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Storage Options in Norway (D3.2.4) ACT ALIGN CCUS Project No 271501 This project has received funding from RVO (NL), FZJ/PtJ (DE), Gassnova (NO), UEFISCDI (RO), BEIS (UK) and is cofunded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme ACT, Grant Agreement No 691712 Accelerating Low carboN Industrial Growth through CCUS Deliverable D3.2.4 Storage options relevant for the Norwegian cluster and their development, Norway Dissemination level Public Written By Ane Lothe (SINTEF Industry), 30.08.2019 Alv-Arne Grimstad (SINTEF Industry) and Per Bergmo (SINTEF Industry) Checked by WP3 Leader Maxine Akhurst (BGS) 31.10.2019 Approved by the coordinator Peter van Os (TNO) 1-11-2019 Issue date 1-11-2019 Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.2.4 Storage Options in Norway.docx Issue date 01.11.2019 Dissemination Level Restricted Page 2/35 Executive summary Deployment of Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) at large scale will be necessary to be able to fulfil the goal from the Paris Agreement to keep the global mean temperature in year 2100 well below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Consequently, it is anticipated that there will be a significant increase in demand for CO2 storage capacity. Offshore areas, such as the North Sea part of the Norwegian Continental Shelf, are prime candidates to provide this storage capacity. Given that the development of a storage site can take five years or more, it is of major importance to start the planning of expandable storage hubs. Anticipating and planning of additional stores will give industry clusters and power producers confidence that there will be sufficient operative storage capacity available for the expected increasing supply of captured CO2. In this study, we outline how an expansion in annual storage capacity of a CO2 storage hub offshore the west coast of Norway can be achieved. Simulation of CO2 storage and capacity estimates show that the Horda Platform study area has at least four potential storage sites with capacities in million tonnes (Mt) or thousand million tonnes (Gt) CO2 as follows and as illustrated: 1) Aurora structure, in the Johansen Formation, south-east of the Troll Gas Field (120–293 Mt); 2) Alpha structure, in the Sognefjord Formation, northern Smeaheia area (40–50 Mt); 3) Gamma structure, in the Sognefjord Formation, southern Smeaheia area (0.15–3 Gt); 4) Troll Field, Sognefjord Formation, after cessation of gas production (3–5 Gt). See the illustration below for the approximate location of an injection point in each of these four numbered sites. In this report we present estimates of the annual volumes of CO2 to be stored over the coming thirty years. Also, a timeline for sites that could be used for the development of the industrial-scale Horda CO2 Storage Hub. The annual storage capacity is matched to the estimated CO2 supply rates (million tonnes per year) from sources in Norway, Sweden and Northern Europe. These estimates indicate cumulative totals of CO2 stored in range of 810 Mt by 2050, and 1.85 Gt by 2065. Horda Platform study area with the four storage options and potential injection sites marked. Reworked from Lothe et al. (2018). This document contains proprietary information of the ALIGN CCUS Project. All rights reserved. Copying of (parts) of this document is forbidden without prior permission. Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.2.4 Storage Options in Norway.docx Issue date 01.11.2019 Dissemination Level Restricted Page 3/35 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2 STORAGE NEEDS AND CO2 SUPPLY SCENARIOS ............................................................................. 6 2.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 POSSIBLE CO2 SOURCES FOR THE HORDA CO2 STORAGE HUB BEYOND THE NORWEGIAN FULL-SCALE CCS PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 A CO2 SUPPLY SCENARIO FOR THE HORDA CO2 STORAGE HUB ........................................................... 10 3 GEOLOGICAL SETTING ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.1 STRUCTURAL SETTING ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.2 MAIN RESERVOIR UNITS ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Sognefjord Formation .................................................................................................................. 13 3.2.2 Fensfjord and Krossfjord Formations .......................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Johansen Formation and Cook Formation .................................................................................. 17 4 METHODOLOGY AND MODEL SET UP ............................................................................................... 18 4.1 RESERVOIR SIMULATOR USED ............................................................................................................. 18 4.2 SOGNEFJORD AND FENSFJORD FORMATION RESERVOIR MODEL ........................................................... 18 4.2.1 Boundary condition with pressure depletion from Troll Field ....................................................... 19 4.2.2 Upscaling of sedimentary heterogeneities ................................................................................... 19 4.2.3 Simulation set-up ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.3 JOHANSEN FORMATION AND COOK FORMATION RESERVOIR MODEL ...................................................... 20 5 RESERVOIR SIMULATION INJECTION SCENARIOS AND RESULTS............................................... 22 5.1 SMEAHEIA; ALPHA STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Effect of pressure depletion ......................................................................................................... 22 5.1.2 Effect of facies heterogeneities.................................................................................................... 23 5.1.3 Lower injection rate – 1 million tonnes per year .......................................................................... 24 5.2 SMEAHEIA SOUTH – GAMMA STRUCTURE ............................................................................................ 25 5.3 JOHANSEN FORMATION (AURORA STRUCTURE) ................................................................................... 26 5.3.1 Total pore volume ........................................................................................................................ 28 6 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1 ROADMAP FOR CO2 STORAGE SMEAHEIA HUB .................................................................................... 31 7 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 33 8 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 34 This document contains proprietary information of the ALIGN CCUS Project. All rights reserved. Copying of (parts) of this document is forbidden without prior permission. Document No. ALIGN-CCUS D3.2.4 Storage Options in Norway.docx Issue date 01.11.2019 Dissemination Level Restricted Page 4/35 1 Introduction European industrial CCUS clusters are described, with sources, transport solutions and linked geological storage, in the ACT ALIGN-CCUS project (ALIGN; Project No 271501). The development of such clusters will facilitate a rapid deployment of CCS and thereby contribute to the urgently needed reduction in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Work package 3 in the ALIGN project investigates issues related to the storage part of the CCUS chains for the UK, the Netherlands and Norway. Task 3.2 in WP3 specifically attempts to describe storage solutions that match the anticipated volumes of CO2 in the ALIGN capture clusters for the three countries. This report discusses possible storage options on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for a future CCS cluster expanding from the Norwegian full-scale CCS project. This demonstration project will, according to present 1 plans , capture CO2 at two industrial sources in Oslo and in Brevik, transport the CO2 by ship to Øygarden near Bergen, and from there via a pipeline to a permanent geological storage site south-west of the Troll Gas Field (Figure 1-1). The Northern Lights project with partners Equinor, Total and Shell, is at present developing the CO2 storage part of this CCS chain. In the pre-feasibility study for the Norwegian full-scale CCS project the capacity of the target structure was estimated to be 100 million tonnes of CO2 (Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, 2016). The evaluated storage site was the Alpha structure in the Sognefjord Formation (Upper Jurassic) east of the Vette Fault (Figure 1-2). This region of the Sognefjord Formation
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