Outline Prospect of in China • Introduction • BEPC and its results • BEPCII • Non-Accelerator Physics Experiments Hesheng Chen • Medium and long term plan of particle physics in China. Institute of High Energy Physics Beijing 100049, China 2

1 Particle Physics in China Prof. Sanqiang Qian, • Chinese Nuclear physics and Particle physics researches the founder of Chinese have long tradition: – Zhongyao Zhao : discovery of Nuclear Physics and – Ganchang Wang: neutrino search Particle Physics, was a – Sanqiang Qian and Zehui He: students of Curie student of Mr and – …… • Institute of Modern Physics established 1950. Madam Curie . He was • JINR Dubna: the director of the Inst. – Jointed 1956 of Modern Physics – Discovery of anti-Σ by the group led by Ganchang since March 1951. Wang – Withdraw 1965 • Chinese Government deided to use the money to build the Prof. Sanqiang Qian Chinese HEP center 4

2 Particle Physics in China Institute of High Energy Physics • Independent Institute for High Energy Physics: Feb. 1973 • OfOpen door after cultural revoluti on: sent physi iicists to Comprehensive and largest fundamental research Mark-J @ DESY 1978 center in China • HE physicists worked at DESY,CERN and US Major research fields : • China –US HEP agreement – Particle physics: Charm physics @ BEPC, LHC exp., • Beijing Positron (BEPC): milestone . ν constructed 1984-1988 , particle astrophysics, physics … • Provide big scientific platforms: – Accelerator technology and applications – Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources: – Synchrotron radiation technologies and applications • Beijing synchrotron radiation facility (2.5GeV) 1030 emppyloyees , ~ 670 pyphysicists and en gineers , • Hefei national synchrotron radiation light source (800MeV) 400 PhD Students and postdoctors • Shanghai Light source(3.5GeV, underconstruction) – Chinese Spallation Neutron Source

3 Particle physics experiment group Particle Physics Experiments in China

• Univ. of Science and Technology of China, Hefei • BEPC & BEPCII: BESII/BESIII • Peking Univ. • Non-accelerator experiments • Tsinghua Univ. – Yangbajing cosmic-ray observatory (Tibet) • Shandong Univ. • China-Japan Air Shower Array • HuuogNoUv.azhong Normal Univ. • China-Italy Argo RPC carpet project • Chinese Inst. of Atomic Energy – L3cosmic (finished) • Nanjing Univ. – AMS • …… – Gamma Ray Burst Detector (flown 2001) – ChangEr Moon project: X ray spectrometer Dozens of PP and NP theory groups in institutes and – Hard X-ray modulated telescope universities. – Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment

4 Particle Physics Experiments in China Bird’s Eye View of BEPC • International collaborations: – MkMark-J (IHEP , USTC. fin is he d) – LEP: L3, ALEPH (IHEP, USTC. finished) – Tristan: Amy (finished) – Tevatron: D0 (USTC, IHEP) – LHC：ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, Alice – AMS (IHEP, IEE, Southeast Univ…) – KEKB: BELLE (IHEP,Peking, USTC) – Kamland (IHEP), SuperK(Tsinghua). – RHIC: Star, Phenoix – ILC R&D – …

5 BEPC constructed in 1984 –1988 with beam energy: 1 – 2.8 GeV ψ J/ψ – Physics Run：Luminosity 1031cm-2s-1 @ 1.89GeV, 5 month/year J/ decays: Light spectroscopy ： – Synchrotron Radiation Run 140mA @ 2.2 GeV, 3 month/year search for new particles J/ψ

Physics Running finished March 2004 ψ × 6 World J/ Samples ( 10 ) • Gluon rich J/ψ Synchrotron Radiation Running finished June 2005 BESII • Very high production 58M J/ψ cross section 60 ψ • Higher BR to than that of 50 J/ ψ 40 ’ (“12% rule”). 30 • Larger phase space to 1-3 GeV 20 hadrons than that of Y 10

0 • Clean background environment CBAL MKII MKIII DM2 BESI BESII compared with hadron collision experiments, e.g., “JP, I” filter

6 Main Physics Results from BES Impact of BES’s New R Values on the 2 SM Fit for α (Mz ) and Higgs mass • Precision measurement of τ mass: world average value changed by 3σ, accuracy improved by factor of 10, and approved τ lepton universality. 1995 before BES R data • R Measurement at 2-5GeV: ΔR/R 15-20% →6.6% α 2 −1 = ± (M Z ) 128.890 0.090 – Higgs mass prediction from SM 2001 with BES R data – g-2it2 experiment 2 −1 α 2 -1 α(M ) =128.936 ± 0.046 – (Mz ) : 128.890±0.090 → 128.936 ± 0.046 Z • Systematic study of ψ(2S)ψ and J/ψ decays. γη π + − • Resonance X(1835) inJ / → ' π with mass and width are consistent with that of the S-wave resonance X(1860) g – 2 experiment indicated by the pp mass threshold enhancement. • > 400 results from BES quoted by PDG 2006.

7 Observation of an anomalous enhancement near the ψ γ threshold of p p mass spectrum Fit to J/ Æ pp including FSI ψ γ M = 1830.6 ± 6.7 MeV Include FSI curve from acceptance BES II J/ Æ pp A.Sirbirtsev et al.(hep-ph/ weighted BW Γ = 0 ± 93 MeV 0411386) in the fit (I=0) X(1860) M=1859 +3 +5MeV/c2 −10 −25 2 Γ < 30 MeV/c (90% CL) BES II Preliminary

χ2/dof=56/56

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 3-body phase space M(pp)-2mp (GeV) Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 022001 (2003) acceptance

8 X(1860) has large BR to pp pp bound state (baryonium)?

„ BES measured: There is lots & lots of literature about this possibility ψ −5 BR(J / → γX (1860)) • BR(X (1860) → pp) ~ 7 ×10 E. Fermi, C.N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 76, 1739 (1949) deuteron: … baryonium: „ For a 0-+ meson: I.S. Sharpiro, Phys. Rept. 35, 129 (1978) C.B. Dover, M. Goldhaber, PRD 15, 1997 (1977) −3 attractive nuclear force attractive force? BR (J /ψ → γX (1860 )) ~ 0.5 − 2 ×10 … A. Datta, P.J. O’Donnell, PLB 567, 273 (2003)] „ So we would have: + n M.L. Yan et al., hep-ph/0405087+ − B. Loiseau et al., hep-ph/0411218 BR ( X (1860 ) → pp) ~ 4 −14% … loosely bound 3- loosely bound (This BR to pp might be the largest among all PDG particles) q Ob3-qserva color ti ons o f this st 3-qruc t 3-qure colori n Considering that decaying into pp is only from singletsother with decay Md modes are singletsdesirable. with the tail of X(1860) and the phase space is very small, ε δ = 2mp- Mb = 2mp- ? such a BR indicates X(1860) has large coupling to pp !

9 ψ γη π + − BES: X(1835) in J / → ' π „ X(1835) could be the same structure as pp mass threshold enhancement. Statistical Significance 7 .7 σ „ 7.7σ It is like ly to be a pp boun d s ta te s ince X(1835) it dominantly decays to pp when its mass is above pp mass threshold. „ η’ππ mmpode is expected to be the m ost favorable decay mode for a pp bound state below pp mass threshold. N = 264 ± 54 obs „ -+ 2 Its spin-parity should be 0 Î BESIII ψ M= 1833.7 ± 6.1± 2.7 MeV/c γ may m easure it w ith a f ac tor o f 100 Γ = 67.7 ± 20.3 ± 7.7 MeV/c2 π more statistics + π− − B( J → X) B( X → η′) = (2.2 ± 0.4 ± 0.4) ×10 4 PRL 95 (2005) 262001

10 Observation of non-DDbar decays of ψ(3770) BEPCII • ψ(3770) is believed to be a mixture of 1D and 2S states of cc-bar 2. BEPCII: High Lumi. Double–ring Collider systemIt is thought to decay almost entirely to pure DD-bar • From a measurement of DD-bar cross section and R value, BESII found for the first time a significant fraction of non-DD-bar Br.

Hep-ex/0605105

• BESII also found for the first an exclusive channel of non-DDbar decays, which was confirmed later by CLEO-c:

PLB 605 (2005) 63

Build new ring inside existing ring . Two half new rings and two half old rings cross at two IR’s, forming a double ring collider. 22

11 BEPC II Double ring Design e+--ee- : Past, Present and Future

1037 • In the existing BEPC tunnel, add another ring, cross over L (cm-2 s-1) L (cm-2 sec-1) SUPER atthdthittt south and north points, two equa lifltl rings for 1036 FACTORIES and . double-ring collision technology. KEK B and PEP II 1035 • 93 bunches，total current > 0.9A in each ring. GLC 1034 KEK B • Collision spacing：8 ns. DAFNE2 PEP II BEPCIII 1033 CESR FACTORIES • Collision with large horizontal cross-angle（±11 mr）. CESRc DAFNE LEP 33 -2 -1 1032 • Luminosity： 10 cm s @ 3.78GeV of C.M. energy. TRISTAN VEPP2000 PETRA DORIS + 31 VEPP4M • Linac upgrade: e 50mA/min. , Full energy injection up 10 BEPC SPEAR to 1.89GeV VEPP2M COLLIDERS 1030 ADONE • SR run performance upgrade：250mA @ 2.5 GeV. Hard E (GeV) 1029 cm E (GeV) X-ray flux ti be increased by one order of magnitude. 1 10 100 1000

+ - • Major detector upgrade：BES III. 23 C. Biscari, Workshop on e e in 1-2 GeV Range, September 10-13, 2003, Italy24

12 Physics at BEPCII/BESIII Light hadron spectroscopy • Precision measurement of CKM matrix elements • Precision test of Standard Model • Baryon spectroscopy 1010 J/ψ events + LQCD are • QCD an d ha dron pro duct ion • Charmonium spectroscopy probably enough to pin down • Light hadron spectroscopy most of questions in of light • Glueball searches • Charmonium physics hadron spectroscopy • Search for new physics/new particles • Search for non-qqbar states

Physics Energy Luminosity Events/year Channel (GeV) (1033 cm–2s –1) J/ψ 3.097 0.6 1.0×1010 τ 3.67 1.0 1.2×107 ψ’ 3.686 1.0 3.0 ×109 D* 3.77 1.0 2.5×107 Ds 4.03 0.6 1.0×106 Ds 4.14 0.6 2.0×106 25 26 Spectrum of glueballs from LQCD

13 Precision measurement of CKM Precision test of SM and Search for new Physics ---- Branching rations of charm mesons • DDbar mixing – DDbar mixing in SM ~ 10 –3 - 10 –10 • Vcd /Vcs: Leptonic and semi-leptonic decays – DDbar m ix ing sens it ive to “new phihysics” • Vcb: Hadronic decays – Our sensitivity : ~ 10-4 • Vtd /Vts: fD and fDs from Leptonic decays • Lepton universality • Vub: Form factors of semi-leptonic decays • Unitarity Test of CKM matrix • CP violation • Rare decays : FCNC, Lepton no. violation, ... Current BESIII

Vub 25% 5%

Vcd 7% 1%

Vcs 16% 1%

Vcb 5% 3%

Vtd 36% 5% 27 28 Vts 39% 5%

14 Progress of BEPCII Linac performance reached design goals and stable

Staggpge #1: Linac upgrade Design Measured BEPC reached designed goal Energy (e+ / e-) ( GeV ) 1.89 1.89 1.30-1.55 Current ( e+ ) ( mA ) 37 61 ~ 5 RF Gallery Current ( e- ) ( mA ) 500 > 500 ~300 0.40 0.39~0.41 EittEmittance（e+）( 1 σ, mm-mrad） ---- (37 mA) (40~46 mA) 0.10 0.09~0.11 Emittance (e-) ( 1 σ, mm-mrad） ---- (500 mA) (600 mA) Pulse Repe. Rate （Hz） 50 50 12.5 ± 0500.50 ± 0440.44 Energy Spread ( e- ) （%）** ± 0.80 (500 mA) (600 mA) ± 0.50 ± 0.50 Energy Spread ( e+ ) （%）** ± 0.80 Linac Tunnel (37 mA) (≥37 mA) 29 30

15 Stage #2: Storage Ring upgrade Storage Ring installation finished and phase 1 commissioning

1. Jan.- June 2005 SR running √ 2. Production of Double ring components Finished√ 3. Remove old ring√, install Double ring√ 4. BESIII construction √ 5. Field mapping of SC quads & detector magnets √

6. Phase 1 commissioning √ 31 32

16 Phase 1 commissioning of Storage Ring reached the goal • First beam stored in storage ring 18 Nov.2006 • Synchrotron radiation run started Dec. 2006. Twice in total 3 month. • Electron Ring stored beam Feb. 6 2007 • Positr on Rin g st or ed beam Marc h 9 2007 • First collision: 25 March 2007. • Now 50 by 50 bunches collision works. • Electron beam current reaches 500 mA, positron beam current reaches 200mA • The measurement of the storage ring parameters are in agreement with prediction. The luminosity is quite good.

33 SC quads installed at IR. 34 Phase II commissioning started 24 Oct.

17 储存环正负电子对撞流强均达到300mA 束团流强 vs. 束团＃

35 36

18 BESIII Detector Detector SC magnet built in — Adapt to high event rate : 1033cm-2 s-1 and bunch spacing 8ns — Reduce sys. errors for high statistics: photon measurement, PID… IHEP, Field reached 1 tesla — Increase acceptance， and give space for SC quads MkMagnet yoke SC magnet, 1T RPC

TOF, 90ps

Be beam pipe

MDC, 120 μm

CsI(Tl) calorimeter, 2.5 %@1 GeV 37 38

19 The SC magnet runs stable, Field mapping μ system : RPC • 9 layer, 2000 m2 with SC quads completed with good • Special bakelite plate w/o linseed oil uniformity • 4cm stripp,s, 10000 channels • Noise less than 0.1 Hz/cm2 • Good candidate for ILC HCAL 4 x 10

1.025 and muon chamber

1.02

1.015

ss) 1.01 螺栓M36

1.005 螺栓M20 Bz (Gau Bz 1

0.995

0.99 2000 1000 3 300 0 250 200 150 -1000 100 50 -2000 0 Z (mm) p hi (degr ee)

39 40

20 CsI(Tl) crystal calorimeter Support Structure of EMC Barrel • Design goals: „2 Photodiode+2 Preamp+ (1 Amplifier) – Energy: 2.5% @ 1GeV „Photodiode(PD): Hamamatsu S2744 -08 – Spatial: 0.6cm @ 1GeV (1cm x 2cm) „Preamplifier noise: <1100 e (~220kev) • Crystals: „Shaping time of amplifier: 1μs – Barrel: 5280 w: 21564 kg – Endcaps: 960 w: 4051 kg – Tot al : 6240 w: 25. 6 T

41 42

21 Assembling of EMC barrel Barrel EMC installation

43 44

22 Main Drift Chamber • Small cell • 7000 Signal wires: 25μm gold-plated tungsten • 22000 Field wires: 110 μm gold-plated Aluminum • Gas: He + C3H8 (60/40) σ • Momentum resolution@1GeV: Pt = 0.32% ⊕ 0.37% P • dE/dX resolution: ~ 6%. t

45 46

23 MDC construction finished Cosmic ray test: single wire resolution 120μm

90 hits 800 dr 25.025 phi0 3.23820 dz -326.564 • Wiring completed with good quality tanL -0.60083 600

400 • Inner chamber and outer chamber assembled 200 0

• Gas leakage test finished -200

-400

• Cosmic-ray test started -600

-800 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800

resrevoverall 35000 Entries 781908 Mean -2.772e-05 30000 RMS 0.123 χ2 / ndf 2234 / 154 Prob 0 25000 σ=120μm p0 5551 ± 24.2 p1 9.471e-05 ± 1.416e-04 p2 0.07865 ± 0.00022 20000 p3 2245 ± 23.5 p4 -0.000392 ± 0.000456 L H p5 ± 15000 V =60, V =80 p5 0.1854 0.0008 T T=80

10000

5000 47 48 0-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Residual (mm)

24 Assembling of TOF 漂移室安装

49 50

25 Assembling of Endcap of EM calorimeter

51 52

26 Beryllium beam pipe East Endcap of EMC and TOF are ready

53 54

27 Cosmic ray event in BESIII BESIII tuning: MDC+EMC+TOF+MUON

9 Trigger+DAQ with MDC＋EMC＋TOF+MUON

55 56

28 Schedule

USA (7) • Aug. 07 – March 08: Phase II commissioning Univ. of Hawaii, Univ. of Washington Europe ()(5) Univ. of Minisolta, Univ. of Florida GSI, Germany – Installation of SC quads at Interaction Univ. of Rochester University of Bochum, Germany region√ Carnegie Mellow Univ., RPI, University of Giessen, Germany JINR, BINP, Russia – Tuning of storage ring: good progress – SR running Japan (1) China (23) – Assembling of BESIII: IHEP, Peking Univ., Tsinghua Univ. , Tokyo University Univ. of Sci. and Tech. of China, CCAST, • April. 08: BESIII detector moved into beam Shandong Univ., Zhejiang Univ. Huazhong Normal Univ., Wuhan Univ. line Zheegngzhou ouUv.,e Univ., Henan No rmal Uni v. Zhongshan Univ.,Nankai Univ., Liaoning Univ. • May. 08 : Starting machine-detector tuning. Shanxi Univ., Sichuan Univ, Hunan Univ., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing Normal Univ. • Physics run by Summer 08 Guangxi Normal Univ., Guangxi Univ., Hong Univ/, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong 57

29 Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory（Tibet a.s.l. 4300m） LHC Experiments IHEP-INFN Argo RPC China-Japan Air Shower Array 1. CMS – 1/3 of CSC at muon end caps (IHEP) – HV boards for RPC (IHEP) – RPC of barrel muon (Beijing Univ.) – Physics and MC 2. Atlas – Drift Monitor chambers (IHEP) – Physics and MC 3LCG:Tier23. LCG: Tier 2 4. LHCb: Tsinghua Univ. 5. Alice: CIAE…

30 New anisotropy component and corotation of GCR YBJ-ARGO moon shadow（@5TeV） (Science 314(2006) 439-443) ~10 σ，angle resolution ~ 0.5°@ 5TeV Celestial Intensity map (E~3TeV) Intensity @ E~300TeV New anisotropy component Amp=0.16% w/o corotation; Observation: 0.03%±0.03%.

62

31 YBJ-ARGO Measurement of Crab 6.7σ

data: 07/06-04/07 cuts: 2006/07-08 2006/09 2006/10 2006/11 z Smooth angle 1. 0° 2006/09 z nhit>60. z Core_x<60m, z Core_y<60m z zenith<40degree

63 Lightcurves of Mrk 421 from the ASM of RXTE

32 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer • Search for antimatter anddd dar k ma tter • precision measurement of isotopes

Imaging obtained with only ~12 hours data by ARGO-YBJ AMS01 permanent magnet and structure were built at Beijing, and became the first big magnet in space as payload of Discovery June 65 1998.

33 AMS02 ECAL: 700Kg AMS ECAL beam test IHEP LAPP and PISA

Space qualification at Beijing

ECAL assembling at IHEP

68

34 γ Burst DtDetec tor

Shenzhou-2 Spacecraft Flown 2001, First 69 Astronomy detector 70of

35 ChangErChangEr--11(Chinese Moon Project) IHEP: X-ray Spectrometer (Si-PIN，17cm2)： X-ray from the Launched 24 Oct. 2007, Switch on 28 Nov. moon surface, identify elements, measure their abundances. Solar monitor (Si-PIN,7mm2)：monitor X-ray from Sun Payload: Optical System Electronics X ray spectrometer γ ray Spectrometer Laser altimeter Solar wind detector X-ray Spectrometer

Made by Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 71 Solar monitor

36 HE: NaI/CsI 20-250 keV 5000 cm2 Sensitivity LE:SCD,1-15 keV 384 cm

ME: Si-PIN,5-30keV 952 cm2

Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) Size：1900×1600×1000 mm 1100 kg Satellite 2700 kg

37 Main advantages and key science of HXMT Comparison of HXMT and other two telescopes in the same energy band. Hard X-ray sky survey with highest sensitivity • High precision hard X-ray full sky map: Integral/IBIS HXMT/HE wift/BAT • Discover highly obscured supermassive BHs: • Discover new types of high energy objects:

High precision pointed observations of HE objects Angu lar R eso luti on 12’ < 5’ 14’ • Space-time in strong gravitational field: Source Location (20σ) 1’ < 1’ 1’ dynamics and radiation near stellar mass and Pointed Sensitivity (mCrab@100 keV) 3.8 0.5 9 supermassive BHs Half Year Survey Sensitivity (mCrab) 2 0.5 1 • Equation of state in strong magnetic field: Observation Capability neutron star and its surface properties All sky survey ok good yes • High energy particle acceleration: AGN, SNR, Selected sky deep survey good good bad shock and relativistic jets Narrow field pointing observation bad good no • Large scale structure: through hard X-ray

38 Precision measurement of neutrino How to reach 1% precision ? θ • Increase statistics: mixing parameter 13 20 ⎯ν – Powerful nuclear reactors(1 GWth: 6 x 10 e/s) •PiddititftfProvides direction to future of – Larger target mass Current Knowledge PRD62,072002 neutrino physics •No good reason(symmetry) for • Reduce systematic uncertainties: 2 θ sin 2 13 =0 – Reactor-related: 2 θ •Even if sin 2 13 =0 at tree level, 2 θ • Oppytimize baseline for best sensitivity and smaller residual errors sin 2 13 will not vanish at low energies with radiative • Near and far detectors to minimize reactor-related errors corrections – Detector-related: •Theoretical models predict • Use “Identical” pairs of detectors to do relative measurement 2 θ sin 2 13 ~ 0.001-0.1, typical precision: 3 -6% • Comprehensive program in calibration/monitoring of detectors Allowed region •Experiment with precision for • Interchange near and far detectors (optional) 2 θ sin 2 13 better than 0.01 is desired, – Background-related i.e. improvement of an order of • Go deep to reduce cosmic-induced backgrounds 77 78 magnitude • Enough active and passive shielding

39 Daya Bay nuclear power plant Design considerations

• 4 reactor cores, 11.6 GW • Identical near and far detectors to cancel reactor- • 2 more cores in 2011 for a total of 17.4 GW related errors • Mountains near by, easy to construct a lab with • Multiple modules for reducing detector-related enough overburden to shield cosmic-ray errors and cross checks backgrounds • Three-zone detector modules to reduce detector- related errors • Overburden and shielding to reduce backgrounds • MltilMultiple muon d dtetect ors fdifor reducing backgrounds and cross checks • Movable detectors for swapping 79 80

40 Baseline optimization and site selection Experimental layout • Identical detector at near and far site to Ling-Ao near ： perform relative 2 detector module far: 40t target mass measurement in 4 detector module 500m to Ling-Ao core order to cancel 80t target mass 0% slope Overburden: 112m reactor related 1600m to Ling-Ao core 1900m to Daya Bay core systematic error Overburden：350m • Experimental halls 0% s lope are connected by 3000m tunnel 0% slope • Neutrino flux and spectrum Construction tunnel ： Tunnel • Signal rate • Detector systematical error entrance Daya Bay near： ~1200/day Near 2 detector module ~350/day Far • Backgrounds from environment 8% slope 40t target 360m to Daya Bay core • Backgrounds： • Cosmic-ray induced backgrounds (rate and shape) taking Overburden: 98m B/S ~0.4% Near

into mountain shape: fast neutrons, 9Li, … 81 B/S ~0.2% Far 82

41 Background related errors • Uncorrelated backgrounds: U/Th/K/Rn/neutron Single gamma rate @ 0.9MeV < 50Hz Single neutron rate < 1000/day 0.75 • Correlated backgrounds: n ∝ Eμ Fast Neutrons: double coincidence 8He/9Li: neutron emitting decays

83 84

42 Sensitivity to Sin22θ Schedule 13

sources Uncertainty • begin civil construction Oct. 2007 Reactors 0.087% (4 cores) 0.13% (6 cores) Detector 0.38% (baseline) • Bring up first pair of detectors Oct. 2009 (per module) 0.18% (goal) BkBackgroun ds 0. 32% (Daya Bay near ) • Begin data taking with the Near-Far 0.22% (Ling Ao near) 0.22% (far) configuration Dec. 2010 Signal 0.2% statistics Expect to reach the sensitivity of 0.01 with 3 years of running.

85 86

43 Prototype • Motivation Prototype @ IHEP – Validate the design principle × – Test technical details of tanks 2m 2m, 060.6 t L S – Test Gd-LS 45 PMT – Test calibration procedure and Pu-C source • Achievements – Energy response & MC Comparison – Reconstruction algorithm – Neutron response & Pu-C source – Effects of reflectors – Gd-LS

1890 P.E. 1399 P.E. ~6.13MeV

137 87 Cs 88

44 Tunnel and experimental halls

•Three experimental halls •Total tunnel length 3100m •Surface assembly building •Three underground experimental halls •One underground assembly hall •Utility and safety •One underground water purification hall •Construction time: 22 months

89 90

45 Daya Bay collaboration Ground breaking ceremony 13. Oct 2007

Europe (3) JINR, Dubna, Russia Kurchatov Institute, Russia Charles University, Czech Republic

North America (14) BNL, Caltech, George Mason Univ., LBNL, Asia (18) Iowa state Univ. Illinois Inst. Tech., Princeton, IHEP, Beijing Normal Univ., Chengdu Univ. of Sci. RPI, UC-Berkeley, UCLA, Univ. of Houston, and Tech., CIAE, CGNPG, Dongguan Polytech. Univ. of Wisconsin, Virginia Tech., Univ., Nanjing Univ.,Nankai Univ., Shandong Univ.，Shenzhen Univ.,,g Tsinghua Univ., Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, USTC, Zhongshan Univ., Hong Kong Univ. Chinese Hong Kong Univ., Taiwan Univ., Chiao Tung Univ., United Univ.

~ 200 collaborators 91 92

46 Lithography 6 wigglers and 14 VUV Middle energy Promote Large Science Facilities in China beam lines. LIGA Macromolecular Foreseen advice about to develop accelerator-basen large > 400 exp./year from science facilities for multiple discipline research since > 100 institutions Soft X-ray middle of 1980’s: Optics High-pressure – Encourage the synchrotron radiation facility and its diffraction applications in Beijing Electron Positron Collider X-ray Diffraction – Proposal of the Chinese Hard X ray FEL based on Small angle scattering HGHG and it s t est f acilit y. BEPC Photoemission – Support to the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source SpectroscPopy [email protected] Following his advice, Beijing Synchrotron Radiation 1w1 Facility based on Beijing Eletron Positron Collider Topography became the major hard X-ray light source and produce 4w1 many first class results. X-ray fluorescence XAFS analysis Diffuse Scattering Goal of IHEP: multiple discipline research center Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility 94

47 SARS protein CoV Mpro

Structure of CRISP Protein Structure of third type of light–harvester protein. Structure of MASA More than 60 Protein The structure diffraction from MAD structures obtained from data taken at BSRF. BSRF 95 96

48 The structural basis for activation of plant immunity by bacterial effector protein AvrPto Beijing Free Electron Laser

• First in Asia • Beam energy 30 MeV • Infra-red FEL • many applications

Jijie Chai group, NIBS, Nature, 449, 243 (12 Aug 2007)

97 98

49 CSNSChinese layout Spallation Neutron Source CSNS primaryCSNS parameters Parameters - RCS H beam; RFQ,3.5MeV; 81MeV(DTL) to 230 Phase I Phase II Phase II’ MeV (+SCL) Beam power on target [kW] 120 240 500 Rapid-cycling synchrotron: 1.6 GeV at 25 Hz Proton energy on target [GeV] 1.6 1.6 1.6 Average beam current [μA] 76 151 315 Pulse repetition rate [Hz] 25 25 25 Protons per pulse [1013] 1.9 3.8 7.8 Linac energy [MeV] 81 134 230 Linac type DTL DTL DTL+SCL Target number 1 1 1 or 2 Target material Tungsten

Moderators H2O (300K), CH4(100K), H2(20K) Number of spectrometers 7 18 >18

50 Particle Physics in 21st Century Status of CSNS • Particle Physics & particle astrophysics: great challenges – Symmet ry b rea king mec ha nis m: Higgs? SUSY ? IHEP is in ch arge of th e project – Neutrino physics Site: Dongguan, Guangdong province. a – CP violation: branch of IHEP – Dark matter? – Dark energy? Budget: 1.4B RMB + the fund (0.5B) & the GtGreat opport titii21unities in 21st century ! land from the local governments • Major frontiers: most are big facilities 5.5 year: first beam – Accelerator Experiments: Major project for machine team and • High energy frontier: LHC, ILC… detector team after BEPCII/BESIII • High precision frontier: factories – Non-Accelerator experiments – Particle astrophysics – Neutrino experiments

51 Chinese Particle Physics Chinese Particle Physics in 21st Century Medium and Long Term Plan

• Chinese economy grows quickly and steadily • Charm ppyhysics @ BEPCII • Chinese government increases the supports to sciences • Intl. collaborations: LHC exp., ILC,… • Particle Astrophysics exp. at Space and technology significantly and constantly . – Modulated hard X-ray telescope satellite • With construction of BEPCII/BESIII, Shanghai light – SVOM source and CSNS, the new generation of Chinese – PlPolar @ @Chi Chinese Space lblab.: po lari zati on of γ btburst accelerator and detector teams are shaping: young and • Cosmic ray measurement growing fast. They could catch the future opportunity in – Yangbajing Cosmic ray Observatory particle physics – Cosmic ray neutrinos telescope (under discussion) • Strong demands on – South ople Dome A: 4 meter telescope (under discussion) – the large scientific facilities based on accelerators. • Neutrino experiments: 2 θ – the application of accelerator and detector technology – Daya Bay Reactor neutrino to measure sin 2 13 – Very LBL oscillation: J-Prac→ Beijing (under discussion) • National underground Lab. (under discussion)

52 Chinese Particle Physics Neutrino mixing parameters Medium and Long Term Plan (cont.) ⎛ ν ⎞ ⎛ U U U ⎞ ⎛ ν ⎞ e e1 e2 e3 1 ⎜ν ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ν ⎟ μ Uμ1 Uμ 2 Uμ 3 2 • High power prot on A cce lerat or: ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ν U U U ν – Chinese Spallation Neutron Source ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎝ τ 1 τ 2 τ 3⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ – Accelerator Driven Subcritical system Parameterization of neutrino mixing − δ ⎛ 10 0⎞ ⎛ cosθ 0 e i sinθ ⎞ ⎛ cosθ sinθ 0⎞ • Hard X-ray FEL 13 13 12 12 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ U = 0 cosθ sinθ 010 −sinθ cosθ 0 ⎜ 23 23 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ 12 12 ⎟ • Convert BEPC into dedicated SR source after ⎜ ⎟⎜ iδ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 0 −sinθ cosθ ⎠ −e sinθ 0 cosθ ⎝ 001⎠ BEPCII finished physics running 23 23 ⎝ 13 13 ⎠ IHEP extents research fields, to protein structure, 6 fundamental parameters in neutrino physics： Δ 2 2 θ Δ 2 2 θ nano-scitiliience, material science… Known： | m 32|,sin 2 32， m 21,sin 2 21 Unknown: 2 θ δ Δm2 → Multiple discipline research center sin 2 13， , sign of 32 Exp.： reactor ν VLBL ν oscillation Daya Bay Reactor J-Parc → Beijing

53 VLBL ν Experiment of J-Parc to Beijing Tunnel • VLBL ν exp. with 2000 - 4000 km is very interesting for many 2 important physics, if sin 2θ13 is not too small: – Sign of the difference of ν mass square Gate – CP phase of ν ν – τ appearance (Aviation • VLBL ν experiment from JHF to Beijing – GdtGood tunnel l20k: 20 km north thfBiji of Beijing, near high hihway t tGo Great Museum) Wall. 560 m long, 34 meter wide, 13 meter height , 150 m rock on top 20Km north of – Good infrastructure available Beijing, near o – 2200 km to JHF with 9.5 dip angle highway to • Second ν beam line required. Great Wall J-Parc phase 2? ν Factory ? • Two reports issued and several papers published.

54 2 θ sin (2 13)～0.07

Tunnel Inside

55 Thanks !

2 θ sin (2 13)～00070.007

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