DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Register/Vol. 83, No. 170/Friday, August 31, 2018/Rules

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Register/Vol. 83, No. 170/Friday, August 31, 2018/Rules 44474 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 170 / Friday, August 31, 2018 / Rules and Regulations readily visible part of the outside of the in their place the words ‘‘floating of isomers in schedule I. This action is floating cabin. cabin’’. based on a finding by the Acting * * * * * ■ 10. Amend § 1304.412 by: Administrator that the placement of N- (c) A floating cabin moored at a ■ a. Adding in alphabetical order ethylpentylone in schedule I of the location approved pursuant to the definitions for ‘‘Existing floating cabin’’ Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is regulations in this subpart shall not be and ‘‘New floating cabin’’; necessary to avoid an imminent hazard relocated and moored at a different ■ b. Removing the definition of to the public safety. As a result of this location without prior approval by TVA, ‘‘Nonnavigable houseboat’’; and order, the regulatory controls and except for movement to a new location ■ c. Adding in alphabetical order administrative, civil, and criminal within the designated harbor limits of definitions for ‘‘Rebuilding’’ and sanctions applicable to schedule I the same commercial dock or marina. ‘‘Tennessee River System’’. controlled substances will be imposed The additions read as follows: on persons who handle (manufacture, § 1304.103 [Removed and Reserved] distribute, reverse distribute, import, ■ 7. Remove and reserve § 1304.103. § 1304.412 Definitions. export, engage in research, conduct ■ 8. Amend § 1304.204 by revising * * * * * instructional activities or chemical paragraphs (a), (b), and (n) to read as Existing floating cabin means a analysis, or possess), or propose to follows: floating cabin that was located or handle N-ethylpentylone. moored on the Tennessee River System DATES: This temporary scheduling order § 1304.204 Docks, piers, and boathouses. on or before December 16, 2016. is effective August 31, 2018, until * * * * * * * * * * August 31, 2020. If this order is (a) Docks, piers, boathouses, and all New floating cabin means a floating extended or made permanent, the DEA other residential water-use facilities cabin that was not located or moored on will publish a document in the Federal shall not exceed a total footprint area of the Tennessee River System on or before Register. greater than 1,000 square feet, unless the December 16, 2016. proposed water-use facility will be FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: * * * * * located in an area of preexisting Thomas D. Sonnen, Diversion Control Rebuilding means replacement of all development. For the purpose of this Division, Drug Enforcement or a significant portion of an approved regulation, ‘‘preexisting development’’ Administration; Mailing Address: 8701 obstruction to the same configuration, means either: The water-use facility will Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia total footprint, and dimensions (length, be located in a subdivision recorded 22152; Telephone: (202) 598–2896. width, and height) as the approved before November 1, 1999, and TVA SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: plans, standards, and conditions of the permitted at least one water-use facility Section 26a permit. Legal Authority in the subdivision prior to November 1, 1999; or if there is no subdivision, * * * * * Section 201 of the CSA, 21 U.S.C. 811, where the water-use facility will be Tennessee River System means TVA provides the Attorney General with the located within a quarter-mile radius of reservoirs, the Tennessee River or any of authority to temporarily place a another water-use facility that TVA the Tennessee River’s tributaries. substance in schedule I of the CSA for permitted prior to November 1, 1999. * * * * * two years without regard to the TVA may allow even larger facilities David L. Bowling, requirements of 21 U.S.C. 811(b) if he where an applicant requests and Vice President, Land & River Management. finds that such action is necessary to justifies a waiver or variance, set forth avoid an imminent hazard to the public in §§ 1304.212 and 1304.408 [FR Doc. 2018–18887 Filed 8–30–18; 8:45 am] safety. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1). In addition, respectively, but such waivers or BILLING CODE 8120–08–P if proceedings to control a substance variances shall be made in TVA’s permanently are initiated under 21 discretion and on a case-by-case basis. U.S.C. 811(a)(1) while the substance is (b) Docks, boatslips, piers, and fixed DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE temporarily controlled under section or floating boathouses are allowable. 811(h), the Attorney General may Drug Enforcement Administration These and other water-use facilities extend the temporary scheduling 1 for associated with a lot must be sited up to one year. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(2). 21 CFR Part 1308 within a 1,000- or 1,800-square-foot Where the necessary findings are rectangular or square area as required by [Docket No. DEA–482] made, a substance may be temporarily § 1304.204(a) at the lakeward end of the scheduled if it is not listed in any other access walkway that extends from the Schedules of Controlled Substances: schedule under section 202 of the CSA, shore to the structure. Access walkways Temporary Placement of N- 21 U.S.C. 812, or if there is no to the water-use structure are not Ethylpentylone in Schedule I exemption or approval in effect for the included in calculating the 1,000- or AGENCY: Drug Enforcement substance under section 505 of the 1,800-square foot area. Administration, Department of Justice. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act * * * * * ACTION: Temporary amendment; (FDCA), 21 U.S.C. 355. 21 U.S.C. (n) Except for floating cabins temporary scheduling order. 811(h)(1). The Attorney General has approved in accordance with subpart B delegated scheduling authority under 21 of this part, toilets and sinks are not SUMMARY: The Acting Administrator of U.S.C. 811 to the Administrator of the permitted on water-use facilities. the Drug Enforcement Administration is DEA. 28 CFR 0.100. * * * * * issuing this temporary scheduling order to schedule the synthetic cathinone, 1- 1 Though DEA has used the term ‘‘final order’’ § 1304.406 [Amended] (1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)- with respect to temporary scheduling orders in the ■ past, this document adheres to the statutory 9. Amend § 1304.406 in the first pentan-1-one (N-ethylpentylone, language of 21 U.S.C. 811(h), which refers to a sentence by removing the words ephylone) and its optical, positional, ‘‘temporary scheduling order.’’ No substantive ‘‘nonnavigable houseboat’’ and adding and geometric isomers, salts, and salts change is intended. VerDate Sep<11>2014 16:04 Aug 30, 2018 Jkt 244001 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\31AUR1.SGM 31AUR1 daltland on DSKBBV9HB2PROD with RULES Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 170 / Friday, August 31, 2018 / Rules and Regulations 44475 Background A substance meeting the statutory ethylpentylone reported in NFLIS for requirements for temporary scheduling 2013. N-Ethylpentylone was first Section 201(h)(4) of the CSA, 21 may only be placed in schedule I. 21 identified in NFLIS in May 2014. U.S.C. 811(h)(4), requires the U.S.C. 811(h)(1). Substances in schedule STRIDE/STARLiMS registered over 300 Administrator to notify the Secretary of I are those that have a high potential for reports from DEA forensic laboratories the Department of Health and Human abuse, no currently accepted medical from January 2013 to December 2017. Services (HHS) of his intention to use in treatment in the United States, There were no occurrences of N- temporarily place a substance in and a lack of accepted safety for use ethylpentylone reported in STRIDE/ schedule I of the CSA.2 The Acting under medical supervision. 21 U.S.C. STARLiMS for 2013. N-Ethylpentylone Administrator transmitted notice of his 812(b)(1). was first reported to STRIDE/ intent to place N-ethylpentylone in Available data and information for N- STARLiMS in December 2015. schedule I on a temporary basis to the ethylpentylone, summarized below, Additionally, U.S. Customs and Border Acting Assistant Secretary for Health of indicate that this synthetic cathinone Protection (CBP) encounters of N- HHS by letter dated November 22, 2017. has a high potential for abuse, no ethylpentylone have occurred. The Acting Assistant Secretary currently accepted medical use in N-Ethylpentylone, like other synthetic responded to this notice of intent by treatment in the United States, and a cathinones, is a designer drug of the letter dated December 13, 2017, and lack of accepted safety for use under phenethylamine class and it is advised that based on a review by the medical supervision. The DEA’s three- pharmacologically similar to schedule I Food and Drug Administration (FDA), factor analysis and the Assistant synthetic cathinones (e.g., cathinone, there are currently no active Secretary’s December 13, 2017 letter are methcathinone, mephedrone, investigational new drug applications or available in their entirety under the tab methylone, pentylone, and MDPV) and approved new drug applications for N- ‘‘Supporting Documents’’ of the public well-known schedule I and II ethylpentylone. The Acting Assistant docket of this action at sympathomimetic agents (e.g., Secretary also stated that HHS has no www.regulations.gov under FDMS methamphetamine, 3,4- objection to the temporary placement of Docket ID: DEA–2018–0011 (Docket methylenedioxymethamphetamine N-ethylpentylone in schedule I of the Number DEA–482). (MDMA), and cocaine). N- ethylpentylone, similar to these CSA. The DEA has taken into N-Ethylpentylone consideration the Assistant Secretary’s substances, causes stimulant related comments as required by 21 U.S.C. Around 2014, the synthetic cathinone, psychological and somatic effects. 811(h)(4). N-Ethylpentylone is not N-ethylpentylone, emerged in the Consequently, there have been currently listed in any schedule under United States’ illicit drug market after documented reports of emergency room the CSA, and no exemptions or the scheduling of other popular admissions and numerous deaths approvals are in effect for this substance synthetic cathinones (e.g., ethylone, 4- associated with the abuse of N- under section 505 of the FDCA, 21 methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4–MEC), ethylpentylone.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 167/Thursday, August 27, 2020
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 167 / Thursday, August 27, 2020 / Proposed Rules 52935 BIS does not seek to expand DATES: Comments must be submitted Drug Enforcement Administration, Attn: jurisdiction over technologies that are electronically or postmarked on or DEA Federal Register Representative/ not currently subject to the EAR, such before September 28, 2020. DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, as ‘‘fundamental research’’ described in Interested persons may file written Springfield, Virginia 22152. § 734.8 of the EAR. comments on this proposal in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: BIS will review public comments accordance with 21 CFR 1308.43(g). Scott A. Brinks, Regulatory Drafting and submitted in response to this ANPRM to Commenters should be aware that the Policy Support Section, Diversion help inform BIS and its interagency electronic Federal Docket Management Control Division, Drug Enforcement partners’ efforts to identify, reevaluate System will not accept comments after Administration; Mailing Address: 8701 and subsequently control foundational 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the last day Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia technologies. This interagency process of the comment period. 22152; Telephone: (571) 362–8209. is expected to result in rules and Interested persons may file a request SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: comment periods with new control for a hearing or waiver of hearing levels for items currently controlled for pursuant to 21 CFR 1308.44 and in Posting of Public Comments AT reasons on the CCL or new ECCNs accordance with 21 CFR 1316.45 and/or Please note that all comments on the CCL for technologies currently 1316.47, as applicable. Requests for a received in response to this docket are classified as EAR99.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 4-25-2018 Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances Joshua Zolton Seither [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006565 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Seither, Joshua Zolton, "Application of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3823. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3823 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida APPLICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE SCREENING AND CONFIRMATION OF NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CHEMISTRY by Joshua Zolton Seither 2018 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences and Education This dissertation, written by Joshua Zolton Seither, and entitled Application of High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Screening and Confirmation of Novel Psychoactive Substances, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Piero Gardinali _______________________________________ Bruce McCord _______________________________________ DeEtta Mills _______________________________________ Stanislaw Wnuk _______________________________________ Anthony DeCaprio, Major Professor Date of Defense: April 25, 2018 The dissertation of Joshua Zolton Seither is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Written Witness Statement for U.S. Sentencing Commission's Public
    STATEMENT OF TERRENCE L. BOOS, PH.D. SECTION CHIEF DRUG AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION SECTION DIVERSION CONTROL DIVISION DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION and CASSANDRA PRIOLEAU, PH.D. DRUG SCIENCE SPECIALIST DRUG AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION SECTION DIVERSION CONTROL DIVISION DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION - - - BEFORE THE UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION - - - HEARING ON SENTENCING POLICY FOR SYNTHETIC DRUGS - - - OCTOBER 4, 2017 WASHINGTON, D.C. 1 Introduction New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are substances trafficked as alternatives to well- studied controlled substances of abuse. NPS have demonstrated adverse health effects such as paranoia, psychosis, and seizures to name a few. Cathinones, cannabinoids, and fentanyl-related substances are the most common NPS drug classes encountered on the illicit drug market, all with negative consequences for the user to include serious injury and death. Our early experience saw substances being introduced from past research efforts in an attempt to evade controls. This has evolved to NPS manufacturers structurally altering substances at a rapid pace with unknown outcomes to targeting specific user populations. These substances represent an unprecedented level of diversity and consequences. Due to clandestine manufacture and unscrupulous trafficking, the user is at great risk. A misconception exists that these substances carry a lower risk of harm In reality, published reports from law enforcement, emergency room physicians and scientists, accompanied with autopsies from medical examiners, have clearly demonstrated the harmful and potentially deadly consequences of using synthetic cathinones. These substances are introduced in an attempt to circumvent drug controls and the recent flood of NPS remains a challenge for law enforcement and public health. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime reported over 700 NPS encountered.1 The manufacturers and traffickers make minor changes in the chemical structure of known substances of abuse and maintain the pharmacological effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix-2Final.Pdf 663.7 KB
    North West ‘Through the Gate Substance Misuse Services’ Drug Testing Project Appendix 2 – Analytical methodologies Overview Urine samples were analysed using three methodologies. The first methodology (General Screen) was designed to cover a wide range of analytes (drugs) and was used for all analytes other than the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs). The analyte coverage included a broad range of commonly prescribed drugs including over the counter medications, commonly misused drugs and metabolites of many of the compounds too. This approach provided a very powerful drug screening tool to investigate drug use/misuse before and whilst in prison. The second methodology (SCRA Screen) was specifically designed for SCRAs and targets only those compounds. This was a very sensitive methodology with a method capability of sub 100pg/ml for over 600 SCRAs and their metabolites. Both methodologies utilised full scan high resolution accurate mass LCMS technologies that allowed a non-targeted approach to data acquisition and the ability to retrospectively review data. The non-targeted approach to data acquisition effectively means that the analyte coverage of the data acquisition was unlimited. The only limiting factors were related to the chemical nature of the analyte being looked for. The analyte must extract in the sample preparation process; it must chromatograph and it must ionise under the conditions used by the mass spectrometer interface. The final limiting factor was presence in the data processing database. The subsequent study of negative MDT samples across the North West and London and the South East used a GCMS methodology for anabolic steroids in addition to the General and SCRA screens.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Stability of Synthetic Cathinones in Forensic Toxicology Samples Author(S): Sarah Kerrigan, Ph.D., Lindsay Glicksberg, B.S
    NCJRS OFFICE OF JUSTICE PROGRAMS ~ N ATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFERENCE SERVICE QJA BJS N/J OJJ[l> OVC SMART ",iiiii~ The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Long-Term Stability of Synthetic Cathinones in Forensic Toxicology Samples Author(s): Sarah Kerrigan, Ph.D., Lindsay Glicksberg, B.S. Document Number: 251194 Date Received: October 2017 Award Number: 2013-R2-CX-K006 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Contents Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 6 I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................ 10 Literature Citations and Review ................................................................................................ 11 Use and
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Drug Abuse Subchapter 9 Regulated Drug Rule 1.0 Authority
    Chapter 8 – Alcohol and Drug Abuse Subchapter 9 Regulated Drug Rule 1.0 Authority This rule is established under the authority of 18 V.S.A. §§ 4201 and 4202 which authorizes the Vermont Board of Health to designate regulated drugs for the protection of public health and safety. 2.0 Purpose This rule designates drugs and other chemical substances that are illegal or judged to be potentially fatal or harmful for human consumption unless prescribed and dispensed by a professional licensed to prescribe or dispense them, and used in accordance with the prescription. The rule restricts the possession of certain drugs above a specified quantity. The rule also establishes benchmark unlawful dosages for certain drugs to provide a baseline for use by prosecutors to seek enhanced penalties for possession of higher quantities of the drug in accordance with multipliers found at 18 V.S.A. § 4234. 3.0 Definitions 3.1 “Analog” means one of a group of chemical components similar in structure but different with respect to elemental composition. It can differ in one or more atoms, functional groups or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups or substructures. 3.2 “Benchmark Unlawful Dosage” means the quantity of a drug commonly consumed over a twenty-four hour period for any therapeutic purpose, as established by the manufacturer of the drug. Benchmark Unlawful dosage is not a medical or pharmacologic concept with any implication for medical practice. Instead, it is a legal concept established only for the purpose of calculating penalties for improper sale, possession, or dispensing of drugs pursuant to 18 V.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • And Synthetic Cathinones in Urine Using Solid Phase Micro-Extraction
    Analytical Methods View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) and synthetic cathinones in urine using solid Cite this: Anal. Methods,2018,10,1431 phase micro-extraction fibre tips and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Khalid A. Alsenedi *a and Calum Morrison *b In recent years, an increasing number of stimulant drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPSs) have caused concern in scientific communities and therefore innovative methods to extract compounds from complex biological samples are required. This work is aimed at developing and validating a clean, convenient and straightforward extraction procedure with microliter amounts of organic solvent using Solid Phase Micro-Extraction tips (SPME tips) and analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in human urine samples. Another aim is to evaluate three different types of SPME fibre tips C18, C18-SCX (mixed mode) and PDMS-DVB. The quantification method examined the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. different classes of stimulant compounds included Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATSs) (amphetamine, methamphetamine, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), and (Æ)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) and synthetic cathinones (mephedrone, buphedrine (buphedrone ephedrine metabolite), 4- methylephedrine (mephedrone metabolite), and pentylone). The method was developed with respect to several areas of the experimental design including pH, ionic strength, addition of salts, vial dimensions, analytes and derivatisation, type of solvents, solvent volume, extraction and desorption time, agitation speeds in the extraction and desorption steps and matrix volume. The optimised method was validated for eight compounds using the SPME PDMS/DVB fibre tips with satisfactory linearity and selectivity À1 This article is licensed under a ranging between 50 and 2000 ng mL , and limits of detection (LODs) and low limits of quantification (LLOQs) ranging between (5–25) and (25–100) ng mLÀ1 respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Stimulant Analytical Standards
    Stimulant Analytical Standards Stimulants belong to a diverse group of psychoactive drugs whose function exerts a constant contribution to hyperactivity and impulse control. Illegal stimulant derivatives including amphetamines, arylcyclohexylamines, cathinones, cocaine/tropanes, phenethylamines, and piperazines are among the most widely abused across the US and Europe. However, the popularity of each substance, particularly in party culture settings, is frequently changing. Cayman offers more than 700 analytical standards for the identification of stimulants and is dedicated to working with the forensic community to quickly make reference standards available for new psychoactive substances (NPS). A library of mass spectral data containing many of Cayman’s emerging stimulant standards is freely available for download at www.caymanchem.com/CSL. More than 700 Stimulant Standards Available for · Amphetamines · Indanes · Arylcyclohexylamines · Phenethylamines · Cathinones · Piperazines · Cocaine & Tropanes · And More Tools to Rapidly Screen for Major Controlled Stimulants Cocaine/Heroin/Methamphetamine Mixture (CRM) Item No. 9002662 A CRM mixture of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine (1 mg/ml of each) GC-MS Drug Standard Mixture 4 Item No. 24632 A mixture of common stimulants, opioids, and Representative chromatogram of the compounds steroids as well as a synthetic cannabinoid and a included in the GC-MS Drug Standard Mixture 4 benzodiazepine (250 μg/ml of each) Peak order from left to right: α-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone, α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone,
    [Show full text]
  • New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)
    New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) LGC Quality Reference ISO 9001 ISO/IEC 17025 ISO Guide 34 materials GMP/GLP ISO 13485 2019 ISO/IEC 17043 Science for a safer world LGC offers the most extensive and up-to-date range of New LGC is a global leader in Psychoactive Substances (NPS) measurement standards, reference materials. reference materials, laboratory services and proficiency testing. With 2,600 professionals working When you make a decision using The challenge The LGC response We are the UK’s in 21 countries, our analytical our resources, you can be sure it’s designated National measurement and quality control based on precise, robust data. And New Psychoactive Substances In response to the ever-expanding LGC Standards provides the widest Measurement services are second-to-none. together, we’re creating fairer, safer, (NPS) continue to be identified, range of NPS being developed, LGC range of reference materials Institute for chemical more confident societies worldwide. and it appears that moves by the has produced a comprehensive available from any single supplier. and bioanalytical As a global leader, we provide the United Nations and by individual range of reference materials that We work closely with leading widest range of reference materials lgcstandards.com countries to control lists of meet the rapidly changing demands manufacturers to provide improved measurement. available from any single supplier. named NPS may be encouraging of the NPS landscape. Many of access to reference materials, the development of yet further these products are produced under with an increasingly large range variants to avoid these controls. the rigorous quality assurance of parameters, for laboratories standards set out in ISO Guide 34.
    [Show full text]
  • New Psychoactive Substances in Australia
    NEW PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN AUSTRALIA Rachel Sutherland BSocSc (Hons, Criminology) A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre School of Public Health and Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales November 2018 i THESIS/DISSERTATION SHEET Surname/Family Name Sutherland Given Name/s Rachel Anne Abbreviation for degree as give in the University calendar PhD Faculty Medicine School School of Public Health and Community Medicine Thesis Title New psychoactive substances in Australia Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Over the past decade, countries worldwide have observed the rapid emergence of substances collectively referred to as ‘new psychoactive substances’ (NPS). To date, hundreds of NPS have been identified; however, for the most part very little is known about these substances. The exponential growth of NPS, combined with uncertainty regarding potential harms, has generated considerable concern amongst policy makers and there is international consensus regarding the need for ongoing monitoring and research into the NPS market. However, much of the research conducted in this area originates from Europe and the United States, with Australian-specific studies relatively scarce. This thesis aimed to address this gap in Australian specific studies using two data sources: the 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS: a general population prevalence survey) and the Ecstasy and related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS: a national survey of high frequency psychostimulant consumers). Specifically, this thesis aimed to: 1) determine if there was a distinct group of exclusive Australian NPS consumers; 2) examine rates of use of different classes of NPS amongst people who use other illicit substances; 3) examine the motivations associated with NPS use; and 4) explore the purchasing and supply patterns of NPS consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanistic and Reinforcing Effects of Synthetic Cathinone Analogs Of
    Dolan, Sean B., “Ecstasy” to Addiction: Mechanistic and Reinforcing Effects of Synthetic Cathinone Analogs of MDMA. Doctor of Philosophy, (Biomedical Sciences), April, 2017, 121 pp., 0 tables, 12 figures, bibliography, 136 titles. Following widespread scheduling, many synthetic cathinone compounds have been diverted from “bath salts” to “Ecstasy” tablets or “Molly” powder formulations in addition to or in lieu of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The current study aimed to assess the mechanism and reinforcing effects of three under-researched synthetic cathinone analogs of MDMA frequently used as adulterants in “Ecstasy” formulations: methylone, butylone, and pentylone. To assess the mechanism of these compounds in vitro, we utilized whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology on HEK293 cells expressing the serotonin transporter (SERT). The abuse-related, in vivo mechanisms were determined using a drug discrimination assay with rats trained to discriminate methamphetamine, the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylamphetamine (DOM), or MDMA from vehicle, and drugs that substituted were tested with the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH23390 to assess relative differences in dopaminergic signaling. The reinforcing effects were assessed in an intravenous self-administration assay using continuous and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. Methylone and butylone, like MDMA, produced inward currents at SERT, indicative of a substrate-like mechanism. Each test compound fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine. MDMA, methylone, and butylone substituted partially for DOM, and methylone and butylone substituted fully for MDMA. Pentylone, conversely, substituted partially for MDMA, but failed to substitute for DOM. SCH23390 fully and dose-dependently attenuated methamphetamine- appropriate responding, with pentylone being least sensitive to these antagonistic effects, but failed to attenuate MDMA-like responding against MDMA, methylone, and butylone.
    [Show full text]
  • 13.122.936 1 BILL ANALYSIS C.S.H.B. 1333 By: Perry Criminal Jurisprudence Committee Report (Substituted) BACKGROUND and PURPOSE
    BILL ANALYSIS C.S.H.B. 1333 By: Perry Criminal Jurisprudence Committee Report (Substituted) BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Interested parties report that some synthetic drugs are currently being marketed as bath salts and incense, when these products actually contain chemical compounds that mimic the effects of illegal controlled substances. These synthetic drugs have dangerous and deadly consequences, such as hallucination, severe agitation, elevated heart rate and blood pressure, chest pains, tremors, seizures, and, in some cases, death, and are being sold at the retail level to Texans of all ages. Despite current laws that address the sale, manufacture, and possession of synthetic drugs, the ease with which these chemical compounds can be changed while still producing similar effects creates difficulties in enforcing the laws. C.S.H.B. 1333 seeks to address this issue by amending provisions of the Texas Controlled Substances Act. RULEMAKING AUTHORITY It is the committee's opinion that this bill does not expressly grant any additional rulemaking authority to a state officer, department, agency, or institution. ANALYSIS C.S.H.B. 1333 amends the Health and Safety Code to clarify that the definition of "controlled substance" includes a substance listed in Penalty Group 2-A of the Texas Controlled Substances Act and to expand the definition of "controlled substance analogue" to include a substance with a chemical structure substantially similar to the chemical structure of a controlled substance in Penalty Group 2-A and a substance specifically designed to produce an effect substantially similar to, or greater than, the effect of a controlled substance in Penalty Group 2-A.
    [Show full text]