5 Dec 2002 15:35 AR AR178-PS54-13.tex AR178-PS54-13.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GJB 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145102 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2003. 54:329–49 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145102 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on October 4, 2002 FACIAL AND VOCAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION James A. Russell1, Jo-Anne Bachorowski2, and Jose-Miguel´ Fernandez-Dols´ 3 1Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; e-mail:
[email protected] 2Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235; e-mail:
[email protected] 3Departmento de Psicolog´ıa Social y Metodolog´ıa, Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid; e-mail:
[email protected] Key Words affect, display rule, perception, nonverbal, communication ■ Abstract A flurry of theoretical and empirical work concerning the production of and response to facial and vocal expressions has occurred in the past decade. That emotional expressions express emotions is a tautology but may not be a fact. Debates have centered on universality, the nature of emotion, and the link between emotions and expressions. Modern evolutionary theory is informing more models, emphasizing that expressions are directed at a receiver, that the interests of sender and receiver can conflict, that there are many determinants of sending an expression in addition to emotion, that expressions influence the receiver in a variety of ways, and that the receiver’s response is more than simply decoding a message. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: DEFINITION AND SCOPE .............................330 by Columbia University on 12/28/05.