F. The engineering industries G. The foodstuffs and tobacco industries H. The textile, apparel, and leather industries I. The wood and wood products, paper and paper products, printing and publishing, and residual manufacturing industries J. The utilities industries K. The construction industries ii ITALIAN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, 1861-1913: A STATISTICAL RECONSTRUCTION D. THE CHEMICAL, COAL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES CONTENTS D. THE CHEMICAL, COAL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES D01. Introduction D01.01 The output data and estimates D01.02 The employment data and value added estimates D02. Principal acids D02.01 Introduction D02.02 Sulfuric acid D02.03 Soda nitric acid D02.04 Leblanc hydrochloric acid D02.05 Aggregate value added and employment D03. Matches D03.01 Output D03.02 Value added and employment D04. Fats and oils D04.01 Introduction D04.02 Essential oils D04.03 Beeswax products D04.04 Other fats, oils, etc. D05. Rubber products D05.01 Introduction D05.02 Output D05.03 Value added and employment D06. Fertilizer D06.01 Output D06.02 Value added and employment D07. Explosives and munitions D07.01 Introduction D07.02 Output: coarse gunpowder D07.03 Output: dynamite, cheddite, and promethus D07.04 Output: other explosives D07.05 Output: explosive munitions D07.06 Value added D07.07 Employment D08. Coloring materials D08.01 Introduction D08.02 Inorganic pigments D08.03 Natural dyestuffs 2 D08.04 Paints D08.05 Aggregate value added and employment D09. Pharmaceutical products D09.01 Introduction D09.02 Quinine D09.03 Other pharmaceutical products D09.04 Aggregate value added and employment D10. Electrochemicals and gases D10.01 Introduction D10.02 Electrochemical acids D10.03 Liquefied or compressed gases D10.04 Caustic soda and other cell products D10.05 Calcium carbide, calcium cyanamide, and carbon electrodes D10.06 Other furnace products D10.07 Aggregate value added and employment D11. Other inorganic chemicals D11.01 Introduction D11.02 Refined sulfur D11.03 Sulfur dust D11.04 Alum and aluminum sulfate D11.05 Arsenic anhydride D11.06 Borax and refined boric acid D11.07 Calcium salts D11.08 Carbon disulfide D11.09 Copper sulfate D11.10 Hydrofluoric acid D11.11 Hydrogen peroxide D11.12 Ferrous sulfate D11.13 Nitrated lead oxide D11.14 Magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate D11.15 Potassium dichromate, saltpetre, and other potassium salts D11.16 Calcined soda and soda crystals D11.17 Sodium dichromate and disodium phosphate D11.18 Sodium silicate D11.19 Sodium sulfate and Glauber’s salt D11.20 Sodium bisulfate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium thiosulfate D11.21 Pink salt and zinc salts D11.22 Aggregate value added and employment D12. Other organic chemicals D12.01 Introduction D12.02 Briquettes D12.03 Metallurgical coke D12.04 Tar and petroleum products D12.05 Asphalt products D12.06 Ammonium sulfate 3 D12.07 Aqueous ammonia D12.08 Calcium ferrocyanide D12.09 Acetic acid and lead acetate D12.10 Citric acid, calcium citrate, and concentrated lemon juice D12.11 Tanning extracts D12.12 Tartaric acid and cream of tartar D12.13 Photographic plates, film, and paper D12.14 Aggregate value added and employment References 4 TABLES D.01 Reported labor force and factor employment in the manufacture of chemicals in 1911 D.02 Estimated value added and factor employment in the manufacture of chemicals in 1911 D.03 Estimated output of sulfuric acid, 1861-1913 D.04 Estimated output of soda nitric acid, 1861-1913 D.05 Estimated output of Leblanc hydrochloric acid, 1861-1913 D.06 Estimated output of matches, 1861-1913 D.07 Labor force and employment in the production of essential oils: census data D.08 Estimated output of essential oils, 1861-1913 D.09 Estimated output of beeswax products and other fats, oils, etc., 1861-1913 D.10 Estimated output of rubber products, 1861-1913 D.11 Estimated output of fertilizer, 1861-1913 D.12 Reported output of explosives, 1887-1913 D.13 Estimated output of coarse gunpowder, 1861-1913 D.14 Estimated output of dynamite, cheddite, and promethus, 1861-1913 D.15 Estimated output of other explosives, 1861-1913 D.16 Estimated output of explosive munitions, 1861-1913 D.17 Estimated value added in the production of explosives recorded by the Corpo delle miniere in 1911 D.18 Estimated output of inorganic pigments, 1861-1913 D.19 Estimated output of dyestuffs and paints, 1861-1913 D.20 Reported output of pharmaceutical products, 1893-1913 D.21 Estimated output of pharmaceutical products, 1861-1913 D.22 Estimated output of electrochemical acids and liquefied or compressed gases, 1861-1913 D.23 Estimated output of caustic soda and other cell products, 1861-1913 D.24 Reported output of calcium carbide, calcium cyanamide, and carbon electrodes, 1861-1913 D.25 Estimated output of other furnace products, 1861-1913 D.26 Estimated output of refined sulfur, 1861-1913 D.27 Estimated output of sulfur dust, 1861-1913 D.28 Estimated output of alum and aluminum sulfate, 1861-1913 D.29 Reported output of arsenic anhydride, borax, and refined boric acid, 1861-1913 D.30 Reported output of calcium salts, 1893-1913 D.31 Estimated output of carbon disulfide and copper sulfate, 1861-1913 D.32 Reported output of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide, 1861-1913 D.33 Estimated output of ferrous sulfate, 1861-1913 D.34 Estimated output of nitrated lead oxide, 1861-1913 D.35 Estimated output of magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate, 1861-1913 D.36 Reported output of potassium salts and estimated output of saltpetre, 1861-1913 D.37 Estimated output of calcined soda and soda crystals, 1861-1913 D.38 Reported output of sodium dichromate and disodium phosphate, 1861-1913 D.39 Estimated output of sodium silicate, 1861-1913 D.40 Estimated output of sodium sulfate and Glauber’s salt, 1861-1913 D.41 Reported output of sodium bisulfate, sodium bisulfite, and sodium thiosulfate, 1893-1913 D.42 Estimated output of tin and zinc salts, 1861-1913 D.43 Estimated output of briquettes, 1861-1913 D.44 Estimated output of metallurgical coke, 1861-1913 D.45 Reported output of tar and petroleum products, 1890-1913 5 D.46 Estimated output of tar and petroleum products, 1861-1913 D.47 Estimated output of asphalt products, 1861-1913 D.48 Estimated output of ammonium sulfate, 1861-1913 D.49 Estimated output of aqueous ammonia, 1861-1913 D.50 Estimated output of calcium ferrocyanide, 1861-1913 D.51 Estimated output of acetic acid and lead acetate, 1861-1913 D.52 Estimated output of citric acid, calcium citrate, and concentrated lemon juice, 1861-1913 D.53 Estimated output of tanning extracts, 1861-1913 D.54 Estimated output of tartaric acid and cream of tartar, 1861-1913 D.55 Estimated output of photographic plates, film, and paper, 1861-1913 SUMMARY TABLES D.1 The chemical, coal and petroleum products, and rubber industries: physical output, 1861- 1913 D.2 The chemical, coal and petroleum products, and rubber industries: value added in 1911 D.3 The chemical, coal and petroleum products, and rubber industries: value added at 1911 prices, 1861-1913 6 D. THE CHEMICAL, COAL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES D01. Introduction D01.01 The output data and estimates The chemical, coal and petroleum products, and rubber industries are here considered together. The group is here defined as in the 1911 Censimento demografico and Censimento industriale ( categoria 7, consisting of the single classe 7.1), with the following exceptions: sotto-classi 7.12 (soda water), 7.14 (starch and derived products), 7.15 (sugar and glucose), 7.16 (alcohol), 7.17 (fermented products), and 7.112 (tobacco products) are transferred to the foodstuffs and tobacco industry; 7.118 (other inorganic chemicals) is reduced by the exclusion of salt refining (also transferred to the foodstuffs group) and the initial processing of sulfur ore (considered part of the mining industry); and 7.119 (other organic chemicals) is expanded to include asphalt-working (part of sotto-classi 5.12 and 5.19). So defined, the industry group corresponds very closely to ISIC division 35. The Corpo delle miniere are by far the most important source of output data; but until 1893 even they provided little more than occasional benchmarks (in the Statistica mineraria , the Notizie minerarie , and the Rivista mineraria 1887 and 1888 ). The annual output and employment data in the Rivista mineraria 1893 ff. cover well over one hundred different “chemicals,” and a number of “mineralworking” products are also relevant here; even then, however, this source’s coverage of the industry remained far from complete, and its 1911 labor-employment figures are far below the corresponding census data (Table D.01). As detailed below, these late issues of the Rivista mineraria appear to cover the production of principal acids (7.11), fertilizer (7.113 ) explosives (7.114 ), electrochemicals (7.117 ), and other inorganic and organic chemicals (7.118 , 7.119 ) well or very well; but other activity was covered badly or not at all, and only part of this omission is readily made good by other sources (tax data for matches, 7.13; raw material imports rubber, 7.111 ).
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