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Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Sapovirus and Astrovirus in Japan, 2008–2009

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Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Sapovirus and Astrovirus in Japan, 2008–2009 Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 63, 2010 Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of Sapovirus and Astrovirus in Japan, 20082009 Wisoot Chan­it, Aksara Thongprachum, Shoko Okitsu1, Masashi Mizuguchi, and Hiroshi Ushijima1* Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113­0033; and 1Aino Health Science Center, Aino University, Tokyo 150­0002, Japan Communicated by Takaji Wakita (Accepted June 3, 2010) Sapovirus (SaV) and human astrovirus (HAstV) are known to cause acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children (1,2). As a member of the family Caliciviridae, SaVs have a single­stranded positive sense RNA genome and are divided into five genogroups (GIGV). At least 13 genotypes can be distinguished within GI and GII (3). HAstVs belonging to the family Astroviridae have been classified into eight serotypes HAstV­1HAstV­8. In general, HAstV­1 is the most prevalent whereas type 3, 4, 7, and 8 are rare (4,5). A total of 662 fecal specimens were collected from non­hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in pediatric clinics in six localities in Japan (Tokyo, Sapporo, Saga, Osaka, Shizuoka, and Maizuru) during July 2008June 2009. RNA was extracted and purified using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Multiplex RT­PCR with specific primers re­ sulted in the identification of SaV and HAstV (6). Nu­ cleotide sequences of SaV­ and HAstV­positive PCR products were determined using Big­Dye terminator cy­ cle sequencing kit and ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA). Phylo­ genetic trees were generated using the MEGA version 4 (7). The sequences of strains detected in the study had been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. HM030920HM030923 and HM106431HM106446 for SaVs and HM212532HM212542 for HAstVs. Out of 662 fecal specimens tested, SaV and HAstV Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial capsid se­ were detected in 20 (3z)and11(1.7z) cases, respec­ quences of SaVs. The strains detected in the current study tively.MostofSaV(n 18, 90z)andHAstV(n 10, period are shown in bold type. The PEC strain is used as an 91z) infections occurred in infants and children º3 outgroup. years of age. SaV prevalence increased slightly during the cold months from December to February (n 12), while HAstV exhibited a peak in April (n 6), corre­ be classified into four lineages (1a1d), in which our sponding with spring. In a phylogenetic tree, the majori­ nine strains clustered into lineage 1d and the other strain ty of SaV sequences belonged to GI/1 genotype (n into lineage 1a (Fig. 2). 15, 75z), followed by GII/1 (n 4, 20z), and GI/3 According to the past 6 years of SaV surveillance, (n 1, 5z) (Fig. 1). HAstV­1 (n 10, 91z)wasthe SaV GI/1 was the most prevalent genotype during most prevalent followed by HAstV­3 (n 1, 9z). This 20032004, and thereafter genotype GI/6 dominated phylogenetic tree clearly showed that HAstVs­1 could over the GI/1 in 20042005 (6). Then, the GI/6 was re­ placed by GI/1 from 2005 until 2007 (8,9). GIV emerged as a predominant strain in 20072008 (10). Surprisingly, *Corresponding author: Mailing address: Aino Health GI/1 emerged and became the prevailing genotype in Science Center, Aino University, 2­17­3 Shibuya, Shibuya­ the present study, while GIV suddenly disappeared. ku, Tokyo 150­0002, Japan. Tel & Fax: {81­3­3486­8481, This sudden disappearance of GIV might indicate that E­mail: ushijima­hiroshijcom.home.ne.jp the virus appeared at the time that the pediatric popula­ 302 should be continued in order to identify the trend of these viruses in the coming year. Acknowledgments This study was supported by Grants­in­Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Tech­ nology and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation extended by Drs Shuichi Nishimura, Hideaki Kikuta, Tsuneyoshi Baba, Atsuko Yamamoto, Kumiko Sugita, Masaaki Kobayashi, Shintaro Hashira, and Takeshi Tajima for fecal specimen collection. Conflict of interest None to declare. REFERENCES 1. Nguyen, T.A., Hoang, L., Pham Le, D., et al. (2008): Identifica­ tion of human astrovirus infections among children with acute gastroenteritis in the southern part of Vietnam during 20052006. J. Med. Virol., 80, 298305. 2. Pang, X.L., Lee, B.E., Tyrrell, G.J., et al. (2009): Epidemiology and genotype analysis of sapovirus associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in Alberta, Canada: 20042007. J. Infect. Dis., 199, 547551. 3. Akihara, S., Phan, T.G., Nguyen, T.A., et al. (2005): Identifica­ tion of sapovirus infection among Japanese infants in a day care center. J. Med. Virol., 77, 595601. 4. Wang, Q.H., Kakizawa, J., Wen, L.Y., et al. (2001): Genetic analysis of the capsid region of astroviruses. J. Med. Virol., 64, 245255. 5. Schnagl, R.D., Belfrage, K., Farrington, R., et al. (2002): Inci­ dence of human astrovirus in central Australia (1995 to 1998) and Fig. 2. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial capsid se­ comparison of deduced serotypes detected from 1981 to 1998. J. quences of HAstVs. The strains detected in the current study Clin. Microbiol., 40, 41144120. period are shown in bold type. The lineages within the HAstV­ 6. Phan, T.G., Trinh, Q.D., Yagyu, F., et al. (2007): Emergence of 1 are also indicated. The porcine astrovirus is used as an out­ rare sapovirus genotype among infants and children with acute group. gastroenteritis in Japan. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 26, 2127. 7. Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., et al. (2007): MEGA4: Molecu­ tion lacked antibodies against this strain, and the virus lar evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. disappeared as the population began to acquire viral im­ Mol. Biol. Evol., 24, 15961599. munity. It is also possible that such a virus could not 8. Phan, T.G., Khamrin, P., Quang, T.D., et al. (2007): Emergence sustain the environmental conditions that contribute to of intragenotype recombinant sapovirus in Japan. Infect. Genet. Evol., 7, 542546. its ability to cause acute gastroenteritis. 9. Dey, S.K., Phan, T.G., Nishimura, S., et al. (2009): Molecular HAstV­1 has been the most commonly identified gen­ and epidemiological trend of sapovirus, and astrovirus infection otype worldwide (1,4,11). However, some studies have in Japan. J. Trop. Pediatr. [Epub ahead of print]. reported the predominance or co­circulation of other 10. Chanit, W., Thongprachum, A., Khamrin, P., et al. (2009): In­ tergenogroup recombinant sapovirus in Japan, 20072008. genotypes of HAstV, such as 2, 3, and 4 (5,1214). We Emerg. Infect. Dis., 15, 10841087. found a predominance of HAstV­1 circulation among 11. Dalton, R.M., Roman, E.R., Negredo, A.A., et al. (2002): As­ the studied population, although genotype 3has also trovirus acute gastroenteritis among children in Madrid, Spain. been found. Interestingly, the study confirmed that Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 21, 10381041. maximum HAstV prevalence can occur during the 12. Araki, K., Kobayashi, S., Utagawa, E., et al. (1998): Prevalence of human astrovirus serotypes in Shizuoka 199196. J. Jpn. As­ warmer months, which is in agreement with a previous soc. Infect. Dis., 72, 1216 (text in Japanese). report (12). 13. Gabbay, Y.B., Chamone, C.B., Nakamura, L.S., et al. (2006): The data obtained in this study shows that SaVs and Characterization of an astrovirus genotype 2 strain causing an ex­ HAstVs are important enteric viruses co­circulating in tensive outbreak of gastroenteritis among Maxakali Indians, Southeast Brazil. J. Clin. Virol., 37, 287292. Japanese infants and children. The epidemiology and 14. Gaggero, A., O'Ryan, M., Noel, J.S., et al. (1998): Prevalence of genetic diversity of HAstV is only beginning to be ad­ astrovirus infection among Chilean children with acute gastroen­ dressed in Japan. Further epidemiological studies teritis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 36, 36913693. 303.
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