DOCSLIB.ORG

ABB in Safety Systems 800Xa High Integrity – February 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ABB in Safety Systems 800Xa High Integrity – February 2014 Luis Duran – ABB Safety Product Group ABB in Safety Systems 800xA High Integrity – February 2014 © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 1 ABB in Safety Systems Agenda § ABB in Safety § 800xA High Integrity Overview § Integrated System Engineering and Operations § Independent High Integrity § Application Examples § Reference Projects § Summary © ABB 30+ Years Of Experience With Safety Systems Pioneering Installations & Long-Term Support § First safety system delivered offshore to the North Sea in 1979 § Pioneering engineering efforts § Close collaboration between ABB and end-users § Long customer relationships with close technical support and system evolution § Installed base continuously evolved and migrated to maximize customer value and minimize risk “ For an ocean of safety § Support throughout system life-cycle experience you can from installation to de- trust...” commissioning © ABB ABB Safety Execution Centers 30 Years Of Experience With Safety Systems Safety Execution Center (SEC) TUV Certified SEC © ABB Control Systems February 6, 2014 | Slide 4 Over The Years…Innovation and leadership And our experience continues to grow 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010+ s t c 1979 - Statfjord 1984 – First integrated 1993 – First integrated 2005 – First 2007 – Largest HI e j o B safety MP200 based safety Safeguard 3000 safety installations with system to date (13 r P system goes systems goes online at system goes online at Safeguard and 000 IOs) goes y e online Gulfaks A platform Sleipner A platform HI in parallel online K 2005 – 800xA 2008 – 800xA High Integrity High Integrity s t c (SIL2) (SIL3) u d o r 1979– Triguard 2002 – Plantguard P 1983 – Safeguard 9000 1993 – Safeguard 3000 1997 – Safeguard 400 © ABB Group © ABBFebruary 6, 2014 | Slide 5 Product Group Safety Business Results – Controllers and IO © ABB Safety Automation Market ARC Figures – Safety Market - 2012 © ABB ABB Total Safety Offering Field Instrumentation SIL rated Instrumentation Actuators SIS Systems Proof Testing Support TUV Certified TRAMs Flexible and Scalable Proof test period System 800xA Maintenance Lifecycle Support Alarm Management Installed Systems Benchmarking Review EEMUA 191 SIL assessment Training Benchmarking Support SIL Determination IEC61508/IEC61511 Analysis Compliance TRAC Compliance Management Training Mentoring © ABB © ABB Group February 6, 2014 | Slide 8 ABB in Safety Systems Agenda § ABB in Safety § 800xA High Integrity Overview § Integrated System Engineering and Operations § Independent High Integrity § Application Examples § Reference Projects § Summary © ABB Safety StandardsTimeline 06 February 2014 February 06 © ABB © | Slide 10 USA UK Germany International API RP14C PRESCRIPTIVE STANDARDS 1974, Flixborough 1974 1976, Seveso HSE PES 1984, Bhopal VDE 19250 VDE 1986, Chernoble DIN DIN VDE 0801 DIN VDE 1987 1988, Piper Alpha OHSA CFR 1 1989, Pasadena 1910.119 1989 st ISO 10418 Generation Systems Generation 1991 ISA dS84.01 IEC SC65 1992 1993 Draft 1995 Draft 1995 1995 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PERFORMANCE IEC 61508 ANSI/ISA S84.01 S84.00.01 (IECS84.00.01 61511Mod 1996 1999 IEC 61511 ANSI/ISA 2004 2003 2005 ) SIS Hardware Fault Tolerant Architectures 1st Generation Safety Systems • Duplex • Triplex • Quad (Bi-Duplex) • 1oo2D • 2oo3 • 2oo4D © ABB © ABB Group February 6, 2014 | Slide 11 2nd Generation Safety Systems …better but not perfect § 2nd generation systems.. § Were developed and certified in accordance to standards (i.e. IEC 61508) § Provide additional software diagnostics to help identify latent faults § However, they still … § Rely on redundancy for safety as well as availability § Focus on identical paths and voting for Safety (hardware fault tolerance) § Do not use diversity to eliminate common cause issues § A few are certified to IEC61508 Edition 2, but not all © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 12 SIL 3 Certification by TÜV 800xA High Integrity – ABB Safety Certificates § © ABB Group § February 6, 2014 | Slide 13 Product Safety Development Department Safety Manual Certificate Safety Certificate § TÜV Product Service, has certified all product components on the 800xA Safety offering © ABB 800xA High Integrity – SIL3 Certified Certificate § © ABB Group § February 6, 2014 | Slide 14 Also NFPA certified for F&G and BMS SIL3 Certified © ABB 3rd Generation Safety Systems Diverse Architecture and Implementation, Certified § Newer systems (i.e. SIL 3 800xA High CB PM AC800M HI SIL3 SIL3 Integrity controller) has parallel processing paths based on diverse technology § Integrity voting between paths SM Safety I/O SIL3 § Built in active software diagnostics § Controller and Safety Module developed HFT SFF (%) 0 1 by diverse (different) teams (Vasteras and < 60 SIL 1 Malmo, Sweden) and tested by a third 60 - 90 SIL 1 SIL 2 team (Oslo, Norway) by people with 90 - 99 SIL 2 SIL 3 different backgrounds > 99 SIL 3 SIL 4 § The two channel architecture meets SIL3 requirements for hardware fault detection 1oo1D 1oo2D and reaction IEC61508-2 Table 3 © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 15 System 800xA High Integrity Application Execution Diversity Parallel diverse execution allows a hardware fault CEX Bus ModuleBus tolerance of 1 for SIL3 I/O-Data+CRC I/O-Data+CRC applications I/O-Data I/O-Data I/O-Data HFT = 1 (SIL 3 Execution) . 1131 1131 c c e e SIL3 SIL3 x x SFF Hardware fault tolerance E E e e s s r r 0 1 2 e e v v i i < 60 % Not allowed SIL 1 SIL 2 Superv. Logic Superv. Logic D D Safety Module Processing Module 60 % - < 90 % SIL 1 SIL 2 SIL 3 SM PM Safety I/O 90 % - < 99 % SIL 2 SIL 3 SIL 4 ≥ 99 % SIL 3 SIL 4 SIL 4 IEC 61508-2, Table 3 © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 16 Safety System Engineering SIL Compliant Application Environment § Engineering tool automatically limits user configuration choices to ensure integrity § Safety functions protect and control download to the process and runtime environment § Download is prevented unless all SIL requirements are met § Embedded firewall mechanisms include: § CRC protection on different levels § Double code generation with comparison § Compiler with revalidation © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 17 Systematic Capabilities § Concept developed for systematic safety integrity compliance for elements and sub-systems § Replaces the term: “effectiveness against systematic failure” § Measure on a scale 1-4 that the systematic safety integrity of an element fulfills the given safety function § Considering the instructions stated in the safety manual Source: IEC 61508 © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 18 Aspect Server and Safety Application relationship Difference Report – Avoid Unauthorized Changes Reports the differences between the project running in the controller and the project in the Control Builder M Presented before download to the controller Changes may be rejected (in which case the download is cancelled) Each difference report is saved and stored automatically and can be reviewed at any time This, together with audit trail functionality and more, provides a well documented and traceable history © ABB Safety and Network Security § Safety: Freedom from unacceptable risk of physical injury or of damage to the health of people, either directly or indirectly as a result of damage to property or to the environment. IEC 61508 § Security: Preventing intentional or unintentional interference with the proper and intended operation, or inappropriate access to confidential information in industrial automation and control systems ANSI/ISA–99.00.01–2007 © ABB 06 February 2014 | Slide 20 Safety Engineering on common Client/Server Network Physical Access Control on SM811 § Reset All Forces – Enable a quick reset of all forces in the controller § Access Enable – Activates the access enable function § Hot insert – Initiates hot insertion of SM811 (in redundant configuration) § Force Indicator – Active if one or more signals are in force § System Alarm Indicator – Active if there are one or more system alarms C C P P “Reset all forces” Hot Insert Force System Indicator Alarm © ABB Safety Engineering on common Client/Server Network System Security And Embedded Firewalls § Provides functions for protection of SIL classified applications in AC800M HI § © ABB Group Controllers § February 6, 2014 | Slide 22 § SIL Access Control and Authorization § Force Control / Override Control / Bypass Management § Confirmed Online Write / Confirmed Operation § Embedded firewalls and confirmation procedures protect the SIL application from inadvertent / accidental control actions © ABB User Roles&Responsibilities Network Client/Server Engineering oncommon Safety © ABB © § § § § High flexibility (operation andengineering) Restriction of access tothe SIS specific stations Users can be assigned access from responsibilities permissionsaccording to their Users can beassigned with different Engineer SSS Engineer PCS Operate SSS Operate PCS X X Process Operator X Safety Operator X Process Engineer X Safety Engineer Aspect Server and Safety Application relationship Impact in term of segregation § Safety Application runs on the Safety Controller and functionally independent of the Aspect Server § Aspect Server in Oil & Gas application are redundant § Engineering data is stored on a protected section of the Aspect Server § Safety engineering data is protected § Access is limited to those users with the appropriate access permission § Backup is handled on a regular basis § Malware protection § Audit Trail capabilities © ABB Group February 6, 2014 | Slide 24 Secure by Default, Defense in Depth Certified SIL3 Communication § SIL3 certified (IEC 61508) Communication
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Norwegian Petroleum Technology a Success Story ISBN 82-7719-051-4 Printing: 2005
    Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences Offshore Media Group Norwegian Petroleum Technology A success story ISBN 82-7719-051-4 Printing: 2005 Publisher: Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA) in co-operation with Offshore Media Group and INTSOK. Editor: Helge Keilen Journalists: Åse Pauline Thirud Stein Arve Tjelta Webproducer: Erlend Keilen Graphic production: Merkur-Trykk AS Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA) is an independent academy. The objectives of the academy are to: – promote research, education and development within the technological and natural sciences – stimulate international co-operation within the fields of technology and related fields – promote understanding of technology and natural sciences among authorities and the public to the benefit of the Norwegian society and industrial progress in Norway. Offshore Media Group (OMG) is an independent publishing house specialising in oil and energy. OMG was established in 1982 and publishes the magazine Offshore & Energy, two daily news services (www.offshore.no and www.oilport.net) and arranges several petro- leum and energy based conferences. The entire content of this book can be downloaded from www.oilport.net. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in electronic retrieval systems or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Publisher address: NTVA Lerchendahl gaard, NO-7491 TRONDHEIM, Norway. Tel: + (47) 73595463 Fax: + (47) 73590830 e-mail: [email protected] Front page illustration: FMC Technologies. Preface In many ways, the Norwegian petroleum industry is an eco- passing $ 160 billion, and political leaders in resource rich nomic and technological fairy tale. In the course of a little oil countries are looking to Norway for inspiration and more than 30 years Norway has developed a petroleum guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Storage Options in Norway (D3.2.4)
    ACT ALIGN CCUS Project No 271501 This project has received funding from RVO (NL), FZJ/PtJ (DE), Gassnova (NO), UEFISCDI (RO), BEIS (UK) and is cofunded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme ACT, Grant Agreement No 691712 Accelerating Low carboN Industrial Growth through CCUS Deliverable D3.2.4 Storage options relevant for the Norwegian cluster and their development, Norway Dissemination level Public Written By Ane Lothe (SINTEF Industry), 30.08.2019 Alv-Arne Grimstad (SINTEF Industry) and Per Bergmo (SINTEF Industry) Checked by WP3 Leader Maxine Akhurst (BGS) 31.10.2019 Approved by the coordinator Peter van Os (TNO) 1-11-2019 Issue date 1-11-2019 Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.2.4 Storage Options in Norway.docx Issue date 01.11.2019 Dissemination Level Restricted Page 2/35 Executive summary Deployment of Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) at large scale will be necessary to be able to fulfil the goal from the Paris Agreement to keep the global mean temperature in year 2100 well below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Consequently, it is anticipated that there will be a significant increase in demand for CO2 storage capacity. Offshore areas, such as the North Sea part of the Norwegian Continental Shelf, are prime candidates to provide this storage capacity. Given that the development of a storage site can take five years or more, it is of major importance to start the planning of expandable storage hubs. Anticipating and planning of additional stores will give industry clusters and power producers confidence that there will be sufficient operative storage capacity available for the expected increasing supply of captured CO2.
    [Show full text]
  • NORWEGIAN SHELF a JOURNAL from the NORWEGIAN PETROLEUM DIRECTORATE NO 2 - 2018 2-2018 NORWEGIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF | 1 Gas, of Course Rockshot
    We must continue to explore NORWEGIAN SHELF A JOURNAL FROM THE NORWEGIAN PETROLEUM DIRECTORATE NO 2 - 2018 2-2018 NORWEGIAN CONTINENTAL SHELF | 1 Gas, of course Rockshot. The Aasta Hansteen gas field began production Sulphide deposits have on 16 December as the first development in the been found on the northern Norwegian Sea. At the same time, the new Polarled pipeline began carrying natural gas PAGE NCS. These minerals to Nyhamna near Ålesund for export to European are important for your customers. All this opens new opportunities in Photo: Jan Stenløkk 9 mobile phone. the area around Aasta Hansteen and Polarled. In recent years, Norway has exported some 120 billion standard cubic metres of gas worth about NOK 200 billion. Most energy forecasts show a growth in demand for gas, while declin- ing domestic production in the EU could create Climate risk. an increased need for European gas imports. Professor Petter Were gas to replace coal in electricity generation, Osmundsen, a special- CO2 emissions could be halved. ist on petroleum eco- In my view, this is not well communicated in nomics, assesses the Norway. PAGE Norwegian oil and gas The NCS has produced more gas than oil since 2010, and that position is expected to per- industry’s exposure to sist. 10 climate risk. Substantial resources, closeness to the PAGES market and an integrated and flexible transport system with low unit costs have made Norwegian gas competitive in the European market. Photo: Monica Larsen 22-23 Lucky land. If the country is to maintain its gas exports Norwegian TV series from the mid-2020s, however, offshore explora- Banking samples.
    [Show full text]
  • D3.3.3 Re-Use of Infrastructure Norway
    ACT ALIGN CCUS Project No 271501 This project has received funding from RVO (NL), FZJ/PtJ (DE), Gassnova (NO), UEFISCDI (RO), BEIS (UK) and is cofunded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme ACT, Grant Agreement No 691712 Accelerating Low carboN Industrial Growth through CCUS Deliverable D3.3.3 Re-use of infrastructure Norway Dissemination level Public Written By Alv-Arne Grimstad (SINTEF) and Cathrine Ringstad 14.05.2019 (SINTEF) Checked by WP3 Leader Maxine C. Akhurst (BGS) 17.07.2019 Approved by the coordinator Peter van Os (TNO) 17.07.2019 Issue date 17.07.2019 Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.3.3 Re-use of Infrastructure, Norway Issue date 17.07.2019 Dissemination Level Public Page 2/36 Executive summary The North Sea is a mature petroleum province and hosts an extensive network of infrastructure that will become increasingly available for re-use for CO2 transport and storage as oil and gas production declines. Once available, existing oil and gas infrastructure may be adapted to support the deployment of CO2 transport and storage networks. Re-use of infrastructure can help to reduce the cost of CO2 capture, transport and storage projects, which is critical to ensuring widespread commercialisation of these technologies to meet European and national targets for decarbonisation. Re-use of some of the existing infrastructure is technically feasible and can be cost effective. There are, however, both technical and legal challenges with re-use of existing infrastructure, and neither its suitability, nor availability can be presumed. Previously published criteria for evaluation of re-use of offshore oil and gas infrastructure in a CO2 transport and storage infrastructure has been applied to infrastructure in the northern part of the Norwegian North Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polar Game
    THE POLAR GAME 2 •2008 contents no. 2/2008 1 THE POLAR GAME EDITORIAL EDITORIAL Editorial “OUR PLANET IS BECOMING LARGER. NOT IN A physical sense but as in geopolitical space. A new, immense territory of approximately 30 million square kilometers – one hundred times the size of Italy and one-sixth of terrestrial mass. It is the Arctic, occupying half of the Polar Sea that connects the Atlantic to the Pacific, which remains covered by ice for nine months of the year. However, the elevation of temperatures is redesigning the environmental profile of the extreme North. From 1994 to today, its icy surface has been reduced beyond 40,000 square kilometers per year and the medium thickness of ice has diminished by 40%. This theme seems destined to increase; a forecast by some authorities of climatology. And thus the curtain rises revealing a completely new geopolitical and economic scene. The “game for the Pole” has begun. The principles of the game are as followed: 1. The hunt for new natural resources: it is estimated that a quarter of the world’s hydrocarbon reservoirs are in the Arctic. 2. The opening of new ways for marine-based commerce. The mythical Passage to the north-west should be made free from ice in the not-so-far-off future. As an example, the Yokohama-Rotterdam route would be reduced from 11,200 nautical miles (via the Suez) to approximately 6,500. 3. In the context of major food insecurities, the race for the ichthyic reservoirs of the Arctic becomes strategic. It is here because when an expedition, promoted and blessed personally by Vladimir Putin, planted the tricolor of Russia four kilometers under the North Pole, chanceries and diplomats of half the world became agitated.
    [Show full text]
  • MARINE CONCRETE STRUCTURES Engineering Services for Concrete Structures in Hostile Environments
    MARINE CONCRETE STRUCTURES Engineering services for concrete structures in hostile environments Multiconsult is a leader in design and engineering of marine offshore concrete structures for the A GLOBAL PRESENCE Oil and Gas industry. For the last 40 years, we have been involved in the majority of gravity based and floating concrete structures. • Consulting and When the oil and gas projects moved north, Multiconsult developed in-house expertise in the area of engineering with project Marine Concrete Engineering in cold climate. Today, we are serving projects in the Arctic regions of Norway, management focus Russia and Canada. PROJECT • Strategic experience MANAGEMENT onshore, coast, sea front Concrete structures have proven well suited for marine facilities in the oil and gas industry. Even in the most hostile offshore environments with extreme waves, ice loads, earthquakes and water pressures, and and offshore STRUCTURES CONCRETE these structures are almost maintenance free. • Cold climate and arctic CONSULTING ENGINEERING conditions A large portion of the offshore concrete structures have been developed, planned and built by Kvaerner • 1550 employees with partners. Today, this Norwegian cluster represent a world class offshore concrete competence, covering concept development, engineering, material selection, construction and installations. As part of this industry and as a close partner with Kvaerner, Multiconsult has been heavily involved in the design of offshore concrete structures for more than 40 years. This long standing experience also enable Multiconsult to include experience from the many concrete platforms in operations in our design and engineering activities. Multiconsult offer services related to all phases and disciplines required for engineering of offshore concrete structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Methodology for Mapping Possibilities of Re-Use (D3.3.5)
    ACT ALIGN CCUS Project No 271501 This project has received funding from RVO (NL), FZJ/PtJ (DE), Gassnova (NO), UEFISCDI (RO), BEIS (UK) and is cofounded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme ACT, Grant Agreement No 691712 Accelerating Low carboN Industrial Growth through CCUS Deliverable D3.3.5 Methodology for mapping possibilities of infrastructure re-use Dissemination level Public Written By Alv-Arne Grimstad (SINTEF), Cathrine Ringstad 31.01.2019 (SINTEF), Erica Greenhalgh (BGS), Tom Randles (BGS), Filip Neele (TNO), Joris Gazendam (RUG), Ward Goldthorpe (SDL), Lionel Avignon (SDL) Checked by WP3 Leader Maxine Akhurst (BGS) 31.01.2019 Approved by the coordinator Peter van Os (TNO) 31.01.2019 Issue date 31.01.2019 Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.3.5 Issue date 31.01.2019 Dissemination Level Public Page 2/54 Page intentionally left blank This document contains proprietary information of the ALIGN CCUS Project. All rights reserved. Copying of (parts) of this document is forbidden without prior permission. Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.3.5 Issue date 31.01.2019 Dissemination Level Public Page 3/54 Executive summary Achievement of CO2 emissions reduction targets by the industry and power sectors will require large-scale deployment of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage (CCUS) (IPCC, 2018). The CO2 storage capacity in the North Sea, investigated at a regional scale and for selected individual storage sites, is predicted to be more than sufficient to meet the demand from the North Sea countries. The North Sea is a mature petroleum province and hosts an extensive network of infrastructure that will become increasingly available for re-use for CO2 transport and storage as oil and gas production declines.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and Gas: Marine Concrete Structures
    MARINE CONCRETE STRUCTURES Engineering services for concrete structures in hostile environments A GLOBAL PRESENCE STRUCTURES CONCRETE Multiconsult is a global player in the oil, gas and renewable energy sector, offshore and onshore. Multiconsult is a leader in design and engineering of marine offshore concrete structures for the Oil and Gas industry. For the last 40 years, we have been involved in the majority of gravity based and floating concrete structures. • Consulting and When the oil and gas projects moved north, Multiconsult developed in-house expertise in the area of engineering with project Marine Concrete Engineering in cold climate. Today, we are serving projects in the Arctic regions of Norway, management focus Russia and Canada. PROJECT • Strategic experience MANAGEMENT onshore, coast, sea front Concrete structures have proven well suited for marine facilities in the oil and gas industry. Even in the most hostile offshore environments with extreme waves, ice loads, earthquakes and water pressures, and and offshore these structures are almost maintenance free. • Cold climate and arctic CONSULTING ENGINEERING conditions A large portion of the offshore concrete structures have been developed, planned and built by Kvaerner • 1550 employees with partners. Today, this Norwegian cluster represent a world class offshore concrete competence, covering concept development, engineering, material selection, construction and installations. As part of this industry and as a close partner with Kvaerner, Multiconsult has been heavily involved in the design of offshore concrete structures for more than 40 years. This long standing experience also enable Multiconsult to include experience from the many concrete platforms in operations in our design and engineering activities.
    [Show full text]
  • the Energy Advisor
    - the energy advisor Preparations for awarding licences for exploration and production of hydrocarbons Project G-1 Basic premises, possible development paths and scenarios Iceland Ministry of Industry www.sagex.no Sagex AS (NO 988 120 545 MVA) Tordenskiolds gate 12 NO-0160 Oslo phone +47 22 00 30 50 Norway fax +47 22 00 30 51 Sagex Project G-1 1 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 AIM AND PURPOSE.....................................................................................................................................................4 1.2 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................................................................4 2 BASIC AREA CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................................................5 2.1 LOCATION OF POTENTIAL EXPLORATION AREA ..........................................................................................................5 2.2 POTENTIAL PROSPECTS IN THE STUDY AREA ..............................................................................................................7 2.3 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................................9 2.3.1 Bathymetry ........................................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Norway's Evolving Champion: Statoil and the Politics of State Enterprise
    PROGRAM ON ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Working Paper #92 May 2010 NORWAY ’S EVOLVING CHAMPION: STATOIL AND THE POLITICS OF STATE ENTERPRISE MARK C. THURBER AND BENEDICTE TANGEN ISTAD FREEMAN SPOGLI INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES About the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development The Program on Energy and Sustainable Development (PESD) is an international, interdisciplinary program that studies how institutions shape patterns of energy production and use, in turn affecting human welfare and environmental quality. Economic and political incentives and pre-existing legal frameworks and regulatory processes all play crucial roles in determining what technologies and policies are chosen to address current and future energy and environmental challenges. PESD research examines issues including: 1) effective policies for addressing climate change, 2) the role of national oil companies in the world oil market, 3) the emerging global coal market, 4) the world natural gas market with a focus on the impact of unconventional sources, 5) business models for carbon capture and storage, 6) adaptation of wholesale electricity markets to support a low-carbon future, 7) global power sector reform, and 8) how modern energy services can be supplied sustainably to the world’s poorest regions. The Program is part of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. PESD gratefully acknowledges substantial core funding from BP and EPRI. Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Encina Hall East, Room E415 Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6055 http://pesd.stanford.edu About the National Oil Company Research Platform While the role of the state is declining in nearly every sector of world economic activity, in hydrocarbons the pattern is quite different.
    [Show full text]
  • The Office of the Auditor General's Investigation of the PSA's Follow-Up
    The Document 3 series Document 3:6 (2018–2019) 3:6 Document The Office of the Auditor General’s investigation of the PSA’s follow-up of health, safety and environment in the petroleum industry Document 3:6 (2018–2019) This document is available at www.riksrevisjonen.no ISBN 978-82-8229-454-6 Illustration: Flisa Trykkeri AS. Shutterstock and Eni Norge. The Document 3 series The Office of the Auditor General’s investigation of the PSA’s follow-up of health, safety and environment in the petroleum industry Document 3:6 (2018–2019) To the Storting The Office of the Auditor General hereby submits Document 3:6 (2018–2019) The Office of the Auditor General’s investigation of the PSA’s follow-up of health, safety and environment in the petroleum industry. Documents in this series have the following subdivision: • Summary of key findings, the Office of the Auditor General’s remarks, recommendations, follow-up by the ministry and the Office of the Auditor General’s closing remarks • Appendix 1: The Office of the Auditor General’s letter to the Minister • Appendix 2: Reply from the Minister • Appendix 3: Report on the administration audit department’s investigation and assessments The Office of the Auditor General uses the following terms for criticism, ranked according to highest severity: 1. Very serious is used to refer to circumstances where the consequences for society or the citizens concerned are very serious, e.g. risk to life or health. 2. Serious is used to refer to circumstances that could have major consequences for society or the citizens concerned, or where the sum of errors and deficiencies is so great collectively that the situation must be considered serious in itself.
    [Show full text]